Chlorous acid. Chlorine acid formula Structural chemical

Garden technique 20.09.2019

Garden technique

Section II. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

9. Non-metallic elements and their connections. Nemetalla

9.2. Halogens

9.2.2. Hydrogen chloride. Chloride acid

Hydrogen chloride (chloride)

Helperodor molecule is covalen, linear, polar, with onea. - Communication. An electric chlorine atom shifts to its side a joint electronic cloud:

Crystal grates of solid chloride molecular weight. The degree of oxidation of chlorine is the lowest (-1).

Physical properties Hydrogen chloride

NS L. - Colorless gas with an unpleasant sharp odor, heavier than air, well soluble in water. In air smokes, because with water vapor, which is in wet air, acid droplets are formed. In one volume of water dissolves up to 500 nsl. At the same time, chloride acid is formed with a maximum mass fraction of hydrogen chloride 38- 40%. Chloreeen pretty toxic substance, annoying the respiratory tract.

Mining hydrogen chloride

In the laboratory, chloroode is produced by the action of concentrated sulfuric acid on solid sodium chloride (when heated):

If you use an excess of sulfuric acid, it forms an acidic salt - sodium gіroensulfate:

In industry, chlorogen is obtained by burning hydrogen in the atmosphere of chlorine:

Chloride acid

Water solution chloride hydrogen is called chloride acid. In the human body, chloride acid is highlighted by cells of the gastric mucosa and contributes to the digestion of proteins by pepsin (creates the acidic medium necessary for the functioning of the enzyme).

This is a colorless, volatile liquid. Concentrated chloride acid "smokes" in air, because the molecules of chloride hydrogen are isolated from the solution. Chloride acid refers to strong, mono-abnormal acids. The degree of its dissociation in dilute solutions exceeds 90%:

Chemical properties

1. Chloride acid exhibits general properties Acid: reacts with metals, which are placed in a vitiscusal row to hydrogen, interacts with basic and amphoteric oxides, with bases and amphoteric hydroxides, with salts:

In the interaction of acid with bug-approximal bases, the formation of basic salts is possible:

White cotton sediment fallsAGCL. This is a high-quality reaction to chloride ion withl - . Argentum Chloride, in contrast to other insoluble saltsAgBr, Agl. (respectively yellow and yellow) dissolves in excessNH 3:

Chlorine acid (formula HCLO4) is a single-abnormal anhydrous acid. Contains chlorine (CL) in the highest oxidation, for this reason is the strongest oxidizing agent. Explosive.

Properties of chloroic acid

1. It is volatile without color, in the air heavily smokes, monomeric in pairs. Unstable and very reaction. For this acid, autodentation is characterized:

3HCLO4 \u003d H3O + (cation) + CLO- (Anion) + CL2O7 (chlorine oxide)

2. This substance is well soluble in chloro and fluororganic solvents, such as CH2Cl2 (methylene chloride), CHCl3 (chloroform) and others. Mixed with other solvents, manifests reducing properties, with careless circulation, can lead to explosion or ignition.

3. It is well mixed with water (H2O) in any ratios. Forms several hydrates. Concentrated solutions of these acid have some oily consistency. Aqueous aqueous hydraulic acids have good resistance and low oxidative capacity. With water under consideration, the substance seems to form azeotropic mixture, which at a temperature of 203 degrees boils and contains 72 percent HCLO4.

4. Chlorine acid (HCLO4 formula) is one of the way in its medium, some acid compounds behave like grounds.

5. Under conditions of reduced pressure, with a weak heating of a chlorine acid mixture with phosphoric anhydride, an oily colorless liquid is formed - chlorine anhydride:

2HCLO4 (Chlorine acid) + P4O10 (phosphoric anhydride) \u003d CL2O7 (chlorine anhydride) + H2P4O11

Methods for getting

1. Aqueous solutions of this substance can be obtained in two ways. The first is the electrochemical oxidation of chlorine or hydrochloric acid in concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the second is in the exchange decomposition of sodium perchlorats or potassium inorganic strong acids.

