The arrangement of openings is a rather delicate topic; more than one builder stumbled over this stone in his practice. Today we will share information on how to calculate and install the lintels of window and door openings, depending on the type and material of the walls.

How is the load calculation performed

Technically, the jumper in the upper part of the opening is a regular beam and the calculation for it is carried out the same way. There are two main requirements that this part must satisfy:

1. The sections of the walls on which the lintel rests must adequately absorb the load.
2. The residual deformation (deflection) of the lintel under load must not exceed the allowable values ​​for windows or doors installed in the opening.

It is always necessary to take into account the self-supporting properties of the wall. Very often, when erecting masonry, opening lintels perform their function only for the first 2-3 weeks after their installation, and then simply remain in the walls without any need. This applies to those openings above which the masonry pillar is preserved, equal in height to the span length. Here, a jumper is not needed at all - the wall will support itself, while the larger the blocks used for masonry, the lower the pillar should remain.

In other cases, the calculation of the jumper is carried out according to the applied load, including:

• own weight of the jumper;
• the weight of the wall, taking into account the self-supporting capacity (the height of the masonry above the opening);
• distribution of the weight of the wall (for summer masonry, only 1/3 of the width above the opening is taken into account, for winter, the entire wall is taken into account);
• the load due to the support of beams or floor slabs on a given section of the wall.

The linear dimensions of the jumper are also important. Its width is determined by the thickness of the wall, height - by the required bearing capacity. The length of the jumper corresponds to the width of the opening plus twice the depth of occurrence: from 10 cm for brick walls and up to 30 cm for loose porous blocks.

In most cases, to determine a suitable lintel, it is enough to make a selection from tables with standard factory-made concrete products (series 1.038 for standard and 1.225 for very wide openings). The desired product is determined by the width of the opening, taking into account the depth of the bookmark. If the desired jumper thinner walls, you need to install several of these, well, or at least two pieces.

Of course, no one insists on acquiring finished products. You are free to cast reinforced concrete lintels yourself, as well as replace them with wooden or steel ones at your discretion, having previously calculated the deflection of the lintel.

Arrangement of jumpers in stone buildings

The easiest way to arrange upper part opening - avoid using a jumper, increasing the height of the window up to the armo-belt itself. This is not always possible, because the length of the span imposes its own limitations, especially for load-bearing walls, and besides, it is impossible to bring doors to the very ceiling. And yet you should know that between the opening and the reinforced crown there should be at least two rows of large-format blocks, or 5-7 rows of bricks, or there should be nothing.

The easiest way is to arrange the upper part of the opening in the walls on which the floors do not rest. If the height of the masonry above the opening does not meet the requirements for self-support, the upper rows are reinforced with reinforcement. Between each brick of the row covering the opening, “paper clips” are laid - 4 mm wire clamps that protrude above the row of masonry, forming a kind of ears. Longitudinal reinforcement is brought in and tied under them, one 10 mm rod for every 10 cm of wall thickness, letting 15-20 cm onto the pillars on the sides of the opening.

Strengthen the opening in load-bearing walls from solid blocks of lightweight concrete is even easier. The masonry above the opening is removed by a temporary support from below. After that, a groove up to 20 cm deep and 25-30 mm thick is cut in the center of the blocks above the opening. A flat reinforcement is inserted inside - a mesh of 12 mm reinforcement, and after that the groove is filled with sand concrete. If it is clear that such reinforcement does not meet the strength requirements, use U-shaped trays made of porous concrete in the manner of fixed formwork.

Reinforced concrete lintels are very important cold bridges. Their use is required only in exceptional cases, when a very wide opening is planned in the load-bearing wall. Such jumpers are cast flush with the wall, knocking out the panel formwork from the inside, outside and from below. Reinforce jumpers in two rows, one 12 mm rod for every 60-80 mm of wall thickness. Depending on the length of the span, 2-3 more bars of reinforcement can be added to the bottom row of reinforcement. To exclude heat migration, a pair of XPS boards with a total thickness of 50-70 mm is installed in the center of the formwork, while the reinforcement is distributed to obtain protective layers 40 mm.

