Zero in construction. The concept of the zero cycle and the underground part of buildings

For a relative mark of 0.000 (zero mark), the level of the finished floor of the 1st floor is taken. The floor mark in the vestibule is taken 2 cm below the zero mark, and the mark of the entrance platform (porch) cover is 2 cm below the vestibule mark (or 4 cm below the zero mark). If there is no vestibule in the building, the entrance platform (porch) coverage mark is taken 2 cm below the zero mark.

In public buildings, the mark of the floor of the premises at the entrance to the building should be at least 0.15 m higher than the mark of the sidewalk in front of the entrance. from precipitation. This is the requirement of paragraph 5.7 of the TCP 45-3.02-290-2013 " Public buildings and buildings. Building design standards.

Floor mark living rooms, located on the first floor of a residential building, should be at least 0.6 m above the planning elevation of the ground. This is a requirement of clause 4.29 of the National Security Council 3.02.04-03 "Residential buildings".

In buildings industrial enterprises the floor level of the first floor must be at least 0.15 m higher than the planning level of the ground. ground water not less than 0.5 m. If it is necessary to arrange such premises with a floor mark below the specified groundwater level, waterproofing of the premises or lowering the groundwater level should be provided. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of raising the level of groundwater during the operation of the enterprise. The requirements for the design of master plans for industrial enterprises can be found in TKP 45-3.01-155-2009 " master plans industrial enterprises. Building design standards.

If there are ground tanks in the project, then remember that the level of the bottom of the bottom is taken at least 0.5 m above the level of the planning level of the ground near the tanks.

Water drainage from the building

The blind area along the perimeter of the building must have a width of at least 1 m and a slope of 10 - 25 0 / 00 (ppm) from the building to ensure water drainage.

Most developers, and even contractor teams of builders, during the construction of foundations and execution of acts, floor plans and other documents are often confused in terms that define the location of premises below the zero level. Let's explain the most frequently used terms.

Zero cycle- a term that exists in construction and specialized literature, not provided for by Building Regulations and Rules and others normative documents. Denotes underground part buildings and structures or preparatory work at a construction site.

What are the differences between a basement floor (basement) and a basement floor?

Ground floor- a floor with a floor mark below the level of the sidewalk, blind area or planning mark of the earth, but not more than 1/2 of the height of the room (Fig. 29, a).

Basement (basement)- a floor with a floor mark below the level of the sidewalk, blind area or planning mark of the earth by more than 1/2 of the height of the premises located in it (Fig. 29, b).

Rice. 29. Scheme of the basement and basement floors:
a - ground floor; b - basement floor:
1 - floor of the room; 2 - underground overlap; 3 - foundation wall; 4 - base; 5 - floor of the 1st floor (zero mark);
h - room height (2.4 m); h1 - height from the floor to the level of the blind area (1.1 m), not more than 1/2 of the height of the room; h2 - height from the floor to the level of the blind area 1.5 m, more than 1/2 of the height of the room

plinth in construction - lower part outer wall building or structure lying directly on the foundation (). The outer (above-ground) surfaces of the base are made of durable materials.

It is often believed that the base is top part foundation, and are mistaken. The name plinth comes from the Italian zoccole, literally - a shoe with a wooden sole.

Zero mark. In construction, the zero mark (± 0.000) is considered to be the mark of the clean floor of the first floor. From this mark, all levels of underlying elements and structures are indicated with a (-) minus sign. Some authors of popular literature mistakenly take the level of land planning, which in construction is called a rough mark, as a zero mark.

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Types of foundations || The concept of the zero cycle and the underground part of buildings ||

FOUNDATIONS (GOST 13580-85): foundation pillows for transverse walls are taken 1200, 1400 mm wide, 2380, 1180 long and 300 mm high (FL12.24; FL12.12; FL14.24; FL14.12). Under the longitudinal walls, foundation pillows with a width of 1000 mm (FL10.24; FL10.12) are taken;

FOUNDATION BLOCKS FOR BASEMENT WALLS (GOST 13579-78 *): foundation blocks of the FBS brand are accepted with the option internal walls technical underground of these elements. Blocks of basement walls are laid on mortar M100 with dressing of vertical joints in the corners and at their intersections, the dressing depth should be at least 0.5 of the height of the block.

