Key scenes in the Nekrasov railway. Analysis of the poem "Railway" N

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Nekrasov is a poet whose works are imbued with genuine love for the people. He was called the "Russian folk" poet, popular not only because of the popularity of his name, but also in the very essence of poetry, in content and language.

The time of the highest development of Nekrasov's literary gift is considered to be the period that lasted from 1856 to 1866. During these years, he found his calling, Nekrasov became an author who showed the world a striking example of the solidarity of poetry with life.

Lyrics by Nekrasov in the first half of the 1860s. touched by the difficult atmosphere that dominated society: the liberation movement was gaining momentum, peasant unrest either grew or faded. The government was not loyal: arrests of revolutionaries became more frequent. In 1864, the verdict in the case of Chernyshevsky became known: he was sentenced to hard labor with subsequent exile to Siberia. All these disturbing, confused events could not but affect the work of the poet. In 1864, Nekrasov wrote one of his outstanding works - a poem (sometimes called a poem) "Railway".

Russian road ... What poet has not written about it! There are many roads in Russia, since she is big, Mother Russia. Road ... this word can have a special, double meaning. This is the track along which people move, and this is life, it is the same road, with its stops, retreats, defeats and moving forward.

Moscow and Petersburg are two cities, two symbols of Russia. The railroad between these cities, of course, was needed. Without a road, there is no development, no progress. But at what price it was given, this road! At the cost of human lives, crippled destinies.

When creating the poem, Nekrasov relied on documentary materials about the construction of the Nikolaev railway, published in newspapers and magazines of that time. These publications often referred to the plight of people employed in construction. The work is based on a polemical dialogue between the general, who believes that the road was built by Count Kleinmichel, and the author, who convincingly proves that the true creator of this road is the people.

The action of the poem "Railway" takes place in a train car following the Nikolaev railway. Autumn landscapes flicker outside the window, colorfully described by the author in the first part of the poem. The poet involuntarily becomes a witness to the conversation of an important passenger in a general's coat with his son Vanya. When asked by his son about who built this railway, the general replies that it was built by Count Kleinmichel. This dialogue is placed in the epigraph of the poem, which was a kind of "objection" to the words of the general.

The author tells the boy about who actually built the railway. From all over Russia, ordinary people were gathered to build an embankment for the railway. Their work was hard. The builders lived in dugouts, fought hunger and disease. Many died, unable to bear adversity. They were buried right there, near the railway embankment.

The emotional story of the poet seems to revive the people who gave their lives to build the road. It seems to the impressionable Vanya that the dead are running along the road, looking into the windows of the cars and singing a plaintive song about their hard lot. They tell how they froze in the rain, languished in the heat, how the foremen deceived them and how they patiently endured all the hardships of work at this construction site.

Continuing his gloomy story, the poet urges Vanya not to be ashamed of these terrible-looking people and not to hide from them with a glove. He advises the boy to adopt the noble habit of work from the Russian people, to learn to respect the Russian peasant and the entire Russian people, who endured not only the construction of the Nikolaev road, but also much more. The author expresses the hope that someday the Russian people will pave a clear path for themselves in the "beautiful time":

“It will endure everything - and a wide, clear
He will pave the way for himself with his chest.

These lines can be attributed to the peak in the development of the lyrical plot of the poem.

Impressed by this story, Vanya tells his father that he saw with his own eyes the real builders of the road, ordinary Russian peasants. At these words, the general laughed and expressed doubt that the common people were capable of constructive work. According to the general, ordinary people are barbarians and drunkards who can only destroy. Further, the general invites the fellow traveler to show his son the bright side of the construction of the railway. The author readily agrees and describes how the men who completed the construction of the embankment were calculated. It turned out that each of them still owed their employers. And when the contractor informs the people that they are being forgiven the arrears, and they are also giving the builders a barrel of wine, the overjoyed men unharness the horses from the merchant's wagon and take him away with enthusiastic shouts. At the end of the poem, the poet ironically asks the general if it is possible to show a picture more gratifying than this one?

