Dye E104 Yellow quinoline - a characteristic of the effect of a food additive on the body. General characteristics and preparation of Yellow dye

Food additives E100 - E109 are yellow dyes. Formally, dyes in food (we will leave the use of dyes for dyeing non-food items, for example, fabrics, outside the scope of this material) are only needed to make food look colorful. However, unscrupulous manufacturers can use dyes for other purposes: to hide a low-quality or expired product, to pass one product after another, etc. Plus, not all food colors are useful or even harmless, some are carcinogens or food poisons, allergens.

Today, most of the dyes are synthetic. Natural dyes, with rare exceptions, are harmless or even useful.

As with any material in the Glossary of Food Additives, the following conventions apply:

The food supplement is safe for health.
♦ - the food additive is conditionally safe for health. Animal studies and observations of people eating it (or using it in cosmetics, etc.) have not shown any clear positive or negative effects.
♣ - The food additive is not safe for certain groups or all people. Read the description of the possible effects on the body carefully.
♠ - The food additive is inedible, unsafe, or poisonous. Do not buy, use, or eat foods that contain it.

E100 Curcumin (curcumin and turmeric)

Bright yellow natural dyes derived from plants of the genus Turmeric are mainly used Long turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Homemade turmeric (Curcuma domestica or turmeric). The most common dietary supplements include turmeric root extract (E100I, curcumin) or homemade turmeric root powder (E100II, turmeric). In fact, E100II, in addition to the dye itself, also contains starch grains, as well as a certain amount of vegetable fats.

This food supplement is not only harmless, but even exhibits a number of beneficial properties. In particular, the antitumor effect of curcumin has been proven (some types of cancer cause apoptosis of cancer cells, source :), as for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action, this has been known since ancient times, when culinary experts noticed that adding turmeric root powder to food , in addition to changing the color, allows you to keep it even longer. Turmeric root extract is currently undergoing research as a sedative.

Well, in the kitchen, turmeric root powder has long taken pride of place. What's the curry without it? What kind of pilaf? And many other oriental dishes will not do without a yellow powder with a weak aroma and a slightly bitter taste?

By the way, I tried adding turmeric to the tarragon-anise tincture. She did not spoil the weather.

However, I will bring out a drop of tar. Eating very large amounts of curcumin or turmeric powder will lead to vomiting and most likely hives. But you have to try hard

Our advice : Food supplement E100 is not only harmless, but even useful. Do not worry about your own health if you see this food supplement on the label in the product.

E101 Riboflavins

A name familiar from childhood? Yes, these yellow crystals, poorly soluble both in alcohol and in water, are nothing more than vitamin B 2, a participant in many processes occurring at the biochemical level in the body. There are currently three ways to obtain this vitamin:

1. synthetic (reaction between 3,4-dimethylaniline and ribose)
2. microbiological with extraction (mushroom growing Eremothecium ashbyi)
3. microbiologically produced (bacteria used Bacillus subtilis modified at the gene level).

Vitamin B 2 is necessary for our body, we get it along with bread, cereals, some vegetables and meat. The lack of this vitamin primarily affects the skin and hair, mucous membranes and the thyroid gland.

As a food additive, one of two forms can be used: either pure riboflavin (E101I), or flavin mononucleotide (E101II or E101a) - more soluble in fact, it is exactly the form of vitamin B 2 that is found in living tissues. That the fact that other forms are not only harmless, but also useful (of course, within reasonable limits), however, obtaining riboflavin is quite expensive, so food manufacturers rarely use it, preferring cheaper synthetic dyes, for example, tartrazine.

Our advice : Food supplement E101 is not harmful, moreover, it is vital for us, as it is a vitamin. This yellow dye is our friend.

♣ E102 Tartrazine

Food color yellow, powder, soluble in water. It is obtained in a synthetic way (several methods are patented, mainly products of oil refining and processing of coal tar are used as raw materials). It is tautomeric (i.e. it exists in two different isomeric forms that easily pass into each other), which, most likely, explains its color.

After a series of studies showing that the use of tartrazine in food causes allergies and skin rashes in some people, it was banned in several European countries. Later, the ban was lifted by an EU directive. At the moment, in addition to the possible induction of an allergic reaction, it has also been established that tartrazine, especially in combination with benzoic acid and its salts (food additives E210 - E213), can lead to an increase in hyperactivity and a decrease in concentration in children of primary school and preschool age. Its use in food is also contraindicated for people suffering from chronic urticaria.

