The electromagnetic impulse causes. Superstrong pulsed magnetic fields

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A powerful electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is caused by a burst of energy that is radiated or conducted by a source such as the sun or an explosive device. If you have electrical or electronic devices in your survivalist arsenal, you need to provide for their protection from EMP so that they can continue to work after the outbreak of hostilities, natural or man-made disasters.

What is an electromagnetic pulse

Whenever it passes through wires, it produces electric and magnetic fields that radiate perpendicular to the current flow. The size of these fields is proportional to the strength of the current. The length of the wire directly affects the current strength of the induced electromagnetic pulse. In addition, even a normal power-up produces a short burst of electrical and magnetic energy.

In this case, the surge is so small that it is barely noticeable. For example, switching actions in electrical circuitry, engines, and ignition systems for gas engines also produce small EMP pulses that can interfere with nearby radio or television. To absorb them, filters are used that remove minor bursts of energy and interference from them.

A large release of energy is produced when a certain charge of electricity is rapidly discharged. This electrostatic discharge (ESD) can shock a person or cause dangerous sparks around fuel vapors. Also, many remember that in childhood we would rub our feet on the carpet, and then touch our friends, creating an ESD discharge. This is also one of the forms of ESD.

The stronger the pulse energy, the more it can damage buildings and affect people. For example, lightning is a powerful form of EMP. can be very dangerous and cause a disaster. Fortunately, most lightning is shorted to ground, where electric charge absorbed. The lightning rod was invented by Benjamin Franklin, thanks to which many buildings and structures are preserved today.

Events such as nuclear explosions, high-altitude non-nuclear explosions, and solar storms can create powerful EMP that damage electrical and electronic equipment located close to the source of the event. All this threatens the power grid and the functioning of most electrical and electronic devices in our lives.

Damaging factors of electromagnetic impulse

The danger of EMP lies in the fact that it affects life support systems and transport. Therefore, for example, under the powerful influence of an electromagnetic pulse, modern unprotected automotive equipment fails. This is especially true for vehicles manufactured after 1980. Therefore, in the event of a man-made disaster, the outbreak of hostilities or a surge solar activity optimal use of old-style cars.

In addition, the electromagnetic pulse strikes:

Computers.
Displays.
Printers.
Routers.
Transformers.
Generators.
Power sources.
Fixed telephones.
Any electronic circuits.
TVs.
Radio, DVD players.
Game devices.
Media centers
Amplifiers.
Communication systems (transmitters, receivers)
Cables (data, telephone, coaxial, USB, etc.)
Wires (especially long ones).
Antennas (external and internal).
Electrical power cords.
Ignition systems (auto and aircraft).
Electrical circuits microwave
Conditioners.
Batteries (all types).
Flashlights.
Relay.
Alarm systems.
charge controllers.
Converters.
Calculators.
Power tools.
Electronic parts.
Charging device.
Control devices (CO2, smoke detectors, etc.).
Pacemakers.
Hearing Aids.
Medical monitoring devices, etc.

Factors that determine EMP damage

The strength of the incoming electromagnetic pulse.
Distance to the source of the impulse.
The angle of the line of impact from the source to your position on the rotating Earth.
The size and shape of objects that receive and collect EMP.
The degree of isolation of instruments and devices from things that can collect and transmit EMP energy.
Protection or shielding of instruments and devices.

How to protect yourself from EMP: first steps

With a high degree of probability, small systems will not be affected by EMP (eng. EMP) if they are isolated from the mains. Therefore, when you receive a warning about an upcoming EMP, turn off all connected to electrical outlet instruments and devices. Don't forget ventilation and thermostats. Disconnect the solar panels and the entire house from the mains, open the shut-off switches between solar panels and the inverter, and between the inverter and the power distribution panel. With coordinated actions, this will take several minutes.

General protection against electromagnetic radiation

Suggested protective actions:

Turn off electronic devices when not in use.
Unplug electrical appliances when not in use.
Do not leave components such as printers and scanners idle.
Use short cables for work.
Install protective induction around the components.
Use components with independent batteries.
Use loop antennas.
Connect all ground wires to one common ground point.
If possible, use smaller devices that are less sensitive to EMI.
Install MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) couplers on portable generators.
Use a UPS to protect electronics from EMP surge.
Use a device lock.
Use hybrid protection (e.g. a band pass filter followed by a lightning rod).
Keep sensitive instruments and devices away from long cable or electrical runs, antennas, guy wires, metal towers, corrugated metal, steel railings, railroad tracks.
Install the cable underground, in shielded cable ducts.
Build one or more Faraday cages.

