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The Resistance Movement during the Second World War.
In each country, it had its own characteristics. V occupied countries the main goal of the members of the Resistance was liberation from foreign invaders; v countries of the fascist bloc members of the Resistance sought to overthrow fascism. In the beginning it is a spontaneous and poorly organized movement. The first Resistance groups are very few in number; acted separately. People of different politicians became their organizers and participants. and religious convictions: nationalists, Catholics, communists, social democrats, non-party people, intelligentsia, officers, workers, middle strata of cities, in some countries - peasants.
In the beginning, the communists were in a very difficult situation, who fought against the occupiers and collaborators, but were bound by their previous position during the "strange war": condemnation of the war as imperialist, calls for peace, struggle against "enemies in their own country." After the defeat of Fr, the Parisian leadership of the PCF and the leadership of the Belgian Communist Party, which had lost contact with the Comintern, even entered into negotiations with the Germans. the occupying authorities to get permission from them to legally publish communes. newspapers. Having learned about this, the leadership of the Comintern and the FKP (Dimitrov and Torez), who were in Moscow, demanded "to reject and condemn as a betrayal any manifestation of solidarity with the occupiers." In a number of directives, the leadership of the Comintern proposed "arousing passive resistance of the broad masses against the occupiers in all its forms," establishing contact with other patriotic forces in order to fight for freedom and independence. In the underground communes. press appeals for the unity of patriots, for the creation of nat. front to fight against the invaders. At the end of May 1941, the FR of the Communist Party appealed to the French and other Communist Parties, urging them to create a united National Front and promising to "support any French government, organization and people whose efforts are aimed at an effective struggle against national oppression and against traitors in the service of invaders ". But remaining in the communes. the propaganda of an assessment of the war as imperialist and the constant calls for "peace" undermined the credibility of the communists and hindered the unification of the patriots.
In addition to the internal forces of the Resistance, emigrant governments and patriotic groups operating outside their countries fought against the occupiers and collaborators. By the summer of 1941, the emigrant governments of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Greece, and Yugoslavia had settled in England. The headquarters of the Free French were located in London. With the support of the British government, they were engaged in intelligence and propaganda activities, formed their armed forces, and sought connections with the Resistance movement. At first, the activities of the members of the European Resistance consisted in patriotic propaganda, in publishing illegal newspapers, in organizing strikes (which were, as a rule, of an economic nature), in helping British intelligence, and later in assassination attempts on the occupiers and collaborators.
V Poland After its defeat, underground organizations and the first detachments of the Union of Armed Struggle (from 1942 - the Army of Craiova (“Fatherland Army”)) arose, subordinate to the Polish émigré government and its “delegates” in Poland. Only at the beginning of 1942, the Communist Party of Poland, disbanded by the Comintern in 1938, was restored with great difficulty underground under the new name Polish workers' party(PPR). After that, the Polish communists began to form armed groups, which adopted the name "Ludov's Guard" ("People's Guard"). In the summer of 1942, they launched their first attacks on the occupiers.
V Yugoslavia supporters of the émigré government, headed by General Mikhailovich (he later became a military ministry) and other officers, went to the remote mountainous and forest areas and formed "couples" (detachments) there, members of the prepared to fight the invaders. The illegal Communist Party of Yugoslavia, led by Broz-Tito, was very active. During the offensive of Germany and its allies against Yugoslavia, the leadership of the Communist Party decided to prepare for an armed struggle and formed a special military committee headed by Tito for this purpose. A similar situation in Greece, where supporters of the émigré government and communists were preparing to fight against the invaders. In May 1941, the banned Communist Party created the National Solidarity organization, which gradually turned into a Resistance organization. In the fall, the National Liberation Front was created. Feb 1942 People's Liberation Army of Greece.
V Albania the Communist Party founded the National Liberation. antifa front.
In France many patriots followed the calls of General de Gaulle and called themselves Gaullists. The French Communist Party also had many supporters, which published underground newspapers and formed the first armed groups.
In the countries of the fascist bloc, antifa is initially scarce. They had to fight against their governments, and therefore did not enjoy the support of the population. Their small, unrelated groups included certain officers, officials, religious leaders, + members of the banned and brutally persecuted Kom and the Social Democrat. parties. With all the diversity of social and political composition European Resistance in it can be divided into 2 main directions: the right, bourgeois-patriotic, and the left, where the leading role is played by the communists. At first, they hardly touched.