Despite the gloomy descriptions that fill the work, the poem can be attributed to the optimistic creations of Nekrasov. Through the lines of this great work, the poet calls on the youth of his time to believe in the Russian people, in their bright future, in the victory of goodness and justice. Nekrasov claims that the Russian people will endure not only one road, they will endure everything - they are endowed with special strength.

the main idea Nekrasov's poem "Railway" - to prove to the reader that the true creator of the railway is the Russian people, and not Count Kleinmichel.

main topic works - reflections on the harsh, dramatic fate of the Russian people.

Novelty works in that this is the first poem-poem dedicated to the creative folk labor.

Specificity works"Railway" is as follows: in its essential part, the poem is one or another form of overt and covert polemics.

Analyzing the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Railway”, it should be noted that it is distinguished by a variety of constituent parts. There is a colorful description in the poem autumn nature, there is also a dialogue of carriage fellow travelers, which smoothly flows into a mystical description of the crowd of the dead following the train. People who died on the construction of the road sing their sad song about the hardships that they had to endure. But at the same time they are proud of the results of their work. The train whistle destroys the eerie mirage, and the dead disappear. But the dispute between the author and the general is not yet over. All this diversity in content Nekrasov managed to withstand in a single song style.

The melodiousness and musicality of the work are also emphasized by the size of the verse chosen by the author - a four-foot dactyl. The stanzas of the poem are classical quatrains (quatrains) in which a cross-line rhyming scheme is used (the first line of the quatrain rhymes with the third line, and the second with the fourth).

In the poem "Railway" Nekrasov used a variety of means of artistic expression. There are numerous epithets in it: “fragile ice”, “frosty nights”, “good father”, “narrow embankments”, “humped back”. The author also uses comparisons: “ice ... like melting sugar”, “leaves ... lie like a carpet”, “meadowsweet ... red like copper”. Metaphors are also used: “healthy, vigorous air”, “frosty glasses”, “pit chest”, “clear road”. In the last lines of the work, the author uses irony, asking the general a question: “It seems difficult to draw a more gratifying picture / Draw, general? ..” poetic work have and stylistic figures, for example, appeals: “Good dad!”, “Brothers!” and exclamations: “Chu! terrible exclamations were heard!

The poem "Railroad" is from a cohort of works related to civil lyrics. This work is the highest achievement of Nekrasov's poetic technique. It is strong in its novelty, laconism. It interestingly solved compositional problems, it is distinguished by a special perfection of poetic form.

I liked the poem "Railroad" for its specificity. Nekrasov always believed in the best; his poems are addressed to the people. Nekrasov never forgot that the purpose of poetic creativity is to remind a person of his high calling.

About the poetry of N.A. Nekrasov "Railway"

Nekrasov's work is poetic not only because of the brightness of the paintings, the charm of the landscapes; it is poetic primarily because it is, so to speak, nervous system Poetry of poetry is an internal measure by which everything in poetry is measured and evaluated.

Glorious autumn! Healthy, vigorous

The air invigorates tired forces;

The ice is fragile on the icy river

As if melting sugar lies;

Near the forest, as in a soft bed,

You can sleep - peace and space! -

Yellow and fresh lie like a carpet.

Clear, quiet days...

There is no ugliness in nature! And kochi

And moss swamps, and stumps -

All is well under the moonlight
Everywhere I recognize my dear Russia ...

I quickly fly along cast-iron rails,

I think my mind...

Nekrasov's landscape is poetic, but it is poetry of a special kind. The season is named - autumn, and immediately rolled - vigorous, "vigorous air" - a daring statement that seems to cut off any connection with the poetic tradition of describing, conveying the feeling of autumn in Russian poetry. What is nature worth, calling to sleep, not to sleep, namely to sleep. Like a peasant, a tired person wants to go into nature, to rest not in order to “find bliss in the truth”, but simply ... to sleep.

