Analysis of the poem "The Forgotten Village" by Nekrasov N.A. "Forgotten Village"

Read the verse forgotten village» Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is worth it for those who want to better understand the history of Russia, to find out how serfs lived, and how rich people lived. In addition, thanks to this work, one can guess the thoughts of poor peasants, their desires and moods. A verse is being studied in a literature lesson in grade 10. Then the teachers ask at home to learn it completely by heart. On our website you can read the work online, and if you wish, you can download it to your gadget.

The text of Nekrasov's poem "The Forgotten Village" was written in 1855. In it, the author tells about one village in which the serfs are waiting for the arrival of the master. They hope that he will be able to solve all their problems. So, Nenila's grandmother wants to ask him for a forest to patch up her hut. The peasants believe that he will solve their land issue. The girl Natasha is counting on the fact that he will allow her to marry a farmer. However, none of this happens. The master does not come to the village, does not help ordinary people. In his estate, he appears many years later, but not alive, but dead. A new gentleman takes his place, but even that does not care about the problems of the serfs. After spending a little time in the village, he very soon leaves it, back to the city.

Mayor Vlas has Nenila's grandmother
She asked me to fix the hut in the forest.
He answered: there is no forest, and don’t wait - it won’t be!”
“Here comes the master - the master will judge us,
The master himself will see that the hut is bad,
And he orders to give the forest, ”the old woman thinks.

Someone in the neighborhood, greedy covetous,
The peasants of the land have a fair amount of joint
He pulled it off, cut it off in a picaresque manner.
“Here comes the gentleman: there will be surveyors! -
The peasants think. - The master will say a word -
And they will give us our land again.”

The free farmer fell in love with Natasha,
Let the compassionate German reread the girl,
Chief manager. “Wait, Ignasha,
Here comes the barin!” - says Natasha.
Small, large - it's a little behind the dispute -
“Here comes the barin!” - repeat in chorus ...

Nenila died; in a foreign land
The rogue neighbor has a harvest a hundredfold;
Old boys walk around with beards;
The free farmer fell into the soldiers,
And Natasha herself is no longer delirious about the wedding ...
The master is still not there ... the master is still not coming!

Finally one day in the middle of the road
Drogs appeared like a train of gears:
On the drogs there is a tall oak coffin,
And in the coffin is a gentleman; and behind the coffin - a new one.
The old one was buried, the new one wiped away the tears,
He got into his carriage and left for St. Petersburg.

The poem "The Forgotten Village" was written by Nekrasov in 1856 and published in the collected works of 1856. It was originally called "Barin".

Literary direction and genre

The poem belongs to the genre of civil lyrics and raises the problem of forgotten villages abandoned by landowners. After the publication of Chernyshevsky's review in Sovremennik No. 11 for 1856, censorship saw an allegory in the poem: in the image of the old master they saw Tsar Nicholas I, who died in 1855, the new master is Alexander II, and the forgotten village is all of Russia. But the poem should be interpreted more broadly.

Nekrasov, as a realist poet, chose the most vivid, typical images of peasants for epic heroes. Grandmother Nenila is the embodiment of peasant need and dull patience, Natasha reflects the plight of a peasant woman who does not belong to herself and depends on the whim of the manager, the free cultivator Ignat is cast into soldiers due to the imperfection of laws, due to a bribe the land was taken from the peasants. Representatives of the authorities are also typical. The master not only does not interfere in problems and is not interested in them, but also does not remember his village, in which he is only destined to be buried. The compassionate German chief steward manages the fate of the peasants at his own discretion, not allowing Natasha to marry and pursuing his own goals. The burmister (village headman) thinks about his own benefit, and not about the peasant's, the bribe-official is bribed by a covetous neighbor.

Theme, main idea and composition

The poem consists of five stanzas, each one is a separate episode from the life of a forgotten village. In the first three stanzas, the peasants hope that the master will come to their village and help them in their troubles. In each stanza, the refrain sounds: "Here comes the master."