The specific character of the liberation movement in Asian countries occupied by Japan. It relied on the peasant masses and often assumed the character of an armed struggle. The struggle against the Japanese occupiers was especially widespread in China, where, in addition to the troops of the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kai-shek and the armed forces of the Chinese Communist Party, based in the "Special Areas", there were partisan detachments operating in the rear of the Japanese occupation army. Small mobile detachments of Korean partisans that emerged in the areas of Manchuria bordering on Korea made raids on the territory of Korea from there.
Indochina after the entry of Japanese troops into it, a spontaneous uprising broke out, engulfing 8 northern provinces. It was suppressed, but the struggle against the invaders did not stop. On the initiative of the Communist Party, the formation of armed detachments began, which in October 1940 fought for the first time with the invaders. In May 1941, members of the Resistance in Indochina founded the League of the Struggle for the Independence of Vietnam (abbreviated as Viet Minh), which was led by the communists.
The Resistance Movement was one of the most significant aspects in the fight against Hitlerism and Fascism. Almost immediately after the outbreak of World War II, many residents of European countries volunteered for the active army, and after the occupation they went underground. The Resistance movement was more widespread in France and Germany itself. The main events and actions of the Resistance Movement will be discussed in this lesson.
Background
1944 g.- created an organ supreme power(Craiova Rada Narodova), who opposed the émigré government.
1944 G.- Warsaw Uprising. The rebels sought to free the city from German occupation. The uprising was suppressed.
France
On the territory of France during the war there were many anti-fascist organizations.
1940 g.- "Free France" was created (since 1942 - "Fighting France"), which was founded by General de Gaulle. The troops of the "Fighting France" in 1942 reached 70 thousand people.
1944 g.- the army of the French internal forces was created on the basis of the amalgamation of individual anti-fascist organizations.
1944 g.- the number of participants in the Resistance movement is over 400 thousand people.
Participants
As mentioned above, the Resistance Movement was located in Germany itself. The Germans, who did not want to put up with Hitlerism any longer, created an underground anti-fascist organization "Red Chapel", which was engaged in underground anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, maintained relations with Soviet intelligence, and so on. Many members of the underground organization, created at the end of the 1930s. (about 600 people), held responsible civil and military positions and positions in the Third Reich. When, in 1942, the Gestapo (German secret police) opened the organization, the investigators themselves were surprised at the scale of the work being done. The head of the "Red Chapel" H. Schulze-Boysen (Fig. 2) was shot, like many members of the organization.
Rice. 2. H. Schulze-Boysen ()
The Resistance Movement reached a special scale in France. The Free France Committee, led by General de Gaulle, led against the Nazis and collaborators(made a deal to cooperate with the enemy) a real war. Armed formations were operating throughout France, organizing military and sabotage operations. When in the summer of 1944 the Anglo-American army landed in Normandy and opened the "Second Front", de Gaulle led his army to help the allies and, together with them, liberated Paris.
The situation in Poland and Yugoslavia was quite complicated and contradictory. In these countries, there were two anti-fascist groups opposing each other. In Poland, such organizations were "Home Army" and "Human Army". The first organization was created by the émigré government of Poland and relied not only on the fight against the fascists, but also against the communists. Created in 1942, with the help of Moscow, the "Army of the People" (People's) was a guide Soviet politics in Poland and was considered a truly people's organization. There were frequent skirmishes and conflicts between the two armies.
In Yugoslavia, there was, in fact, a similar situation. On the one hand, the Nazis were opposed by the so-called. "Chetniks"(from the Serbian word "couple" - a combat unit, a military detachment) led by General Drazhe Mikhailovich who spoke from pro-monarchist positions, and on the other - partisan detachments of the communist Josip Broz Tito, which took shape in the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. Chetniks and partisans, not only fought with the enemy, but also fought among themselves. Despite this, and vPoland and Yugoslavia were eventually taken over by pro-Soviet forces.
The Resistance Movement was truly massive. It was not only in the occupied countries of Europe, but also in the concentration camps of death. Underground existed and operated in them. anti-fascist organizations... Many prisoners died while trying to revolt in Buchenwald, Dachau, Auschwitz etc., they were burned in the ovens of crematoria, poisoned with gases and starved to death (Fig. 3).
In total, by the summer of 1944, the total number of members of the Resistance Movement in different countries numbered about 1.5 million people. It rightfully contributed its weighty contribution to the struggle against fascism and to the overall victory over the enemy.
Rice. 3. The uprising in the Sobibor death camp. Some members ()
1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - early XXI century. - M .: Mnemosina, 2011.
