Derzhavin monument genre genre direction. Brief analysis of the monument: genre, size, meaning (Derzhavin, born)

Literature test Monument for 9th grade students. The test consists of two options, in each option there are 5 tasks with a short answer and 3 general tasks with a detailed answer.

I erected a wonderful, eternal monument to myself,
It is harder than metal and higher than pyramids;
Neither his whirlwind, nor thunder will break the fleeting,
And time will not crush him.

So! - all of me will not die, but a large part of me,
Fleeing from decay, after death he will live,
And my glory will grow without fading,
How long will the universe honor the Slavs?

The rumor will pass about me from the White Waters to the Black ones,
Where the Volga, Don, Neva, the Urals pour from the Riphean;
Everyone will remember that among innumerable peoples,
How from obscurity I became known for that,

That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable
Proclaim the virtues of Felitsa,
Talk about God in simplicity of heart
And tell the truth to kings with a smile.

O muse! be proud of just merit,
And whoever despise you, despise those yourself;
With a leisurely, unhurried hand
Crown your forehead with the dawn of immortality.

1 option

Short answer questions

1. Name the ancient Roman poet whose poem is the basis of Derzhavin's "Monument".

2. What literary movement does Derzhavin's work belong to?

3. What is the name of the visual medium?
I erected a monument to myself miraculous, everlasting…

4. Determine the way to rhyme.

5. What is the name of the means of allegorical expressiveness?
And time flight won't crush him...

Questions with a detailed answer

Option 2

Short answer questions

1. What kind of literature does this work belong to?

2. What is the genre of the solemn poem, the features of which are reflected in Derzhavin's "Monument"?

3. What is the name of the means of allegorical expressiveness?
Crown your forehead with the dawn of immortality...

4. Determine the size in which the poem is written.

5. What is the name of the visual medium?
O muse! be proud of merit fair…

Questions with a detailed answer

6. How is the theme of the poet's destiny embodied in the poem?

7. What is the lyrical hero of the poem?

8. What is the difference between the poetic arrangement of the ancient Roman original in the poem by G.R. Derzhavin "Monument" and M.V. Lomonosov "I erected a sign of immortality for myself"?

I erected a sign of immortality for myself
Above the pyramids and stronger than copper,
What a stormy aquilon cannot erase,
Neither many centuries, nor caustic antiquity.
Not at all I will die, but death will leave
Great is my part, as I end my life.
I will grow in glory everywhere
While the great Rome owns the light.
Where the fast jets of Aufid roar,
Where Davnus reigned among the common people,
My fatherland will not be silent,
That an obscure kind was not an obstacle to me,
To bring Aeolian verses to Italy
And the first to ring the Alceian lyre.
Be proud of righteous merit, muse,
And crown the head with the Delphic laurel.

Literature Test Answers Monument
1 option
1. Horace
2. classicism
3. epithet
4. cross
5. metaphor
Option 2
1. lyrics
2. ode
3. metaphor
4. iambic
5. epithet

Analysis of the poem

"Monument" Derzhavin G.R.

History of creation. Derzhavin's poem, written in 1795, refers to the mature period of the poet's work (from the second "half of the 1790s to the early 1800s). It was a time to sum up the results of life and work, when the poet persistently strives to comprehend the path he has traveled ., determine their place in the history of society and literature. The poems created by him at that time become a kind of poetic manifesto. In addition to the "Monument", these include the poems "My idol" (1794), "Swan" (1804), "Recognition" ( 1807), "Eugene. Life of Zvanskaya" (1807).

It is significant that the time to sum up Derzhavin's poetic life was marked by a free translation of the Roman poet's ode Horace "To Melpomene" ("Exegi monumentum.,"). Before him, another Russian poet, Lomonosov, had already addressed this work, having made the first translation of the poem into Russian. Lomonosov's translation was quite accurate, reflecting the main ideas and images of the original. In the further history of Russian literature, Horace's poem most often was not translated into Russian, but served as the basis for creating his own "monument" poem. It was such a free translation-arrangement that was first made by Derzhavin, who brilliantly continued the work of Lomonosov.

genre features. According to its formal features, Derzhavin's poem, like Lomonosov's, is an ode. But this is a special genre version of the ode, which takes its origins from Horace's poem and gets the name "monument".

Quipt Flaccus Horace - the greatest poet of antiquity, whose name has passed through the centuries and became known in many countries. He was born in 65 and died in 8 BC. During these years Ancient Rome experienced a major turning point in his historical development The fall of the republic and the establishment of an empire. Many of Horace's poems glorify statesmen and express the pride of the poet for the achievements that made the Roman Empire the largest and most developed state in all respects ancient world of that era. Such poems were created by him in the genre of an ode and made up three whole books that became widely known to readers. Reflecting on the poetic fame that came to him "and on the further fate of his work, Horace devotes many of the works included in his collection of odes to the theme of poetry and poetic immortality. Not all of Horace's odes have come down to us, but the most famous among them was the ode" To Melpomene". In ancient Greek mythology, Melpomene is one of the nine muses, the patroness of tragedy. This ode was included in the last of the three books of the collection of odes at number 30 and thus ended not only the third book of odes, but the entire collection, since it was a kind of poetic the result of the poet's work.