But the sphere of the poetic not only does not disappear, it has expanded. In nature itself, everything that is traditionally not poeticized is poeticized: stumps and moss kochi, ice, like melting sugar. Nekrasov's verse is thrown open into nature. We are not only in the car, but already outside it, we took a breath of air - "the air invigorates tired forces." “Near the forest, as in a soft bed, you can sleep” - here an almost physical feeling of familiarization with nature is conveyed, not in a high philosophical, Tyutchevian, but also in its own high, but most direct sense. Nekrasov does not prose the poetic, but poetizes the prosaic. Two words at the end of this part - “dear Russia” (“I recognize my dear Russia everywhere”) - as if suddenly they reduce everything to themselves, absorb it into themselves and immediately, even somewhat unexpectedly, give the verse a high sound. Like a musician with one note, so a great poet with one word can determine the nature and height of our perception. After all, Pushkin's "Winter Morning" is not an idyll at the fireside, not just a winter landscape, it is a moment in the development of a powerful spirit, expressed in the form of a truly Beethoven sonata: the struggle of two principles and allowing the exit into the world, into the harmony of the finale. And already in the first Pushkin chords

Towards the north. Aurora Be the star of the north!

given this height, this scale, by which, voluntarily or involuntarily, we will determine the entire development of the theme.

Such is Nekrasov’s “dear Russia” in the last line of the first part, which in no way exhausts, of course, the significance of the work, but which tunes in to such significance. In the introduction, the intonations and motives of the folk song: "Rus" - "darling", and "river" - "cold". The people who will appear immediately later have already been revealed here. In the poet and through the poet he declared himself, and declared himself poetically.

The first and second parts of Nekrasov's work are internally united, and this is not a unity of contrasts. Both are poetic. The picture of the amazing dream that Vanya saw is, first of all, a poetic picture. Liberating convention - a dream that makes it possible to see many things that you will not see in ordinary life, - a motif that was widely used in Russian literature before Nekrasov. Suffice it to recall Radishchev and Chernyshevsky, if we talk about a tradition close to Nekrasov. With Nekrasov, a dream ceases to be just a conditional motive. A dream in Nekrasov's poem is a striking phenomenon in which realistic images are boldly and unusually combined with a kind of poetic impressionism. Sleep does not serve to reveal vague subconscious states, the soul, but it does not cease to be such a subconscious state, and what happens, happens precisely in a dream, or rather, not even in a dream, but in an atmosphere of strange half-drowsiness. The narrator tells something all the time, the disturbed children's imagination sees something, and what Vanya saw is much more than what he was told. The interlocutor spoke about the bones, and they came to life, as in a romantic fairy tale, about the hard life of people, and they sang their terrible song to Vanya. And where was the dream, where was the reality, the story, the awakened, coming to his senses boy cannot understand:

"I saw, dad, I'm an amazing dream, -

Vanya said: - five thousand men,

Russian tribes and breeds representatives

Suddenly appeared - and he he told me:

These are the builders of our road! .. "

Ostensibly he - the narrator, and this, as Mayakovsky later joked in a similar case, "eliminates all suspicions about the author's belief in all afterlife nonsense." But for Vanya there was not only a story, there was a dream, strange and fantastic. He Nekrasov has italicised:

And he he told me.

He no longer just a narrator, but someone or something elusive. Like a number of other elements of Nekrasov's verse, such he, perhaps it came from romantic poetry, and, apparently, directly from Zhukovsky’s poems, where it is often found, for example, in the Ballad translated by Zhukovsky from Southy, which describes how one old woman rode a black horse together and who was sitting in front:

No one is mature, how he raced with her he...

Only a terrible trace was found on the ashes;

Only, listening to the cry, all night through a heavy dream

The babies shuddered in fear.

However, what Zhukovsky looks like, although not a real, but easily identifiable element (he- simply devilry), Nekrasov appears as a real, but difficult to define psychological state. There is not real, but definitely and rude; here vaguely and subtly, but real.

Wani's dream is already partly prepared by the scenery of the introduction, the painting moonlit night. An element of this landscape appears in the second part. intro verse

All is well under moonlight

will repeat exactly, anticipating the picture of sleep:

You let me at moonlight

Show him the truth.

Nekrasov the poet does not allow Nekrasov the painter to add a single extra color, striving for an almost hypnotic concentration of poetry.