2. Chlorine anhydrous acid can also be obtained in two ways. The first is in the interaction of potassium perchlorats (K) or sodium (Na) with sulfuric acid in concentrated form, and the second - in the interaction of oleum with an aqueous solution of chlorine acid:

KCLO4 (hydrochloric acid) + H2SO4 \u003d KHSO4 (potassium hydrosulfate) + HCLO4 (chlorine acid)

Use of chloroic acid

Concentrated solutions are widely used to produce perchlorates (salts of this acid) and in analytical chemistry;

Chlorine acid is used in decomposition of ores, as a catalyst and when analyzing minerals;

Potassium perchlorate (formula: KCLO4), a salt of a given acid, is used when creating a magnesium perchlorate (anhydron, Mg (CLO4) 2) is used as a dryer.

Safety at work

Chlorine anhydrous acid cannot be stored for a long time, since under standard conditions it quickly decomposes and can subsequently explode to explode.

Other inorganic chlorine-containing acids:

1. (Formula: HCl) is a monosular caustic, fluid smoking in air. It is used in galvanoplasty (decapping, etching) and in hydrometallurgy, for cleaning metals during tinning and soldering, to obtain manganese chlorides, zinc, iron and other metals. IN food Industry this substance Registered as food additive E507.

2. Chlornanotic acid (formula: HCLO) - single-axis very weak acid. May exist only in solutions. Used for sanitary purposes, as well as for whitening tissues and cellulose.

3. Chloride Acid (HCLO2) - Simple Acid middle power. Unstable in free form, in the diluted aqueous solution usually decomposes quickly. Anhydride of this acid is still unknown.

4. Chlornic acid (HCLO3) is a monosular strength acid. It is not obtained in free form, since it disintegrates in aqueous solutions exists at a concentration below 30 percent. Quite stable at low temperatures.

With excretion hydrogen , interacts with metal oxides and.

Concentrated hydrochloric acid contains 37% HCl and has a density of 1.19 g / cm 3. It has a sharp smell and "smoke" in air due to the release of gaseous chloride. Technical acid has yellowwhich causes an admixture mainly salts gland.

1. History of opening

It is difficult to say who and when for the first time got hydrochloric acid. It is known that at the end of the XV century. Alchemist Vasily Valentin and in the XVI century. Andreas Libavius \u200b\u200bin executive search for miraculous life elixira calculled in their alchemical devices salted salt With the Galun and Japral and received the product, which was described by the "sour alcohol". It was now familiar to us hydrochloric acid, very unclean.

For the first researchers, it was an absolutely new substance with the properties that greatly struck their imagination. Nyuhaya her, they hit and coughed, "sour alcohol" smoke in the air. When sampled taste, she burned the tongue and sky, it was corrosion, the fabric destroyed.

In 1658, German chemist I.R. Glauber (1604-1670) found new way The production of hydrochloric acid, which he called the "salt alcohol". This method is widely applied until now in laboratories. He heated salted salt With concentrated sulfuric acid and smoke, which was released, was absorbed by water.

In 1772, English Chemist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) found that in the action of sulfuric acid, a colorless gas is distinguished on the cook salt, which can be collected over mercury, and this gas has an extremely greater ability to dissolve in water. The aqueous solution of this gas was called "hydrochloric acid" (Acidum Muriaticum), and the gas itself was attached to the "pure gaseous hydrochloric acid".

In 1774, Swedish chemist K.V.Shelele (1742-1786), examining the action of hydrochloric acid (which he also called the "salt alcohol") on manganese oxide (IV), found that it dissolves in hydrochloric acid in the cold, forming a dark brown solution, from which gas is released when heated Yellow-green color, having a very sharp smell, the ability to destroy vegetable paints and acts on all metals, not excluding gold. Shelele, as a follower of a phlogiston theory, prevailing at that time, believed that the meaning of this reaction is that under the action of manganese oxide (IV) with hydrochloric acid, phlogiston leaves it, due to which hydrochloric acid turns into yellow-green gas. Therefore, he called the gas "defluminated with hydrochloric acid".