Hmm, yoda_daro claims that this is a test to determine their sexuality...
Instruction The frames of the film merge for us into continuous movement due to ...
In the global network you can now find great amount information about what is electromagnetic pulse. Many are afraid of him, sometimes not fully understanding what is at stake. scientific television programs and articles in the yellow press. Isn't it time to look into this issue?
So, an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a perturbation that affects any material object located in its zone of action. It acts not only on conductive objects, but also on dielectrics, only in a slightly different form. Usually the concept of "electromagnetic pulse" is adjacent to the term "nuclear weapon". Why? The answer is simple: it is during a nuclear explosion that EMP reaches its the greatest value of all possible. Probably, in some experimental setups it is also possible to create powerful field disturbances, but they are of a local nature, while large areas are affected in a nuclear explosion.
The electromagnetic pulse owes its appearance to several laws that every electrician encounters in everyday work. As you know, directional movement elementary particles, which has electric charge, is inextricably linked with If there is a conductor through which current flows, then a field is always registered around it. The reverse is also true: the effect of electro magnetic field on a conductive material generates an EMF in it and, as a result, a current. It is usually specified that the conductor forms a circuit, although this is only partly true, since they create their own contours in the volume of the conductive substance. creates the movement of electrons, therefore, a field arises. Further, everything is simple: the tension lines, in turn, create induced currents in the surrounding conductors.
The mechanism of this phenomenon is as follows: due to the instantaneous release of energy, flows of elementary particles (gamma, alpha, etc.) arise. During their passage through the air, electrons are “knocked out” of the molecules, which are oriented along the magnetic lines of the Earth. There is a directed movement (current) that generates an electromagnetic field. And since these processes proceed at lightning speed, we can talk about momentum. Further, in all conductors located in the field action zone (hundreds of kilometers), a current is induced, and since the field strength is huge, the current value is also large. This causes protection systems to operate, fuses to blow - up to fire and irreparable damage. Everything is subject to EMR action: from to power lines, however, to varying degrees.
EMP protection consists in preventing the inducing action of the field. This can be achieved in several ways:
Move away from the epicenter, as the field weakens with increasing distance;
Shield (with earth) electronic equipment;
- "disassemble" the circuits, providing gaps, taking into account the high current.
You can often meet the question of how to create an electromagnetic pulse with your own hands. In fact, every person encounters it on a daily basis, flipping a light bulb switch. At the moment of switching, the current briefly exceeds the rated current by tens of times, an electromagnetic field is generated around the wires, which induces an electromotive force in the surrounding conductors. The force of this phenomenon is simply not strong enough to cause damage comparable to the EMP of a nuclear explosion. Its more pronounced manifestation can be obtained by measuring the field level near the electric arc. In any case, the task is simple: it is necessary to organize the possibility of the instantaneous occurrence of an electric current of large effective value.
In a nuclear explosion, strong electromagnetic radiation is generated in a wide range of waves with a maximum density in the region of 15-30 kHz.
Due to the short duration of action - tens of microseconds - this radiation is called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP).
The reason for the occurrence of EMR is an asymmetric electromagnetic field resulting from the interaction of gamma rays with the environment.
The main parameters of EMR, as a damaging factor, are the strengths of the electric and magnetic fields. During air and ground explosions, the dense atmosphere limits the area of propagation of gamma quanta, and the size of the EMP source approximately coincides with the area of action of the penetrating radiation. In space, EMP can acquire the quality of one of the main damaging factors.
EMR has no direct effect on a person.
The effect of EMR is manifested primarily on bodies conducting electric current: overhead and underground communication and power lines, signaling and control systems, metal supports, pipelines, etc. At the moment of explosion, a current pulse arises in them and a high electric potential is induced relative to the ground.
As a result of this, a breakdown of cable insulation, damage to the input devices of radio and electrical equipment, combustion of arresters and fusible links, damage to transformers, and failure of semiconductor devices can occur.
Strong electromagnetic fields can disable the equipment at control points, communication centers and create a danger of damage to service personnel.
EMP protection is achieved by shielding individual units and components of radio and electrical equipment.
Chemical weapon.
Chemical weapons are poisonous substances and means of their application. Applications include aerial bombs, cartridges, missile warheads, artillery shells, chemical mines, aircraft pourers, aerosol generators, and the like.