Together with Vanya, we are immersed in an atmosphere of half sleep, half slumber. The story is told as a story about the truth, but also as a fairy tale addressed to the boy. From here

amazing artlessness and fabulous scale of the very first images:

This work, Vanya, was terribly huge -

Not on the shoulder alone! There is a king in the world; this

the king is merciless, Famine is his name.

No sleep yet. The story goes on, the train goes on, the road goes on, the boy is dozing, and the poet, who for the first and only time parted ways with the narrator, interrupting the story, gives another dose of poetic anesthesia. To the rhythm of the story, he connects the lulling rhythm of the road:

Straight path: the mounds are narrow,

Poles, rails, bridges.

And the story continues again:

And on the sides, all the bones are Russian ...

How many of them! Vanya, do you know?

Aren't we put to sleep together with Vanya? And Vanya's dream began;

Chu! Terrible exclamations were heard!

Stomp and gnashing of teeth;

A shadow ran over the frosty glass...

What's there? Crowd of the Dead!

They overtake the cast-iron road,

Then the sides run.

Do you hear the singing? .. "On this moonlit night

We love to see our work! .. "

The dream began like a ballad. The moon, the dead with gnashing of teeth, their strange song - the characteristic accessories of ballad poetics are condensed in the first stanzas and enhance the feeling of sleep. The ballade is emphasized, as if a tradition is declared, romantic and high, within which the story about the people will go. But the story about the people does not remain a ballad, but turns into

In Nekrasov's work, there are two peoples and two different attitudes towards them. There is indignation, but, if you like, there is tenderness. There is a people in its poetic and moral essence, worthy of a poetic definition, and a people in its slavish passivity, which evokes bitter irony.

The image of the people, as he appeared in a dream, is a tragic and unusually large-scale image. Appeared as if

all "dear Russia". Originally Nekrasov's line

From the Neman, from Mother Volga, from the Oka

is replaced by another

From Volkhov, from mother Volga, from Oka

not only because, however, very successfully, Volkhov is phonetically associated with the Volga by an internal rhyme." | Geography becomes more national both in its present and even in its appeal to the past.

The people of this part are highly poetic, there can be no question of any reproof. Sometimes suddenly the story becomes restrained, almost dry: not a single "image", not a single lyrical note. The narrative acquires the character and strength of documentary evidence, as in the song of the peasants:

We tore ourselves under the heat, under the cold,

Lived in dugouts, fought hunger,

Were cold and wet, sick with scurvy.

We were robbed by literate foremen,

The bosses were crushed, the need was crushing ...

And suddenly an explosion, a sob breaking into the story:

We have endured everything, God's warriors,

Peaceful children of labor!

Brothers! You are reaping our fruits!

This sob could not obey the strophic division of the verses and begin with a new stanza. It broke in where, as they say, came up to the throat. The same is in the description of the Belarusian, already by the author:

You see, he is standing, exhausted by a fever,

Tall, sick Belarusian:

Lips bloodless, eyelids fallen,

Ulcers on thin arms.

Forever knee-deep in water

The legs are swollen; tangle in hair...

The story has acquired the dispassionate dryness of a protocol testimony, but it contains both the premise and the justification for a new explosion, high lyrical pathos. The story about the Belarusian ends with the words:

Didn't straighten his hunchbacked back

He is still: stupidly silent

And mechanically rusty shovel

Frozen ground hammering!

And these words are replaced by an appeal?

It would not be bad for us to adopt this noble habit of work with you ...

An excerpt from the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Railway"

Good papa! Why in charm
Keep Vanya smart?
You let me in the moonlight
Show him the truth.

This work, Vanya, was terribly huge
Not on the shoulder alone!
There is a king in the world: this king is merciless,
Hunger is his name.

He leads armies; at sea by ships
Rules; drives people to the artel,
Walks behind the plow, stands behind the shoulders
Stonecutters, weavers.

Straight path: the mounds are narrow,
Poles, rails, bridges.
And on the sides, all the bones are Russian ...
How many of them! Vanya, do you know?

Chu! terrible exclamations were heard!
Stomp and gnashing of teeth;
A shadow ran over the frosty glass...
What's there? Crowd of the Dead!