The fourth stanza describes the village through large gap time: the old woman Nenila, who needed a forest to repair the hut, died, a piece of land taken from the peasants by a neighbor brings high yields, Ignat, who wanted to marry Natasha, "fell into the soldiers." In this stanza, disappointment is heard, underlined by the refrain: "The master is still not going."

The fifth stanza is also distant in time from the previous one. She describes the arrival of the master on the funeral drogs in the coffin. Now the master cannot solve not only those problems that, after years of prescription, do not require a solution, but also new ones. And the new master, who came to the funeral, “wiped away his tears” and left the forgotten village for St. Petersburg. The refrain changes again: the master arrived in a coffin, even the hope for change has died.

The theme of the poem is reflected in the title: a forgotten village, abandoned by the landowner and peasants dependent on him, whose life passes in unfulfilled expectation.

The main idea of ​​the poem: debunking the myth of a good gentleman, who can be hoped for. The life of a serf is not interesting to the landowner. To summarize: the peasants have nothing to hope for help from above.

Paths and images

Nekrasov describes the peasant woman Nenila with the help of diminutive suffixes: grandmother, old woman, hut, hut. The same suffixes are used to describe peasants or their property: a joint of land, Ignash, Natasha, boys.

Representatives of the authorities are described by negative epithets or application-characteristics: greedy covetous, rogue neighbor. A German manager is called compassionate (irony). Nekrasov uses colloquial verbs, conveying a lively peasant language: he delayed, wait, reread, fell into the soldiers, does not rave about the wedding.

The master himself, as a creature inaccessible to peasants, is not described, and epithets describe his coffin (high, oak).

The poem is a segment of the life of a forgotten village, during which generations have changed, children have grown up and adults have grown old. The reader sees what is happening through the eyes of the peasants and perceives events through the prism of their consciousness.

The idea of ​​the poem is close to the idea of ​​ancient Greek tragedy: a person's life depends entirely on the will of the gods, he is unable to change either circumstances or own life, can only submit. The refrain of the first three stanzas sounds like the replicas of the heroes of the tragedy, hoping for help. higher powers(barina). In the third stanza, the peasants unite in a choir, which, like the ancient Greek, indicates the omnipotence of fate (master). In the fourth stanza, the heroes and the choir lose hope, and in the fifth, something unprecedented in ancient Greek tragedy occurs: the death of not a hero, but a god. Thus, Nekrasov shows the tragedy of a man whose fate is not controlled by anything, the world of dead gods. Forgetfulness is the worst punishment for a person.

Size and rhyme

The poem is written with four accents per line. Proximity to the tonic verse emphasizes nationality, song. Stanzas consist of 6 lines with paired female rhymes, most often banal, as in folk poetry.

• “Stuffy! Without happiness and will…”, analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
• "Farewell", analysis of Nekrasov's poem

The poem “The Forgotten Village” presents a peasant theme. The original name is "Barin". The words “forgotten” and “village” are missing from the text. IN AND. Dahl defines the word "village" as follows: "a peasant village in which there is no church." However, there is a church (see the last stanza), from which we can conclude that the “Forgotten Village” would be a more accurate name.

Mayor Vlas has Nenila's grandmother
She asked me to fix the hut in the forest.
He answered: there is no forest, and do not wait - it will not be!
''Here the master will come - the master will judge us,
The master himself will see that the hut is bad,
And he orders to give the forest, ”the old woman thinks.

Burmister - the head of the peasants, appointed by the landowner. Having gained power over his equals, he could also abuse it (see, for example, Turgenev's story "The Burmister" from the cycle "Notes of a Hunter"). A steward named Vlas will appear on the pages of “Who Lives Well in Russia” and will turn out to be a conscientious and caring headman. Grandmother Nenila (and later in the same poem Natasha) - continuation of the theme of heavy female share outlined in the poems discussed above. The first half-line of the fourth line - "Here comes the gentleman" - a through motif that will resume exactly in the same positions of the second and third stanzas.

In the second stanza, the offender of the peasants is a “likhoimets”, that is, here, most likely, a bribe giver who bribed officials who illegally issued his right to own a piece of land that belonged to the peasants of the “forgotten village”. There is nothing left for them but to hope for their landowner: “Here the master will come” - and justice must be restored, the guilty will be punished. These key words have not yet been spoken aloud: both Nenila and the peasants only “think” of this as the only chance to improve their situation.