EXTERIOR PITCH WALL PANELS: accept 50mm thinner than exterior wall panels.

INTERNAL GROUND WALL PANELS: accept 140 mm thick. Internal plinth panels have openings for the passage and passage of communications.

2.2. Structural elements above 0.000

EXTERIOR WALL PANELS: manufactured at the factory with a thickness of 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 mm. The thickness of the wall panel is taken after performing the heat engineering calculation. Panels can be single-layer or three-layer. Single-row wall panels, one or two rooms in size for residential large-panel buildings with a floor height of 2.8 m.

INTERIOR WALL PANELS: prefabricated reinforced concrete thickness 120; 140; 160 mm for residential large-panel buildings with a floor height of 2.8 m. Prefabricated reinforced concrete partitions 60 mm thick.

OUTDOOR ATTIC PANELS: are made for residential large-panel buildings with warm or cold attics.

FLOOR PLATES: (GOST 12767-94) flat reinforced concrete solid 160 mm thick. They are made of concrete of class B20 and concrete of class B30 with holes for the passage of engineering systems. Room-sized slabs rest on three or four sides. The dimensions of the floor slabs are given in Table. 2.1 and 2.2.

BALCONIES, LOGGIES: balcony slabs 1240 mm wide, 2990, 3290.3590 mm long, 120 mm thick.

COATING PLATES: for residential large-panel buildings with a warm attic, tray slabs and coating slabs of expanded clay concrete (250 mm) are made for roofing from rolled materials; three-layer tray slabs and roofing slabs (430 mm) for roofing with mastic waterproofing, without roll materials.

Table 2.1

Dimensions of flat solid floor slabs (GOST 12767-94)

Table 2.2

Floor slabs with round voids (series 1.141-1)

REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF PRODUCTS: tray supports, buttresses, parapet slabs and other attic products. Internal attic panels have openings for the passage and passage of communications.

STAIRS AND LANDINGS: reinforced concrete flights of stairs for residential buildings with a floor height of 2.8 m, a width of 1050 and 1200 mm. Platforms are flat, 2200 and 2800 mm long, 1300, 1600 mm wide, depending on the size of the staircase.

ELEVATOR SHAFT (series 1.189.1-9 issue 3/89): elevator shaft structures are designed for residential buildings of all structural systems with a height of up to 10 floors at a floor height of 2.8 m. The set of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of the elevator shaft includes four elements. Volumetric blocks are medium ShLS 28-40 high per floor (the number of blocks is equal to the number of floors in the building). The volume block lower ShLN 14-40. The volume block top ShLV 9-40. Floor slab over the elevator shaft PL 20.18-40.

Elevator shaft blocks are made of heavy concrete of B12.5 compressive strength class. The floor slab above the shaft is made of heavy concrete of B15 compressive strength class. The design of the elevator shaft provides the regulatory requirement for a minimum fire resistance of 1 hour.

Passenger elevators with a carrying capacity of 400 kg are mounted in the shafts with a counterweight behind the cabin and with a speed of 1.0 m/s.

Horizontal joints between the blocks are caulked with rigid fine-grained concrete of compressive strength class B 12.5 or a hard mortar of brand 150. The thickness of the seam between the blocks is 20 mm.

GARBAGE CHAIN: garbage chute elements are developed on the basis of series 83р.10.8-1. The trunk of the garbage chute is mounted from asbestos-cement pipes BNT 400 (GOST 1839-80 *) with a length of 3950, 2400, 500 and 300 mm. Caulking in the section of couplings is produced with tarred strand tow tightly and evenly, followed by chasing in bold cement mortar. In places where asbestos-cement pipes pass through the floor slabs on the trunk of the garbage chute, it is necessary to provide rubber sleeves-gaskets.

The garbage chamber is assembled element by element (series 1.174.1-1). Bottom slab and floor slab made of heavy concrete class B20. Wall panels made of heavy concrete class B12.5. The height of the chamber in the panel version is 2320 mm, in terms of 1230 × 1230 mm.

