"The woman is created for a man, not a man for a woman" - such a postulate ...
Geographical coordinates Hydrohydrates: latitude (P and longitude TO, Determining the position of objects on the earth's surface and on the map (Fig. 20).
The latitude is an angle (P between the sheer line at a given point and the plane of the equator. The latitude varies from 0 to 90 °; in the northern hemisphere they are called the north, in the southern - southern.
Long distance - two-mounted corner TO Between the plane of the initial meridian and the plane of the meridian of this point of the earth's surface. For the initial meridian, Meridian was adopted through the Greenwich Observatory (London District). The initial meridian is called Greenwich. Longs vary from about 180 °. The longitudes counted east of Greenwich Meridian are called Eastern, and longitude. counted to the West, - Western.
The geographical coordinates obtained from astronomical observations are called astronomical, and the coordinates obtained by geodesic methods and are determined by topographic cards, -heodesic. The values \u200b\u200bof astronomical and geodetic coordinates of the same points differ slightly - in linear measures on average by 60-90 m.
Geographic (cartographic) mesh It is formed on the map lines of parallels and meridians. It is used for the target and determination of the geographical coordinates of objects.
On the topographic maps The lines of parallels and meridians serve as an internal framework of sheets; Their latitude and longitude subscribe to the corners of each sheet. On the sheets of cards on the western hemisphere in the north-western corner of the frame, the inscription "To the west of Greenwich" is placed.
Fig. twenty. Geographic coordinates: P-latitude points l; TO-longitude point BUT
On sheets of map scale 1: 50000, 1: 100000 and 1: 200000, the intersections of medium parallels and meridians are shown and their digitization is given in degrees and minutes. According to these data, the signatures of the latitude and longitude of the parties of the sheets of sheets cut when gluing the map are restored. In addition, small (2-3 hours 2-3 mm) Strokes one minute for which you can read parallels and meridians on a map glued from many sheets.
On the map scale 1:25 000, 1: 50000 and 1: 200000 The sides of the framework are divided into segments equal to a degree of one minute. The minute segments are shared through one and separated by points (with the exception of the 1: 200000 map of 1: 200000) part 10 ".
On the sheets of the map scale 1: 500,000 parallels were carried out after 30 ", and meridian-after 20"; On Maps Scale 1: 1000000
parallels were carried out after 1 °, meridians - after 40 ". Inside each sheet of the card on the lines of parallels and meridians, their latitudes and longitudes are signed, which allow you to determine the geographic coordinates on a large gluing card.
Definition Geographic coordinates of the object The card is made according to the nearest parallels and meridians, the latitude and longitude of which are known. On maps scale 1: 25000-
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1: 200,000 For this, it is necessary, as a rule, to pre-conduct "south of the object, parallel and a west-meridian, connecting the corresponding strokes that are available along the frame of the card sheet. The latitude of the parallel and the longitude of the meridian is calculated and sign on the map. (in degrees and minutes). Then estimate to the angular measure (in seconds or minutes) segments from the object to the parallel and meridian ( AMI. and AMI. In fig. 21), comparing their linear dimensions with minute (second) intervals on the frames of the frame. The magnitude of the cut AT add to the latitude of parallels, and the segment AMI - To the longitude of the meridian and receive the desired geographical coordinates of the object - latitude and longitude.
In fig. 21 shows an example of determining the geographical coordinates of the object BUT, Its coordinates: Northern latitude 54 ° 35 "40", Eastern longitude 37 ° 41 "30".
Application of an object on the map by geographic coordinates. On the western and eastern sides of the card sheet frame, the countdowns corresponding to the latitude of the object are noted. The stitution counting starts from the digitization of the south side of the frame and continue per minute and second gaps. Then through these thits, the object-parallel is carried out.
In the same way, the meridian of the object is built, only the longitude is counted in southern and northern sides of the frame. The intersection point of parallels and meridian will indicate the position of the object on the map.
In fig. 21 This is an example of applying an object IN By coordinates: 54 ° 38, 3 and 37 ° 34 ", 7.