Our advice

♠ E103 Alcanine

A dye that allows you to get a fairly wide range of colors, from golden to dark red (the color depends on the concentration). Fat-soluble. Method of obtaining - extraction from plant roots Alcanna dyeing(Alkanna tinctoria). Irritant. Despite the fact that it caused severe irritation on contact with mucous membranes, sensitive skin, eyes, lips, it was classified as a food additive.

After the publication of data from animal tests proving that regular consumption of alkane in food causes cancer, it was banned for use in the EU (in 1984) and the USA (1988). In Russia, it was banned for use only in 2008.

Our advice : Selling food products with food additive E103 in the territories of the Russian Federation and Ukraine is illegal. We recommend not only not to buy, and, moreover, to eat such products, but also to contact the supervisory authorities on the fact that such a product is on sale.

♣ E104 Quinoline yellow

Food synthetic dye of yellow-green color. It is available in two versions: water-soluble (Quinoline yellow WS, E104I) and alcohol-soluble (Quinoline yellow SS, E104II). It is quite cheap in production, therefore it is widely used in the production of various sweets and drinks, as well as in the cosmetic industry.

Studies have shown that food supplement E104 can cause hives, other types of allergies, and provoke asthma attacks. It was also found that E104, like 5 other dyes, in combination with benzoates and the benzoic acid itself (food additives E210 - E213) can lead to an increase in hyperactivity and a decrease in concentration in primary school and preschool children.

Quinoline yellow is currently banned for use in a number of countries (USA, Norway, Japan, Australia).

Our advice : If you are allergic, exclude foods with this food additive from your food basket. It is also not recommended for children under 14 years of age. We recommend everyone else to buy them only if there is no alternative.

♠ E105 Strong yellow AB / Acid yellow G

One of the cheapest yellow synthetic dyes. Has a toxic effect on mammals. Prohibited for use in EU countries, USA, Japan, Australia. Also banned in Russia and Ukraine. However, it continues to be widely used in food production in Southeast Asia. Therefore, be careful when buying pastries and drinks in China, India, Thailand, Indonesia, etc.

This dye is also used to dye fabrics, both natural and synthetic. There is no information on toxic effects in this case.

Our advice : Selling food products with food additive E105 on the territory of the Russian Federation is illegal. We recommend not only not to buy, and, moreover, to eat such products, but also to contact the supervisory authorities on the fact that such a product is on sale.

♠ E106 Sodium salt of riboflavin-5 "-phosphate

Yellow dye. It is a derivative of a flavin mononucleotide, i.e. food additive E101a. In fact, it is significantly more soluble in water than E101a. However, taking this form in food can cause irreparable harm to health, because our gastrointestinal tract and excretory system are unable to properly metabolize this form of riboflavin. As a result - a wide range of ailments: allergic reactions, kidney dysfunction, adrenal diseases, vision problems. That is why the food additive E106 is prohibited for use on the territory of Russia and Ukraine, the USA and Canada, as well as some European countries. It should be borne in mind that not in all European countries, for example, the UK, this food additive is prohibited, and be careful in case of purchasing products made with its use.

This dye is also used for dyeing fabrics, but in this case it cannot be dangerous.

Our advice : Selling food products with food additive E106 in the Russian Federation is illegal. We recommend not only not to purchase, and, moreover, to eat such products, but also to contact the supervisory authorities on the fact that such a product is on sale.

♠ E107 Yellow 2G

Synthetic dye, yellow powder, soluble in water. Yellow dye. Causes an allergic reaction, dangerous for asthmatics and people intolerant of aspirin. Food additive E106 is prohibited for use on the territory of Russia and Ukraine, most European countries, except for Great Britain

Our advice : Selling food products with food additive E107 on the territory of the Russian Federation is illegal. We recommend not only not to buy, and, moreover, to eat such products, but also to contact the supervisory authorities on the fact that such a product is on sale.

Nutritional Supplement Numbers E108 and E109 reserved and not currently used.

Yellow sandalwood. Coloring substances (morin and maclurine) are found in the wood of Morus tinctoria trees (South America, Asia). Sandalwood was used from the 17th to the 20th century as a yellow dye for wool, silk, leather, and also as an ingredient in medicines.