When installing jumpers of any type, it is important to be able to properly prepare the "shoulders" on which they rest. As a rule, wood is used for this, solid brick or cement mortar marks 300.

Strengthening openings in frame buildings

For a frame building, the presence of jumpers in the upper part of the openings is strictly necessary. The requirements described below are valid for frames made of both metal and wood.

If the width of the opening does not exceed two steps of installing the frame racks, the nearest side rack elements are connected by two horizontal bars, and then two vertical struts are added between them, setting the required width of the opening.

If the opening is equal in width to three or more distances between the racks of the frame, it is framed with crossbars in the same way. For additional support of short racks above the opening, they are unloaded onto neighboring ones with the help of diagonal braces going from the center outward. In all cases, the cross section of the crossbars should not be smaller size rack elements of the frame.

If the opening exceeds five times the distance between the uprights in width, the verticals closest to it must be doubled. The inner pair is interconnected by a horizontal jumper, and the outer pair is the same, but higher by half the height of the opening. The space between two horizontal beams is filled with a diagonal stiffening grid according to the principle of floor trusses.

How to make and strengthen openings in load-bearing walls

When redevelopment, it may be necessary to make an opening in the load-bearing wall. Such actions in the public sector can only be carried out in agreement with the housing stock, while private developers can act at their own peril and risk.

According to the project, on both sides of the bearing wall, the boundaries of the future opening are marked. To make sure of complete coincidence, after marking on one side, four strictly perpendicular holes are drilled in the corners of the opening and connected with lines.

Along the upper border of the opening, a horizontal trimming is carried out with a width of about 10 mm and a length of 20 cm more opening round trip. In the resulting groove, on each side, a piece of angular steel is laid. Its cross section can be determined by the calculation for bending, but more often mortgages are made with a large excess strength. In the general case, a steel corner 100x100x8 mm will be more than enough.

Above the nested corners, one hole is drilled for every 25 cm of the width of the opening, smooth reinforcement is inserted into them, through which the corners are connected to each other. The lower ligament is made with overhead steel plates 100x8 mm. After installing the jumper, the opening can be cut out and removed piece by piece.

In the lower part of the opening along the plane of each wall, two pieces of corner steel with dimensions of at least 50x50x4.5 mm must be laid. They must be driven into the wall at least 50 mm on each side. Between the lower and upper corners are inserted vertical side overlays on the corners. In size, they are usually chosen equivalent to the top frame.

With inside side corners are connected with patch plates. In the wall, the strapping is fastened with pins made of 12 or 14 mm profile reinforcement, which are driven into holes drilled at an angle of 45 ° to the plane of the wall every 35-40 cm. The pins are attached to the corners by welding, cut to 60-70 mm, and then tightly bent to the plane of the frame and carefully scalded.

In brickwork above window and door openings, it is necessary to lay lintels - usually this reinforced concrete elements factory made according to type series 1.038.1-1 or, in the case of large spans, according to series 1.225-2. Also, if it is not possible to buy ready-made lintels, it is possible to make reinforced monolithic reinforced concrete lintels or beams from metal elements under construction conditions - it all depends on the size of the opening and the load on the wall.

Reinforced concrete lintels according to the series 1.038.1-1

. It is easy to select jumpers for this series. Need to know:

opening width,

The load on the lintel from its own weight, the weight of the wall and the ceiling (usually for residential buildings in which there are no large loads, three types can be distinguished: 1 - the case when the ceiling rests on the wall; 2 - when the wall is self-supporting and the ceiling is not supported; 3 - when the jumper fits into brick wall 120 mm thick).

All jumpers in the series have a designation, for example 2ПБ18-8 and are given in the form of a table, which indicates the necessary characteristics - dimensions, weight and permissible load on the jumper.