Video Tutorial "Geographical latitude and geographical longitude. Geographic coordinates "will help you get an idea of \u200b\u200bgeographic latitude and geographical longitude. The teacher will tell how to properly determine the geographical coordinates.
Geographic latitude- The length of the arc in degrees from the equator to a given point.
To determine the latitude of the object, you need to find the parallel on which this object is located.
For example, the latitude of Moscow is 55 degrees and 45 minutes of northern latitude, it is written as follows: Moscow 55 ° 45 "S.Sh.; New York latitude - 40 ° 43" S.Sh.; Sydney - 33 ° 52 "Yu.Sh.
Geographical longitude is determined by meridians. Longitude can be Western (from 0 Meridian to west to 180 meridian) and Eastern (from 0 Meridian east to 180 meridian). The value of longitudes is measured in degrees and minutes. Geographical longitude may have a value from 0 to 180 degrees.
Geographic longitude- The length of the Equator arc in degrees from the initial meridian (0 degrees) to the meridian of the specified point.
Greenwich Meridian is considered the initial meridian (0 degrees).
Fig. 2. Definition of longitude ()
To determine the longitude, you need to find the meridian on which the specified object is located.
For example, the longitude of Moscow - 37 degrees and 37 minutes of Eastern longitude, it is written in this way: 37 ° 37 "VD; longitude of Mexico City - 99 ° 08" ZD
Fig. 3. Geographic latitude and geographic longitude
For accurate definition The location of the object on the surface of the earth should be known its geographical latitude and geographical longitude.
Geographical coordinates- The values \u200b\u200bdetermining the position of the point on the earth's surface with the help of latitudes and longitude.
For example, Moscow has the following geographic coordinates: 55 ° 45 "S.Sh. and 37 ° 37" V.D. The city of Beijing has the following coordinates: 39 ° 56 'S.Sh. 116 ° 24 'VD First, the value of the latitude is recorded.
Sometimes it is required to find the object by already specified coordinatesFor this you must first assume, in which hemispheres is this object.
Homework
Paragraphs 12, 13.
1. What is a geographical latitude and longitude?
Bibliography
Basic
1. The initial course of geography: studies. for 6 cl. general education. institutions / etc. Gerasimova, N.P. Nezlukov. - 10th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, 2010. - 176 p.
2. Geography. 6 cl.: Atlas. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, Dick, 2011. - 32 s.
3. Geography. 6 cl.: Atlas. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, Dick, 2013. - 32 s.
4. Geography. 6 CL.: CONT cards. - M.: Dick, Drop, 2012. - 16 p.
Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Directory and Statistical Collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
Literature for preparing for GIA and EGE
1. Geography: initial course. Tests. Studies. Handbook for students of 6 cl. - M.: Humanit. ed. Center Vlados, 2011. - 144 p.
2. Tests. Geography. 6-10 kl.: Teaching manual / A.A. Letlyagin. - M.: Agency "Agency" Krp "Olymp": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
Determine the location of the point on the planet Earth, as on any other planet of the spherical form, possibly with the help of geographic coordinates - latitude and longitude. The intersections at the right angle of circles and arcs create an appropriate grid, which allows you to unambiguously determine the coordinates. Visual example - Ordinary school globe, distinguished by horizontal circles and vertical arcs. About how to use the globe will be talked below.
This system is measured in degrees (degrees of the angle). The angle is calculated strictly from the center of the sphere to the point on the surface. Regarding the axis, the degree of an angle of latitude is calculated vertically, longitude - horizontally. To calculate the exact coordinates, there are special formulas, where another value is not rarely found - the height that serves mainly to represent the three-dimensional space and allows calculations to determine the position of the point relative to the sea level.
Latitude and longitude - Terms and definitions
The earth's sphere is separated by an imaginary horizontal line into two equal parts of the world - the Northern and South Hemisphere - on a positive and negative pole, respectively. So the definitions of northern and southern latitudes are introduced. The latitude is presented in the form of parallel relative to the equator of circles, called parallels. The equator itself with the value of 0 degrees is the starting point for measurements. The closer the parallel to the upper or lower pole, the less its diameter and the higher or lower corner degree. For example, the city of Moscow is located at the 55th degree of northern latitude, which determines the location of the capital as approximately equidistant and from the equator, and from the North Pole.
