Government of the Saratov region. History of the Saratov region

Down to the ground

People have lived on the site of modern Saratov since ancient times. Evidence of this is the Alekseevsky settlement - an archaeological monument with cultural horizons from the Catacomb culture of the Middle Bronze Age (XX-XIX centuries BC) to the Russian settlement of the Golden Horde period (XIII-XIV centuries). The settlement either revived during the period of a relatively stable state system (Khazar Kaganate, Volga Bulgaria, Golden Horde), then disappeared without a trace during the next tide of waves of nomadic peoples. The last such cycle before the foundation of Saratov ended in 1395-1396, during the invasion of Tamerlane, who destroyed Uvek (Ukek) - the Golden Horde city, the center of the ulus of the same name. In the next 200 years, the rare population of the Wild Field was represented by Nogai, and then Kalmyk nomad camps, gangs of thieves' Cossacks and fishing artels of Moscow monasteries.

Foundation of the city and the 17th century

After the campaigns of Russian troops against the Kazan Khanate in 1552 and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556, the Muscovite kingdom received vast territories of the Volga region. Under Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, it was decided to build new fortress cities on the Volga. In the summer of 1586, the Samara fortress was founded, and in the summer of 1589, Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd). The city of Saratov was founded on July 2 (12), 1590 by Prince Grigory Zasekin and boyar Fyodor Turov, halfway between Samara and Tsaritsyn.

The exact location of the original Saratov is unknown - it varies from the modern left-bank Anisovka opposite Uvek to Pristannoye on the right bank of the Volga. In the winter of 1613-1614, the city burned down and was rebuilt on the left bank of the Volga, at the mouth of the Saratovka River, in 1617. It was seen at this place by Adam Olearius in 1636 and by Jan Struys:

“August 14, 1669 anchored in Saratov. This is a small city located on a plain irrigated by one of the branches of the Volga River. The neighborhood of the Cossacks, Tatars, Kalmyks makes it necessary to keep a strong garrison in it. In this place, Kalmyks begin to meet, who, in my opinion, are uglier and more terrible than all people.

In 1674, according to the royal decree of Alexei Mikhailovich "Saratov on the mountains to make a new one", the city was moved to the right bank of the Volga, to the area of ​​​​the present Museum Square.

As a result, the city called Saratov was founded by Russian governors three times: in 1590, 1617 and 1674, and each time in a new place. This mountain is now called Sokolovaya Gora. Sokolovaya Gora is still a popular place from where almost the entire city is visible. It was to the south of it that Colonel Alexander Shel laid the third building of the city in a new place in 1674.

Throughout the 17th century, Saratov and its environs were devastated by various gangs of thieves, Kalmyks and Kuban Tatars, who did not stop attacking him until the first half of XVIII century. In 1670, Stepan Razin subjected the city to a three-day robbery. In 1708 he was under siege by Bulavin's troops.

The settled agricultural population could not occupy the region for a very long time. Only those who were attracted by the free life of the Cossacks and the impunity of robberies and robberies on the Volga came here. Kazan Governor Artemy Volynsky, in his report to the Senate in 1719, says:

“From Saratov to Astrakhan, between cities of two hundred and three hundred miles, there was no living, for the sake of both merchants, and passers-by and fishermen from Kalmyks and Kuban, great ruin is being repaired and working people are taken prisoner.”

City name

There are several hypotheses about the name of Saratov, but at the moment there is no generally accepted one. In the recent past, it was believed that Saratov got its name from Sokolovaya Mountain, which was called in Tatar "sary tau" - "yellow mountain". However, this hypothesis has now been refuted, since Sokolovaya Mountain has never been yellow, and a forest has always grown on it. There is an assumption that the name of the city comes from the words "sar atav" - "low-lying island" or "saryk atov" - "hawk island". There is an assumption that Saratov got its name from the Scythian-Iranian hydronym "sarat". There are also many hypotheses that find much less support than the above.

Territory settlement. provincial center

The construction of the Tsaritsyno guard line (1718-20) and other measures taken by Peter I to strengthen security created the conditions for settling the Right Bank. According to the Regional reform of 1708, Saratov was assigned to the Kazan province. In 1718 the city went to the Astrakhan province; from 1728 - again in Kazan, in 1739 - again in Astrakhan.

In 1700, Peter I granted a letter of allotment to Saratov of 298,763 acres on the meadow and upland sides of the Volga.

Academician I. I. Lepekhin 1769

A strong impetus to the development of the city was given by the establishment in 1747 of the “salt administration”. Opposite Saratov, Pokrovskaya Sloboda is founded by Little Russian salt carriers (Chumaks) from Elton. The location at the intersection of the shortest land route to Moscow and the water route from the lower reaches of the Volga and the Caspian makes Saratov an important transit point, a major center for the trade in fish and salt. So in 1750, 204 thousand poods of fish were sent from Saratov by carts (3264 tons, for comparison, 1800 tons of fish were caught in 2005).

According to the manifesto of Catherine II in 1762, the persecution of schismatics was stopped, they were allocated lands in the Trans-Volga region. In the future, this led to the emergence in Saratov of a significant number of economically active Old Believer merchants. In 1763, foreigners were invited to settle in the free lands of the Volga region and New Russia. Established in Saratov in 1766, the "Office of the Office of Guardianship of Foreigners" became the center for managing German colonists in the Volga region.

In Saratov, Emelyan Pugachev had his last tangible success. On August 6, 1774, the army surrounded the impostor, and after the battle on August 7, took the city. But by this time, Michelson's detachments were already literally on the heels of the Pugachevites, and on August 11, Saratov came under the control of government troops.

On January 11, 1780, the city became the center of the Saratov governorate, renamed in 1796 into the Saratov province.

Administrative measures enlightened absolutism on the organization and development of the city were expressed in the deployment of civil stone construction, the planting of modern education and health care. A public school (1786), a printing house (1794), and a hospital (1806) were opened. Offices were built, a noble assembly (1807), a theater (1810), a guest house (1811), a gymnasium (1820), the magnificent cathedrals of Alexander Nevsky (1825) and the Transfiguration Cathedral (1826).

The basis for the development of the city for more than a hundred years was General plan Saratov, approved in 1812 (compiled in 1803-10, revised after the great fire of 1811).

In the reign of Nikolai Pavlovich, order was put in place in the provincial administration, the rule of law was strengthened. A prison castle and barracks are being built. Are being built in the city capital buildings 4 police units with fire towers. “Since then, in terms of organization, the Saratov fire brigade and tools have competed with the Moscow one, as the authorities responded during inspection reviews of it.” Prior to this, the city was completely burned out up to 15 times.

On October 20, 1828, in view of the strengthening of the schism, an independent episcopal see was established. After 2 years, a seminary was opened, and a year later, in 1831, the first parish schools for the common people and a public library. In 1848, the Tiraspol diocese was formed with a center in Saratov, for the spiritual guidance of the Russian Germans of the Catholic confession.

Cholera epidemics broke out in 1830 and 1848. The terrible epidemic of 1830, which lasted more than a month, claimed up to 10,000 people (a quarter of the city's population).

In 1844, a new building of the City Duma was solemnly opened. In the same year, the private bailiff V. V. Grishin, at his own expense, installed a water supply from under Lysa Gora, followed by wiring to five collapsible pools. The paving and lighting of the central streets began.

In 1892, a cholera epidemic broke out again in Saratov, which caused a riot in Khvalynsk.

"Capital of the Volga Region"

On July 4, 1871, the construction of the Tambov-Saratov railway was completed, connecting the city with Moscow and St. Petersburg, the rapid growth of industry began, the city became one of the largest in Russia (along with Nizhny Novgorod and Samara) centers of grain trading and flour-grinding industry.