What is encrypted in the name of the jumper 2PB18-8?

PB is a brand. There is a PB brand - bar lintels with a width of 120 or 250 mm, which need to be assembled in several pieces, depending on the width of the wall and the thickness of the lintel (one lintel is laid for a partition 120 mm thick, for a wall 380 mm thick - already two or three lintels). And there is a PP brand - these are slab lintels with a width of 380 or 510 mm, designed to cover the entire wall at once in width.

2 is a cipher that hides the dimensions of the cross section of the jumper. So a jumper with the code 1PB has a section of 120x65 mm, where 120 mm is the width of the jumper; code 2PB - 120x140 mm; code 3PB - 120x220 mm; code 4PB - 120x290 mm; code 5PB - 250x220 mm (250 mm - width). For plate jumpers, their values. All this can be seen in the tables of the series 1.038.1-1.

18 - in this cipher the length of the jumper is 1810 mm. If we subtract the depth of support on the wall on both sides of 100 mm, we get the maximum width of the opening for this lintel 1610 mm.

8 is the load that the jumper can withstand (in this case 800 kg/m). For example, if it is 8, then the jumper will do a great job with a self-supporting wall, if 1 is only for partitions, and starting from 27 and above, it can be used for walls on which the ceiling rests.

How to easily select a jumper according to the 1.038.1-1 series? Let's look at examples:

Example 1 Opening in a brick partition with a thickness of 120 mm and a size of 900 mm. masonry in summer conditions.

The load on such a jumper is small; three types of jumpers are suitable for partitions:

1PB10-1 (1030 mm long), 1PB13-1 (1290 mm long) and 1PB16-1 (1550 mm long). The minimum depth of support of the jumper on the wall is 100 mm.

Let's determine the length of the jumper: 900 + 100 + 100 = 1100. Thus, a jumper with a length of 1290 mm of the brand 1PB13-1 is suitable for us.

Other examples of lintel selection in partitions.

Example 2 Self-supporting wall (the ceiling does not rest on it) with a thickness of 250 mm, the height of the wall above the opening is 900 mm, the opening is 1400 mm in size. masonry in winter conditions.

Since the width of the wall is 250 mm, two jumpers are needed along the width of the wall.

In winter conditions, a load is taken on a self-supporting lintel from a wall height equal to the design span of the lintel. We preliminarily take the calculated span equal to 1400 + 2 * 100/3 = 1470 mm (here 100 mm is the support depth of the jumper). Because 1470 mm > 900 mm (masonry height above the lintel), then the value of 900 mm will be involved in the calculation.

Determine the load on 1 running meter jumpers:

0.25*0.9*1.8*1.1/2 = 0.23 t/m = 230 kg/m (here 1.8 t/m3 is brick weight, 1.1 is safety factor, 2 is number of jumpers) without the own weight of the jumper added yet. Taking into account the fact that it will be necessary to take into account the own weight of the jumper, we will select the load in the series table of 300 kg / m. We select a jumper with index 3. For these jumpers, the minimum support depth is 100 mm.

Let's determine the smallest possible jumper length: 1400 + 100 + 100 = 1600 mm.

We select a jumper with a length of 1940 mm 2PB19-3.

The self-weight load of this lintel is 81/1.94 = 42 kg/m, so a bearing capacity of 300 kg/m is sufficient to support a load of 230 + 42 = 272 kg/m.

More examples of selection of jumpers in self-supporting walls.

Example 3 Load-bearing wall 380 mm thick, supporting the ceiling with a span of 3 m on one side, the height of the wall above the opening is 900 mm, the opening is 1350 mm in size. Masonry in summer conditions.

For this option, you need to pick up two different jumpers - a carrier on the side of the floor support and a less powerful one on the other side. The greater the bearing capacity of the jumper, the more expensive it is.