Subsequently, this ode became widely known not only in ancient Roman literature, but became widespread in many European countries, where it was translated into national languages. This is how the tradition of the poetic “monument” genre began to take shape. Russian literature did not bypass it either. After all, it is difficult to imagine a poet who would not dream of poetic immortality, who would not try to evaluate his work and determine what was his most important, most significant contribution to the development of literature and culture and his own people, and the peoples of the world.

The first translation of Horace's ode into Russian, made by Lomonosov, quite accurately conveys its content and style features. Of course, Derzhavin knew him and, creating his poem, relied on the experience of his great predecessor. But Derzhavin's "Monument" is an original work in which the writer puts forward his own criteria for evaluating poetic creativity.

Main themes and ideas. main topic poems are the glorification of true poetry and the affirmation of the high purpose of the poet. "It is a true hymn to poetry. The main theme of the poem is set already in the first stanza: creativity becomes a kind of monument to its creator, and this "wonderful" monument is stronger and more durable than any "man-made monuments" - such is the power of poetic art. It should be noted that this idea is a continuation of the Horatian image.Let us compare these lines (the text of Horace is given in the translation of S. Shervinsky):

I created a monument, cast bronze is stronger,
The royal pyramids rose higher.
Neither consuming rain, nor dashing Aquilon
They won't destroy it, won't crush a row
Endless years - time running.

(Horace. "To Melpomene")

I erected a wonderful, eternal monument to myself,
It is harder than metal and higher than pyramids;
Neither his whirlwind, nor thunder will break the fleeting,
And time will not crush him.

(Derzhavin. "Monument")

Both authors note that the poetic monument is unusually durable (“cast bronze is stronger” and “harder than metals”), and the forces of poetry turn out to be even more powerful than the laws of nature (“Neither the scorching rain nor the dashing Aquilon will destroy it”, Aquilon - among the ancient Romans a strong north or northeast wind was called, as well as a deity personifying this wind; “Neither its whirlwind, nor thunder will break the fleeting one”). This "monument" is higher than the pyramids - the traditional image of the power of the creative force. But more importantly, it turns out to be timeless.

This theme of the poet's immortality is developed in the next stanza, and again Derzhavin's image is similar to Horatian's: “No, not all of me will die, the best part I will escape the funeral ”(Horace); "So! - all of me will not die, but a large part of me, having escaped from decay, will begin to live after death ... ”(Derzhavin).

But then there is a significant difference. Horace emphasizes that the guarantee of his poetic immortality is in the power and steadfastness of Rome. Derzhavin sees the strength of his glory in respect for his fatherland, skillfully playing on the common root in the words “glory” and “Slavs”: “And my glory will increase without fading, as long as the universe will honor the Slavs.” In this regard, it is also interesting to note that writing about himself, a poet and courtier of Catherine's Russia, Derzhavin organically transfers the Horatian image of the breadth of the distribution of poetic glory (“I will be named everywhere - where the frantic Aufid grumbles”, Aufid is a river in southern Italy, where Horace was born) to Russian realities:

The rumor will pass about me from the White Waters to the Black ones,
Where is the Volga, Don, Neva, the Urals pour from the Riphean ...

Horace takes credit for the fact that he was a reformer of the national system of versification: he first began to use, in Latin poetry, the achievements of ancient Greek ("The first I attached the song of Aeolia to Italian verses", Aeolia - Greece). For Derzhavin, something else is more important: he not only notes his innovation, especially in the field of poetic language and genres, but also poses the problem of the relationship between the poet and power:

That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable
Proclaim the virtues of Felitsa,
Talk about God in simplicity of heart
And tell the truth to kings with a smile.

Derzhavin sees his merits in the fact that he made the Russian syllable "funny", that is, simple, cheerful, sharp. The poet "dared ... to proclaim" not about exploits, not about greatness - about the virtues of the Empress, that is, to talk about her as a simple person - that's why the word "dared" sounds.

The last stanza of the poem, like that of Horace, - the traditional appeal to the Muse:

O Muse! be proud of just merit,

And whoever despise you, despise those yourself; With an unconstrained unhurried hand Crown your forehead with the dawn of immortality.

These lines testify that Derzhavin does not hope for the unanimous approval of his contemporaries, but retains the traits of dignity and greatness on the threshold of immortality,

In general, we can conclude that we have a completely original interpretation, based on the Lomonosov ode that arose half a century before it, but at the same time developing a pan-European cultural tradition. At the same time, it is interesting to note the fact that, although Derzhavin's version did not claim to be a literal translation, but, on the contrary, flaunted his autobiographical attitude, in terms of semantic orientation it is closer to the Horatian source. In comparison with Lomonosov's, Derzhavin's poem strikes with the originality of poetic images, starting from the original source - Horace's ode. It is rather a free arrangement, in which there are certain reminiscences, common poetic motifs and images are used, but filled with the specific realities of one's own life.