The historian S. Kedrov wrote about Saratov in 1893:

“... Saratov today, with its 120,000 population, about 8 thousand students in 69 schools, approximately 600 thousand in annual budget, 138 factories and plants, 16933 buildings, a relatively developed public press (9 publications, including five newspapers), with its museum, arcade, partly asphalt sidewalks on the main streets, water supply, railway and horse-drawn railways, opera and drama theatres, an extensive library and a bright public reading room- accepts locally public consciousness metropolitan appearance.

Until the end of the 1920s, Saratov was the largest of the cities in the Volga region (larger than Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, etc.) and was often unofficially referred to as the "capital of the Volga region."

In Soviet times

From 1928 to 1932 Saratov was the center of Nizhnevolzhsky, from 1934 Saratov region, since 1936 - the Saratov region. The rapid development of the city was noted during the Great Patriotic War when a number of factories and military schools were evacuated here from the west of the USSR. Until 1990, Saratov was a closed city (foreigners were not allowed to visit it), since several large defense industry enterprises worked in the city, in particular, the Saratov Aviation Plant, which produces military and civilian aircraft. Many industrial enterprises in Saratov also carried out orders for the Soviet space program.

Modern Saratov

Saratov - Multifunctional Center with numerous industrial, cultural, educational institutions. The historical center houses the administration of the city and the region (a complex of buildings built in the late 19th - mid-20th centuries); theaters: opera and ballet (1875), drama (1967), young spectator, conservatory (1912), circus, philharmonic; Museums: Saratov Art Museum named after A. N. Radishchev (1885), House-Museum of K. Fedin (building of the beginning of the 18th century), Museum-estate of Nikolai Chernyshevsky (beginning of the 19th century).

Saratov is a famous center in Russia higher education, research and project activities. In addition to one of the oldest universities in Russia, SSU, there are more than a dozen universities. The city also has developed engineering, oil and chemical industries,

Thanks to the manifesto of Catherine II of July 22, 1763, for a long time Saratov was the "center of attraction" for the Volga Germans, who at the beginning of the 20th century numbered about 800 thousand people.

During the Great Patriotic War, many of them were resettled in Siberia and Kazakhstan; some subsequently returned. Since the 1980s, most have emigrated to Germany, but until now, the Catholic Cathedral of St. Clement (now converted into the Pioneer cinema) on Nemetskaya Street reminds of Saratov's past.

Starting from the 6th century BC. e. to 5th century AD e., the Savromats-Sarmatians lived in the Volga region. Near the villages of Susla, Novaya Lipovka, Rovnoye and in other places, there are Sarmatian mounds, in which burials of people, weapons, jewelry, household items, dishes were found. From the 5th-6th centuries AD. e. in the Volga region, nomadic Turkic tribes begin to penetrate: the Pecheneg Turks, the Polovtsy. In the 8th-9th centuries, the Lower Volga region was the center of the monogol-Tatar state - the Golden Horde. The first location of Saratov is the modern Zavodskoy district of the city. The third largest city of the Golden Horde was Uvek, located within the city of Saratov. The main boundaries of the monument are considered to be the mouth of the river. Uvekovki in the north, Neftyanaya station, the bank of the Volga in the east and the edge of the Volga Upland in the west. The name comes from the ancient Turkic word "Uvek" - a tower. Scientists refer the foundation of Uvek to the 50s of the 13th century. Uvek, like other cities of the Golden Horde, arose immediately, "from scratch". It was built by prisoners driven from different countries conquered by the Mongols. The city was not only a craft and shopping mall but also the center of the agricultural district. Judging by archaeological finds, the city stretched along the coast for more than two kilometers. It was dominated by a high mountain, which is now called Kalancha. Uvek had a quarter-estate layout. The central region of Uvek was aristocratic. Its streets were built up with one-two-story residential buildings, mosques, palaces made of wood and baked bricks with lime mortar. The facades of the buildings, as well as the internal front rooms, were decorated with inlaid majolica panels of blue-turquoise tiles. The drawing there was geometric or floral. There were also large aristocratic estates surrounded by high walls, with ponds, with rich houses made of mud bricks. The houses were distinguished by splendor and luxury decoration. In the rooms, along three walls, a couch-sofa was arranged, inside which chimneys-kans passed from the stove to heat it. On the inside of the oven, notches were made for baking cakes. The floor in the dwelling was earthen and brick. A handicraft and trade area stretched along the Volga. There were bazaars, caravanserais, craft workshops. The most different masters: jewelers, blacksmiths, coppersmiths, glassblowers. Bricks, tiles, majolica and various dishes were made in pottery kilns - simple and covered with glaze on the outside. In this area, one could see standing closely to each other small houses. Small merchants, workshop owners, the most skilled, semi-dependent artisans lived in them. Separate quarters were occupied by large dugouts with walls reinforced with mud bricks. Wide benches-sofas were arranged along the walls. Such a room was heated by braziers with hot coals. Slaves-artisans lived in these dugouts. Probably, the same common dugouts existed in the northern part of the city, in the so-called "Christian" quarters, where Russians, Armenians and other non-Muslims lived. There were even Christian churches and chapels. In the southern part of the city there was a necropolis. The functioning water supply consisted of a pool, ditches and underground water pipes, as well as house water pipes. Uvek minted its own coin. It is well known from numerous finds. On one side there was an inscription like: "Eternal glory and its attendant honor." The place of minting - Uvek - and the year of issue were indicated on the back. Almost all inscriptions are made in Arabic. The last coins of Uvek belong to the middle of the 70s of the XIV century. Probably, the city in these years was destroyed by landslides on the banks of the Volga and fell into severe decline. He finally died in 1395 from the troops of Tamerlane, who, pursuing the ruler of the Golden Horde, Tokhtamysh, followed in his footsteps from Ciscaucasia. Uvek existed for about 150 years. Perhaps now at the bottom of the Saratov rivers, under a layer of silt and sand, the ancient treasures of the Golden Horde are stored. However, the excavations are not carried out, and the Tatar riches continue to remain only a legend.

Foundation of Saratov

The need to strengthen the southeastern borders, populate and develop vast lands, develop trade along the Volga route caused the construction of cities and fortresses on the new outskirts of the state. The cities founded on the Volga became a powerful barrier against the races. Crimean Tatars and neighboring Nogais. The tsarist government took measures against the raids of nomads and thieves' Cossacks, but they were ineffective. Then they built fortified cities. All three cities - Samara, Tsaritsyn, Saratov - were founded by one person - Prince Grigory Osipovich Zasekin. He was a major military leader, an experienced fortifier and a recognized town planner. His name is associated with the final consolidation of the Russian state on the Volga. The fortified city of Saratov was placed halfway between the two fortresses, in an area where there was a good crossing of the Volga in July 1590, as mentioned above, by Prince G. O. Zasekin and boyar F. M. Turov. Already in the next century, Saratov becomes a solid military-strategic object of the Russian state, the location of which is the cape formed by the Saratov and Volga rivers, which, according to modern map city, is the location of the city of Engels. In the fortress on the defensive stood from 300 to 400 archers.

Based on indirect documents and archaeological finds, most scientists suggest that the first, original Saratov was built a few kilometers above the modern city. Here, at the confluence of the Guselka River with the Volga, there is a cape with a smooth, slightly sloping plateau. Saratov was originally located in its center. A high hill rose above the city, or, in the local language, "shikhan", from which the area was perfectly visible for several miles, and from the tower built there - even further. The steep slopes of the banks of the Volga and the Guselka, a place overgrown with forest interspersed with water meadows, channels, oxbow lakes, lakes, were natural obstacles and protected the city from the Trans-Volga region. On the opposite side, a deep ravine, also overgrown with forest and shrubs, which passed behind the shikhan hill, served as a good defense. Wooden fortress walls with towers surrounded a small city and protected it from attacks. The voivodship office and the yard of the voivode himself were built in the city, nearby were the yards of the children of the boyar and archery centurions. The rest of the territory was occupied by the estates of artisans and merchants, and closer to the fortress walls - archers, gunners and other service people. Grain barns, powder magazines, a prison and other state buildings stood separately. A wooden church towered above all the buildings. Fire hazardous metallurgical and pottery furnaces, and possibly forges, were built outside the fortress walls in the field. The Lower Volga region possessed huge untouched riches. There were fertile lands for plowing, abundant pastures, rich hunting and side lands, and notable fishing. Salt was of great value.