When laying in summer conditions, the load from the lintel is taken from 1/3 of the calculated span of the lintel. But for the bearing lintel, the entire height of the masonry is taken - from the top of the lintel to the bottom of the ceiling, i.e. the load will be calculated from a height of 900 mm. But for a non-bearing lintel, we first take the calculated span equal to 1350 + 2 * 100/3 = 1420 mm, then 1420/3 = 470 mm is the height of the masonry, from which we determine the load for the non-bearing lintel.

We determine the load per 1 linear meter of the wall from the side of the floor support:

1.1*0.3*0.5*3 + 1.2*0.15*0.5*3 + 0.66*1.1*1.8*0.38*0.9 = 1, 21 t / m \u003d 1210 kg / m (here 1.1 and 1.2 are coefficients, 0.3 is the load from 1 sq. M of the floor, 0.5 * 3 is half the floor span, 0.15 is the temporary load, 0.66 * 1.1 * 1.8 * 0.38 * 0.9 - two thirds of the load from the weight of the walls, determined as in example 2). The nearest large load in the tables of the series is 2800 kg/m. We select a jumper with index 27. For these jumpers, the minimum support depth is 230 mm, the width of the jumper is 250 mm.

Let's determine the smallest possible jumper length: 1350 + 230 + 230 = 1810 mm.

We select a jumper with a length of 1810 mm 5PB18-27. The load from the weight of this jumper is 250/1.81 = 138 kg/m, the total load on the jumper is 1210 + 138 = 1348 kg/m, which is much less permissible load 2800 kg / m - strength is ensured.

The load on 1 linear meter of the wall from the side on which the ceiling does not rest is equal to:

0.33 * 1.1 * 1.8 * 0.38 * 0.47 \u003d 0.117 t / m \u003d 117 kg / m (here 0.33 - 1/3 of the wall width). The next big load is 250 kg/m.

We select a jumper with index 2, for which the support depth is 100 mm.

Let's determine the smallest possible jumper length: 1350 + 100 + 100 = 1550 mm.

The maximum length of jumpers with index 2 is 1480 mm, which is less than required. We select the most suitable jumper 2PB19-3 (1940 mm long) or 3PB18-8 ​​(1810 mm long). If we add to the resulting load of 223 kg/m the own weight of any of the selected jumpers, we will make sure that their bearing capacity is sufficient.

Other examples of lintel selection in load-bearing walls can be found.

Example 4 Load-bearing wall 380 mm thick supporting the ceiling with a span of 6 m on one side and 4.2 m on the other, wall height above the opening 900 mm, opening size 1200 mm. Laying in winter conditions.

In winter conditions, the load is taken from a part of the wall, the height of which is equal to the calculated span of the lintel. Because the opening width of 1200 mm is greater than the height of the wall above the opening of 900 mm, then the value of 900 mm will be involved in the calculation.

Determine the load per 1 running meter:

1.1*0.3*5.1 + 1.2*0.15*5.1 + 0.68 = 3.3 t/m = 3300 kg/m (here 1.1 and 1.2 are coefficients , 0.3 - load from 1 sq. m of overlap, 5.1 \u003d (6 + 4.2) / 2 m - length of load collection from the floor, 0.15 - live load, 0.68 \u003d 0.38 * 0 .9 * 1.8 * 1.1 t / m - load from the weight of the wall).

Let's choose a slab jumper. The load on it without taking into account its own weight is 3300 kg / m.

The next big load is 7200 kg/m. We select a jumper with index 71. The minimum support depth for such jumpers is 170 mm.

Let's determine the length of the jumper: 1200 + 170 + 170 = 1540 mm. We select a slab jumper 3PP16-71 with a length of 1550 mm.

You can download a series of reinforced concrete lintels here:

A very important stage in the design of a building is the calculation of a lintel above a door or window opening. In order to accomplish this task, it is necessary to determine in advance which type of fortification will be used in this case. Also important indicators are the approximate load exerted from above and the dimensions of the opening. Let's consider this question in more detail.

During construction, the openings must be reinforced with lintels.