Artistic originality. Derzhavin's poem, created in the genre of an ode, or rather its special variety, corresponds to this high genre in style. It is written in iambic with pyrrhic, which gives its sound a special solemnity. The intonation and vocabulary here are very solemn, the rhythm is slow, majestic. It is helped to create numerous rows homogeneous members, syntactic parallelism, as well as the presence of rhetorical exclamations and appeals. The selection of lexical means also contributes to the creation of a high style. The author widely uses lofty epithets (wonderful, eternal, fleeting, among innumerable peoples, be proud of a just merit). There are many Slavicisms and archaisms in the poem, which also emphasizes its solemnity (raised, decayed, how long, dared, the Slavic race, despise the forehead, etc.).

The value of the work. Derzhavin's poem continued the tradition of the poet's comprehension of his work and summing up, laid down by Lomonosov. At the same time, Derzhavin approved the genre canon of the "monument" poem. Then he received a brilliant development in the work of Pushkin, who also turned to the Horatian source, but based on Derzhavin's poem. After Pushkin, poems in the genre of "monument" were continued by leading Russian poets, for example, such a magnificent and original lyricist as A.A. Fet. This tradition did not disappear in subsequent eras. At the same time, each of the authors in his own way defines the role of the poet and the purpose of poetry, relying not only on the literary tradition, but also on his own creative discoveries. And whenever any poet, including our contemporary, comprehends his contribution to poetry and his relationship with society, he again and again turns to this wonderful tradition, conducting a lively dialogue with his great predecessors.

Every talented person strives to leave something behind, to be remembered by more than one generation of descendants. Poets in different time in poems, the question of eternity was repeatedly raised, trying to predict what fate awaits their work. Even Horace and Homer devoted their odes to similar topics, Russian writers also liked to philosophize and reflect on the future of their work. One of them is Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. "Monument", the analysis of which allows you to learn more about was written in 1795. This poem praises domestic literature, which has managed to become easier to understand.

Gavriil Derzhavin - classicist

He was a favorite of Empress Catherine II, he dedicated the ode "Felitsa" to her, but his work was truly appreciated only after the death of the great writer.

A writer and poet, he was a prominent representative of classicism, since he adopted the European traditions of writing works in a sublime style, but at the same time he introduced a lot of colloquial speech into them, making poetry simple and understandable for all segments of the population, as evidenced by literary analysis. .

"Monument" Derzhavin composed with the aim of praising Russian literature, which managed to renew itself and escape from the tight embrace of classicism. Unfortunately, critics misinterpreted the poem, and a flurry of negativity fell upon the author - he was accused of excessive boasting and pride. Gavriil Romanovich recommended to opponents not to pay attention to the pompous syllable, but to think about the meaning of the verse, in which he did not mean himself at all.

Analysis of Derzhavin's poem "Monument" makes it possible to understand that the author hints at the fact that he managed to make Russian poetry more humane. In his work, the poet says that he erected a monument to himself "higher than the pyramids" and "harder than metals", it will not be destroyed by storms or years, because it has a spiritual, not a material property. Gavriil Romanovich sincerely hopes that future generations will be able to appreciate his work and contribution to Russian literature. But the writer was more worried not about his fame, but about new trends in poetry, this is also confirmed by the works of this analysis.

Derzhavin wrote “Monument” so that readers could enjoy the beauty of the poetic style, which was previously understandable only to a limited circle of people. The poet foresaw that most of him "would live after death" and even after a few centuries people would remember him. Gavriil Romanovich really wanted his followers to appear who could continue the work they had begun. This becomes clear, it is worth analyzing the poem. Derzhavin really built a “monument” for himself, majestic and unshakable, capable of standing for more than one century.

Mentor of young geniuses

Gavriil Romanovich became the spiritual mentor of such great poets as Pushkin and Lermontov, it was he who was their role model. Derzhavin wanted to teach the future generation of lyricists to "speak the truth to kings with a smile" and "talk about God in sincere simplicity." The writer dreamed of the immortality of Russian poetry - this is precisely what literary analysis shows. Derzhavin wrote "Monument" to inspire young poets to compose verses understandable to all segments of the population, and he achieved his goal.

The theme of the role and vocation of the poet was touched upon by many authors more than once, but it was G.R. Derzhavin was the first Russian writer who chose his own uniqueness and the uniqueness of his work as a theme for his work.

The poem "Monument" was written in 1759. The poet compares his works with a monument "wonderful, eternal" and thus indicates that the poet is immortal in his works. He talks about the role poetry plays for future generations and contemporaries, how it affects them.

The main idea of ​​the work is the author's idea that the purpose of art and literature is difficult to overestimate, because it is precisely it that brings up enlightenment, love for beauty and other qualities that are important for a worthy person. All of Derzhavin's works are remarkable for their amazing sincerity, and the Monument is no exception. He, without any hesitation or timidity, expresses his opinion about the authorities and explains exactly what his services to Russian literature are.