The estate of an ordinary Saratov citizen consisted of a hut, outbuildings (a cellar, a barn, a stable and a room for livestock) and a bathhouse. The hut was small, with small cut-through windows that moved with a “drag” plank. Part of the hut was occupied by a stove, next to it, under the ceiling, beds were arranged for rest and sleep. Things, which were not so many, were arranged skillfully, which made the hut seem spacious. Along the walls were wide benches, chests for things - "junk". There was also a small table. Shelves were built into the walls. The hut was illuminated by a torch, inserted into an iron forged light. Before him put a trough with water for falling coals. There was also a place in the hut for crafts: shoemaking, furrier, bone carving and others.

The population of the city consisted mainly of service people. They carried guard duty, monitored the movement of Nogai nomads, fought against the "thieves'" Cossacks. Streltsy were engaged in the protection of the Volga route, escorting trade caravans to the nearest city. The governor was in charge of all affairs in the city. The first governor was Grigory Zasekin, his assistant was the head of the archery Turov. For their service, the archers received the sovereign's bread and a cash salary, which was delivered to Saratov along the coast. Therefore, in their free time from the military guard service, they were engaged in arable farming and gardening, bred livestock, traded in crafts, trade, fishing and hunting.

At the beginning of the 17th century, an unprecedented intensification of the class struggle resulted in the first ever Russian state civil war (1603-1614). Fleeing from the oppression of the tsarist administration and the oppression of the feudal lords, peasants and townspeople (city dwellers) fled to the banks of the Volga. Here they joined the detachments of the Volga Cossacks. By the summer of 1604, the Cossacks became absolute masters on the Volga and did not allow trade and embassy caravans to pass. Large losses were borne by the commercial and industrial people of the Volga cities - Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn and others. The entire Volga region was stirred up by the movement of Ilya Gorchakov, or Ileyka Muromets. He managed to assemble a 4,000-strong detachment of Terek, Don and Volga Cossacks. Ileika pretended to be “Tsarevich Peter, allegedly the son of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich (the younger son of Ivan the Terrible). The detachment of this impostor caused confusion among the boyars, landowners, and merchants. Robberies and robberies swept the lower reaches of the Volga. Soon a new impostor appeared on the Volga - a typical representative of the lower freemen, who called himself "Tsarevich Ivan-August" - the son of Ivan the Terrible. In the summer of 1607, the movement of "Tsarevich Ivan-August" and his self-proclaimed grandsons Osinovik began. In July, the detachment of Ivashka-August entered Tsaritsyn, and then moved up the Volga. The troops of the low-ranking freemen reached Saratov without hindrance, laid siege to it, but they failed to take the city. The reinforced garrison under the command of Zamyatiya Saburov and Vladimir Anichkov repulsed the attacks, "many thieves were beaten", and "Tsarevich Ivan" hastily moved to the Don, where he moved to Bolotnikov. But his detachment was defeated by False Dmitry II, Ivan-August himself and his associate Laurus were captured and hanged. And the Cossacks dealt with Osinovik earlier, after the defeat near Saratov. But Saratov did not remain loyal to the Moscow government for long: already in 1609, the city went over to the side of False Dmitry II.

Until 1614, there was no documentary news about Saratov. It is only certain that in the winter of 1613/14 the city burned down, either from negligence with fire, or as a result of an attack by gangs of thieves. The circumstances of the burning of the city are unknown. Wooden Saratov burned like a torch. Many people died in the fire. The horses could not be saved. Part of the archers, who escaped death, moved 350 miles to Samara. About 200 people reached this fortress. Such is the fate of the original Saratov.

After the death of Saratov on the right bank, it was restored on the meadow side of the Volga (slightly north of the current city of Engels). Probably, from here it was easier to follow the movements of the nomads, to conduct guard duty. The first information about the left-bank Saratov dates back to 1617. It was located on a large cape at the confluence of a small, but then full-flowing river, later called Saratovka, into the Volga.

The city occupied approximately 15-17 hectares. Passing in 1623, the Moscow merchant Fedot Kotov wrote: “In Saratov, the city stands on the meadow side, the towers are chopped, round, the courtyard and rows in the city. And outside the city are archery yards and fish shops, and barns where they put supplies from ships. Saratov was depicted as a city-fortress by the secretary of the Holstein embassy, ​​Adam Olearius, who saw Saratov in 1636.

The center of the left-bank Saratov was a prison (Kremlin) with wooden walls, loopholes for rifle fire and chopped towers with cannons. Inside the prison there was a voivodship yard, an office, a command hut, customs, a church, houses of "boyar children", shopping arcades and other buildings. A ditch was dug in front of the walls of the prison, and a settlement was located behind it. There were houses of archers, townspeople, there were shops, barns. Field fortifications - radolbs - were arranged around the settlement.

In the 1630s, several hundred archers and carpenters were sent to Saratov, who built a new prison. The fortress walls with towers now covered the entire settlement. The new fortress was besieged by artillery. On the towers and in the walls there were cannons that fired cannonballs, and on the travel towers - buckshot. The city became a fortress, which successfully withstood more than one attack by the "thieves'" Cossacks and nomads.

The main population of the left-bank Saratov was service people - horse and foot archers, gunners, collars. Of these, 300 people with their families lived in the city permanently, but there were another 100 "year-olds" sent to serve in the fortress for two or three years. The city was also inhabited by sovereign blacksmiths and carpenters. Servant people received a yearly salary in money (3 rubles and bread (two-quarters of rye and oats each). A small salary forced the service people to engage in agriculture, gardening, household cattle breeding, make handicrafts and even conduct petty trade in their free time. there was no food.

The military authorities were the head of the archery, centurions and junior commanders from among the "children of the boyars." The head of the archery, as well as the governor, received 40 rubles a year in money. And for successful military campaigns - expensive gifts. Trade people, artisans (carpenters, shoemakers, kalachniks and others), as well as people who worked for hire on ships and fisheries also lived in the city. But this township population was not numerous. Few of them had their own yards, most rented corners in other people's houses. The servants and the townspeople were subordinate to the governor, who was in charge of administrative, military, economic affairs, and, if necessary, repaired the court and reprisals. In total, there were no more than 1500-2000 people in the left-bank Saratov.

In the spring of 1674, in pursuance of the decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich "To make a new city on the mountains of Saratov," the fortress was moved. Colonel Alexander Shel chose a place to the south of Sokolovaya Gora, on the site of the fishermen of the Moscow Novospassky Monastery who settled at that time. In 1722, Peter I visited the city, and Academician I. Lepekhin, who visited the city in 1769, called Saratov the most developing and comfortable province of Russia with straight streets and good shopping arcades. At that time, a lot of factories were built here. People were engaged in pottery, traded fish, salt, bread. Manufactory production was also well developed. All this was indicated by the names of the streets, which testified to the employment of the population. Salt, Kuznetsk, Brick, Tulupnaya, Bolshaya and Malaya Kostrizhnye (from the fire "- waste of flax and hemp). The factory of the Frenchman Verdier produced satin, stockings, taffeta - thin silk fabric. On August 6, 1774, the main forces of Emelyan Pugachev's army approached Saratov. He arrived here not with good intentions and stopped at Sokolova Gora, from which he began to shell the city.On October 8, the leader of the rebels was arrested in the Saratov Trans-Volga region.