Should be thought in advance protective system. For example, a standby generator will probably not be damaged by a solar storm, but EMP can damage sensitive electronic controllers, so shielding is worthwhile. Conversely, a device such as an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can be useful on its own as a protection component. If EMP occurs, the surge may destroy the UPS, but it will most likely protect connected devices and components from destruction.

How to build a Faraday cage

Faraday cage can be made at home from metal containers and containers, such as a trash can or bucket, cabinet, safe, old microwave. Any three-dimensional object that has a continuous surface without gaps or large holes will do. A tight-fitting lid is required.

Install non-conductive material (cardboard, wood, paper, foam or plastic sheets) on all inner sides Faraday cages to keep the contents from touching the metal. You can also wrap each item in bubble wrap or plastic. All devices that are inside must be isolated from everything else and especially from a metal container.

What to put in a Faraday cage

Place inside the cage all the electronic and electrical arsenal that is included in the NZ, and those components that are purchased "for future use." It is also necessary to place everything that can be sensitive to EMI in case of receiving a warning signal. Including:

Batteries for the radio.
Portable radios.
Portable TVs.
LED flashlights.
Solar charger.
Computer (laptop or tablet).
Cell phones and smartphones.
Various light bulbs.
Charging cords for mobile phones, tablets, etc.

How to protect important information from EMI

Be aware that an electromagnetic pulse can disrupt infrastructure on long time, and in the case - forever. Therefore, it is worth preparing in advance and backing up important files by placing them on different media in different Faraday cages.

Instead of an afterword

If an EMP warning was not received, but you see a bright flash followed by a blackout of the power systems, proceed at your own discretion. After all, it is impossible to know in advance how heavy and dangerous an electromagnetic pulse will be, the range of which in some types of explosions reaches 1000 km. But through preparation and advance planning, we can determine how realistically we can survive in a post-EMP world.

And you will be safe!

Are you tired of the neighbors' too loud music or just want to make some interesting electrical device yourself? Then you can try to assemble a simple and compact generator electromagnetic pulses, which can disable electronic devices nearby.

An EMP generator is a device capable of generating a short-term electromagnetic disturbance that radiates outward from its epicenter, disrupting the operation electronic appliances. Some bursts of EMP occur naturally, such as in the form of an electrostatic discharge. There are also artificial EMP bursts, such as a nuclear electromagnetic pulse.

AT this material it will be shown how to assemble an elementary EMP generator using commonly available items: a soldering iron, solder, a disposable camera, a push button switch, insulated thick copper cable, enameled wire, and a high-current lockable switch. The presented generator will not be too strong in power, so it may not be able to disable serious equipment, but it can affect simple electrical appliances, so this project should be considered as a training project for beginners in electrical engineering.

So, first, you need to take a disposable camera, for example, Kodak. Next, you need to open it. Open the case and find a large electrolytic capacitor. Do this with rubber dielectric gloves so as not to get an electric shock when the capacitor is discharged. When fully charged, it can be up to 330 V. Check the voltage on it with a voltmeter. If there is still a charge, then remove it by closing the capacitor leads with a screwdriver. Be careful, when closing, a flash will appear with a characteristic pop. After discharging the capacitor, pull out the circuit board on which it is installed and find the small on/off button. Unsolder it, and solder your switch button in its place.

Solder two insulated copper cables to the two pins of the capacitor. Connect one end of this cable to a high current switch. Leave the other end free for now.

Now you need to wind the load coil. Wrap the enameled wire 7 to 15 times around a 5 cm round object. Once the coil is formed, wrap it with duct tape for added security while using it, but leave two wires protruding to connect to the terminals. Use sandpaper or a sharp blade to remove the enamel coating from the ends of the wire. Connect one end to the capacitor terminal and the other end to a high current switch.

Now we can say that the simplest generator electromagnetic pulses is ready. To charge it, simply connect the battery to the appropriate terminals on printed circuit board with a condenser. Bring a portable device near the coil. electronic device, which is not a pity, and press the switch.

Remember not to hold down the charge button while generating EMP, otherwise you may damage the circuit.

shock wave

Shockwave (SW)- area sharply compressed air, propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed.