They overtake the cast-iron road,
Then the sides run.
Do you hear the singing? .. "On this moonlit night
We love to see our work!

We tore ourselves under the heat, under the cold,
With an eternally bent back,
Lived in dugouts, fought hunger,
Were cold and wet, sick with scurvy.

We were robbed by literate foremen,
The bosses were crushed, the need was crushing ...
We have endured everything, God's warriors,
Peaceful children of labor!

Brothers! You are reaping our fruits!
We are destined to rot in the earth ...
Do all of us, the poor, remember kindly
Or have you forgotten a long time ago? .. "

Do not be horrified by their wild singing!
From Volkhov, from mother Volga, from Oka,
From different parts of the great state -
It's all your brothers - men!

It's a shame to be shy, to close with a glove,
You are no longer small! .. Russian hair,
You see, he stands, exhausted by a fever,
Tall sick Belarusian:

Lips bloodless, eyelids fallen,
Ulcers on skinny arms
Forever knee-deep in water
The legs are swollen; tangle in hair;

I am pitting my chest, which is diligently on the spade
From day to day leaned all century ...
You look at him, Vanya, carefully:
It was difficult for a man to get his bread!

Didn't straighten his hunchbacked back
He is still: stupidly silent
And mechanically rusty shovel
Frozen ground hammering!

This noble habit of work
We would not be bad to adopt with you ...
Bless the work of the people
And learn to respect the man.

Do not be shy for the dear homeland ...
The Russian people carried enough
Carried out this railroad -
Will endure whatever the Lord sends!

Will endure everything - and wide, clear
He will pave the way for himself with his chest.
The only pity is to live in this beautiful time
You won't have to, neither me nor you.

Analysis of an excerpt from the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Railway"

Nekrasov in the poem "Railway" described the work and suffering of the Russian people, the oppression and losses that he endured. One of the worst disasters was, of course, hunger. The poet creates extended metaphor of the "king-hunger", where the latter appears before us as creature that rules the world. It is he who makes the peasants work day and night, take on overwork, losing physical and mental strength. In order to show all the hardships of the life of workers driven to the construction of the railway, the author constructs a poem like an eyewitness account perhaps even a participant in these events. This, as well as permanent appeals(to “daddy”, “Vanya”) give the text more authenticity, and besides, liveliness and emotionality.
People worked and died while they were building the railway (“And on the sides, all the bones are Russian ...”). Fantastic image of the "crowd of the dead" helps to better understand the fate of the peasant builder. For their slave labor, people did not receive any gratitude; those who forced the common people to build the railway did not help in any way, but only exploited the unfortunate people. To emphasize this, Nekrasov uses short, often uncommon offers, as well as vocabulary with negative semantics(“They were cold and wet, they were ill with scurvy”, “We were robbed by the literate foremen, / The bosses were falling, the need was crushing ...”).
The theme of social injustice is revealed in portrait sick Belarusian. Nekrasov, using bright epithets, as well as colloquial vocabulary, creates the image of a downtrodden, humiliated, sick railroad builder (“Bloodless lips, fallen eyelids<…>/ Feet swollen; A tangle in the hair;", "humped back", "ulcers", "chest pit"). His face shows all the suffering of the people and the indifference of the upper strata of society.
But Nekrasov emphasizes that, despite the humiliation and poverty, hunger and cold, the Russian people “endure everything” (“The Russian people have endured enough, / Will endure everything that the Lord sends!”). In this praise of the Russian people, as well as in an open call to struggle, lies the main ideological pathos of the passage.

Often in literature lessons the question is: “How relevant is this work today?”. Genres and forms of literature change to varying degrees, but human nature remains unchanged. Laws remain unshakable human society: the troubles and joys of peoples are the same at all times. N. Nekrasov's poem "Railway" tells not only about a revolutionary breakthrough in transport system powers, but also about the other side - thousands of ruined lives, about workers, on whose bones all world progress stands.