Purpose of jumpers

In order to understand how important it is to correctly calculate the door lintel, you need to find out why it is needed at all. The finished opening looks like it is framed from the same material, but if you look deeper, it becomes obvious that its upper part has additional reinforcement, it often looks like a transverse element that goes deep into the masonry on the sides, this is the jumper. Its device should be calculated at the very beginning of construction.

The functions of this element are difficult to underestimate, they include the following tasks:

• Strengthening the wall structure. Without reinforcement, the entire structure may collapse, since it will not be easy for it to withstand a colossal load if there is a void from below, this is especially true for load-bearing walls.
• Opening formation. The jumper creates the opening itself, as it is essentially its top, in brick houses, she can even set its final shape.
• Creation of a basis for further construction. On this design are installed ceilings and the continuation of the wall.

If necessary, you can later change the shape of the opening, but it is important to consider the location of the jumper. In this case, it will be difficult to increase the height of the opening. When expanding, it will also be necessary to extend the strengthening in accordance with the new project.

Strengthening the wall structure is the main function of the lintel of the doorway

When building a house, it is equally important to strengthen the opening in the load-bearing walls of panel, brick, block or wooden house. Various methods can be used for this purpose.

Main varieties

For the arrangement of the jumper, especially durable materials are used, they can be from the same category as the wall itself, or they can be radically different from the original structure. The main condition is to ensure the strengthening of the opening, as well as uniform distribution applied load. All this will help to correct the further calculation for the structure in the wall.

In order to strengthen the opening in the bearing wall of a panel or any other house, the following materials can be used:

• reinforced concrete;
• metal;
• wooden beams.

Depending on the option chosen, the installation of jumpers above the opening differs in terms of technology. It should also be highlighted in separate category brick structures, they should be considered in more detail.

The main types of jumpers to strengthen the doorway

brick

A brick lintel is used to equip openings in a load-bearing wall in brick houses, it is usually used for small structures. A device of this type of construction is based on the use of a particularly strong solution, as well as the introduction of metal rods or pipes into the masonry.

Distinctive feature of this type structures - the ability to create spectacular arched vaults. In this case, the masonry consists of straight and wedge-shaped elements. The seams should be perpendicular to the exposed lower tier. All joints are tightly filled with mortar. In order for the arch to keep its shape until the mortar has completely dried, it is additionally reinforced with wooden spacers. Such formwork is installed in advance.

In the form of an arch, often 2-3 rows are erected. The position of each of them is determined by a special template. To adjust individual elements, a square and a cord are used. It is necessary to equalize relative to the center and the first row.

Scheme of installation of a brick jumper

Reinforced concrete

To strengthen the opening in the bearing wall of the house, reinforced concrete lintels are most often used. A preliminary calculation allows you to determine which element will be most suitable in this case. Such reinforcement of the opening can be made directly on site using formwork, reinforcement and liquid concrete.

To speed up the process, already cast elements are most often used. In order to fix them in the bearing wall, it is additionally recommended to use reinforcement to strengthen the sidewalls of the opening. In other words, the metal is laid on those areas that are in direct contact with the reinforced concrete part.

The main requirement in this case is compliance with the installation rules. The jumper should completely cover the opening and go inside the wall by about 25 cm. The exact requirements are determined by the specific type of building. For each type of lintel and its relationship with the width of the opening, special standards have been developed.

Mostly used direct products with metal filling. However, in some cases it is possible to make a jumper according to a given pattern, which will repeat the shape of the opening and at the same time act as a reinforcement for the supporting structure.

Execution scheme of a reinforced concrete lintel

metal

It is possible to strengthen a window or doorway with concrete only if the load-bearing wall is required to be strengthened; some houses can be equipped with simpler metal structures. Such jumpers are most often presented in the form of a corner profile; they are made of durable metal that is able to withstand pressure and tension under a huge load on it. With the help of such corners it is very convenient to build reinforcement in a brick wall.