Hot vapors and gases, seeking to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities, and heat them to high temperatures (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents the shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. The SW front is followed by an area of ​​rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the velocity of SW propagation is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the wave propagation speed decreases rapidly. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

The shock wave of an ammunition of medium power passes: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second - for 4 s; fifth - in 12 s.

The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; overpressure in the shock front and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

The impact of HC on people can be direct and indirect. With direct exposure, the cause of injury is an instantaneous increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect impact, people are amazed by flying debris of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other items. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

At overpressure 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm 2) unprotected people can get light injuries (light bruises and concussions). The impact of SW with excess pressure of 40-60 kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure over 100 kPa.

The degree of damage by a shock wave to various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, the mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground.

To protect against the impact of hydrocarbons, one should use: trenches, cracks and trenches, which reduce its effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

electromagnetic pulse(AMY)- this is a combination of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of the atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration is a few milliseconds.

The main parameters of EMR are induced in wires and cable lines currents and voltages that can lead to damage and failure of electronic equipment, and sometimes to damage to people working with the equipment.

During ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of a nuclear explosion.

The most effective protection against an electromagnetic pulse is the shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

The situation that develops when using nuclear weapons in the lesions.

The focus of nuclear destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass destruction and death of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility and energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects occurred.

From short distances. Naturally, I immediately wanted to make such a homemade product, since it is quite spectacular and in practice shows the work of electromagnetic pulses. In the first models of the EMP emitter, there were several high-capacity capacitors from disposable cameras, but this design does not work very well, due to the long "recharge". Therefore, I decided to take a Chinese high voltage module (which is usually used in stun guns) and add a "punch" to it. This design suited me. But unfortunately, my high-voltage module burned out and therefore I could not shoot an article on this homemade product, but I had a shot detailed video assembly, so I decided to take some moments from the video, I hope the Admin will not mind, because the homemade is really very interesting.

I would like to say that all this was done as an experiment!

And so for the EMP emitter we need:
- high voltage module
- two 1.5 volt batteries
- box for batteries
-body I use plastic bottle by 0.5
- copper wire with a diameter of 0.5-1.5 mm
- button without lock
-wires

Of the tools we need:
- soldering iron
-thermo glue

And so the first thing you need to wind on upper part bottles of thick wire about 10-15 turns, turn to turn (the coil greatly affects the range of the electromagnetic pulse, the spiral coil with a diameter of 4.5 cm proved to be the best) then cut off the bottom of the bottle

We take our high-voltage module and solder the power through the button to the input wires, after removing the batteries from the box

We take the tube from the handle and cut off a piece 2 cm long from it:

We insert one of the high-voltage output wires into a piece of tube and glue it as shown in the photo:

Using a soldering iron, we make a hole on the side of the bottle, slightly larger than the diameter of the thick wire:

We insert the longest wire through the hole inside the bottle:

Solder the remaining high-voltage wire to it:

We place the high-voltage module inside the bottle:

We make another hole on the side of the bottle, with a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the tube from the handle:

We take out a piece of the tube with a wire through the hole and firmly glue it and insulate it with hot glue:

Then we take the second wire from the coil and insert it inside a piece of the tube, there should be an air gap between them, 1.5-2 cm, you need to select it experimentally

we put all the electronics inside the bottle so that nothing shorts out, does not hang out and is well insulated, then glue:

We make another hole along the diameter of the button and pull it out from the inside, then glue it:

We take the cut off bottom, and cut it along the edge so that it can fit on the bottle, put it on and glue it:

That's it! Our EMP emitter is ready, it remains only to test it! To do this, we take an old calculator, remove valuable electronics and, preferably, dress rubber gloves, then press the button and bring the calculator, breakdowns will begin to occur in the tube electric current, the coil will start emitting an electromagnetic pulse and our calculator will first turn on by itself, and then it will start randomly writing numbers!

Before this homemade product, I made EMP based on a glove, but unfortunately I only filmed a test video, by the way, I went to an exhibition with this glove and took second place due to the fact that I didn’t show the presentation well. The maximum EMP range of the glove was 20 cm. I hope this article was interesting for you, and be careful with high voltage!

Here is a video with tests and an EMP glove:

Thank you all for your attention!

In a nuclear explosion, strong electromagnetic radiation is generated in a wide range of waves with a maximum density in the region of 15-30 kHz.

Due to the short duration of action - tens of microseconds - this radiation is called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

The reason for the occurrence of EMR is an asymmetric electromagnetic field resulting from the interaction of gamma rays with the environment.