The settlement of the region in the first half of the XVIII century. occurred both at the initiative of the ruling circles, landlords, monasteries and merchants, and spontaneously. The monasteries founded the city of Khvalynsk, the villages of Voskresenskoye, Bakury, and Tersa. Many villages were founded by runaway serfs, especially in the Trans-Volga region, along the banks of the Bolshoi and Malyi Irgiz, Bolshoi and Malyi Uzen rivers. To mid-eighteenth in. within the boundaries of the former Saratov province there were already 634 settlements, and the number of inhabitants reached 200 thousand people. At the same time, the trade and transport importance of the Volga and the cities located on it, including Saratov, continued to grow.

In connection with the development of the Eltonsky salt deposit, the government established a “salt commissariat” in Saratov, which was in charge of the extraction and transportation of salt. Ukrainians were invited to transport salt from Lake Elton to Saratov, where salt barns were built. After 20-30 years, in the Left Bank, on the roads from Elton to Saratov, and in the Right Bank, on the roads from Saratov to Tambov and Voronezh, dozens of Ukrainian settlements and farms arose (among them is Pokrovskaya Sloboda - the current city of Engels).

The population of the Saratov Volga region increased significantly after the schismatics moved to the Volga by decree of Catherine II. As a result, large schismatic settlements arose in the Trans-Volga region: Balakovo, Krivoluchye, Kamenka, Mechetnoye (Pugachev), etc. Soon the first colonists appeared in the city. The suburban settlement was called German. According to the plan of 1812, a place in the first block from Nikolskaya (Radishcheva) Street was specially allocated for this occasion. Soon a German street (now Kirov Avenue) appeared.

Gradually, Saratov turns into a southern trading capital. The artisans who flooded the city are advancing its borders from the Volga to the south-west, building shops, houses, shops in the direction from Moscow Street to Aleksandrovskaya (Gorky) and Volskaya. Wealthy people, represented by the local nobility and merchants, chose another part of the city, which began immediately after Novo-Soborskaya Square, covering Konstantinovskaya, Aleksandrovskaya, Dvoryanskaya and other streets. The elite of the Saratov society living here was directly involved in the construction of the city. Thus, thanks to widespread philanthropy in 1869, a church in the name of Saints Cyril and Methodius appeared in the city at the men's gymnasium, a house church in the women's boarding school, cash, for the construction of which came from Mykola Azarov. But the head of the City Duma, Ivan Pozdeev, contributed to the opening of a children's hospital on Mount Sokolova. In 1803, the first city theater was opened here. The history of the city also remembers the name of Pyotr Stolypin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers. P.A. Stolypin (1862-1911) in 1903 was appointed head of the Saratov province. In March, the new governor received members of the City Duma at his residence (Moskovskaya, 31). Shortly after taking office, house No. 22 on Volskaya Street was converted into the governor's apartment. A three-story building was built nearby for his office and "presences" (Volskaya, 24). In April 1906, the 44-year-old Stolypin was appointed Minister of the Interior. The last time he visited Saratov as prime minister was in September 1910. Nowadays, in the regional museum of local lore in Saratov, you can see the uniform of the reformer of Russia, the armchair from the Kiev theater, on which the mortally wounded Stolypin sank, as well as a family album with unique photographs. But in the local art museum. Radishchev there is a portrait of Stolypin, painted by Ilya Repin, commissioned by the last City Duma. The current authorities also managed to perpetuate the memory of the first governor. So, in 2002, the first Russian monument to Stolypin appeared in the city.

Germans in the Volga region

By the beginning of the 20th century, on the maps of the Volga region, there were over two hundred German names given to their settlements by the Germans who settled in the Saratov Territory at the invitation of Catherine II. But in 1915, these “names” began to urgently change to Russian. Wiesenthal became, for example, Lugovoi. Rosenberg - Clever. Unterdorf - Veselovka. It was the first World War. And although the Volga Germans had long since become respectable Russians, the oppression of the German colonists began. German newspapers were closed and German was forbidden to be spoken in public places. The names have been changed. After the February Revolution of 1917, the names were restored, newspapers were opened. The Volga Germans achieved the creation of their own districts of Ekaterinenstadt, Zelmansky, Balzersky. In 1919, the Autonomous Region was formed, which included lands where the German population prevailed. The Saratov authorities did not welcome such changes. With the separation of the Germans into an independent region, the province was losing land, where the economy was much better than in other provinces. However, the colonists were supported by Moscow. In 1923, part of the lands with Russian and Ukrainian populations became part of the Autonomous Region, filling in the gaps in its territory. The Pokrovsky district also entered there. And Pokrovsk itself, thanks to its economic development and size, has risen from a county center to a regional one. At the beginning of 1924, the German region was already transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Volga Germans as part of the RSFSR. Thanks to this, Pokrovsk suddenly became the center of the republic. The area of ​​the Republic of the Volga Germans was over 25 thousand square meters. kilometers. The population is over half a million people. 551 locality including 4 cities. The ASSR of the Volga Germans was liquidated in 1941, after the outbreak of World War II. The territory of the liquidated ASSR NP was divided between the Saratov region (15 cantons) and the Stalingrad region (7 cantons). As a matter of urgency, all Germans, without exception, were resettled from the Volga region to remote regions of Kazakhstan and Siberia. In early October 1941, 365,000 Germans were resettled from the Volga region. And refugees from the western regions of the country began to settle on the deserted lands. In May 1942, all 229 German names on the maps were replaced by Russian ones. Balzer became Krasnoarmeysk, Zelman - Rovny. Marxstadt lost his German prefix, but avoided renaming, like Engels, for ideological reasons. It was strictly forbidden to mention the disappeared republic.

Weekly tour, one-day hiking trips and excursions combined with comfort (trekking) in the mountain resort of Khadzhokh (Adygea, Krasnodar Territory). Tourists live at the camp site and visit numerous natural monuments. Rufabgo Waterfalls, Lago-Naki Plateau, Meshoko Gorge, Big Azish Cave, Belaya River Canyon, Guam Gorge.

Saratov region in the XIV-XVII centuries.

In the XIV century. on the territory of the modern Zavodskoy district of Saratov was the third largest city of the Golden Horde called Uvek. According to one version, the city was destroyed by Timur in the war with Tokhtamysh in 1395, according to another, the main part of the city descended into the Volga during coastal landslides. The official date of foundation of the city is July 5 (15), 1590. It was on this day that the "founding fathers" of Saratov arrived on the Volga coast - Prince Grigory Osipovich Zasekin and the head of the archery Fyodor Mikhailovich Turov. They laid the first fortress of Saratov on the left bank of the Volga, opposite the Tatar settlement of Uvek. According to one version, the name of the city comes from the merger of the Tatar-Mongolian words: “sary” (yellow) and “tau” (mountain). So, in turn, they called the Sokolovaya Mountain, yellow in color.
Throughout its history, the city has repeatedly moved from one place to another. The settlement, founded somewhat higher up the Volga than modern Saratov, completely burned down in the winter of 1613-1614, and the garrison that made up its population went to Samara. In 1617, Saratov was rebuilt again, but already on the left bank of the Volga - at the confluence of the Saratovka River into the Volozhka.
Saratov of the 17th century is a guard fortress and the center of the Volga trade. If the first settlers of the city were archers and warriors, then later townspeople who were engaged in fishing, as well as trading in livestock and salt from the Astrakhan lakes, appeared in the fortress city. The city quickly grew and developed, gradually losing its military character and acquiring commercial and industrial significance.
On August 15, 1670, Stepan Razin entered Saratov with an army, the inhabitants greeted him with bread and salt. From that moment until July 1671, Saratov became one of the centers of the Peasant War on the Lower Volga.
After another fire and in connection with the general dilapidation of buildings in 1674, the government ordered "Saratov on the mountains to make a new one." Construction began on the city on the right bank of the Volga, where Saratov is still located.
During its subsequent history, the city burned out several times almost to the ground - residents sometimes had to save themselves in courts on the Volga.