In order to install such a part, it is necessary to fit it under the seams in the masonry. On the sides of the wall, it is not necessary to reinforce the reinforcement. In this case, it is enough to bring a corner only 15-20 cm deep into the wall.

Prefabricated metal lintels can be used for almost any type of structure, they can be mounted directly on the construction site, without preliminary calculations.

The easiest way to strengthen the doorway is to use a metal lintel.

Calculation of the jumper in the wall

An exact calculation is carried out during the preparation of the project. For this, it is necessary to take into account the specific building material, the potential load exerted on the opening and the features of the structure itself. The main parameters in order to make the final calculation of the gain are:

• strength: 1.12 * part resistance * material resistance;
• deflection: standard moment * effective length of the web / (10 * moment of inertia * modulus of elasticity of the material) = 1/200;
• load, including from the upper masonry and ceilings: opening thickness * opening width * masonry height * specific gravity material;
• modulus: design load/8/design material resistance;
• moment of inertia: support depth of the web * moment of inertia of the material * calculated length of the part / (10 * modulus of elasticity of the material).

Calculation of a reinforced concrete lintel in a wall

All parameters necessary to perform the calculation should be found using the formulas in a certain sequence. Data for some of them can be obtained by analyzing the properties of the materials used and the design data for the opening and the house as a whole.

Based on these figures, one can final result, which will show all the necessary parameters for arranging a jumper for the opening of the bearing wall of the house. Subject to the standards, the building will not sag and will be quite safe for its operation.

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Window lintels - everything you need to know during construction

Jumper Requirements

So, window lintels, in fact, are beams that are laid on top of window openings when building walls. Therefore, they perform several functions at once:

Thus, the main requirement for jumpers is their strength. Therefore, reinforced concrete window lintels according to GOST R 51263-99 are made of concrete grades not lower than D300-D600.

In addition, they must meet some other requirements:

• high form accuracy;
• the length of the supporting sections must be at least 25 cm on each side;
• durability.

Types and manufacture

Currently, in private construction, as a rule, the following types of jumpers are used:

AT wooden houses, made of timber or logs, do not make jumpers as such, since their function is performed by the crown of the wall located above the opening. Moreover, in some cases, openings are cut out after the walls have been erected.

Reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete window lintels have recently been the most popular, due to the following advantages:

• possess high strength, which allows them to be used in the construction of even multi-storey buildings made of heavy materials;
• you can pour it yourself or use ready-made beams made at the reinforced concrete factory, which allows you to speed up the construction process. True, the advantage of self-filling is the ability to make a beam of any size. Finished products have dimensions according to GOST 948-84;
• you can give the product any shape, but, again, with self-filling;
• long service life - a concrete lintel will last as long as the entire wall structure.

At self-manufacturing concrete lintels, the following rules must be observed:

• rods of longitudinal reinforcement must have a diameter of at least 10-12 mm;
• transverse reinforcement rods must have a diameter of at least 6 mm, in addition, they are installed in increments of strictly no more than ¾ of the beam height. In places where the beam rests on the wall, the step should be at least 1/3 of the jumper;
• the support depth must be at least one third of the height, but not less than 20 cm. If the height of the jumper does not exceed 50 cm, its support depth in brick house must be at least the length of one brick.

Concrete beams for windows are poured in the same way as any other monolithic structures- first, the formwork is installed, after which reinforcement is performed and then the formwork is poured with concrete. I will not describe this process in detail, since it has already been mentioned many times on the pages of our portal.

metal

In private construction, concrete beams are often replaced with metal ones, which, as a rule, are made from a corner. Also for these purposes, I-beam or channel profiles can be used.

Among the advantages of such structures are the following points:

• metal is able to withstand huge tensile loads and pressure on it. Therefore strength metal structures quite enough in private construction;
• simplicity and speed of laying;
• you can not perform the calculation, since the margin of safety is sufficient, especially when building brick walls. The only thing is that the thickness of the steel of the corner should be 8-9 mm, and the width of the opening should not exceed 1500 mm.