Wall panels are reinforced with meshes and embedded parts, which serve to connect the products to each other and fasten the door block to them. The bottom plate is reinforced with a box-shaped mesh and embedded parts for fastening wall panels. Plumbing fittings are laid in the slab. The floor is tiled with ceramic tiles. For houses up to 10 floors, the chamber is equipped with a container with a capacity of 600 liters.

SANITATION CABINS: type "cap" with the main dimensions of a separate cabin 2730 × 1600 mm, height 2360 mm (mark SK1-27.16.24-14 right, left); type "cap" with dimensions of the combined cabin 2080 × 1820 mm, height 2360 mm (mark SK2-21.18.24-18 right, left).

WINDOWS (GOST 11214-86):

With separate bindings for living rooms and kitchens, brands OR15-6, OR15-9, OR15-12, OR15-15 (the first digit is the height of the window block 1460 mm, the second is the width of the window block 570, 870, 1170, 1470 mm);

For stairwells brand OP6-12; balcony door brand BR22-7.5 (the first digit is a height of 2175 mm, the second is a width of 720 mm).

GOST 6629-88 - internal doors, brand DG - door with a blind leaf, brand DO - door with glazed sheet. Intra-apartment doors of the brand DG-8, DG-9, DG-10 and DO21-13, DO21-15 (the first digit is the height of the door block 2071 mm, the second is the width 770, 870, 970, 1272, 1472 mm). Doors to the bathroom and toilet brand DG21-7 (height 2071 mm, width 670 mm);

GOST 24698-81 - external doors of the brand DN21-13, DN21-15 (door block height 2085 mm, width - 1274, 1474 mm).

Content

At any site, zero-cycle work is carried out, during which the site is being prepared, conditions are being created for subsequent stages. All works of the zero cycle of construction are divided into organizational and excavation. During the second, an examination of the soil, digging pits, trenches and much more is carried out. In most cases, zero-cycle construction works also involve the delivery and unloading of the bulk of materials for laying the foundation and erecting wall structures.

The zero cycle in construction is the construction of foundations and, including other underground parts of a residential building, as well as the ceiling above them. Zero work in construction got its name from the term "zero mark" (± 0.000) - the mark of the "clean" floor of the first floor. All levels of underlying elements and structures in the drawing are indicated by a minus sign (-).

Zero cycle excavation technology

Zero cycle work technology starts from the beginning construction works it is necessary to carefully examine the surface of the site, identify damp places, determine the general direction of the slope, outline the withdrawal surface water into a common drain or into a special storage pool.

It is necessary to organize the relief of the entire site so that storm drains are not directed to the construction site. The main collectors and conductors of storm and melt water can be drainage open and closed channels. The need to do drainage is sometimes caused by the high standing of groundwater, as well as the creation of retaining walls.

Before earthworks of the zero cycle are carried out, stumps must be uprooted and mounds cut off at the construction site, which will interfere with the marking, after which the vegetation layer of the earth must be removed to a depth of about 20 cm and subsequently used for reclamation.

Zero work cycle in construction

Starting zero work in construction, it should be remembered that shallow foundations cannot be left on winter period unloaded or underloaded (when the building is not fully built). If for some reason this is not feasible, a temporary heat-insulating coating is made around the foundations from sawdust, slag, expanded clay, slag wool, straw and other materials that protect the soil from freezing. This is also included in the work of the zero cycle in the event of difficulties and the appearance of other adverse factors.

It is forbidden to arrange shallow foundations on a frozen base. AT winter time their construction is allowed only under the condition of deep occurrence groundwater with preliminary artificial thawing of frozen soil and obligatory backfilling of the sinuses with non-porous material. The entire cycle includes activities such as site clearing, trench preparation, bulk materials plant.

The development of trenches during the construction of the foundation should be started only after construction site all will be brought necessary materials. The process of building a foundation should take place continuously, starting from the construction of trenches and ending with the backfilling of the sinuses, compaction of the soil and the blind area.