Saratov region in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

On March 6, 1700, Peter the Great issued a grant to Saratov for the eternal possession of the lands surrounding the city. And in 1708, in connection with the division of Russia into 8 provinces, by decree of Peter the Great, Saratov was assigned to the Kazan province.
Since 1764, after Catherine II signed a manifesto inviting foreigners to Russia, foreigners, mainly Germans, began to settle in Saratov and its environs.
In 1769, the Saratov province was formed, giving the city the right to be considered an administrative center.
In 1774, the Volga region was engulfed in a peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev. On October 6, at the head of a 5,000-strong army, he entered the city almost without a fight. Most of the population and the composition of the garrison swore allegiance to him. Two days later, the army with the Saratovites who joined it set off on a campaign against Tsaritsyn.
As an independent administrative unit, the Saratov viceroyalty, later called the province, has existed since 1780.
On January 11, 1780, the Decree of Catherine II on the establishment of the Saratov vicegerency was issued, and on November 7 of the same year, the Decree on the opening of the vicegerency followed.
On February 3, 1781, the solemn opening of the Saratov vicegerency took place with the participation of Bishop Anthony, who arrived from Astrakhan, and the Astrakhan governor, Lieutenant General Jacobi.
In 1782, the Saratov governorship was renamed into a province.
In 1796, when the administrative-territorial borders were being revised in Russia, 8 out of 41 provinces were abolished, including the Decree of December 12, 1796, the Saratov province was liquidated, and its territory was divided between the Penza and Astrakhan provinces.
After 3 months, the Decree of March 5, 1797 was followed by restoration. Saratov province. Thus, in 1997, 200 years have passed since the final dispensation of the Saratov province.
In subsequent years, the territory of the province was redrawn more than once.
The last changes took place in 1941, when the Republic of the Volga Germans ceased to exist.
In the 19th century, Saratov became a provincial city. On January 11, 1780, Catherine II issued a decree establishing the Saratov governorship, which in 1782 became known as a province. In 1781, the coat of arms of Saratov was established: "There are three sterlets in a blue field, which means the great abundance of such fish in this country."
In 1810, the next town-planning plan was approved, after which the active development of the modern city center began. In 1825, oil lanterns appeared on the streets of the city, and in 1844-45. a wooden water pipe was built, which became a city landmark. In 1870, traffic began on the first section of the Tambov-Saratov railway.
By the end of the 19th century, Saratov became the largest Russian commercial and industrial center, supplying fabrics, iron and machine-building products, cement, flour, salt and grain to other regions of Russia and abroad - it was then that Saratov kalach became famous.

Saratov region during the Great Patriotic War

On June 22, 1941, the attack of fascist Germany on the Soviet Union disrupted the peaceful life of our people. The severe period of the Great Patriotic War began in the history of the Soviet state.
The perfidious attack of fascist Germany on the Soviet Union aroused a feeling of anger and indignation among the working people of the Saratov region. At meetings held in the region in the first days of the war, representatives of workers, collective farmers, and intellectuals called on all Soviet people to unite even more closely. The working people declared their ardent desire to volunteer for the active Army, to smash the enemy.
On the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, thousands of Saratov residents showed high combat prowess. For courage and heroism shown in battles, 47 thousand soldiers, sergeants and officers from Saratov were awarded orders and medals. More than 200 Saratov soldiers were awarded the high title of Hero Soviet Union.
During the war years, many military personnel were stationed in Saratov. educational establishments. The headquarters of the Volga Military District, one of the centers for the formation of units and formations for the front, was located here. Saratov prepared and sent to the front over 500 different military units. About thirty military schools, colleges and courses trained commanders and specialists for the army in the field. The most famous in Saratov were the 1st and 2nd tank, infantry and border schools. First Saratov Red Banner Order of the Red Star Tank Technical School named after the Hero of the Soviet Union, Major General A.I. Lizyukov was established in 1918 as a military instructor school. During the war years, it trained commanders and technicians of medium and light tanks, political fighters, fuel and lubricants specialists. The school was commanded by Colonel D.A. Roganin, Major General I.A. Safonov, Colonel I.F. Dergachev. In 1943-1944, two graduations of officers for the Polish and Czechoslovak people's armies were made.
The Soviet intelligentsia made a great contribution to improving the country's defense capability. In the factory laboratories, at the departments of universities in the city of Saratov, issues of great national economic and defense importance were resolved. During the war years, tens of thousands of soldiers and commanders of the Red Army were treated in hospitals in Saratov. The medical staff of the region worked selflessly. Thanks to the correct organization of treatment and care, the Saratov medical hospitals achieved the return to service of 80-90% of the wounded.
Art workers in the city of Saratov, from the very first days of the war, widely developed artistic services for the front, hospitals and military units of the Red Army located in the city and region.
The war was a severe test for the country, for the whole people. Having withstood it, having won a historic victory, thanks to the vitality, the country was able to return to peaceful construction.

Saratov region in the post-war years

In the first post-war years, the Saratov region became a major supplier of building materials to areas whose economy was severely destroyed during the war. In the late 40s - early 50s. many enterprises in this industry carried out orders for the largest construction projects in the country: the Volga-Don Canal, the Kuibyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric power stations. Along with the Volsky cement plants, new enterprises producing crushed stone in the Pugachevsky, Ivanteevsky and Ershovsky districts also took part in the implementation of this huge construction program. Thus, by the beginning of the 1950s in the region, the basis of a powerful construction complex was created, which further contributed to the placement of the largest economic facilities of national importance here. The structure of the region's economy gradually became more complex. There was a long-term trend of outstripping development of industries that determine scientific and technological progress - chemical, machine-building, electric power.
The 1950s can be considered the beginning of the “big chemistry” of the Saratov region. The construction of chemical plants of national importance in Balakovo, Engels, Saratov caused the need to create a large-scale production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures in these industrial centers. During this period, the branches of the fuel and energy complex - gas, oil, shale, heat and power - developed dynamically. The structure of the machine-building complex was improved. The presence of highly qualified scientific and technical personnel was an important prerequisite for the creation in our region (primarily in Saratov) of precision engineering, instrumentation, and electronics. The largest enterprises of these industries, located on the northwestern outskirts of Saratov, served mainly the needs of the country's military-industrial complex.
Technical glass factory, sugar factory, fat factory - new buildings of other industries.
Important tasks were solved during this period in the agricultural sector. In 1953-1956. in the Saratov region, about 1 million hectares of virgin lands were plowed up and developed. The technical equipment of agricultural production increased significantly, and with the connection of the region to the Unified European Energy System of the country in 1960, the possibilities of mechanizing the main technological processes in animal husbandry and electrifying rural areas expanded.
At the turn of the 1970s. the first of the giants of the electric power industry, the Saratov hydroelectric power station, went into operation. The region has turned from energy-deficient to energy-surplus. The power plant gave impetus to the development of the city of Balakovo, where, relying on a powerful construction base and cheap electricity, the largest industrial hub of the region after Saratov was formed. Mechanical engineering and especially energy-intensive industries were further developed. chemical industry most dynamically developing in the last three decades.
The 1970s went down in the history of the economy of the Saratov Territory as the years of the birth and rapid development of the reclamation complex. During this period, hundreds of kilometers of irrigation canals were built, several large irrigation systems and other objects of reclamation infrastructure. Currently, our region has the largest array of irrigated lands in Russia. All this was ultimately reflected in the formation of the appearance of the countryside and modern structure agricultural production. Insufficient productivity of natural fodder lands is compensated by fodder production on irrigated lands, which was an incentive for the further development of animal husbandry.
The growth of the economic potential of the region continued until the end of the 1980s. By this time, the role of the "troika" of the main branches of industry—machine-building, chemical, and energy—had become much stronger. The largest new buildings of those years: factories of rubber products, chemical, self-propelled earth-moving machines, nuclear power plant in Balakovo; a factory for raincoat fabrics and a plant for autotractor trailers in Balashov; Engels factories of synthetic detergents and autotractor spark plugs; CHPP-5 in Saratov, etc. The Saratov region is one of the largest in Russia in terms of its industrial potential, the capacity of construction organizations, the volume of agricultural production, the size and level of the scientific and technical base and the training of qualified personnel and occupies an important place in the territorial division of labor.