In order for the corners to work together, and not lie on their own, after laying on the wall, they should be connected with several jumpers. As the latter, you can use reinforcement bars.

In some cases, when designing a building, it is necessary to calculate jumpers. Therefore, we will further consider how to calculate the strength of a metal beam.

The calculation is carried out according to the following formula:

Mp = 1.12 * W * R, where:

The installation of jumpers for window openings from the corner is quite simple - corners or other types of profiles must be driven to a depth of at least 20-25 cm, as well as any other jumpers. In this case, the length of the profiles is adjusted to the masonry seams. I must say that the walls for such jumpers do not have to be reinforced with reinforcement.

The only thing under the lintels, as a rule, is a pillow made of concrete or brick. In the process of making the pillow, it is extremely important to ensure the horizontal position of the jumper. In fact, this is all the nuances of mounting metal beams.

brick

Brick lintels are used in the arrangement of openings in brick buildings. And most often they are used for small houses.

The principle of the device of such jumpers is based on the use of a particularly strong mortar, as well as reinforcing rods that are laid inside the masonry. The main advantage of this technology is that it allows you to create spectacular vaults. In this case, the masonry is performed by laying the bricks in a wedge-like manner.

It must be said that brick lintels are strong enough to withstand heavy loads. However, in order for them to hold their shape until the mortar hardens, spacers are necessarily used, usually wooden. Actually, they fit brickwork, which subsequently gains strength.

If the opening has an arched shape, plastic arched windows can be ordered under it. As a result, the design of the facade will look very impressive.

Brick lintels must meet the following requirements:

• if the width of the window opening does not exceed two meters, you can lay out the bricks in rows. In this case, they are necessarily reinforced with rods;
• mortar for laying bricks should be grade 25 or even higher;
• rows of bricks must be strictly horizontal;
• the length of the brick lintel should be 50 cm more than the width of the opening;
• if the width of the opening exceeds two meters, then it is impossible to lay bricks with wedges;
• all seams must be carefully filled with mortar.

Now consider how to make a jumper over a brick window. The work is carried out in the following sequence:

• when the brick walls are erected to the height of the window opening, you can begin to form the formwork (struts). As a rule, boards about 5 cm thick are used for this. The bottom board should be located strictly horizontally;
• then the solution should be poured into the formwork with a thickness of about 2-3 cm and carefully leveled;
• then, reinforcing bars with a diameter of 6 mm must be pressed into the solution. Under each brick there should be at least two rods. The ends of the reinforcement should be brought out 25 cm outside the opening, moreover, they should be bent in the form of a hook, so it is necessary to calculate the dimensions of the rods in advance and prepare them;
• after that, bricks are laid on the reinforced base;
• when the solution hardens, the formwork can be disassembled.

Supports under the formwork must be installed so that after the mortar has hardened, it is possible to lower the horizontal board evenly.

From aerated concrete blocks

Window lintels for aerated concrete are most often made of U-shaped aerated concrete blocks. Since aerated concrete itself is a lightweight material, such blocks do an excellent job. The principle of their manufacture is that the internal space of the blocks is reinforced and poured with concrete.

The instructions for arranging the jumper in this case are as follows:

• before making a jumper over the aerated concrete window, you should install a horizontal spacer that will support the blocks until the solution hardens;
• then blocks are laid on the spacer with a support of at least 25 cm on the wall;
• further, before pouring the U-shaped blocks with concrete, reinforcement should be performed. For this, four rods of class A400-A500 d12-d16 are used. Of these, spatial is performed.

In this case, the transverse support reinforcement should be located in increments of 40-50 cm. It should be noted that the dimensions of the tray in the blocks may be different. If its width does not exceed 12 cm, reinforcement can be performed with two rods, which should form the upper and lower reinforcing belt;

• the resulting formwork of aerated concrete blocks is poured with concrete.

Blocks must be installed so that their thick wall faces the street.