The free farmer fell in love with Natasha,
Let the compassionate German reread the girl.
Chief manager. “Wait, Ignat,
Here comes the barin!” - says Natasha.
Small, large - it's a bit of a dispute -
“Here comes the barin!” - repeat in unison...

Free or free cultivators were called state peasants, that is, those who lived on state lands, were not serfs, worked not for the landowner, but for the state - and they paid taxes to him. This is still better than to depend on the master: it is tempting to “get out of the serf state into free cultivators” (Herzen, “The Past and Thoughts”). And Natasha, apparently, is a serf and cannot marry of her own free will. The German steward rereads her (as if the predecessor of Vogel from “Who Lives Well in Russia”). He is called “compassionate”, of course, ironically, since “compassionate” is compassionate, sympathetic. Most likely, the German own views on Natasha, so he prevents her from marrying. And again: “Here the master will come” - these words are first spoken aloud by Natasha, and in the sixth line they are repeated in chorus. The motive intensifies in order to reach the highest point, to droop in the next stanza.

The fourth stanza testifies that if the long-awaited gentleman came and set out to do good to the peasants, then he would not be able to do much in this field: Nenila's grandmother died, the farmer was sent to the soldiers - you can’t fix this. The former “here the master will come” is not heard, hope is lost. On the land illegally taken from the peasants grew good harvest- someone else's harvest, which they will not use. And "the gentleman still does not go."

Finally one day in the middle of the road
Drogs appeared like a train of gears:
On the drogs of a tall coffin stands an oak one,
And in the coffin is a gentleman; and behind the coffin - a new one.
The old one was buried, the new one wiped away the tears,
He got into his carriage - and left for St. Petersburg.

“Gear train” - in a team with six horses in pairs. Drogi - a long cart without a body. In that place of the stanza, where at first it was repeated “Here the master will come,” there is a message that he has finally arrived: “And the master is in the coffin.” The new master is the son of the deceased, who came to bury his father in his native estate. I cried, but what's the point? - Wiped his tears and went to St. Petersburg. A wonderful rhyme wiped - Peter of folklore, proverbial: “Peter wiped the sides of the poor”, “Moscow beats from the toe, and Peter wiped the sides”, cf. also in Akhmatova’s “Poem Without a Hero”: “And around the old city of Peter, / That the people wiped their sides / (As the people said then) ...”

A devastated, desolated aristocratic nest - only to get out there for your own funeral, but it is unthinkable to live. This is a sad topic, and Russian literature, touching on it, was lyrically and nostalgically sad. Goncharovskaya Oblomovka, Chekhov The Cherry Orchard- in the past there are similarities of an earthly paradise, but that is in the past, but new times are coming, worse, and the owners, and sometimes former owners, leave their possessions. However, Nekrasov was not sad about the “owners”, moreover, sometimes he gloated that the “idyll” of serfdom was over, the native house was empty, the forest was cut down, the cornfield was burned (see the poem “Motherland”). But the peasants did not get better either. The author of The Forgotten Village certainly regrets this, although he does not openly express his feelings and does not pour out. This poem, as it were, is not lyrical at all, there is no lyrical hero, this obsessive “I” with its grief, indignation, confession. Instead of all this - a story, and the intonation of the narrator is slightly ironic, as if he did not sympathize with anyone at all. But the same thing could be told with the pathos of compassion, as in the essay by Saltykov-Shchedrin “Gnashing of Teeth”: “Here you are, poor grandmother Nenila, hunched over by need. You are sitting calmly at the gates of your rickety hut ... "

But if Nekrasov showed a certain restraint in describing the most ordinary, it would seem, events, this did not prevent readers from seeing something grandiose between the lines: the forgotten village is all of Russia! The poem was published in 1856, and a year earlier, Nicholas I, an old master, from whom no one expected anything good, died. It will hardly be better under the new master - Alexander II. It can be understood that way.