1. Introduction

The city of Saratov is located in a picturesque basin, which was formed by five mountains: Sokolovaya, Lysaya, Altynnaya, Uvekskaya, Lopatina, along the right bank of the Volga River. Its length is more than 50 km. The city includes six districts: Volzhsky, Kirovsky, Leninsky, Frunzensky, Oktyabrsky, Zavodskoy. Now in the region, the center of which is Saratov, 2643.6 thousand people live, of which 1944.3 thousand people or 73.5% are urban residents and 699.3 thousand or 26.5% are rural residents. In general, the most middle-aged people live in the region - 61.3% (1621034 people), the second place is occupied by the elderly - 22.2% (586500 inhabitants), but young people rightfully got the third place of honor. Now 16.5% of able-bodied boys and girls live in the region. Thus, the population density is 26.4 people per square kilometer. m.

The specialization of the region is based, first of all, on mechanical engineering, chemical industry, energy, grain and livestock agriculture.

In terms of the production of a number of the most important types of products, the Saratov region has a fairly significant share in Russian Federation and the Volga region.

The Saratov region is a developed industrial-agrarian territorial-production complex of regional rank. In the total gross output of the region in the mid-1990s. industry accounts for 60%, agriculture - 29%. This ratio shows that agriculture continues to play an important role in the economy of the region. In terms of agricultural production, our region is among the ten largest agricultural regions of Russia.

In recent years, there have been noticeable structural shifts in the region's economy. The trend towards a decrease in the share of industry (by 15% over the past 5 years) and an increase in the share of agriculture and construction has become quite clear.

The Saratov region is considered the only subject of the Russian Federation located on the most favorable territory for agricultural activities. Profitability" is explained by three geographical zones: the region is located in places of forest-steppe, steppe and semi-desert. Here you can find both mixed forests and oak forests, copses, deserts and steppes, moreover, on an area equal to 200 km from north to south. Thus , the mixed flora and fauna of Asia and Europe gave rise to unprecedented picturesque expanses here, where most of the local inhabitants flora 250 species of birds and 70 species of mammals are found in the region. There are more than 1,700 species of plants, 400 of which are protected by law. among them - the State National Natural Park "Khvalynsky", zoological reserves for the acclimatization of beavers, muskrats, deer. In addition, there are about 300 cultural monuments, more than 3 thousand architectural sights in the region. 18 ancient estates have also been preserved. The weather here contributes to the development of fish fishing, sports and amateur fishing.The climate of Saratov is temperate continental: winters are frosty, and summers are hot. average temperature July - 30-40 C. In January it drops to minus 20-35 degrees Celsius.

The prevailing winds are northwest and west. There is relatively little precipitation: 37-400 millimeters per year. Snow cover here is established in late November - early December, disappears in late March - early April. Rivers usually freeze in the second decade of December, and are completely cleared of ice at the end of April.

2.History of Saratov

Starting from the 6th century BC. e. to 5th century AD e., the Savromats-Sarmatians lived in the Volga region. Near the villages of Susla, Novaya Lipovka, Rovnoye and in other places, there are Sarmatian mounds, in which burials of people, weapons, jewelry, household items, dishes were found. From the 5th-6th centuries AD. e. in the Volga region, nomadic Turkic tribes begin to penetrate: the Pecheneg Turks, the Polovtsy. In the 8th-9th centuries, the Lower Volga region was the center of the monogol-Tatar state - the Golden Horde. The first location of Saratov is the modern Zavodskoy district of the city. The third largest city of the Golden Horde was Uvek, located within the city of Saratov. The main boundaries of the monument are considered to be the mouth of the river. Uvekovki in the north, Neftyanaya station, the bank of the Volga in the east and the edge of the Volga Upland in the west. The name comes from the ancient Turkic word "Uvek" - a tower. Scientists refer the foundation of Uvek to the 50s of the 13th century. Uvek, like other cities of the Golden Horde, arose immediately, "from scratch". It was built by prisoners driven from different countries conquered by the Mongols. The city was not only a craft and trade center, but also the center of an agricultural district. Judging by archaeological finds, the city stretched along the coast for more than two kilometers. It was dominated by a high mountain, which is now called Kalancha. Uvek had a quarter-estate layout. The central region of Uvek was aristocratic. Its streets were built up with one-two-story residential buildings, mosques, palaces made of wood and baked bricks with lime mortar. The facades of the buildings, as well as the internal front rooms, were decorated with inlaid majolica panels of blue-turquoise tiles. The drawing there was geometric or floral. There were also large aristocratic estates surrounded by high walls, with ponds, with rich houses made of mud bricks. The houses were distinguished by splendor and luxury decoration. In the rooms, along three walls, a couch-sofa was arranged, inside which chimneys-kans passed from the stove to heat it. On the inside of the oven, notches were made for baking cakes. The floor in the dwelling was earthen and brick. A handicraft and trade area stretched along the Volga. There were bazaars, caravanserais, craft workshops. A variety of craftsmen worked in them: jewelers, blacksmiths, coppersmiths, glassblowers. Bricks, tiles, majolica and various dishes were made in pottery kilns - simple and covered with glaze on the outside. In this area one could see small houses standing close to each other. Small merchants, workshop owners, the most skilled, semi-dependent artisans lived in them. Separate quarters were occupied by large dugouts with walls reinforced with mud bricks. Wide benches-sofas were arranged along the walls. Such a room was heated by braziers with hot coals. Slaves-artisans lived in these dugouts. Probably, the same common dugouts existed in the northern part of the city, in the so-called "Christian" quarters, where Russians, Armenians and other non-Muslims lived. There were even Christian churches and chapels. In the southern part of the city there was a necropolis. The functioning water supply consisted of a pool, ditches and underground water pipes, as well as house water pipes. Uvek minted its own coin. It is well known from numerous finds. On one side there was an inscription like: "Eternal glory and its attendant honor." The place of minting - Uvek - and the year of issue were indicated on the back. Almost all inscriptions are made in Arabic. The last coins of Uvek belong to the middle of the 70s of the XIV century. Probably, the city in these years was destroyed by landslides on the banks of the Volga and fell into severe decline. He finally died in 1395 from the troops of Tamerlane, who, pursuing the ruler of the Golden Horde, Tokhtamysh, followed in his footsteps from Ciscaucasia. Uvek existed for about 150 years. Perhaps now at the bottom of the Saratov rivers, under a layer of silt and sand, the ancient treasures of the Golden Horde are stored. However, the excavations are not carried out, and the Tatar riches continue to remain only a legend.

3. Foundation of Saratov

The need to strengthen the southeastern borders, populate and develop vast lands, develop trade along the Volga route caused the construction of cities and fortresses on the new outskirts of the state. The cities founded on the Volga became a powerful barrier against the runs of the Crimean Tatars and neighboring Nogais. The tsarist government took measures against the raids of nomads and thieves' Cossacks, but they were ineffective. Then they built fortified cities. All three cities - Samara, Tsaritsyn, Saratov - were founded by one person - Prince Grigory Osipovich Zasekin. He was a major military leader, an experienced fortifier and a recognized town planner. His name is associated with the final consolidation of the Russian state on the Volga. The fortified city of Saratov was placed halfway between the two fortresses, in an area where there was a good crossing of the Volga in July 1590, as mentioned above, by Prince G. O. Zasekin and boyar F. M. Turov. Already in the next century, Saratov becomes a solid military-strategic object of the Russian state, the location of which is the cape formed by the Saratov and Volga rivers, which, according to the modern map of the city, is the location of the city of Engels. In the fortress on the defensive stood from 300 to 400 archers.