There is a legend that when designing the St. Petersburg-Moscow railway, Nicholas I drew on the map straight line without going around swamps, swamps, ravines. Construction was extremely difficult, and workers had to work in constant cold, hunger, enduring illness and poverty:

We tore ourselves under the heat, under the cold,
With an eternally bent back,
Lived in dugouts, fought hunger,
Were cold and wet, sick with scurvy.

The road was built by simple serfs, who not so long ago received freedom after the abolition of serfdom, but did not know what to do with this will. Because Russian empire was considered to be still a backward agrarian country, the construction of the railway acquired a fundamental strategic importance. It was supposed to be a large-scale breakthrough to industrial and technical progress. Russia would become an even more serious player on the world stage. And so thousands of peasants, working tirelessly in the most difficult conditions, died there, on the construction of the railway, which was intended to become a symbol of the greatness and development of the state. Nekrasov's poem "Railway" of 1864 is dedicated to this silent, forgotten feat of ordinary hard workers.

Genre, direction and size

Many literary scholars are inclined to believe that "Railway" is a poem that combines drama, satire and even a ballad. In its form, this is a conversation of fellow travelers (the general and his son Vanya) with the lyrical hero himself.

Nekrasov chose four-foot dactyl and cross-rhyme as a measure to create an atmosphere of narration, a gradual but rich conversation. In terms of sound, this technique can even be compared with the sound of wheels on a railway - a kind of sound writing creates this indescribable atmosphere of a ballad.

Composition

It is important to note that the poem is easily divided into 3 semantic parts.

The first is Nekrasov's description of nature, the beauty of his native lands. The poet confesses his sincere love for the Russian land, and this creates a strong and effective contrast for the following parts.
The second part is the most epic, here Nekrasov writes how the dead peasants wake up to sing about their hard lot. The poet tells real story building a road with all the troubles of slave labor.
In the third part, Vanya's son tells his father about strange dream in which he saw this story. The general laughs and replies that the people are a bunch of drunkards, and truly beautiful and important things in the world are created by individuals - geniuses, not the people, and then encourages the lyrical hero not to intimidate his son, but to tell the truth. The poet agrees and talks about the completion of construction, when a barrel of wine was rolled for the peasants and the "debts" that came from nowhere were forgiven. The people were deceived again, but Railway built, and now the chiefs will celebrate.

Images and symbols

In "Railway" Nekrasov creates several very vivid and masterfully crafted images. The first of them is Russia and the Russian people. The poet calls the peasants God's warriors, peaceful children of labor, brothers, admiring the simplicity and strength of their characters.

The martyred Belarusian became a vivid image, which became a symbol of everyone and everyone who was starved to death by slave labor:

Lips bloodless, eyelids fallen,
Ulcers on skinny arms
Forever knee-deep in water
The legs are swollen; tangle in hair.

Another vivid image- this is the general with whom the lyrical hero is talking. Not much has been said about him, but a few bright details allow you to recreate the portrait of a proud man with ease. For example, a coat with a red lining immediately betrays a general in him, and arrogant words about the worthlessness of the people (and of any country and nationality) also draw him as a arrogant, proud, pompous person. The general lists the world curiosities of architecture, obviously knowing a lot about them, but at the same time he does not understand to whom he owes both the position and the coat with a red lining. At the same time, he dressed his son Vanya in a coachman's coat to emphasize his closeness to the people. Thanks to these three details, the poet masterfully painted for readers a portrait of a typical "boss" from any field.

The image of a lyrical hero is a collective image of a real citizen who is aware of his duty to the people. He, not afraid of the wrath of the general, speaks the truth, which pricks the eyes of the gentlemen. This is a conscientious, conscientious and fair person who insists on fair criticism of every initiative. Yes, the road is certainly important, but not at such a price.

Topics and issues

Nekrasov achieves the reader's emotional empathy with the help of bright contrasts and oppositions, on which the poem is built. Marvelous Russian landscapes are replaced by terrible pictures:

Straight path: the mounds are narrow,
Poles, rails, bridges.
And on the sides, all the bones are Russian ...
How many of them! Vanya, do you know?