Meridian is the so-called longitude, represented in the form of a vertical arc strictly perpendicular to the circles of parallel. The sphere is divided into 360 meridians. The point of reference is the zero meridian (0 degrees), the arches of which are vertically through the points of the Northern and South Poles and distributed in Eastern and western directions. This defines the angle of longitude from 0 to 180 degrees, calculated by the values \u200b\u200bfrom the center to the extreme points to the east or south.
Unlike the latitude, the point of reference is the equatorial line, any meridian can be zero. But for convenience, namely, the convenience of time reference, identified Greenwich Meridian.
Geographic coordinates - place and time
Latitude and longitude allow you to assign one or another place on the planet exact geographical address measured by degrees. Degrees, in turn, are divided into smaller values, such as minutes and seconds. Each degree is crushed at 60 parts (minutes), and a minute for 60 seconds. On the example of Moscow, the entry looks like this: 55 ° 45 '7 "N, 37 ° 36' 56" E or 55 degrees, 45 minutes, 7 seconds of northern latitude and 37 degrees, 36 minutes, 56 seconds of southern longitude.
The interval between the meridians is 15 degrees and about 111 km along the equator line - such a distance of the earth, turning, passes in one hour. For the total turn of the quarter, it will take 24 hours.
Using globe
The land model is accurately transferred to the globe with a realistic drawing of all the mainland, seas and oceans. As auxiliary lines were held on the map of the globe Parallel and Meridians. Almost any globe has a gray-shaped meridian in its design, which is installed on the basis and serves as auxiliary measure.
The meridian arc is equipped with a special degree scale, which determines the latitude. Longitude can be found by another scale - hoop, horizontally installed at the equator level. I marked your finger the desired place and rotating the globe around its axis to the auxiliary arc, fix the value of the latitude (depending on the location of the object it will be either northern or southern). Then note the data of the equator scales at the site of its intersection with the meridian arc and determine the longitude. Learn - Eastern or South Longitude, you can only relatively zero meridian.
The geographical latitude and longitude are applied to the world map. With their help it is easy to determine the location of the object.
The world's geographic map is a reduced projection of the earth's surface on the plane. It causes continents, islands, oceans, seas, rivers, as well as countries, big cities And other objects.
- A coordinate grid is applied on the geographical map.
- It can be clearly visually information about the mainland, seas and oceans, and the map allows you to create the image of the relief of the world.
- With the help of a geographical map, you can calculate the distance between cities and countries. It is also convenient to look for the location of land and the world's ocean objects.
The shape of the earth is similar to the sphere. If you need to determine the point on the surface of this sphere, you can use the globe, which is our planet in miniature. But there is the most common way to find a point on Earth - these are geographical coordinates - latitude and longitude. These parallels are measured in degrees.
Geographic map of the world with latitude and longitude - Photo:
Parallels, which were held along and across the whole card are latitude and longitude. With their help, you can quickly and easily find any point in the world.
Geographical map Hemisphans are convenient for perception. On one hemisphere (Eastern) depicts Africa, Eurasia and Australia. On another - Western hemisphere - North and South America.
Our ancestors were engaged in the study of latitude and longitude. Already then there were maps of the world, not similar to modern, but with their help you can also determine where it is and which object. Simple explanation, what is the geographical latitude and longitude of the object on the map:
Latitude - This is a coordinate value in the system of spherical numbers, which determines the point on the surface of our planet relative to the equator.
- If objects are located in the northern hemisphere, then the geographical latitude is called positive, if in the southern - negative.
- Southern latitude - the object moves from the equator towards the North Pole.
- Northern latitude - the object is moving towards the southern pole from the equator.
- On the latitude map - these are lines parallel to each other. The distance between these lines is measured in degrees, minutes, seconds. One degree is 60 minutes, and one minute - 60 seconds.
- Equator - zero latitude.
Longitude - This is the coordinate value that determines the object being found relative to the zero meridian.
- Such a coordinate allows you to find out the location of the object relative to the West and the East.