2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M .: Russian word, 2009.
3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya TP, Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.
1. Read Chapter 13 of the textbook by LN Aleksashkina. General history. XX - early XXI century and answer questions 1-4 on p. 153.
2. Why exactly Great Britain became the center and "headquarters" of the Resistance Movement?
3. How can you explain the confrontation between various military and political groups in Poland and Yugoslavia during World War II?
The population of the occupied countries of Europe and the Soviet Union did not support the political and military-economic plans of the occupiers. On the contrary, every day antifascist resistance grew and spread, not only in the occupied countries, but also in the countries that were allies of Nazi Germany.
Spontaneous anti-fascist demonstrations began to flare up in many European countries from the first days of the war. The fight against the German fascist invaders in European countries was named resistance movement.
The Resistance Movement is a set of armed, economic and ideological forms of struggle of the population of the occupied countries against the German occupation regime for freedom and national-state independence.
The most effective forms of resistance to the German fascist aggressors were the partisan movement, underground struggle, agitation and propaganda activities, economic sabotage, failure to comply with directives and orders of the military occupation authorities. From the autumn of 1939, centers of anti-German resistance began to emerge in Poland. It represented a significant force and developed in the form of various illegal movements. The Polish resistance was supported by the Polish government, which was in exile, first in France, since 1940 - in Great Britain and headed by V. Sikorski.
The patriots of France did not submit either. The forces of the French Resistance Movement in early July 1941 united in the National Front, whose goal was to liberate France from the German fascist invaders. In May 1943, the National Council of Resistance was formed, uniting all the anti-fascist forces in France. Armed detachments of the organization "Frantiers and Partisans" joined in the fight against the invaders. In the spring of 1944, the organizations of the French patriots united in the army of the French internal forces, the number of which reached almost 500 thousand people.
Anti-German resistance acquired the broadest scope in Yugoslavia. Already in the fall of 1941, there were about 70 thousand people in the detachments of the Yugoslav partisans. They liberated a number of regions of the country from the enemy. In November 1942, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia was formed, which made a significant contribution to the struggle of the Yugoslav people against the German fascist aggressors. During the war, over 1.7 million Yugoslav patriots were killed.
The anti-fascist struggle unfolded in Albania, Belgium, Greece, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia. The patriotic struggle unfolded even in those countries where pro-German governments operated: Italy, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Hungary. So, in the north and in the center of Italy, partisan Garibaldi brigades operated. At the beginning of 1945, the association of Italian partisans, the Corps of Freedom Volunteers, numbered 350 thousand people. The anti-fascist Resistance movement took place in Germany and Austria, as well as in neutral Sweden and Switzerland.
The Resistance movement was attended by people of different social strata and groups, political and religious views: the intelligentsia and the bourgeoisie, workers and peasants, communists and socialists, liberals, conservatives and non-partisans, Christians and Muslims. They were united by a common goal - to resist the German occupation regime and restore national-state independence. About 40 thousand of our compatriots took part in the Resistance movement.
The occupation regime in the enslaved countries. Resistance movement
Nazi " new order" in Europe
In the occupied countries, where almost 128 million people lived, the invaders introduced the so-called "new order", trying to implement main goal fascist bloc - the territorial division of the world, the destruction of entire nations, the establishment of world domination.
The legal status of the countries occupied by the Nazis was different. The Nazis incorporated Austria into Germany. Parts of western Poland were annexed and settled by German farmers, mainly Volksdeutsche - ethnic Germans, who lived outside Germany for several generations, while 600,000 Poles were forcibly evicted, the rest of the territory was declared by the German governor-general. Czechoslovakia was divided: the Sudetenland was included in Germany, and Bohemia and Moravia were declared a "protectorate"; Slovakia has become independent state". Yugoslavia was also divided. Greece was divided into 3 zones of occupation: German, Italian and Bulgarian. In Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, puppet governments were formed. Luxembourg was incorporated into Germany. France found itself in a special position: 2/3 of its territory, including Paris, was occupied by Germany, and the southern regions with the center in the city of Vichy and the French colonies were part of the so-called Vishyst state, the puppet government of which, headed by the old Marshal Pétain, collaborated with the Nazis.