Different shades of yellow were obtained with aluminum, pewter and chrome dressings, olive tones with copper dressings, and dark olive tones with iron ones. Sandalwood was also used as a liner to obtain a black color.

All shades obtained with sandalwood faded very easily in the light.

Fizet tree(fustic). The colorant was extracted by water extraction from pulverized wood of Rhus cotinus trees native to southern Europe and the Antilles.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, fustic was widely used for dyeing heifers, obtaining various shades of yellow. By the end of the 19th century, fustic was used only slightly for dyeing wool orange over aluminum stain and brown over chrome.

Fustic stains have good resistance to soap treatments, but are not resistant to light.

Cerva(wow, reseda). The coloring matter is contained in the ground part of the Reseda luteola plant, which is widespread in the wild throughout Europe and Asia, and was previously cultivated in Germany, England, France, and Russia. By the end of the 19th century, cerva had completely lost its significance as a dye.

The coloring matter is luteolin. The dye was used in large quantities to dye silk and wool yellow using an alumina mordant. The resulting color was characterized by high lightfastness.

Quercitron(zedrone). The coloring agent quercetin is found in the bark of some oak species, Quercus tinctoria, which are native to North America. It was brought to Europe in 1775, grown in France and Germany. He quickly entered the dyeing practice, as it has a high content of dye.

This dye is also found in other plants (horse chestnut flowers and fruits, quebracho bark, horse sumach, onion husks), where it is contained in the form of glucoside, decomposed by sulfuric acid into quercetin and sugar.

Quercetin gives bright and beautiful yellow-orange "varnishes" with aluminum and tin salts. Quercitron was used mainly for dyeing wool and cotton, also in calico printing and as a coloration when dyeing silk with logs in black.

The dye was used until the beginning of the 20th century. The durability of the resulting stains to light is low.

Saffron... The coloring matter is found in the stigma of the Crocussativus plant. The homeland of saffron is the East, from there the plant spread throughout southern Europe and was cultivated in France, Italy, Austria, Russia, as well as on the northern coast of Africa.

The coloring matter of saffron is crocetin. The dye was considered very expensive, since at least 80,000 flowers must be dried to obtain 1 kg of saffron (in the 19th century, up to 15,000 kg of saffron were produced in France per year).

To dye the fabric yellow, the dye was extracted with water from dried stigmas or saffron flowers. To obtain a red color, the dried flowers were treated with an aqueous solution of potash, and vinegar was added to the resulting solution. It was used mainly for dyeing linen linen red and pink, and for dyeing silk yellow. The coloring power of saffron is quite high, but the color fastness to the action of light is low.

Having lost its importance as a dye for fabrics in the 19th century, it was widely used as a food coloring, as well as in medicine and cosmetics.

Turmeric(yellow root, ginger) - The dye is the dried root of the Curcuma tinctoria plant, which grows wild in eastern Asia and is carefully cultivated in China. The roots of the best varieties of plants - Chinese turmeric and Bengal turmeric - are bright orange in color and have a pleasant aroma.

The coloring matter of turmeric, curcumin, is insoluble in water, but it dissolves well in alcohol and acetic acid.

A characteristic feature of turmeric is to dye protein and cellulose fibers yellow without staining.

Dyeing is carried out in a decoction of turmeric at a temperature not exceeding 60 ° C, and in 30 minutes. the fabric takes on an intense yellow color.

The resulting dyes are very fragile to light and wet treatments. Under the influence of a weak alkali (soap), the yellow color easily changes to brown. However, due to its low cost and easy dyeing ability, turmeric was widely used to obtain mixed shades of olive, brown and other colors, as well as as a tint for safranin dyeing.

Barberry(Barberis vulgaris) - trees, 2-3 m high, which grow throughout Europe and Asia. Thanks to their beautiful flowers and fruits, they are widely planted in gardens.

The coloring matter - berberine is concentrated in the bark (up to 17%), which undermines the root. The barrel contains significantly less dye.

Barberry was used for dyeing wool and silk without stains in yellow, and for dyeing cotton after processing it with tannin, as well as for dyeing wood and leather (mainly morocco).

By the 20th century, barberry as a dye was no longer used.

Orleans(roku, annatto) - a dye that was prepared from the fruits of the Bixaorellana shrub plant, which grows in Central America. There are two known varieties of Orleans - Bengali and American.