- Lifensions are meridians. They are located perpendicular to the equator.
- The zero reference point of longitude in geography is the Greenwich Laboratory, which is located in the east of London. This longitude line is customary to call Greenwich Meridian.
- Objects that are in the East from Greenwich Meridian is an area of \u200b\u200beast longitude, and in the West - the region of Western longitude.
- Indicators of Eastern longitude are considered positive, and the western indicators are negative.
With the help of the meridian, such a direction is defined as North-South, and vice versa.
The latitude on the geographic map is counted from the equator - it is zero degrees. On the poles - 90 degrees of geographic latitude.
From what points, what kind of meridian is the geographical longitude counting?
Longitude on the geographical map is counted from Greenwich. The initial meridian is 0 °. The farther from Greenwich is an object, the more his longitude.
To determine the location of the object, you need to know its geographical latitude and longitude. As mentioned above, the latitude shows the distance from the equator to the specified object, and the longitude is the distance from Greenwich to the required object or point.
How to measure, learn geographic latitude and longitude on the world map? Each parallel latitude is indicated by a specific digit - a degree.
Meridians are also denoted by degrees.
Measure, learn geographic latitude and longitude on the world map Any point will be either at the intersection of the meridian and parallels, or at the intersection of intermediate indicators. Therefore, its coordinates are indicated by specific indicators of latitude and longitude. For example, St. Petersburg is located in such coordinates: 60 ° north latitude and 30 ° Eastern longitude.
As mentioned above, the latitude is parallels. To determine it, you need to spend a line, parallel to the equator or nearby parallel.
- If the object is on the parallel itself, then it is simple to determine its location (it was described above).
- If the object is between parallels, then its latitude is determined by the nearest parallel from the equator.
- For example, Moscow is the north of the 50th parallel. In the meridian, the distance to this object is measured and it is 6 °, it means that Moscow has a geographic latitude equal to 56 °.
A visual example of determining the geographical coordinates of latitude on the world map can be found in the following video:
Video: Geographic latitude and geographical longitude. Geographical coordinates
To determine the geographical longitude, you need to determine the meridian on which the point is located, or its intermediate value.
- For example, St. Petersburg is located on the meridian, whose value is 30 °.
- But what to do if the object is located between the meridians? How to determine his longitude?
- For example, Moscow is located east of 30 ° East longitude.
- Now add the number of degrees in parallel to this meridian. It turns out 8 ° - it means the geographical longitude of Moscow is 38 ° East longitude.
Another example of determining the geographical coordinates of longitude and latitude on the world map in video:
Video: Definition of latitude and longitude
All parallels and meridians are indicated on any card. What is the maximum value of geographic latitude and longitude? The greatest value Geographic latitude - 90 °, and longitude - 180 °. Most small meaning The latitude is 0 ° (equator), and the smallest value of longitude is also 0 ° (Greenwich).
Geographic latitude and longitude of Poles and Equator: What is equal to?
The geographical latitude of the points of the earth equator is 0 °, the north pole + 90 °, southern -90 °. The longitude of the pole is not determined, since these objects are located at all meridians.
Determination of geographical coordinates of latitude and longitude to Yandex and Google Mag Online To determine the geographic coordinates on the cards in real time may be needed to schoolchildren when performing test work or on the exam.
- It is convenient, quickly and simple. Determination of geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude on Yandex and Google Map online can be made on different services on the Internet.
- For example, it is enough to enter the name of the object, city or country, and click on it on the map. The geographical coordinates of this object will instantly appear.
- In addition, the resource will show the address of the determined point.
Online mode is convenient to know necessary information Here and now.
How to find in coordinates Place on Yandex and Google card? If you do not know the accurate address of the object, but you are known for its geographical coordinates, its location is easy to find on Google or Yandex maps. How to find in coordinates Place on Yandex and Google card? Follow these steps:
- Go, for example, in the Google map.
- Enter the value of geographic coordinates in the search box. It is allowed to introduce degrees, minutes and seconds (for example 41 ° 24'12.2 "N 2 ° 10'26.5" E), degrees and decimal minutes (41 24.2028, 2 10.4418), decimal degrees: (41.40338, 2.17403).