I'm sorry, there are a lot of professional terms in the rhyme, I'm afraid it will be difficult to grasp the essence of the riddle without explanation. In our construction, the level of the floor of the first floor is taken as the “zero” mark. And in life we ​​are used to counting the floors: the first, above it the second and third (higher), and the elevator buttons are arranged. Below the first is the basement. Conventional, but usually, zero and first are combined, so that in a three-story house we always count three floors (the basement is separate). And in the west in a three-story house - two floors and zero, and if it is lower, which is located, it is indicated with a minus sign. Everything is simple. There, as you know, their "zero" - this is the designation of our "first". There is a very large “O” on the elevator button (so as not to miss the fool). I have two educations (architect and builder), when I studied for 10 years, I didn’t go abroad, and the question didn’t stand squarely. And, they would hardly have explained then, and today, even more so. Now wedges. Is this some kind of game of uncles and aunts teaching us, or an accident? Yes, they themselves "nichrome" do not understand! Such a conclusion. They are accustomed to: shaft, plan, mark, zero, first, crossbar, floor covering, riser-pipe, ridge and weather vane ... And there is also a perspective, a kind of three-dimensional drawing of facades with one and two vanishing points on the horizon line (splicing earth with the sky - sky), where the rays of your gaze rush in reality. It all depends: look at the building with two eyes, or through the eye (on this matter). And there is also the opposite perspective: everything that is further is closer to you. Anyway. You will never guess what the keyword is here and why everything is so serious in construction...

I'm in the west, not the first
pressing the elevator button,
zero shakes my nerves,
as I descend, I pay attention:
I firmly believe in the line
to the horizon, to two vanishing points!
We are people, even Jews
and sway, from sunrise:

Bite, Lord, save
and tease with checkers,
- You do not go, you want a taxi?
You, what's the difference!
Bees are all one deck,
perspective is a distraction,
to the dust of the Lord from nature
golden section for me:

The eye is always there
at least oblique in one eye,
even with a scythe go to the bottom,
even to the point in God's manhole.
Not thieves * and dedicated,
a tale for hibernation, a wonderful dream.
Though a truncated column,
Well, what is your reason?

Jerusalem gave us Srul,
and where the first is a guest room,
their floor started from scratch,
we have zero...
Hall? stomping on the floor
Sergius marked with zero
with a unit to this school
count to conceive, I'm talking about mine.

Pressing the elevator button
I'm getting first...
- Zero me! below heaven
unit shakes the nerves.
Unwilling to explain
- You are a builder and, from God,
and She, as if lifeless,
- What's the matter, tell me, Seryoga?

Fool, so as not to miss,
and don't mess with the answer:
- See if this is a vase,
everything else is welcome!
Here is a rose in a jug,
Well, what's the question here?
Above-under-wall, at the top
above the lines of all, stripes ...

Sky we slipped through
- Here in their language, - basement?
Valentines rolled up
but he will be impatient - in the hayloft!
- And look, with the eyes of a miracle:
risers, skates and weather vane:
where do the pipes come from?
A and B sold Judas...

Zero and One, seducing?
You don't understand, you don't understand...
plus by minus, combining,
Christ Himself ordered to stand!
Responsible for romance
the letter Yat, fucked up in vain!
Not in the egg-needle in the light,
I no longer believed in anything.

How do I turn back to Russia,
so I press, as I pressed,
poke spears - I rush about myself,
the spool on the road is small.
The key here is: "under the shaft",
- Walled up, demons!
almost "got under the horse"
what they are and are made.

I would change my profession
yes, I really like it!
You draw zero, the floor will captivate,
and you think it's beautiful!
Pockmarked chicken, - scattering,
eggs of golden prophecy,
where is the euro zone, - zero,
by the name. Without patronymic.

That's all for you, the difference
and where are we, "heaven-O-earth" ...
The elevator will get stuck - they tease,
but that's all there is to it!
Be in the west, I'm the first
elevator button, pressing w,
Zero, shakes the nerves,
- Is there a blonde?
And what is it?

Well, give or take, redhead,
all sunny burning
- Do you want an apple? shameless
Well, we've reached paradise!
It’s worth it, quite the Snow Maiden,
- Wrong, who do you want?
Sergei Zavatsky-Kurochkin,
plus or minus
how bad...

* thieves is also an initiate in translation, as it was customary from the ophenists, it has withered ...
* Srul, Akaki, Sergius - one name, means - Jerusalem.