The basis of chemical weapons is toxic substances (S) - toxic chemical compounds affecting people and animals, contaminating the air, terrain, water bodies, food and various items on the ground. Some agents are designed to damage plants.
In chemical munitions and devices, agents are in a liquid or solid state. At the time of the use of chemical weapons, the agents go into a combat state - steam, aerosol or drops and infect people through the respiratory organs or - if they hit the human body - through the skin.
A characteristic of air contamination with vapors and fine aerosols is the concentration C=m/v, g/m3 - the amount of "m" OM per volume unit "v" of contaminated air.
A quantitative characteristic of the degree of infection of various surfaces is the density of infection: d=m/s, g/m2 - i.e. the amount "m" of OM located on the unit area "s" of the infected surface.
OV is classified according to physiological effects per person, tactical purpose, speed of onset and duration of the damaging effect, toxicological properties, etc.
According to the physiological effects on the human body, OM are divided into the following groups:
1) Nerve agents - sarin, soman, Vx (VI-X). They cause disorders of the functions of the nervous system, muscle cramps, paralysis and death.
2) OV skin blister action - mustard gas. It affects the skin, eyes, respiratory and digestive organs - if swallowed.
3) OM of general toxic action - hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride. In case of poisoning, severe shortness of breath, a feeling of fear, convulsions, paralysis appear.
4) Smothering agents - phosgene. It affects the lungs, causes their swelling, suffocation.
5) OV psycho-chemical action - BZ (B-Z). It strikes through the respiratory system. Violates coordination of movements, causes hallucinations and mental disorders.
6) OV irritating action - chloroacetophenone, adamsite, CS (Ci-Ec) and CR (Ci-Er). These agents irritate the respiratory and visual organs.
Nerve-paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating agents are lethal agents. OV of psycho-chemical and irritating action - temporarily incapacitate people.
By the speed of the onset of the damaging effect, high-speed agents are distinguished (sarin, soman, hydrocyanic acid, SI-Es, SI-Er) and slow-acting agents (Vi-X, mustard gas, phosgene, Bi-zet).
According to the duration of the OV, they are divided into persistent and unstable. Persistent retain the damaging effect for several hours or days. Unstable - several tens of minutes.
Toksodoz - the amount of OM required to obtain a certain effect of damage: T=c*t (g*min)/m3, where: c - the concentration of OM in the air, g/m3; t - time spent by a person in contaminated air, min.
When a chemical munition is used, a primary cloud of OM is formed. Under the action of moving air masses, the OM spreads in a certain space, forming a zone of chemical contamination.
Area of chemical contamination call the area directly affected by chemical weapons, and the territory over which a cloud spread, contaminated with hazardous concentrations of agents.
In the zone of chemical contamination, foci of chemical damage may occur.
The focus of chemical damage- this is the territory within which, as a result of the impact of chemical weapons, mass destruction of people, farm animals and plants occurred.
Protection against toxic substances is achieved by using individual means of respiratory and skin protection, as well as collective means.
Special groups of chemical weapons include binary chemical munitions, which are two containers with different gases - not poisonous in their pure form, but when they are displaced during an explosion, a poisonous mixture is obtained.
We can distinguish the main ways of developing such products:
Explosively pumped Flux Compression Generators, or FC generators- disposable devices operating on chemical explosives. The basis of the most developed coaxial EMP generator is copper pipe filled with a homogeneous high-energy explosive. It is an armature, around which a stator is installed with a gap - a sectioned low-ohmic winding, which, in turn, is mounted in a strong dielectric pipe, often made of glass composite. The starting current pulse is provided by a capacitor unit or an FC generator low power. The explosive is initiated at the moment when the starting current reaches its peak value, and the fuse is placed so that the initiation front propagates along the explosive along the armature pipe, deforming its cone.Where the armature reaches the stator, there is short circuit between the poles of the stator winding. A short circuit propagating along the pipe creates the effect of compression of the magnetic field: the generator produces a pulse of increasing current, the peak value of which is reached before the final destruction of the structure. The current rise time is hundreds of microseconds at peak fault currents of tens of megaamperes and peak field power of tens of MW. Back in the 1970s, an FC generator gain (ratio of output current to starting current) of 60 was achieved at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, which ensured the creation of a multistage superpower device. The problem of its layout in the PSU is simplified by the coaxial design.