Describing the rhythmic structure of the poem, it is not enough to say that it was written in a six-foot trochee with female rhymes, that each line is clearly divided into half-lines, and therefore the text could easily be presented as three-foot choreic: “At the steward Vlas / Grandmother Nenil / Repair the hut / Asked the Forest”, etc. All this is true, but in this case I would like to draw attention to the rhythm of a different, plot-like order, to the change in pace and strength of sound from stanza to stanza: 1. Here comes the gentleman (request, refusal, silence). 2. Here comes the gentleman (silence). 3. Here comes the master (voice). Here comes the bard! (choir). 4. The master does not go (silence). 5. And in the coffin is a gentleman (mortuary choir). A peculiar compositional solution: the central third stanza - with a voice and a choir! - the most “loud” one, surrounded by silence, muffled murmurs and dirge singing.

N.A. Nekrasov is a poet-fighter who knew how to inflame the hearts of others. He was the first who in his work openly advocated a just world order, consciously took the side of the people.

Painful pictures of peasant life were painted by Nekrasov in the poem "The Forgotten Village".

The history of the creation of the poem "Forgotten Village" is as follows. It was written by Nekrasov on October 2, 1855. Published in a collection of his poems in 1856 and in the journal Sovremennik (1856). N.G. Chernyshevsky placed it in the eleventh issue of the Sovremennik magazine (Nekrasov was abroad at that time), along with other socially acute works of Nekrasov, which caused a real censorship surge, and led to the threat of closing the Sovremennik magazine ". A ban was imposed on the discussion in the press of Nekrasov's collection of poems and its reprinting.

There was an opinion in literary circles that Nekrasov wrote The Forgotten Village under the influence of D. Crabb's poem Parish Lists, but the similarity of The Forgotten Village with the corresponding passage of the Parish Lists is insignificant, the main plot
- This is the author's development of Nekrasov.

In the poem "The Forgotten Village", the poet managed to truthfully show real life Russian people, to focus our attention on its salient features: long-suffering and boundless faith in the good master-defender.

main topic works - the theme of peasant life, the difficult lot of the rural working people, and in general the fate of Russia.

There is no lyrical hero in the work, reflecting on duty and responsibility, indignant and mourning. This poem is a story with ironic intonations.

In the first stanza of the poem, we get acquainted with grandmother Nenila, whose hut fell into disrepair, and she asked the steward Vlas (the headman from the peasants) to give scaffolding for repairs. He answered her with a refusal. What is the reaction of the old woman? Grandmother thought that “here the master will come”, he will judge everyone, and he himself, seeing that her hut is bad, orders to give the forest. The old woman firmly believes that she will get what she needs in the near future.

To the depths of his soul, the poet Nekrasov resented the blind faith of the peasants in some kind of higher justice. This rare feature of the rural mentality caused the poet great concern, bitter irony and justified indignation. Nekrasov clearly understood that the landowner did not care about the fate of the serfs.

If in the first stanza Nenila's grandmother plays the role of the deprived, then in the second - the peasants, from whom the "greedy covetous" "pulled off" part of the land; in the third - the farmer Ignasha and his cordial friend Natasha.

All these peasant people, whose requests remained unanswered, sincerely believe that local managers are self-willed, and a good gentleman will come and do everything he can for them.

The fourth stanza tells of sad events: Nenila ended up in another world, the farmer was sent to the soldiers, Natasha left her thoughts about the wedding. Issues not resolved. And how will they decide if "the master is still gone ..."?

The final stanza of the poem dots all the "i". The gentleman, whom everyone was waiting for, did not come, he faded away, and the new gentleman, brushing away a tear, "got into his carriage and left for St. Petersburg."

The poem "The Forgotten Village" is dedicated to the debunking of peasant illusions. The master has nothing to do with the people. The author ruthlessly sneers about the faith in the "good" gentleman, which has been firmly absorbed into the village consciousness.

Nekrasov's contemporaries perceived this poem as a political denunciation. Under the old gentleman they meant Nicholas I, under the new - Alexander II, under the "forgotten village" - serfdom Russia, in which there are no number of such "forgotten villages".