The poem is written very concisely and rhythmically (the first line from the third, the second from the fourth), so reading and learning it is quite simple. And also such writing allows you to feel the depth of the topic covered by the author.

Numerous use of various rich epithets (with a leisurely hand, sincere simplicity, fair merit) and "loud" words, such as - become proud, proclaim, uncountable, further root the idea in the mind of the reader that this work is important not only for the author himself, but also for each of us.

Of course, one cannot but pay attention to the exclamatory sentences that the author unusually harmoniously arranges throughout the poem (at the beginning and towards the end), which helps us to be in a kind of fighting mood throughout the reading. Derzhavin's lyrical hero immediately evokes quite strong emotions in the reader. Appears as a man strong, stubborn, confident in his rightness. This, as we understand it, helps him achieve his goals.

Analysis of the poem Monument to Derzhavin

In Derzhavin's poem "Monument", the reader is presented with some reasoning about his merits and their significance. It is striking in its depth and scale. In part, the poet appears in the image of a man who, with his poetic instructions, expresses the feelings and thoughts of higher powers, being a kind of mediator between man and the divine principle. Many critics considered the writing of this poem as a manifestation of arrogance and excessive arrogance, but it is worth noting that Derzhavin speaks not only about himself, but also about creativity in general.

The theme of immortality is also relevant. Any creativity lives forever. He repeats this repeatedly in his poem. Creativity is not threatened with disappearance after physical death, it is something ephemeral and unshakable, it is something that cannot be understood or analyzed, only relying on feelings and sensations, one can comprehend what is being discussed.

The topic of higher order knowledge is also touched upon. Derzhavin, literally, between the lines, says that everything external is too insignificant, and the truth and the real depth of feelings, motives and actions are hidden from a person, not everyone can get to the bottom of real understanding, only poetry, connected by an invisible thread with God, can help a person to make sense.

For a brighter perception, the author in his work uses a large number of artistic techniques. These are epithets (“eternal monument”, “wonderful monument”, “high vocabulary”), and personifications (“a part will live”, “glory will increase”), the author also repeatedly uses metaphor, gradation and other artistic techniques.

Despite the fact that the poem was repeatedly criticized, many spoke of some indiscretion and attributing non-existent qualities to oneself, the poem has been living for more than a year. The most significant indicator of a talentedly written poem is time. Indeed, this poem touches on topics that never lose their relevance. Even today, this topic provides food for thought. It is an occasion to think about the immortality of the soul, about creativity, about its purpose and the meaning of existence. Today, many of us forget that the meaning is not in financial well-being, not in stability, and not in something material, but in what Derzhavin tells us about - in creativity and spirituality, which are inextricably linked.

Option 3

The monument to Derzhavin is a program work, from which many even begin the study of Russian classical lyrics. Derzhavin was, as the Americans say, a self-made man, that is, he achieved everything himself, with his own efforts. He rose from the very bottom and reached significant peaks, which he often wrote about in his own works.

As you know, this lyrics is largely autobiographical and Gavrila Romanovich was the pioneer and standard of the genre here. The Monument itself is a reflection on the eternity of the poet, which he achieves through his own poetry.

Indeed, the idea is not new, and what is written cannot be turned over and cut down with an ax, the word has always been one of the most powerful tools available to man. In turn, the poet, as a kind of master of handling the word, is able to influence people, the world, to create certain ideas. At the same time, Derzhavin also speaks of a “wonderful, eternal” monument that he erects to himself with the help of poetry, he creates a creation that is perhaps even stronger than palaces and empires.

By the way, Derzhavin also speaks of power and the poet's privileged position in relation to power: "and tell the truth to kings with a smile." Here, a rather significant word is truth, which indicates not so much a denunciation as an indication of the right path, because truth is a kind of uncompromising ideal that brings good. In addition to this, Derzhavin also speaks of the veneration of the people, who should not only respect the poet, but also highly appreciate his role.

In many ways, Derzhavin praises himself in his own creation, but there is no pomposity here, for the most part only nobility, which is emphasized by many epithets and words like: wonderful and eternal, fair merit, be proud, dare. In general, Derzhavin speaks not only about his own greatness, but also about the greatness of the poet as such, the lyrical hero is not only Derzhavin, but also the general ideal of a poet who is ready to defend his own opinion, knows how to achieve goals and in a certain sense rises above everyday reality, watching eternity.

Literary analysis

This poem was first recorded on paper in 1795, when Derzhavin was fifty-two years old and already in the mature period of his work. At this age, he already acquired poetic and office success, and also began to analyze his role in Russian poetry and culture.

Genre of the poem- Oh yeah. But not quite an ordinary ode, Derzhavin was the first of the Russian poets, although indirectly, but dedicated an ode to himself. It can be called a slightly selfish ode; but from another country, the talent, scale and influence of the poet's personality deserve it.

Poem size: iambic six-meter. Type of rhyme: cross rhyming.