Orleans dyed wool and silk without stain, and cotton with aluminum stain in an orange-red color. The colors had a low resistance to soap treatments and light, therefore, by the beginning of the 20th century, Orleans had lost its significance as a textile dye.

Under the name Bexin, Orleans extract was used as a food-grade alcohol and fat-soluble dye.

Pear- dye from dried berries of various types of Rhamnus (Persian pear, buckthorn fruits, Persian berries, Avignon grains). The plants were cultivated in France, Spain, Iran and Italy. The berries were picked when they were full, but were still green. The fruit has an unpleasant odor and a bitter taste. The place and time of fruit collection has a significant impact on the quality of dyeing. The Persian pear was considered the best.

The main dye is rhamnetin; there are also small amounts of rhamnazine, quercetin, etc. The dye is contained only in the outer layer of the berries.

The pear was used only for dyeing wool with alumina and tin stains in various shades of yellow. In combination with blue dyes, various shades of green were obtained. Most of the dye was used in calico printing.

The "varnishes" obtained by dyeing have a fairly high color fastness.

In painting, along with ocher, the paint "shishgel" was used, which was obtained from various types of buckthorn plants.

Chinese yellow berries(wongim) is a dye found in the fruits of the Chinese plant Gardenia florida. The colorant is identical to the saffron colorant. Exported from China in the 19th century.

Chinese berries were used to dye silk (without stain) yellow, as well as wool and cotton with aluminum and pewter stains.

Dye E104 Quinoline yellow Is a food additive that we can often see on the ingredient list in many foods. Its main function is to color the product yellow. In the same case, if the E104 dye is not used on its own, but in combination with other dyes, other colors can be achieved. So the combination of yellow quinoline with blue dye gives green, and with red - a spectrum of colors from brown to black.

There are two main types of food additive E104:

• quinoline yellow SS;
• quinoline yellow WS.

In the first case, the dye is soluble in alcohol, in the second - in water.

Outwardly, this substance is a yellow granulant or powder, or an aqueous solution of a saturated lemon color.

On the territory of Russia, Ukraine and some other CIS countries, as well as on the territory of Australia, New Zealand, and the European Union, the food additive E104 is considered permitted. At the same time, in Norway, the United States of America and Japan, the dye is not allowed for use in food production.

In addition to being used in the food industry, the additive is also used in other types of industries. So, for example, in Russia it is allowed to use this dye to give color to drugs with an oral route of administration. The US and EU also add quinoline yellow to pharmaceuticals. In addition, with its help, some cosmetic and care products are tinted (decorative cosmetics, colognes, soaps, shampoos, bath foams), as well as household chemicals (all kinds of cleaning products and dishwashing detergents). Also, the dye is used for dyeing silk and wool.

Application of yellow quinoline in the food industry

In the food industry, quinoline yellow dye is used in the production of such food products:

• all kinds of desserts, including those made on a milk basis, such as ice cream;
• fruit ice;
• bakery and pasta;
• canned fruits;
• glazed vegetables and fruits;
• alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks;
• dietary mixtures;
• soups;
• edible coating for sausages and cheeses, as well as in some other products.

Effect on the body: harm or benefit?

Although the food additive E104 is not considered prohibited in the post-Soviet space, it still carries some danger. So its constant use causes hyperactivity in children. Moreover, she can provoke serious allergic reactions, in the most severe cases even leading to suffocation. Also, the dye can be harmful in the form of an itchy rash on the skin (called hives). It is also capable of causing rhinitis (runny nose) and even provoking asthma attacks.

It is worth noting that the British Food Standards Agency, better known as the FSA, urged food manufacturers in the EU countries to voluntarily abandon the use of E104 due to its potential health risks. In addition, the agency also recommended reducing the daily allowable intake of yellow quinoline from 10 mg per kg of body weight per day to 0.5 mg.

Synonymous names

The synonymous names of the food additive E104 are:

• quinoline yellow;
• yellow dye KF 6001;
• quinoline yellow;
• acid yellow 3;
• food yellow 13.

Yellow paints are widespread in household and industrial painting practice, for example, yellow paint for gas pipelines is used even for safety purposes as an element of their designation. At the same time, few people know that they get them in different ways, as a result of which they have different characteristics. In this article, we will get acquainted with the types of dyes that are used for yellow paints and varnishes, their features and basic properties.

General information

The great popularity of yellow in the industry is due to the fact that this color is quite bright, stands out well against the general background and attracts attention. It is for this reason that all external gas lines are yellow. In addition, special equipment is painted in this way, as a result of which it is visible from afar on the roads.