The main idea of ​​the poem is to brand serfdom, to pay attention to the arbitrariness of the landlords, to show the tragedy of the disenfranchised position of the peasants.

the main idea poems "The Forgotten Village" - the liberation of Russia from serfdom depends on the activity of the peasantry itself. It is naive to believe in a kind gentleman, a kind king who will solve all their problems.

The cross-cutting motive, which first appeared in the fourth line of the first stanza, is repeated in the same positions in the second and third stanzas - "Here the master will come."

Issues poems are much broader than the problems of individuals that Nekrasov tells us about. The problems raised in the work are the problems of the people as a whole. They concern the essence of the national character.

Conducting detailed analysis poem "The Forgotten Village", we can conclude: simple human happiness in the conditions of serfdom is impossible.

The poem is written in chorea. There are six feet in each line. The stanzas in the poem are six-line. The rhyming scheme is adjacent (aabbbv), using a feminine rhyme (stress on the penultimate syllable).

Means of artistic expression of the poem "Forgotten Village":

Epithets - "greedy covetous", "picaresque manner", "free farmer", "foreign land", "compassionate German".

Exclamations - "Here comes the master!"

How do I remember Nekrasov's poem "The Forgotten Village"?
A visual display of Russia. Separate events from peasant life, poetically connecting with each other, create a monolithic image of long-suffering Russia.

I remember this poem because it is not just the poet's response to the burning topic of his time, but also a kind of testament to posterity. You should not be passive, hope for someone good, you need to be able to fight for your own happiness.

I liked this poem by Nekrasov because it resembles a folk song with its folklore rhythm and content.

Analysis plan for the poem "The Forgotten Village"

1. Introduction
2. The history of the creation of the poem "The Forgotten Village"
3. The main theme of the poem
4. Summary poetry, its essence.
5. What is the poem about
6. Main idea
7. The main idea of ​​the poem "The Forgotten Village"
8. Through motif
9. The main goal pursued by the author when creating this work
10. Problems of the poem "The Forgotten Village"
11. Poetic meter
12. Means of artistic expression
13. Conclusion
14. What was remembered, what did the poem like

1
Mayor Vlas has Nenila's grandmother
She asked me to fix the hut in the forest.
He answered: “There is no forest, and don’t wait - it won’t be!”
- “Here the master will come - the master will judge us,
The master himself will see that the hut is bad,
And he orders to give the forest, ”the old woman thinks.

2
Someone in the neighborhood, greedy covetous,
The peasants of the land have a fair amount of joint
He pulled it off, cut it off in a picaresque manner.
“Here comes the gentleman: there will be surveyors! -
The peasants think. - The master will say a word -
And our land will be given to us again.”

3
The free farmer fell in love with Natasha,
Let the compassionate German reread the girl,
Chief manager. "Wait, Ignasha,
Here comes the barin! - says Natasha.
Small, large - it's a bit of a dispute -
"Here comes the barin!" - repeat in chorus ...

4
Nenila died; in a foreign land
The rogue neighbor has a harvest a hundredfold;
Old boys walk around with beards
The free farmer fell into the soldiers,
And Natasha herself is no longer delirious about the wedding ...
The master is still not there ... the master is still not coming!

5
Finally one day in the middle of the road
Drogs appeared like a train of gears:
On the drogs there is a tall oak coffin,
And in the coffin is a gentleman; and behind the coffin - a new one.
The old one was buried, the new one wiped away the tears,
He got into his carriage - and left for St. Petersburg. one

1 Published according to Art 1873, vol. I, part 1, p. 141–142.
First published and included in the collected works: St. 1856, p. 34–36. It was reprinted in the 1st part of all subsequent lifetime editions of Poems.
Autograph with the date: “Oct 2 Night” - GBL (Zap. Tetr. No. 2, sheets 8–9); this autograph crossed out the original title "Barin" and inscribed: "The Forgotten Village". Belov's autograph belonged to K. A. Fedip (see: PSS, vol. I, p. 572).