The main idea and theme of the poem- this is a belief in the immortality of both poetry in particular and art in general. Derzhavin tells us that a person does not have to build cities, perpetuate himself in granite or be the center of attention of his era, but he only needs to create art and then he will be remembered without unnecessary attributes.

But in addition to everything else, Derzhavin also puts forward several conditions for future poets: First, to be absolutely honest always and everywhere and with anyone. Let the king be in front of you, or the emperor, but if you are a poet, you are obliged not to flatter, but to cut with truth like a sword. Secondly, do not be shy and even proud own success and merit. Derzhavin own example shows that if you really did well in the fight for fame and achieved something great, then there is no shame in boasting about it. Thirdly, like the example of the poet from his last stanza, boundlessly, aimlessly, but permanently, briskly and vehemently glorify, praise. The very condescending in creativity, but at the same time the elusive poetic muse.

To maintain the majesty and pomp of his poem, in order to highlight its exorbitant importance, Gabriel uses many different artistic techniques. Epithets: a monument (what) wonderful, eternal; whirlwind (which) fleeting; funny syllable. Etc. Hyperbole: Metals are harder and also taller than pyramids. Metaphors: time is flight; dawn of immortality. Avatars: no thunder can break; ; flight will not crush time. Also worth noting general selection words for this poem, many of them are considered very sublime and rare. The poem abounds in exclamation and the spirit of high poetry.

Analysis of the poem Monument according to plan

Perhaps you will be interested

• Analysis of Zhukovsky's poem The arrival of spring Grade 7 essay

  Many poets wrote about the seasons, and Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky was no exception to the beauties of Russia's nature. The writer liked to translate poems from German language freelance writer Ludwig Uhland

• Analysis of the poem to the young poet Bryusov

  In many ways, humanity exists thanks to the transfer of experience. Of course, people also leave some material traces of their presence on this planet, but the most significant are ideas and thoughts.

• Analysis of the poem The Twilight of Freedom by Mandelstam

  The work is an expression of the anxieties and forebodings that gripped the poet, who accepted the revolution, when he was able to experience in his own experience what constitutes a new society, which the idealists dreamed of.

• Analysis of the poem Let you be drunk by another Yesenin

  The work belongs to love lyrics poet and is one of the components of a cycle of poems called "The Love of a Hooligan", addressed to the poet's love for the artist Augusta Miklashevskaya

MONUMENT

It is harder than metal and higher than pyramids;

Neither his whirlwind, nor thunder will break the fleeting,

And time will not crush him.

So! - all of me will not die, but a large part of me,

Fleeing from decay, after death he will live,

And my glory will grow without fading,

How long will the universe honor the Slavs?

The rumor will pass about me from the White Waters to the Black ones,

Where the Volga, Don, Neva, the Urals pour from the Riphean;

Everyone will remember that among innumerable peoples,

How from obscurity I became known for that,

That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable

Proclaim the virtues of Felitsa,

Talk about God in simplicity of heart

And tell the truth to kings with a smile.

O muse! be proud of just merit,

And whoever despise you, despise those yourself;

With a leisurely, unhurried hand

Crown your forehead with the dawn of immortality.

1795

Analysis:There are three "Monuments" in Russian literature - this is a poem by Garatsia, Derzhavin and Pushkin.

Topic - about the appointment of the poet and poetry awareness of his contribution to literature

Direction - classicism

Genre - ode

Derzhavin was an innovator in his course of classicism - a mixture of styles.

Representative of classicism

"Felitsa" - Catherine II

Innovation - he combined ode (high) and satire (low). Solemn praise and laughter (not evil). Not only praises, but also speaks of her as an ordinary person.

Size - 6 iambic

Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky

SEA

I stand enchanted over your abyss.

You are alive; you breathe; confused love,

You are filled with anxiety.

Silent sea, azure sea,

Reveal to me your deep secret.

What moves your vast bosom?

How does your tight chest breathe?

Or pulls you out of earthly bondage

Far, bright sky towards you? ..

Mysterious, sweet full of life,

You are pure in the presence of his pure:

You pour its luminous azure,

You burn with evening and morning light,

You caress his golden clouds

And joyfully shine with its stars.

When dark clouds gather

To take away the clear sky from you -

You fight, you howl, you raise waves,

You tear and torment the hostile darkness...

And the darkness disappears, and the clouds go away,

But, full of past anxiety,

You raise frightened waves for a long time,

And the sweet gleam of returned skies

Not at all silence returns you;

Deceiving your immobility look:

You hide confusion in the abyss of the dead,

You, admiring the sky, tremble for him.

1822

Analysis:direction - romanticism

genus - lyrics

genre - elegy

year of writing 1822

the elegy contrasts the sky and the sea.

sea ​​- real world, the sky is perfect.

the poet's soul is closer to the sea. the sea in romanticism is a symbol of freedom and struggle.

The main figurative and expressive means is personification. with its help, the author revives the sea. The sea is a living, feeling, thinking being.