The main parameters of EMR, as a damaging factor, are the strengths of the electric and magnetic fields. During air and ground explosions, the dense atmosphere limits the area of ​​propagation of gamma quanta, and the size of the EMP source approximately coincides with the area of ​​action of the penetrating radiation. In space, EMP can acquire the quality of one of the main damaging factors.

EMR has no direct effect on a person.

The effect of EMR is manifested primarily on bodies conducting electric current: overhead and underground communication and power lines, signaling and control systems, metal supports, pipelines, etc. At the moment of explosion, a current pulse arises in them and a high electric potential is induced relative to the ground.

As a result of this, a breakdown of cable insulation, damage to the input devices of radio and electrical equipment, combustion of arresters and fusible links, damage to transformers, and failure of semiconductor devices can occur.

Strong electro magnetic fields can disable equipment at control points, communication centers and create a danger of damage to service personnel.

EMP protection is achieved by shielding individual units and components of radio and electrical equipment.

Chemical weapon.

Chemical weapons are poisonous substances and means of their application. Applications include aerial bombs, cartridges, missile warheads, artillery shells, chemical mines, aircraft pourers, aerosol generators, and the like.

The basis of chemical weapons is toxic substances (S) - toxic chemical compounds affecting people and animals, contaminating the air, terrain, water bodies, food and various items on the ground. Some agents are designed to damage plants.

In chemical munitions and devices, agents are in a liquid or solid state. At the time of the use of chemical weapons, the agents go into a combat state - steam, aerosol or drops and infect people through the respiratory organs or - if they hit the human body - through the skin.

A characteristic of air contamination with vapors and fine aerosols is the concentration C=m/v, g/m3 - the amount of "m" OM per volume unit "v" of contaminated air.

A quantitative characteristic of the degree of infection of various surfaces is the density of infection: d=m/s, g/m2 - i.e. the amount "m" of OM located on the unit area "s" of the infected surface.

OV is classified according to physiological effects per person, tactical purpose, speed of onset and duration of the damaging effect, toxicological properties, etc.

According to the physiological effects on the human body, OM are divided into the following groups:

1) Nerve agents - sarin, soman, Vx (VI-X). They cause disorders of the functions of the nervous system, muscle cramps, paralysis and death.

2) OV skin blister action - mustard gas. It affects the skin, eyes, respiratory and digestive organs - if swallowed.

3) OM of general toxic action - hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride. In case of poisoning, severe shortness of breath, a feeling of fear, convulsions, paralysis appear.

4) Smothering agents - phosgene. It affects the lungs, causes their swelling, suffocation.

5) OV psycho-chemical action - BZ (B-Z). It strikes through the respiratory system. Violates coordination of movements, causes hallucinations and mental disorders.

6) OV irritating action - chloroacetophenone, adamsite, CS (Ci-Ec) and CR (Ci-Er). These agents irritate the respiratory and visual organs.

Nerve-paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating agents are lethal agents. OV of psycho-chemical and irritating action - temporarily incapacitate people.

By the speed of the onset of the damaging effect, high-speed agents are distinguished (sarin, soman, hydrocyanic acid, SI-Es, SI-Er) and slow-acting agents (Vi-X, mustard gas, phosgene, Bi-zet).

According to the duration of the OV, they are divided into persistent and unstable. Persistent retain the damaging effect for several hours or days. Unstable - several tens of minutes.

Toksodoz - the amount of OM required to obtain a certain effect of damage: T=c*t (g*min)/m3, where: c - the concentration of OM in the air, g/m3; t - time spent by a person in contaminated air, min.

When a chemical munition is used, a primary cloud of OM is formed. Under the action of moving air masses, the OM spreads in a certain space, forming a zone of chemical contamination.

Area of ​​chemical contamination call the area directly affected by chemical weapons, and the territory over which a cloud spread, contaminated with hazardous concentrations of agents.

In the zone of chemical contamination, foci of chemical damage may occur.

The focus of chemical damage- this is the territory within which, as a result of the impact of chemical weapons, mass destruction of people, farm animals and plants occurred.

Protection against toxic substances is achieved by using individual means of respiratory and skin protection, as well as collective means.

Special groups of chemical weapons include binary chemical munitions, which are two containers with different gases - not poisonous in their pure form, but when they are displaced during an explosion, a poisonous mixture is obtained.