- Click "Search", and you will open the desired object on the map.
The result will appear instantly, and the object itself will be labeled on the map "Red Drops".
Find satellite cards with latitude and longitude coordinates simply. It is only necessary to enter keywords in the search window of Yandex or Google, and the service instantly issues what you need.
For example, " Satellite maps With latitude and longitude coordinates. " Many sites will open with the provision of such a service. Choose any, click on the desired object and determine the coordinates.
Satellite Cards - Definition of Wire and Longitude Coordinates The Internet gives us great opportunities. If earlier it was necessary to use only a paper card to determine longitude and latitude, then it is enough to have a gadget with connecting to the network.
Video: Geographic coordinates and determination of coordinates
And find the exact location of objects on the earth's surface allows Degree network - system of parallels and meridians. It serves to determine the geographical coordinates of the ground surfaces - their longitude and latitude.
Parallel (from Greek. parallelos. - walking nearby) - these are lines, conditionally spent on the earth's surface parallel to the equator; Equator - the cross section of the earth's surface with a plane portered through the center of the Earth perpendicular to the axis of its rotation. The longest parallel is the equator; The length of parallels from the equator to the poles is reduced.
Meridians (from lat. meridianus.- Halfped) - lines, conditionally spent on the earth's surface from one pole to another along the shortest path. All meridians are equal in length. All the points of this meridian have the same longitude, and all points of this parallel are the same latitude.
Fig. 1. Elements of a degree network
Geographic latitude and longitude
Point geographical latitude - This is the magnitude of the Meridian arc in degrees from the equator to a given point. It changes from 0 ° (equator) to 90 ° (pole). There are northern and southern latitudes, abbreviated by S.Sh. and Yu.Sh. (Fig. 2).
South of the equator, any point will have southern latitude, and north to the north of the equator. Determine the geographical latitude of any point - it means to determine the latitude of the parallel on which it is located. On the maps of latitude of parallels sign on the right and left framework.
Fig. 2. Geographic latitude
Geographic longitude point - This is the magnitude of the arc parallels in degrees from the initial meridian to a given point. The initial (zero, or Greenwich) Meridian passes through the Greenwich Observatory, which is located near London. To the east of this meridian, the longitude of all points is eastern, to the West - Western (Fig. 3). Longitude varies from 0 to 180 °.
Fig. 3. Geographic longitude
Determine the geographical longitude of any point - it means to determine the longitude of the meridian on which it is located.
On the maps, the longitude of meridians sign on the upper and lower framework, and on the hemisphey map - at the equator.
The latitude and longitude of any point of the Earth make it geographical coordinates. So, the geographical coordinates of Moscow 56 ° S.Sh. and 38 ° V.D.
Geographic coordinates of the cities of Russia and CIS countries
| City | Latitude | Longitude |
| Abakan | 53.720976 | 91.44242300000001 |
| Arkhangelsk | 64.539304 | 40.518735 |
| Astana (Kazakhstan) | 71.430564 | 51.128422 |