In the conquered lands, the invaders plundered national wealth and forced peoples to work for the "master race". Millions of people from the occupied countries were forcibly taken to work in the Reich: already in May 1941 more than 3 million foreign workers were working in Germany. To strengthen their domination in Europe, the Nazis instilled collaborationism - cooperation with the occupation authorities of representatives of various strata local population to the detriment of the interests of the nation. To keep the peoples of the occupied countries in obedience, the system of hostages and mass reprisals against the civilian population was widely used. The symbols of this policy were the complete destruction of the inhabitants of the villages of Oradour in France, Lidice in Czechoslovakia, Khatyn in Belarus. Europe has taken refuge in a network of concentration camps. Concentration camp prisoners were forced to do hard labor, starved to death, and subjected to savage torture. In total, there were 18 million people in concentration camps, 12 million of whom died.
The policy pursued by the Nazis in different zones of occupied Europe had some differences. The Nazis declared the peoples of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece and Albania "inferior race", which was subject to complete enslavement, and to a large extent and physical destruction. Relations between the countries of the North and Western Europe the occupiers allowed a more flexible policy. In relation to the "Nordic" peoples - Norwegians, Danes, Dutch - it was planned to fully Germanize them. In France, the invaders first pursued a policy of gradually drawing into the orbit of their influence and becoming their satellite.
The fascist occupation policy in various European countries brought national oppression to the peoples, an extreme growth of economic and social oppression, a frenzied rampant reaction, racism and anti-Semitism.
The holocaust
Holocaust (English "burnt offering") Is a common term for the persecution and extermination of Jews by the Nazis and their accomplices after Hitler came to power and before the end of World War II.
Anti-Semitic ideology formed the basis of the program of the National Socialist Party of Germany, adopted in 1920 and substantiated in Hitler's book My Struggle. Since coming to power in January 1933, Hitler has pursued a consistent policy of state anti-Semitism. Its first victim was the Jewish community of Germany, numbering more than 500 thousand people. By 1939, the Nazis by all possible methods tried to "cleanse" Germany of Jews, forcing them to emigrate. Jews were systematically excluded from the state and public life of the country, their economic and political activity prohibited by law. Not only the Germans followed this practice. All of Europe and the United States were infected with anti-Semitism. But in no country of Western democracy was discrimination against Jews part of a planned government policy, since it ran counter to basic civil rights and freedoms.
The second World War turned into a terrible tragedy for the Jewish people in its history. After the capture of Poland began new stage anti-Jewish policy of the Nazis. More than 2 million Jews living in this country were under their control. Many Polish Jews perished, and the rest of the Jewish population who survived were driven into a ghetto - a part of the city fenced off by a wall and a police cordon, where Jews were allowed to live and take care of themselves. The two largest ghettos were in Warsaw and Lodz. Thanks to the ghetto, the Germans provided themselves with practically slave labor of the Jews. Lack of food, disease and epidemics, backbreaking work led to a huge death rate for the inhabitants of the ghetto. Jews of all Nazi-occupied countries were subject to registration, they were obliged to wear armbands or stripes with a six-pointed star, pay an indemnity and hand over jewelry. They were deprived of all civil and political rights.
After the German attack on Soviet Union the systematic general extermination of all Jews began. On the territory for the extermination of Jews, 6 death camps were created - Auschwitz (Auschwitz), Belzec, Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek. These camps were equipped with special equipment for the daily killing of thousands of people, usually in huge gas chambers. Few people managed to live in the camp for a long time.
Despite the almost hopeless situation, in some ghettos and camps, Jews still resisted their executioners with the help of weapons, which they managed to secretly obtain. The symbol of Jewish resistance was the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (April - May 1943) - the first urban uprising in Nazi-occupied Europe. There were uprisings in the death camps in Treblinka (August 1943) and Sobibor (October 1943), which were brutally suppressed.
As a result of the merciless war of the Nazis against the unarmed Jewish population, 6 million Jews perished - more than 1/3 of the total number of this people.
Resistance movement, its political orientation and forms of struggle
The Resistance Movement is a liberation movement against fascism for the restoration of the independence and sovereignty of the occupied countries and the elimination of reactionary regimes in the countries of the fascist bloc.
The scope and methods of struggle against the fascist invaders and their accomplices depended on the nature of the occupation regime, natural and geographical conditions, historical traditions, as well as on the position of those social and political forces that participated in the Resistance.
In the Resistance of each of the occupied countries, two directions were defined, each of which had its own political orientation. There was a rivalry between them for the leadership of the anti-fascist movement as a whole.
At the head of the first direction were émigré governments or bourgeois-patriotic groups, striving to drive out the occupiers, eliminate fascist regimes and restore pre-war countries in their countries. political systems... The leaders of this direction were characterized by an orientation towards western countries liberal democracy... Many of them initially adhered to the tactics of "attanism" (waiting) - that is, they were saving their forces and awaiting liberation from the outside by the forces of Anglo-American troops.