The most characteristic work of Vasily Zhukovsky, sustained in the spirit of early romanticism, is the poem "The Sea" written in 1822. However, already in this work one can trace the author's desire not only to admire the beauty of nature, but also to compare it with a living being. Therefore, the sea at Vasily Zhukovsky "breathes" and seems deceptively calm, like a person who knows how to perfectly mask his true feelings. However, the poet compares the sea element with a passionate woman who knows how to keep her own secrets and does not rush to reveal them to everyone she meets. It looks serene and calm, inside it resembles a bubbling volcano. Passions rage in her soul, but not everyone can guess this.

The poem "Sea" has its own background, no less romantic than the work itself.. Researchers of the life and work of Vasily Zhukovsky are convinced that the poet dedicated this work to his beloved Maria Protasova, who reciprocated the poet, but did not dare to go against the will of her parents, who were against marriage, considering it unequal. It is this girl that the author compares with the sea, which is changeable, and at any moment can turn into an unbridled element, tormenting the “hostile darkness”. In this poem, one can also find an allegorical portrait of the author, who imagined himself in the form of the sky, which is forever connected with the sea element. These are two halves of one whole, which not only complement each other, but also create a surprisingly harmonious union. This is how Vasily Zhukovsky imagined his relationship with his beloved, which, unfortunately, turned out to be very short. Anticipating parting, in the poem "The Sea" the poet very clearly outlined his position, noting that he would not fight for personal happiness, because it was impossible to reach the sky to the sea. But the raging waves are able to touch the azure clouds. But - only during a strong storm that sweeps away everything in its path in order to resist those who want to "take away the clear sky from you."

According to the canons of romanticism, the struggle between the sea and darkness in Zhukovsky's poem ends with the victory of the water element.. However, the waves continue to bubbling for a very long time, hiding in the “quiet abyss” confusion, although the storm has already passed, and the azure sky again merges with the sea, forming a single whole. In life, everything turned out to be much more prosaic, and the lovers were forced to part forever. However, the last line of the poem is addressed to the one that won the heart of the poet. “You, admiring the sky, tremble for him,” says Vasily Zhukovsky, believing that his chosen one has no less strong feelings for him.

The poem "Sea" is written in the form of an elegy- light, sensual, filled with sadness and unrealizable dreams, but at the same time, with grace and impeccability of style. However, Vasily Zhukovsky, deciding to tell readers such a romantic story, resorts to allegory, which makes the work acquire a special beauty and sophistication.

size - four-foot amphibrach and blank verse. this combination made it possible to convey the sounds of the sea.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

VILLAGE

I greet you, desert corner,

A haven of peace, work and inspiration,

Where the invisible stream of my days flows

In the bosom of happiness and oblivion.

I am yours - I traded the vicious court for Circe,

Luxurious feasts, fun, delusions

To the peaceful noise of oak trees, to the silence of the fields,

To free idleness, a friend of thought.

I am yours - I love this dark garden

With its coolness and flowers,

This meadow, lined with fragrant stacks,

Where bright streams rustle in the bushes.

Everywhere in front of me moving pictures:

Here I see two lakes azure plains,

Where the fisherman's sail sometimes turns white,

Behind them are a row of hills and striped fields,

Scattered houses in the distance,

Herds roaming on wet shores,

Smoky barns and krylat mills;

Everywhere traces of contentment and labor ...

I am here, freed from vain shackles,

I am learning to find bliss in truth,

With a free soul to idolize the law,

Murmuring do not listen to the unenlightened crowd,

Participation to answer a shy plea

And do not envy fate

A villain or a fool - in greatness is wrong.

Oracles of the ages, here I ask you!

In majestic solitude

Hear your joyful voice.

He drives laziness a gloomy dream,

To works gives rise to heat in me,

And your creative thoughts

In the spiritual depths ripen.

But a terrible thought darkens the soul here:

Among flowering fields and mountains

A friend of mankind sadly remarks

Everywhere ignorance is a murderous shame.

Not seeing the tears, not heeding the groan,

Chosen by fate for the destruction of people,

Here nobility wild, without feeling, without law,

Appropriated by a violent vine

And labor, and property, and the time of the farmer.

Leaning on an alien plow, submitting to whips,

Here skinny slavery drags along the reins

Relentless owner.

Here, everyone drags a burdensome yoke to the grave,

Hopes and inclinations in the soul not daring to feed,

Here young maidens bloom

For the whim of an unfeeling villain.

Sweet support of aging fathers,

Young sons, comrades of labor,

From the native hut they go to multiply

Yard crowds of exhausted slaves.

Why in my chest a fruitless heat burns

And the fate of ornate has not given me a formidable gift?

I see, my friends! an unoppressed people

And slavery, fallen at the behest of the king,

And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom

Will the beautiful dawn finally rise?