| Astrakhan | 46.347869 | 48.033574 |
| Barnaul | 53.356132 | 83.74961999999999 |
| Belgorod | 50.597467 | 36.588849 |
| Biisk | 52.541444 | 85.219686 |
| Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) | 42.871027 | 74.59452 |
| Blagoveshchensk | 50.290658 | 127.527173 |
| Bratsk | 56.151382 | 101.634152 |
| Bryansk | 53.2434 | 34.364198 |
| Velikiy Novgorod | 58.521475 | 31.275475 |
| Vladivostok. | 43.134019 | 131.928379 |
| Vladikavkaz | 43.024122 | 44.690476 |
| Vladimir | 56.129042 | 40.40703 |
| Volgograd | 48.707103 | 44.516939 |
| Vologda | 59.220492 | 39.891568 |
| Voronezh | 51.661535 | 39.200287 |
| Grozny | 43.317992 | 45.698197 |
| Donetsk, Ukraine) | 48.015877 | 37.80285 |
| Yekaterinburg | 56.838002 | 60.597295 |
| Ivanovo. | 57.000348 | 40.973921 |
| Izhevsk | 56.852775 | 53.211463 |
| Irkutsk | 52.286387 | 104.28066 |
| Kazan. | 55.795793 | 49.106585 |
| Kaliningrad | 55.916229 | 37.854467 |
| Kaluga | 54.507014 | 36.252277 |
| Kamensk-Uralsky | 56.414897 | 61.918905 |
| Kemerovo | 55.359594 | 86.08778100000001 |
| Kiev (Ukraine) | 50.402395 | 30.532690 |
| Kirov | 54.079033 | 34.323163 |
| Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 50.54986 | 137.007867 |
| Queen | 55.916229 | 37.854467 |
| Kostroma | 57.767683 | 40.926418 |
| Krasnodar | 45.023877 | 38.970157 |
| Krasnoyarsk | 56.008691 | 92.870529 |
| Kursk | 51.730361 | 36.192647 |
| Lipetsk | 52.61022 | 39.594719 |
| Magnitogorsk | 53.411677 | 58.984415 |
| Makhachkala | 42.984913 | 47.504646 |
| Minsk, Belarus) | 53.906077 | 27.554914 |
| Moscow | 55.755773 | 37.617761 |
| Murmansk | 68.96956299999999 | 33.07454 |
| Naberezhnye Chelny | 55.743553 | 52.39582 |
| Nizhny Novgorod | 56.323902 | 44.002267 |
| Nizhny Tagil | 57.910144 | 59.98132 |
| Novokuznetsk | 53.786502 | 87.155205 |
| Novorossiysk | 44.723489 | 37.76866 |
| Novosibirsk | 55.028739 | 82.90692799999999 |
| Norilsk | 69.349039 | 88.201014 |
| Omsk | 54.989342 | 73.368212 |
| Eagle | 52.970306 | 36.063514 |
| Orenburg | 51.76806 | 55.097449 |
| Penza | 53.194546 | 45.019529 |
| Pervouralsk | 56.908099 | 59.942935 |
| Permian | 58.004785 | 56.237654 |
| Prokopyevsk | 53.895355 | 86.744657 |
| Pskov | 57.819365 | 28.331786 |
| Rostov-on-Don | 47.227151 | 39.744972 |
| Rybinsk | 58.13853 | 38.573586 |
| Ryazan | 54.619886 | 39.744954 |
| Samara | 53.195533 | 50.101801 |
| St. Petersburg | 59.938806 | 30.314278 |
| Saratov | 51.531528 | 46.03582 |
| Sevastopol | 44.616649 | 33.52536 |
| Severodvinsk | 64.55818600000001 | 39.82962 |
| Severodvinsk | 64.558186 | 39.82962 |
| Simferopol. | 44.952116 | 34.102411 |
| Sochi | 43.581509 | 39.722882 |
| Stavropol. | 45.044502 | 41.969065 |
| Sukhum | 43.015679 | 41.025071 |
| Tambov | 52.721246 | 41.452238 |
| Tashkent (Uzbekistan) | 41.314321 | 69.267295 |
| Tver | 56.859611 | 35.911896 |
| Tolyatti | 53.511311 | 49.418084 |
| Tomsk | 56.495116 | 84.972128 |
| Tula. | 54.193033 | 37.617752 |
| Tyumen. | 57.153033 | 65.534328 |
| Ulan-Ude | 51.833507 | 107.584125 |
| Ulyanovsk | 54.317002 | 48.402243 |
| Ufa | 54.734768 | 55.957838 |
| Khabarovsk | 48.472584 | 135.057732 |
| Kharkov, Ukraine) | 49.993499 | 36.230376 |
| Cheboksary | 56.1439 | 47.248887 |
| Chelyabinsk | 55.159774 | 61.402455 |
| Shakhty | 47.708485 | 40.215958 |
| Engels. | 51.498891 | 46.125121 |
| Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. | 46.959118 | 142.738068 |
| Yakutsk | 62.027833 | 129.704151 |
| Yaroslavl | 57.626569 | 39.893822 |