Of course, yellow coatings are not only used to denote hazardous objects. In everyday life, these paints and varnishes are popular due to their decorative qualities. After all, this color contributes to a good mood and generally evokes positive emotions.

Therefore, "solar" paints have been used by mankind since antiquity. Moreover, many methods of obtaining them, which were known thousands of years ago, are relevant to this day.

Types of dyes

The most common materials for obtaining yellow paintwork have always been and remain to this day metals, namely:

• lead;
• iron;
• antimony;
• zinc;
• cadmium, etc.

As a result of their treatment with oxygen, sulfur and chromic acid, a yellow dye of different shades is obtained. Of course, in addition to mineral raw materials for the manufacture of paints and varnishes of this color, plant components are often used, however, they are more used in painting, and not in painting. Therefore, we will not consider them further.

Advice! Many home craftsmen ask experts how to get a yellow paint color by mixing other tones? In fact, this cannot be done, since this color is the base color.

Below we will take a closer look at all the most common dye options.

Ocher

Ochres are called earthy pigments, as the raw material for them is ocher earth. They can be of different shades from light yellow to brown and dark yellow.

The main components of this dye are a mixture of clay and iron oxide hydrate. True, red ocher is also found on the market, however, most often it is obtained by firing yellow ocher.

I must say that ocher is natural, which has been known since ancient times. Nowadays, it is widespread in the painting business, due to a number of advantages:

• good hiding power;
• color intensity;
• strength;
• the ability to accept impurities, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of the coating. Most often, gypsum, earthenware clay and feldspar are used as impurities;
• with dyes of other shades give composite tones, in particular, various shades of green;
• resistant to ultraviolet radiation and chemicals. Due to this, ocher is used in a wide variety of paints and varnishes - oil, glue, etc.

Most often, ocher is used in the manufacture of primers and putties, as well as an additional component of compound paints and varnishes and the color scheme of water dispersion coatings. However, it can also be found as an independent paint for concrete facades, wood and metal surfaces.

The price of ocher-based paints and varnishes is low, however, the cost largely depends on the composition of the paint and varnish coating. For example, PF-115 enamel costs about 100 rubles per liter.

Crowns

Crohn is a yellow acid dye, which is a compound of chromic acid with oxides of zinc, lead, tin, or lime and barite. This dye is used in the form of a powder, which is added to drying oil or other base paint.

In terms of its performance, lead crown is considered the best, which can have a shade from lemon to orange. Under the action of alkaline solutions, these pigments turn red, resulting in a yellow-red paint.

This pigment has the following qualities:

• excellent hiding power;
• good color intensity;
• the ability to use cheap impurities to reduce the cost;
• the shades of this pigment are distinguished by their vividness of color.

For these reasons, lead crown is the most common in painting practice. Most often, this pigment is used in the manufacture of anti-corrosion paints for metal.

Note! Lead crowns are toxic, so the instructions for their use require strict adherence to safety rules.

In the photo - lead litharge

Litharge

Litharge is nothing more than lead oxides. Depending on the oxidation state, they can have different shades, however, their main color is yellow-orange. I must say that litharge is not used as an independent paint due to the pallor of the shade.

Most often, this pigment is used in putties, as well as additives in anticorrosive primers and various paint and varnish coatings.

Advice! Litharge can be obtained by hand. To do this, you need to mix lead powder with nitrate. As a result of heating these components, lead oxide is formed.

Cadmium

Cadmium is rarely found in nature in the form of a finished mineral, therefore it is most often produced artificially.

Paints and varnishes using this pigment are highly valued due to the following qualities:

• has color intensity and many shades;
• has good hiding power;
• differs in fire resistance.

Note! Before making a yellow paint by adding cadmium to it, you should make sure that it does not contain lead additives. Otherwise, the pigment will change color as a result of a chemical reaction.

These are, perhaps, all the most common yellow pigments that are used in the manufacture of paints and varnishes.

Output

Currently, there are quite a few dyes that make it possible to obtain a yellow dye. The quality of the coating largely depends on their properties, therefore, when choosing a composition, you should pay attention not only to the type of solvent, but also to the pigments that are used in it.

The video in this article contains additional helpful information. If you have any questions after reading the material, leave them in the comments, and we will be happy to answer them.