Here, in fact, is all the information about how jumpers are made over the windows in a house made of aerated concrete. After the mortar has hardened, the spacer can be dismantled.

Conclusion

Lintels for windows are made of different materials. The choice of design depends, first of all, on the materials from which the walls are built. In addition, important factors are often such nuances as the speed of installation and even the design of the facade.

For more information, see the video in this article. If you have any questions regarding the arrangement of window lintels, ask them in the comments, and I will be happy to answer you.

Window lintels are obligatory element used in the construction of any residential buildings or outbuildings. After all, at a certain stage of the construction of a summer house or country house there is always a need to equip functional lintels that provide rigidity and strength to load-bearing walls and enclosing structures.

Key Features

Modern construction technologies provide for the possibility of using several types of jumpers:

• factory reinforced concrete;
• monolithic products made directly at the facility;
• metal;
• brick;
• combined.

Despite the reliability of finished reinforced concrete products, it is much easier and cheaper to make window lintels with your own hands, saving time and significant funds on transport costs, materials and work.

A lintel is a part of a wall or partition that overlaps a door or window opening from above. If the weight of ceilings or enclosing walls is transferred to the wall in which the opening is organized, then it is recommended to equip load-bearing lintels. In the absence of such loads, self-supporting (non-bearing) reinforced concrete, metal or brick lintels are used. In some cases, wedge-shaped (arched) lintels are made, which serve as an additional decoration for the exterior or interior of the building. They are also used to organize openings in rooms with vaulted ceilings (ceilings).

Note! When planning to make window lintels, you should remember about correct selection product length. In load-bearing walls, the support of products on the walls should be at least 250 mm, in self-supporting structures - at least 120 mm.

Today, experts recommend giving preference to concrete lintels, finished factory products or products made on construction site. They are more durable and reliable, take less time during installation and are designed for more high loads. The manufacture of concrete lintels can be carried out directly on construction site two ways:

1. Filling on the site, with further installation of the product.
2. Filling over the opening using a removable, collapsible formwork.

There is not much difference in the quality and reliability of such jumpers.

Note! Problems may arise at the stage of lifting products and their installation. Therefore, as a rule, window lintels are made directly on the wall structure.

The device of reinforced concrete lintels

To organize concrete lintels, formwork panels should be prepared according to the size of the opening. To do this, pre-purchase wooden planks at least 20 mm thick, which will be fastened together with screws or nails. Experts advise using self-tapping screws, which are easy to dismantle later with a screwdriver.

The side panels of the formwork must cover the opening in width and height. The lower support shield is assembled with increased strength strictly according to the dimensions of the opening. Formwork installation begins precisely for the lower shield, which is supported from below by two wooden posts arranged in a V-shape. The support is installed only after complete installation the lower shields and checking them for level, they must be placed strictly horizontally.

A reinforcing mesh is laid on the lower shield and then vertical shields are fixed with self-tapping screws. For additional thermal insulation of the jumpers located in the facade walls, a heater is laid outside in the formwork: mineral wool, penoplex or dense foam.

The next step is to reinforce the structure. The diameter of the steel reinforcement is selected taking into account the bearing load of the jumper, its length and width. Metal rods are laid along the jumper, fastening them together with a special knitting wire.

Note! Experts do not recommend using welding when working with metal, only technological knitting.

To fill the jumpers are prepared concrete mortar from high-quality certified cement, not large gravel and washed sand. The solution can be prepared using an electric concrete mixer or manually in a large container, thoroughly mixing all the ingredients. It should be remembered that rubble in ready solution added last. Before pouring concrete, small chips of concrete or brick are placed under the reinforcing mesh to a height of 15-20 mm so that the metal is completely recessed in the solution and the finished structure.

Note! It will be possible to remove the formwork only after a few days, waiting for the concrete composition to set. The lower formwork panels and spacers are left for at least 3-4 weeks until the concrete is completely hardened.

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Formwork for pouring window lintels can be made of aerated concrete:

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