Based on indirect documents and archaeological finds, most scientists suggest that the first, original Saratov was built a few kilometers above the modern city. Here, at the confluence of the Guselka River with the Volga, there is a cape with a smooth, slightly sloping plateau. Saratov was originally located in its center. A high hill rose above the city, or, in the local language, "shikhan", from which the area was perfectly visible for several miles, and from the tower built there - even further. The steep slopes of the banks of the Volga and the Guselka, a place overgrown with forest interspersed with water meadows, channels, oxbow lakes, lakes, were natural obstacles and protected the city from the Trans-Volga region. On the opposite side, a deep ravine, also overgrown with forest and shrubs, which passed behind the shikhan hill, served as a good defense. Wooden fortress walls with towers surrounded a small city and protected it from attacks. The voivodship office and the yard of the voivode himself were built in the city, nearby were the yards of the children of the boyar and archery centurions. The rest of the territory was occupied by the estates of artisans and merchants, and closer to the fortress walls - archers, gunners and other service people. Grain barns, powder magazines, a prison and other state buildings stood separately. A wooden church towered above all the buildings. Fire hazardous metallurgical and pottery furnaces, and possibly forges, were built outside the fortress walls in the field. The Lower Volga region possessed huge untouched riches. There were fertile lands for plowing, abundant pastures, rich hunting and side lands, and notable fishing. Salt was of great value.

The estate of an ordinary Saratov citizen consisted of a hut, outbuildings (a cellar, a barn, a stable and a room for livestock) and a bathhouse. The hut was small, with small cut-through windows that moved with a “drag” plank. Part of the hut was occupied by a stove, next to it, under the ceiling, beds were arranged for rest and sleep. Things, which were not so many, were arranged skillfully, which made the hut seem spacious. Along the walls were wide benches, chests for things - "junk". There was also a small table. Shelves were built into the walls. The hut was illuminated by a torch, inserted into an iron forged light. Before him put a trough with water for falling coals. There was also a place in the hut for crafts: shoemaking, furrier, bone carving and others.

The population of the city consisted mainly of service people. They carried guard duty, monitored the movement of Nogai nomads, fought against the "thieves'" Cossacks. Streltsy were engaged in the protection of the Volga route, escorting trade caravans to the nearest city. The governor was in charge of all affairs in the city. The first governor was Grigory Zasekin, his assistant was the head of the archery Turov. For their service, the archers received the sovereign's bread and a cash salary, which was delivered to Saratov along the coast. Therefore, in their free time from the military guard service, they were engaged in arable farming and gardening, bred livestock, traded in crafts, trade, fishing and hunting.

At the beginning of the 17th century, an unprecedented exacerbation of the class struggle resulted in the first civil war in the history of the Russian state (1603-1614). Fleeing from the oppression of the tsarist administration and the oppression of the feudal lords, peasants and townspeople (city dwellers) fled to the banks of the Volga. Here they joined the detachments of the Volga Cossacks. By the summer of 1604, the Cossacks became absolute masters on the Volga and did not allow trade and embassy caravans to pass. Large losses were borne by the commercial and industrial people of the Volga cities - Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn and others. The entire Volga region was stirred up by the movement of Ilya Gorchakov, or Ileyka Muromets. He managed to assemble a 4,000-strong detachment of Terek, Don and Volga Cossacks. Ileika pretended to be “Tsarevich Peter, allegedly the son of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich (the younger son of Ivan the Terrible). The detachment of this impostor caused confusion among the boyars, landowners, and merchants. Robberies and robberies swept the lower reaches of the Volga. Soon a new impostor appeared on the Volga - a typical representative of the lower freemen, who called himself "Tsarevich Ivan-August" - the son of Ivan the Terrible. In the summer of 1607, the movement of "Tsarevich Ivan-August" and his self-proclaimed grandsons Osinovik began. In July, the detachment of Ivashka-August entered Tsaritsyn, and then moved up the Volga. The troops of the low-ranking freemen reached Saratov without hindrance, laid siege to it, but they failed to take the city. The reinforced garrison under the command of Zamyatiya Saburov and Vladimir Anichkov repulsed the attacks, "many thieves were beaten", and "Tsarevich Ivan" hastily moved to the Don, where he moved to Bolotnikov. But his detachment was defeated by False Dmitry II, Ivan-August himself and his associate Laurus were captured and hanged. And the Cossacks dealt with Osinovik earlier, after the defeat near Saratov. But Saratov did not remain loyal to the Moscow government for long: already in 1609, the city went over to the side of False Dmitry II.

Until 1614, there was no documentary news about Saratov. It is only certain that in the winter of 1613/14 the city burned down, either from negligence with fire, or as a result of an attack by gangs of thieves. The circumstances of the burning of the city are unknown. Wooden Saratov burned like a torch. Many people died in the fire. The horses could not be saved. Part of the archers, who escaped death, moved 350 miles to Samara. About 200 people reached this fortress. Such is the fate of the original Saratov.

After the death of Saratov on the right bank, it was restored on the meadow side of the Volga (slightly north of the current city of Engels). Probably, from here it was easier to follow the movements of the nomads, to conduct guard duty. The first information about the left-bank Saratov dates back to 1617. It was located on a large cape at the confluence of a small, but then full-flowing river, later called Saratovka, into the Volga.

Rukhmanova Xenia

The history of the formation of the Saratov land

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Municipal stage of the All-Russian competition of local history research works of students "Fatherland"

Nomination "Historical local history" Pages of history native land»

The history of the formation of Saratov and the Saratov region

Prepared by: Rukhmanova Ksenia

student of class 8A MAOU OSH No. 22

2016

Introduction

The history of our Motherland for each person begins with learning the history of his native land, his native city. The place where we were born is dear to us throughout our lives. It attracts to itself with invisible threads and it is impossible not to know its history, not to remember and not to take care of it.

The theme of the research work: "The history of the formation of Saratov and the Saratov region" was not chosen by chance. The study of history is always relevant, and the study of the history of the development of the native land is a theoretical and practical contribution to the study of the history of the country.

The purpose of this work: the study of the history of the native land and little-known historical events.

Work tasks:

1. Study literature on local history

2. To study and analyze the history of the development of the Saratov region.

3. Answer the problematic questions posed in the work, thereby highlighting little-known historical facts period of formation of Saratov and the Saratov region.

4. Conduct research work with students in my class to determine how well they know the past and present of their native land.

The relevance of the work is to involve students in the study of their region. The main sources revealing the content of my research were the works of M.V. Bulycheva, V.I. Ivanova, B.I. Kazakov. These sources cover in detail the events of the history of the Saratov region and the city of Saratov from ancient times to the present day.

Research methodology

In order to study the history of my native land, I used various methods.

Poll method . In order to obtain information on the topic of my research, I decided to conduct a survey of students in my class: what interesting things do they know from the history of the Saratov region and the city of Saratov. Based on previous experience, I understood that the guys would not be very interested in a question asked in this form. Therefore, I decided to intrigue them with my problem, to make sure that they, too, were enthusiastically involved in the research process. Therefore, I started with a remarkable fact: the city of Saratov is known to many, but the song “There are so many golden lights on the streets of Saratov” gained wide popularity. It was thanks to this hit that the city became famous. This begs the question: why is the song about the Saratov fires and when did the first golden fires (i.e. electricity) appear on the Saratov land?