1819

Analysis : In the poem "The Village" Pushkin opposes serfdom. In order to more clearly and sharply emphasize all the injustice and cruelty of serfdom, Pushkin resorts to the method of opposition in the construction of the poem. In the first part of the poem, a bright, peaceful picture of the village is given. With great love and warmth, Pushkin speaks here of rural nature, of the silence that disposes him to engage in science and poetry, causes a surge of creative energy in him, his moral
cleans. This is followed by a sharp transition to the second part of the poem, where the poet indignantly points out the powerless position of the peasantry oppressed by the feudal lords.
Calling himself a "friend of mankind", Pushkin speaks of "wild nobility", which, through violence, "appropriated for itself both labor, and property, and the time of the farmer." The economy and well-being of the ruling class of the feudal serf state was based on the merciless exploitation of the peasantry.
All this revolts the poet to the depths of his soul, and bitter words break from his lips: “Oh, if only my voice could disturb hearts!” His fiery desire is to see the "unoppressed people" and the "beautiful dawn of enlightened freedom" rising over his country.
In its composition and language, the poem "Village" represents the passionate speech of a poet-citizen, expressing the views and feelings of the progressive people of his time. This is achieved by a number of poetic devices. The poem begins with an appeal to the village, as it should be in oratory. The second and third stanzas have the same structure: “I am yours: I have exchanged ... I am yours: I love this dark garden ...” In the second part of the poem, the same oratorical technique of repetition: “Here is a wild nobility ... Here is slavery skinny ... Here is a painful yoke ... Here are young virgins ... ”An oratorical device is the presence of exclamatory and interrogative sentences at the end of it.
The different content of the two parts of the poem determined the different figurative means of the poet's language.
The intonation of speech in the first part of the poem is calm, even, friendly. The poet carefully selects epithets, conveying the beauty of rural nature. The village for the poet is "a haven of tranquility, work and inspiration." He loves the "peaceful noise of oak trees", "the silence of the fields", "the dark garden with its coolness and flowers", "the meadow lined with fragrant stacks", "the azure plains of two lakes". Every epithet is accurate. It is either colorful (“azure plains of two lakes”; “striped fields”), or emotionally evaluative (“free idleness”, “free soul”).
In the second part, the intonation is different. Speech becomes agitated. The poet selects well-aimed epithets, gives expressive speech characteristic: "wild nobility", "chosen by fate for the destruction of people", "relentless owner".
The peasantry is “skinny slavery”, doomed to drag out a “burdensome yoke to the grave”, these are “yard crowds of tortured slaves”.
The influence of classicism, which was still felt at that time in Russian poetry, can also be seen in the poem "The Village", it manifests itself in the tone of speech - upbeat, oratorical, in the use of Slavicisms (this, the bosom, the fisherman, the painful yoke, etc.), ancient images (“Court of the Circes”, “Oracles of the Ages”).
The poem "Village" was used by members of the secret political societies to promote their ideas.

The size of the poem is iambic six-foot. Rhyme - both male and female, both cross and ring:

PRISONER

I am sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon.

A young eagle bred in captivity,

My sad comrade, waving his wing,

Bloody food pecks under the window,

Pecks, and throws, and looks out the window,

As if he thought the same thing with me;

He calls me with his eyes and his cry

And he wants to say: "Let's fly away!

We are free birds; it's time, brother, it's time!

There, where the mountain turns white behind the cloud,

There, where the sea edges turn blue,

There, where we walk only the wind ... yes, I! .. "

1822

Analysis: From the first lines, Alexander Pushkin paints a very sad picture, comparing Southern City with a damp dungeon. He was free in his actions and quite often ignored official duties, however, the lack of the opportunity to return to St. Petersburg or Moscow caused the poet to feel impotent anger. Therefore, he associated the sultry south with a prison cell, and work in the office with imprisonment.

The imagery with which Pushkin characterizes this period of life is reinforced by many metaphors. So, in the poem "Prisoner", in order to emphasize the hopelessness of his situation, the poet draws a parallel with an eagle fed in captivity, which is his brother in misfortune. At the same time, the author notes that the proud bird, which has never experienced a heady feeling of freedom, is much stronger and more freedom-loving than he, because with her cry and look she seems to “... want to say: “Come on, let's fly away!”.

^ Poetic size: tetrameter amphibrach, adjacent rhyme

* * *

In the depths of Siberian ores

Keep proud patience

Your mournful work will not be lost

And doom high aspiration.

Unfortunately faithful sister,

Hope in the dark dungeon

Wake up cheerfulness and fun,

The desired time will come:

Love and friendship up to you

They will reach through the gloomy gates,

Like in your hard labor holes

My free voice is coming.

Heavy chains will fall

The dungeons will collapse - and freedom

You will be gladly received at the entrance,

And the brothers will give you the sword.