Although FC generators themselves are a potential technological basis for generating powerful electrical pulses, their output frequency, due to the physics of the process, does not exceed 1 MHz. At such frequencies, many targets will be difficult to attack even with very high levels energy, moreover, focusing energy from such devices will be problematic.
What is ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE?
- So why complicate things so much?
It is called electromagnetic because the electrical component is inextricably linked with the magnetic one. It's like a radio wave. Only in the latter case is it a sequence of electromagnetic impulses in the form of harmonic oscillations.
And here - just one impulse.
To get it, you need to create a charge, positive or negative, at a point in space. Since the world of fields is dual, it is necessary to create 2 opposite charges in different places.
It is hardly possible to do this within a time equal to zero.
However, it is possible, for example, to connect a capacitor to the antenna. But in this case the resonant nature of the antenna will work. And again, we will get not a single impulse, but fluctuations.
In a bomb, most likely, it is also not a single electromagnetic pulse, but an electromagnetic oscillation pulse. - The electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion is a powerful short-term electromagnetic field with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 m or more, which occurs at the time of the explosion, which induces strong electrical voltages and currents in conductors of various lengths in the air, earth, on equipment and other objects (metal poles, antennas, wires of communication and power lines, pipelines, etc.).
During ground and low air explosions, the damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of the explosion. In a high-altitude nuclear explosion, electromagnetic fields can arise in the explosion zone and at altitudes of 20-40 km from the earth's surface.
An electromagnetic pulse is characterized by the field strength. The strength of the electric and magnetic fields depends on the power, the height of the explosion, the distance from the center of the explosion and the properties environment.
The damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse is manifested primarily in relation to radio-electronic and electrical equipment in service, military equipment and other objects.
Under the action of an electromagnetic pulse in the specified equipment, induced electric currents and voltages that can cause insulation breakdown, damage to transformers, damage to semiconductor devices, burnout of fuses and other elements of radio engineering devices.
Protection against an electromagnetic pulse is achieved by shielding power supply lines, as well as equipment. All external lines must be two-wire, well insulated from earth, with fusible links.
The beginning of the era of information wars was marked by the emergence of new types of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and radio frequency weapons. According to the principle of damaging effect, EMP weapons have much in common with the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion and differ from it, among other things, in a shorter duration. Developed and tested in a number of countries, non-nuclear means of generating powerful EMP are capable of creating short-term (several nanoseconds) flows electromagnetic radiation, the density of which reaches the limiting values relative to the electrical strength of the atmosphere. At the same time, the shorter the EMR, the higher the threshold of the generator's allowable power.
According to analysts, along with traditional means of electronic warfare, the use of EMP and radio frequency weapons for delivering electronic and combined electronic fire strikes in order to disable electronic means (RES) at distances from hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers can become one of the main forms of combat action in the near future. In addition to a temporary disruption of the functioning of the RES, allowing the subsequent restoration of their performance, EMP weapons can physically destroy (functional defeat) the semiconductor elements of the RES, including those in the off state.
Note the damaging effect of the powerful radiation of EMP weapons on the electrical and electrical power systems of weapons and military equipment(VVT), electronic systems ignition of internal combustion engines. Currents excited electromagnetic field in the circuits of electric or radio fuses mounted on ammunition can reach levels sufficient to trigger them. High-energy streams are able to initiate the detonation of explosives (HE) of rocket warheads, bombs and artillery shells, as well as non-contact detonation of mines within a radius of 5060 m from the point of detonation of medium-caliber EMP ammunition (100120 mm).
With regard to the damaging effect of EMP weapons on personal composition - effect temporary violation of adequate sensorimotor skills of a person, the occurrence of erroneous actions in his behavior and even disability. Negative manifestations of the impact of powerful ultrashort microwave pulses are not necessarily associated with thermal destruction of living cells of biological objects. The damaging factor is often the high intensity of the electric field induced on the cell membranes. - This is a surge of electric and magnetic fields. Since light is also an electromagnetic wave, the flash of light is also an electromagnetic impulse.
- Burst of electromagnetic waves - far exceeding the natural electromagnetic background of the Earth
- electric shock
- One of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion ....
- Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) damaging factor nuclear weapons, as well as any other sources of EMP (for example, lightning, special electromagnetic weapons or a nearby supernova, etc.). The damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is due to the occurrence of induced voltages and currents in various conductors. The effect of EMR is manifested primarily in relation to electrical and radio-electronic equipment. Communication, signaling and control lines are the most vulnerable. In this case, insulation breakdown, damage to transformers, damage to semiconductor devices, damage to computers / laptops and cell phones, etc. can occur. A high-altitude explosion can create interference in these lines for very large areas. EMI protection is achieved by shielding power supply lines and equipment
Instruction
Take an unnecessary pocket film camera with a flash. Take the batteries out of it. put on rubber gloves and disassemble the device.
Discharge the flash storage capacitor. To do this, take a resistance of about 1 kOhm and a power of 0.5 W, bend its terminals, clamp it in small pliers with insulated handles, and then, holding the resistor only with pliers, close the capacitor with it for several tens of seconds. After that, finally discharge the capacitor , locking it with a screwdriver blade with an insulated handle for a few more tens of seconds.
Measure the voltage - it should not exceed a few volts. If necessary, discharge the capacitor again. Solder a jumper wire to the capacitor leads.
Now discharge the capacitor in the sync contact circuit. It has a low capacitance, so to discharge it, it is enough to briefly close the sync contact. At the same time, keep your hands away from the flash lamp, because when the sync contact is triggered, it receives from a special step-up pulse high voltage.
Turn on the coil in series with the flash storage capacitor. If the camera does not have a flash test button, connect a button with good insulation, for example, a bell, in parallel with the sync contact.
Make small notches in the body of the device for the output of wires from the button and the coil. They are so that when assembling the case, these wires are not pinched, which threatens to break them. Remove the jumper from the flash storage capacitor. Reassemble the apparatus, then remove the rubber gloves.
Insert batteries into the device. Turn it on by turning the flash away from you, wait for the capacitor to charge, then insert a screwdriver blade into the coil. While holding the screwdriver by the handle so that it does not fly out, press the button. Simultaneously with the flash, an electromagnetic pulse, which will magnetize the screwdriver.
If the screwdriver is not magnetized well enough, you can repeat the operation a few more times. As you use a screwdriver, it will lose magnetism. You should not worry about this - after all, you have a device with which you can always restore it. Please note that not all home craftsmen like magnetized screwdrivers. Some find them very comfortable, others - on the contrary, very uncomfortable.
note
Be careful when working with any high voltage appliances.
Skeptical people at answering the question about actions in case of vigorous explosion they will say that you need to wrap yourself in a sheet, go out into the street and line up. to accept death for what it is. But experts have developed a number of recommendations that will help to survive a nuclear explosion.
Instruction
When receiving information about a possible nuclear explosion in the area where you are, you must, if possible, go down to an underground shelter (bomb shelter) and do not leave until you receive other instructions. If this is not possible, you are outside and there is no way to get into the room, take cover behind any object that can represent protection, in extreme cases, lie flat on the ground and cover your head with your hands.
If you are so close to the epicenter of the explosion that the outbreak itself is visible, remember that you need to take cover from radioactive fallout, which will appear in this case within 20 minutes, it all depends on the distance from the epicenter. It is important to remember that radioactive particles are carried by the wind for hundreds of kilometers.
Do not leave your hiding place without an official statement from the authorities that it is safe to do so. Try to make your stay in the shelter as comfortable as possible, maintain proper sanitary conditions, use water and food sparingly, give more food and drink to children, the sick and the elderly. If possible, provide assistance to the managers of the bomb shelter, because being in a confined space a large number people may turn out to be unpleasant, and the duration of such forced cohabitation
can vary from one day to a month.
When returning to your home, it is important to remember and follow a few rules. Before entering the house, make sure that it is intact, damaged, and that there is no partial collapse of structures. When entering the apartment, first of all remove all flammable liquids, medicines and any other potentially dangerous substances. Water, gas and electricity can only be turned on when you have an accurate confirmation that all systems are functioning normally.
When moving around the area, do not approach the areas damaged by the explosion and areas marked with signs "hazardous materials" and "danger of radiation".
note
It will be invaluable help to have a radio with you to listen to official messages from local authorities. Always follow what you have received, as the authorities always have more information than those around them.
Electromagnetic low power is not capable of causing gigantic destruction, demolishing everything in its path, such as the one that results from a nuclear explosion. You can generate a low-power impulse at home.
Instruction
To get started, get a film camera you don’t need in the future, preferably with a flash.