Just as quickly, the poet takes the reader away from the hardships of construction to a lonely unfortunate Belarusian, from him to a pompous general, and again to the tired faces of the peasants. Constantly creating contrasting situations, Nekrasov creates a tense atmosphere that completely absorbs attention.

The role of the topics raised in the poem is also important here. In addition to the fate of the peasantry, first tortured by the yoke of serfdom, and then left without help, Nekrasov draws attention to the fate of Russia. Here are two bright representative countries: a general who talks about aesthetics and feigns patriotism, and the people themselves, who will never see this imaginary care and symbolism in Vanya's attire. How can one talk about progress and entering the world of industrial powers, when those for whom, it would seem, the state machine should work, die unknown thousands from slave labor?

The author also raises the problem of the masters' indifference to fate ordinary people. The general considers the people a bunch of drunkards, which is not worthy of his attention and pity. That's why the peasant was created, to work to death, he can't do anything else. But this hero does not even understand that he lives at the expense of all these people. Without them, he would not have been able to provide for himself. The money that generously supported the military ranks was taken from the treasury, and who fills it? Not the king and not his retinue, but the working people who produce what is sold. Therefore, we can single out another problem - social injustice, due to which hundreds of people are forced to provide for one such general who does not strike a finger all his life, since he inherited the rank.

Main idea

The whole tragedy of the era and the meaning of the poem Nekrasov compressed to 4 lines that play the role of an epigraph:

Vanya (in a coachman's coat):
"Daddy! who built this road?
Dad (in a coat with a red lining):
"Count Pyotr Andreevich Kleinmikhel, darling!"

Count Kleinmichel and all the bureaucratic world, which received laurels, recognition and considerable remuneration, did not build the road. These rails lie on the bones of peasants tortured by hunger, disease, injustice and poverty. This idea, satirically outlined in the epigraph, the poet proves in his poem, and the stronger and larger the universal problem appears: the common people, who build, fight, plow at the cost of their lives, will never receive their well-deserved gratitude. Never and in no country in the world. The general impudently asks the lyrical hero a question:

I was recently in the walls of the Vatican,
I wandered around the Colosseum for two nights,
I saw Saint Stephen in Vienna,
Well… did the people create all this?

Yes people. But only the name of the architect and the king will be left to the descendants, and those who create beauty, who feed, carry, protect their countries, the descendants will not remember. This is a great human tragedy not only for Russia, but for the whole world. That's what it is the main idea works.

Means of artistic expression

Nekrasov manages to achieve such a large-scale and expressive picture of the life and work of the peasant people with the help of a system of artistic means.

Firstly, these are bright epithets in the description of nature: glorious autumn, vigorous air, icy river;
Secondly, metaphors and comparisons: “The ice is not strong on the icy river, as if it lies like melting sugar”, “Pit my chest”;
Here is an inversion (a noble habit of work);
Alliteration (leaves fade ... did not have time);
Assonance (everywhere I recognize my dear Russia).

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

The poem "Railroad" was written in 1864, three years after the abolition of serfdom. However, the question involuntarily arises - has much changed during this time in Russia and has it changed at all?

The folk theme in the poetic work of N. A. Nekrasov acquires the features of drama. The poet followed social life very carefully and could not remain silent about the cruel injustice towards the people, which, with the abolition of serfdom, not only did not decrease, but took on even more horrifying forms. For Nekrasov, the People was the "basis" of national existence, a part of himself. In his poems folk life is depicted not quite the same as that of his predecessors and colleagues in the literary business. He does not give folk-song elements, but presents the reader with bare prose. And this technique, this "mundane" approach allowed the poet to get as close as possible to the people. But it also becomes the source of the deepest drama. This is fully confirmed in the cited poem. The heroes of the poem are the boy Vanya, his father is a general, and a lyrical hero.

The story opens with a magnificent landscape sketch:

Glorious autumn! Healthy, vigorous Air invigorates tired forces; The ice is fragile on the icy river, Like melting sugar lies ...