The position of the communist parties in the occupied countries was difficult. The Soviet-German non-aggression pact (1939) actually paralyzed the anti-fascist activities of the communists and led to the growth of anti-communist sentiments. By 1941, there was no question of any interaction between communists and anti-fascists. It was only after Germany's attack on the Soviet Union that the Comintern called on the Communist Party to resume the anti-fascist struggle. The courageous struggle of the Soviet people against fascism led to the growth of sympathy for the USSR, which also weakened anti-communist sentiments. The decision to dissolve the Comintern, taken in 1943 under pressure from the allies, allowed the communists to act as independent national forces and actively join the Resistance movement. Thus, another direction in the Resistance was defined. It was led by the communist parties and those close to them political forces who fought selflessly for national liberation and hoped to bring about profound political and social transformations after the end of the war. The leaders of this movement were guided by the military assistance of the Soviet Union.
An important condition for the deployment of the Resistance movement was the unification of anti-fascist forces. The general governing bodies of the Resistance movement began to form. So, in France, they united under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle.
The anti-fascist resistance of the population of the occupied countries was in two forms: active and passive. The active form consisted in partisan struggle, acts of sabotage and sabotage, in the collection and transfer of anti-Hitler coalition intelligence information, in anti-fascist propaganda, etc. The passive form of resistance to the invaders consisted in refusing to surrender agricultural products, listening to anti-fascist radio broadcasts, reading prohibited literature, boycotting Nazi propaganda activities, etc.
The resistance movement gained the greatest scope in France, Italy, Poland, Yugoslavia and Greece. In Yugoslavia, for example, the Communist-led People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia at the beginning of 1943 liberated 2/5 of the country's territory from the occupiers. The Resistance Movement played an important role in the fight against fascism and accelerated its defeat.
The Resistance Movement is a national liberation, anti-fascist movement during the Second World War against the German, Italian, Japanese occupiers, their allies and collaborators; acquired a large scale in Yugoslavia, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Greece, China, Albania. The Resistance Movement took the form of civil disobedience, propaganda, sabotage and sabotage, assistance to escaped prisoners of war and downed pilots of the Allied aviation, and armed resistance. Separate detachments, reconnaissance, sabotage and organizing groups for actions in the occupied territory of Europe were created on the territory of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. International Day of the Resistance Movement is celebrated on April 10.
Resistance forces
Broad masses of the people took part in the Resistance movement, two currents emerged in it: the left movement was led by the communists, who demanded not only national liberation, but also social transformations, the right movement was of a conservative nature, and sought to restore the order that existed before the occupation. Accordingly, the communists were guided by the USSR, and the conservatives by the USA and Great Britain. In a number of countries (France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Norway) between the left and right currents in the course of the Resistance movement, cooperation was established against a common enemy. In some countries (Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland, Greece), governments that were in exile, with the support of the ruling circles of Great Britain and the United States, created in the occupied territories of their countries own organizations, who, speaking under the banner of liberation, actually fought against the left forces. Being national in character in each individual country, the Resistance movement was at the same time an international movement, it had a common goal for all the fighting peoples - the defeat of the forces of fascism, the liberation from the invaders of the territories of the occupied countries. In many countries of Europe, the Resistance movement fought Soviet people who fled from concentration camps. In the Resistance movement, the struggle against fascism, for national liberation was intertwined with the struggle for democratic and social transformations, and in the colonial and dependent countries - with the struggle against colonial oppression. In a number of countries, in the course of the Resistance movement, people's democratic revolutions unfolded. In some countries, revolutions that began during the Resistance movement ended after the end of World War II.
The Resistance Movement was distinguished by a variety of forms of struggle against the occupiers. The most common forms were: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage and sabotage at factories producing products for the occupiers and in transport, armed attacks to destroy traitors and representatives of the occupation administration, collection of intelligence information for the anti-Hitler armies coalitions, guerrilla warfare. The highest form of the Resistance movement was a nationwide armed uprising.
In a number of countries (Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines), the Resistance movement grew into a national liberation war against the fascist invaders. In the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, the main forms of resistance were the strike movement and anti-fascist demonstrations. In Germany, the main forms of resistance were the conspiratorial activities of underground anti-fascist groups, the distribution of propaganda materials among the population and in the army, and assistance to foreign workers and prisoners of war taken to Germany.