Another interesting fact: the song also sings about single guys from Saratov, who are many on the streets. What is the reason for such a demographic situation, when there were more young guys than girls in Saratov?

By answering these questions, you can learn a lot about the city of Saratov, or, as it is now called, the capital of the Volga region. By the way, here's another question: why the capital of the Volga region?

Yes, the guys managed to get interested and involved in the work, but it was difficult for them to answer questions right away, so we decided together to usesurvey method.As part of this method, questionnaires were created, which included the following questions:

• What kind Interesting Facts from the history of Saratov and the Saratov region are known to you.
• Why do you think there were a lot of single guys in Saratov?
• When and thanks to whom did electricity appear in Saratov?

Questionnaires were distributed to the students of our school. And in the end, the results of the survey showed that the guys were not familiar enough with the history of their native land, and no one knew the answer to questions about Saratov guys and electricity.

Well, we had to resort to the most effectivemethod of studying literature(study of reliable sources). In search of answers to questions, we went on an exciting journey through the stages of studying the Saratov region.

Here is the information we have.

After Ivan the Terrible annexed Astrakhan and Kazan Khanate, fortress cities arose on the Volga to protect the raids of the steppes. The first fortress cities appear: Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn.

In the book of M.V. Bulychev provides information that the city of Saratov was founded in 1590. Saratov - from the name of the mountain Saratau, which in translation from the Mongolian language means "Yellow Mountain". Probably, we can already answer the second question: there were many young guys in Saratov, since they consisted of the defenders of the city and were brought to this territory. But what about the golden lights? Let's go further.

On January 11, 1780, Catherine the 11th established the Saratov vicegerency. The queen invited the Germans to these places to develop the Saratov territory. Why were the Germans invited here? What were the German settlements like? This is another object of our study. But there is still no information about electricity! So let's move on.

In the 19th century, Saratov became a major trading center. There were small and large enterprises that processed grain, leather, clay ... There was an oil-pressing, tobacco, grape industry. Another interesting production appeared - the production of the famous Saratov harmonicas. At the end of the 19th century there were eight workshops for the production of harmonicas in the city. And until now, Saratov is the only city in the world where such harmonicas are produced. This is evidenced by the monument to the accordion player, recently installed on Kirov Avenue. Saratov harmonica is calling card cities (see Appendix 1).

The year 1871 became very significant for Saratov - a railway was built along the Volga River. The road was necessary, since the Saratov land produced mainly agricultural products, which quickly deteriorated, so its transportation by water was possible only in the summer. In winter, the Volga froze. With the advent of the railway, the transportation of products became year-round.

Along with this, the Saratov culture also developed.

In 1803, the first fortress theater was opened in Saratov.

In 1885 - the first Radishevsky Art Museum in Russia (see Appendix 2)

In 1873 - the circus of the Nikitin brothers (see Appendix 3)

In 1909 - Saratov State University(see annex 4)

In 1912 - the conservatory (see Appendix 5)

All this put Saratov close to the major cultural centers of Russia.

Now, I think, we can answer the question: why Saratov in the early 20th century. began to be called the capital of the Volga region? In terms of its amenities, Saratov was the best city on the Volga.

Here is what is said about Saratov during the Great Patriotic War in the book of B.I. Kazakova: The Saratov region was the rear, the nearest rear of Stalingrad. By decision of the State Committee, 100 industrial enterprises and 370 thousand people were evacuated to the Saratov region. It is thanks to the evacuation of equipment that mechanical engineering begins to develop. However, the light appeared only at military enterprises. I would like to remember the famous fellow countrymen. Three hundred people awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union are our countrymen. Among them, fighter pilot V.V. Talalikhin, Major General I.V. Panfilov, political instructor V.G. Klochkov, armor-piercer I.M. Kaplunov and others)

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the country was destroyed, it was necessary to feed the people. For this reason, in 1954, the uplift of virgin lands began on the Saratov land. That's why there are young guys who come to Saratov land from all over Russia. After raising the virgin lands, it is these guys who are attracted for the further development of our region.

At the end of the plowing of virgin lands, young guys begin the construction of power plants. From 1956 to 1971, the Saratov hydroelectric power station was built, in 1980 - the Balakovo nuclear power plant, and in 1970 the construction of powerful thermal power plants began in Saratov and Engels. Here they are, the first lights on the land of Saratov and so many young, handsome and single guys! It is these guys who will then produce oil.

Research work in the classroom

A study was conducted in the class, revealing how much students know their region. It was proposed to complete the table.

The children were asked to choose the coat of arms of Saratov from the three proposed coats of arms. The following explains why it looks like this.

There are several interpretations of the image on the coat of arms:

• Three sterlets speak of the abundance of these fish in the Volga River.
• The geometric figure of the fish on the coat of arms indicates the crossroads of roads converging to Saratov.
• So are the churches in Saratov.

Today, other projects of coats of arms are proposed in the region, since the sterlet is no longer found in the Volga.

To fill in the column of sights, I suggest that students guess what they call in the Saratov region:

• Saratov Tretyakov Gallery (Radishchev Museum).
• Povolzhsky La Scala (Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre)
• Temple of Science (Library of Chernyshevsky Saratov University).

Third column: offers illustrations of products of mechanical engineering, chemical and other industries. All this is commented on during the show.

Make a logical chain of the foundation of the territory of the Saratov Territory:

• Development of mechanical engineering.
• Plowing of virgin land.
• Rise of guard cities.
• Emergence of shopping malls.
• Development of mechanical engineering, chemistry, food industry.
• Railway construction.
• electrification of the region.
• Oil and gas.

Look at the map of the Saratov region (see Appendix 6). The city of Saratov was repeatedly called the main candidate for the role of the capital of the Volga region. But besides Saratov, there are many more worthy cities in our region. Name them. Students remember as many cities of the Saratov region as possible.

Also name the villages located on the territory of our region.

Nevertheless, Saratov deserves to be called the first: the first heart operation was performed here by the doctor Ermolaev, the first video recorder was created. Saratov land met the first cosmonaut of the planet - Yu.A. Gagarin.

This city deserves that every citizen can say "I am proud of my city!"

The results of the study showed that students do not know their native land well enough: there were problems with compiling a logical chain for the development of the territory of the Saratov Territory, gaps in the knowledge of Saratov sights were identified. The results of the study are presented in the table (see Appendix 7).

As a result of the study, we can conclude that the work was successful: the guys studied local history literature with interest, answered the problematic questions posed in the work, noted for themselves how well they know the past and present of their native land.

Conclusion

The Saratov Territory has a unique individual appearance and a rich historical destiny. The work I have done is only initial stage multifaceted research, the study of the Saratov region from various sides and aspects. I consider the main result of the work to be that I managed to involve students in the study, to arouse in them an interest in the study of their native land. In the future, we plan to engage in the recognition of individual cities and settlements of the region, to actively work with archival materials. We hope that all our works will be useful: they will be used in history lessons, extracurricular activities, in the work of the local history circle.

List of used literature

1. Two centuries of the province. Saratov region - from the past to the present: historical and journalistic edition. / V. Ivanov, A. Yakovlev; ed. E. Maksimov. - Saratov: Frame, 1997. - 258 p.

2. History of the Saratov region from ancient times to the present day / M.V. Bulychev and others - Saratov: Privolzh. book. publishing house, 2008. - 304 p.

3. Kazakov B.I. Pages of the annals of Saratov / B.I. Kazakov, G.D. Kazakova, L.N. Lubomirova - Saratov: Privolzh. book. publishing house, 1987. - 136 p.

4. Culture of the region: textbook. allowance for 8 cells. / comp. G.N. Gavrilova, E.V. Kolesova, Yu.B. Pushnova. - Saratov: Saratovtelefilm, 2007. - 80 p. - (Culture of the region).