In R. B-ke and St. 1879 it is inaccurately dated: "1856". The year of writing is determined by the place of the autograph in Zap. tetra. No. 2, and also due to the fact that St 1856 was prepared before Nekrasov's departure abroad (August 11, 1856).
It has been suggested that Nekrasov wrote The Forgotten Village under the influence of D. Crabb's poem Parish Lists (St. 1879, vol. IV, p. XLV; compare the commentary on the poem "The Wedding" on p. 624 of this volume). However, the similarity between The Forgotten Village and the corresponding passage from the Parish Lists is small, and the plot of the poem was developed by Nekrasov completely independently (see: Levin Yu. ).
The reprint of The Forgotten Village (Together with The Poet and the Citizen and Excerpts from the Travel Notes of Count Garapsky) in Sovremennik No. 11 for 1856, in N. G. Chernyshevsky's review of St. 1856, caused a censorship "storm" (details about this - E vol. II present, ed., in the commentary on the poem "The Poet and the Citizen"). Some readers saw in the "Forgotten Village" a political pamphlet, meaning under the old master the recently (February 18, 1855) deceased Tsar Nicholas I, under the new - Alexander II, under the forgotten village - Russia. On November 14, 1856, the censor E.E. Volkov reported this to the Minister of Public Education A.S. Norov: - some kind of secret allusion to Russia ... ”(Evgeniev-Maksimov V. Nekrasov as a person, journalist and poet. M.-L., 1928, p. 223). From the memoirs of A.P. Zlatovratsky, it is known that “some kind of censor” even “denounced Nekrasov to the III Department for her” (II. A. Dobrolyubov in the memoirs of contemporaries. [L.], 1961, pp. 139–140). Nekrasov probably took into account the possibility of such interpretations, but the meaning of The Forgotten Village is much broader: it is useless for the people to wait for help "from above", from "good gentlemen." It is in this sense that D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak used quotes from The Forgotten Village - in the epigraph to the last chapter of the novel The Mountain Nest (1884).
The image of Grandmother Nenila from The Forgotten Village was reproduced by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in the essay “Gnashing of Teeth” (1860) from the cycle “Satires in Prose”. For Shchedrin, this image embodies the age-old need of the serf peasantry: “Here you are, poor grandmother Nenila, hunched over by need. You are sitting calmly at the gates of your rickety hut ... ”, etc. (Saltykov-Shchedrin, vol. III, p. 378).
Even before publication in St 1856, The Forgotten Village was known in literary circles: for example, it is mentioned in a letter from K. D. Kavelin to M. P. Pogodin dated April 3, 1856 (Barsukov N. Life and Works of M. P. Pogodin, book 14. St. Petersburg, 1900, p. 217). In the late 1850s storage of the lists of the “Forgotten Village” was considered a sign of political “unreliability” (Zlatovratsky N. N. Memoirs. [M.], 1956, p. 325). Many lists of the “Forgotten Village” have been preserved: the list of I. S. Turgenev with the date: “2 ok 1855” - GBL, f. 306, map. 1, unit ridge 9; list of P. L. Lavrov - TsGAOR, f. 1762, op. 2, units ridge 340, l. 213–213 rpm; list by A.P. Elagina - GBL, f. 99, map. 16, units ridge 61; list from the PC archive - IRLI, f. 265, op. 3, units ridge 81, l. 7–7 vol.; unnamed list with the title "Barin" - TsGALI, f. 1345, op. 1, unit ridge 751, l. 383–383 rev.; unnamed list - GBL, OR, units. ridge 256, l. 61 vol. - 62 and others.
In St. 1856, A. I. Herzen especially noted “Hound Hunt”, “In the Village” and “Forgotten Village”, about which he wrote: “charm” (Herzen, vol. XXVI, p. 69).
"Forgotten Village" - one of the first poems by Nekrasov, translated into foreign languages. The first French translation of "The Forgotten Village" (as well as the poems "Am I driving down the street at night - dark ..." and "The Princess") belonged to A. Dumas and was published as early as 1859 (cf. the commentary on the poem "Am I driving down the street at night dark…” on pp. 594–595 of this volume).

Zug - a team of four or six horses in pairs; Riding in a train was the privilege of rich and noble gentlemen.

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