The pictures of natural luxury saturated with colors in the poem clearly contradict all further description of the hardships and troubles of a man's life, the hard lot of a working people, a slave people. In the poem, the people are also a special hero, the most important character. Unusual for a lyrical description of nature, the word "poisonous" creates the impression of fresh, crystal air, we can almost physically feel its taste. The author very clearly draws a parallel between the harmony in nature and the world where the laws of inequality, cruelty, and lack of freedom reign. He very transparently hints at this: “There is no ugliness in nature!” And only among people it is.

There is a king in the world: This king is merciless, Famine is his name. He leads armies; at sea Governs by ships; in the artel drives people, walks behind the plow, stands behind the shoulders of the stonemasons, weavers.

Hunger rules people, makes them go to certain death. They get a piece of bread dearly. In order to show in all his shocking nakedness, ugliness the hard work of the people, Nekrasov uses a well-known technique - the "sleep" technique. The excited, inflamed imagination of the boy Vanya creates pictures of amazing clarity. “The barren wilds”, “the trampling and gnashing of teeth”, the image of the “sick Belarusian” (“Bleeding lips, fallen eyelids, Ulcers on skinny arms”), “crowds of the dead” - all this flashes before us like frames of some it's a fantastic movie. The author speaks with bitterness about those who called these impenetrable jungles to life, and who himself found his own grave here. Full of inexpressible longing, the question sounds in the poem:

Brothers! You are reaping our fruits! But we are destined to rot in the earth ... Do you all remember us, the poor, with kindness Or have you forgotten for a long time? ..

Indeed, why did thousands of people sacrifice their lives for? So that grateful descendants say that the railway was built by “Count Pyotr Andreevich Kleinmikhel, darling ?!” Here Nekrasov introduces the image of a general who appears in the third part of the poem. The general acts as a defender of aesthetic values. The author is in no hurry to interrupt him and allows him to speak to the end. Nekrasov uses the technique of self-characteristics. The monologue clearly shows the indifference of the general to the people, his contemptuous attitude:

- Your Slav, Anglo-Saxon and German Do not create - destroy the master, Barbarians! a wild crowd of drunkards! ..

In the mouth of General N. A. Nekrasov puts an accusatory speech not just to the Russian people, but to the people in a larger sense, to the peoples in whom he sees only an ignorant crowd, slavishly devoted and submissive. The people are content with little, act without reasoning. We can find confirmation of this in the text - this is the entire 4th part of the poem, where “the working people gathered in a close crowd at the office ...” Exhausted, half-dead people still remained and owed the contractor. The entire 4th part of the poem is built according to the ideas of the general. It " bright side", in his opinion. But against the background of the whole story, it becomes the most dramatic, gloomy, hopeless.

Here the results are summed up, and not only the work done, but the entire fortress system as a whole. Here is the whole psychology of the people, his whole life. “In a blue caftan - a venerable storekeeper, fat, crouching, red as copper ...” goes to see his work. How much irony, how much satire Nekrasov puts into these lines! The contractor generously forgives the people's debts, and even exposes a barrel of wine. The people do not grumble, not a sound of objection! Where there!

The people unharnessed their horses - and the merchant's wife With a cry of "Hurrah!" sped along the road...

The poem ends with a rhetorical question: material from the site

It seems difficult to draw a more gratifying picture, general? ..

The words of N. A. Nekrasov about the Russian people echo with pain and bitterness. How much more patience does he have left? It has long been the custom in Russia: the people believe in a "bright future", give all their strength to its "construction", believe that just about, a little more, and a completely different life will come, new, happy. So it was before the abolition of serfdom, and then, before the revolutionary events of the beginning of the next, XX century. Advanced, thinking people, who were not indifferent to the fate of the people, understood that there was nothing to wait for momentary changes. Hence the heavy pessimism of Nekrasov, who understands that a very long time will pass until slavish obedience leaves the soul of the people, until the worker becomes truly free, not only in society, but also in the soul.

The theme of the future in the poem is closely connected with the image of the boy Vanya. No wonder the lyrical hero addresses him:

It would not be bad for us to adopt this noble habit of work with you ... Bless the work of the people And learn to respect the peasant.

Respect for the people, sincere love for them is the key to Russia's speedy progress on the path of historical progress.

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