1827

Analysis: Among the Decembrists there were many friends of A.S. Pushkin. He took the news of the defeat and arrests as a personal tragedy.
The message is written in a high style, it has a lot of abstract images: Misfortune, Hope, Freedom, Love, Friendship.
The author draws a gloomy space in which the characters found themselves: "gloomy dungeon", "convict holes", "heavy fetters", "dungeons". These images create a tragic atmosphere of misfortune that befell the poet's friends.
However, the lyrical hero is sure that misfortune always has a true sister - hope. And he hopes, he believes in a man, in a fighter, who is able, in the most difficult conditions, to preserve in himself "proud patience", fidelity to his ideals, "thought high aspiration." The hero is sure that “love and friendship”, “free speech” of a like-minded person are able to support the exiles, help them endure all the hardships of hard labor. He is also sure that sooner or later justice will prevail, and this makes him rejoice:
heavy chains will fall, prisons will collapse -
and Freedom will meet you joyfully at the entrance,
and the brothers will give you the sword.
The finale of the poem sounds optimistic, it is full of hope and faith.
It is known that the Decembrists received the poet's message, and it really supported them very much, it was one of the few joyful events of their hard labor life.

^ Poetic size: iambic tetrameter.

POET

Until it requires a poet

To the sacred sacrifice of Apollo,

In the cares of vain light

He is cowardly immersed;

His holy lyre is silent;

The soul tastes a cold dream,

And among the children of the insignificant world,

Perhaps he is the most insignificant of them all.

But only the divine word

It touches the sensitive ear,

The soul of the poet will tremble,

Like an awakened eagle.

He yearns in the amusements of the world,

Human is alienated by rumors,

At the feet of the national idol

Does not bow a proud head;

He runs, wild and stern,

And full of sounds and confusion,

On the shores of desert waves

In the noisy oak forests...

Analysis:"Poet" fully reflects the author's position regarding the purpose of poetry, the mission of the poet. This poem contains an important idea. According to Pushkin, poetry consists in retelling one's ordinary feelings and thoughts in verse. From the very first lines Pushkin defines the highest goal of the poet-creator. Pushkin says that poetry is something other than "sacred

victim",gift poet - "holy lyre." Pushkin does not hide the fact that he himselfpoet, being only a herald, a messenger of Apollo, is not the master of his talent. He is just a puppet in the hands of the gods.

Compositionally, the poem is clearly divided into two parts. The first part describes the "insignificant" life of the poet "in the cares of the vain world." A poet in life can be no different from ordinary people and "among the children of the insignificant world, perhaps he is the most insignificant of all." But this is because his special properties as a poet, that his "soul" is sleeping, and therefore "his holy lyre is silent."

However, the poet is not able to cause inspiration, he cannot write poetry when he wants to. And the poet sacrifices his fate, his life. The reader sees that the routine and dullness of the surrounding world "transform" the poet. And before us is already someone "cowardly" and "insignificant", incapable of great and beautiful.

Further in the poem, the union of conditions “but” follows. The next quatrain is “transitional” and “vain light” into the world of poetry. In fact, we are witnessing the inspiration coming to the poet.

^ But only the divine word

It touches the sensitive ear,

The soul of the poet will tremble,

Like an awakened eagle.

Pushkin again shows the inconstancy of the poet, he does not control himself and, at the first call, obeys the “divine verb.” On the other hand, it is from this moment that the “dynamic life” of the poet begins. Before inspiration came, he "tasted a cold sleep", was inactive. But the poet is still a slave, only a conductor between the world of the gods and the world of people.

All that he possesses is "a sensitive ear." The task of the poet is to hear and convey to people the "verb" of the gods. So, the reader sees a description of a completely different poet than in the first part of the poem. He yearns "in the amusements of the world, he shuns human rumors." The "poet's soul" sleeping until then wakes up, and here only his enormous possibilities, his high qualities, not only poetic, but also human, are manifested: wisdom, permeability, depth of feeling, nobility .

^ He yearns in the amusements of the world,

Human is alienated by rumors,

At the feet of the national idol

Don't bow your proud head

He runs, wild and stern ...

In the poet-creator we also see features romantic hero, "confused", longing for freedom.

In his poem "The Poet" Pushkin expresses and confirms the idea of ​​the utilitarian nature of art, of the pure, highest purpose of the poet. The poet is shown as servants of spirituality, striving for perfection in everything. "The purpose of art is ideal, and not moralizing, ”this statement by A. S. Pushkin refers to the theme of the poet’s mission. In my opinion, in the poem "Poet" Pushkin seeks to show two "I" of the poet, two "I" of himself. However, Pushkin shows the same person in two different situations, in two hypostases, the poet appears before us. First, “among the children of the insignificant world […] he is the most insignificant”, then the creator turns into an “awakened eagle”. However, the gap between the poet's everyday behavior and the content of his work Pushkin is not at all justified. Greatness in poetry does not imply cowardice in Everyday life. Pushkin only states that such a gap is likely and one cannot judge a poet only by his worldly deeds. At the end of the poem, Pushkin depicts "broad-noisy! oak forests", "shores of desert waves." The poet seeks loneliness, he finds harmony only in unity with nature. Thus, in his poem "The Poet" Pushkin touches on the theme of unity and the inseparable connection between man and nature.

Size - 4 iambic

^ TO CHADAEV

Love, hope, quiet glory

The deceit did not live long for us,

Gone are the funs of youth

Like a dream, like a morning mist;

But desire still burns in us;

Under the yoke of fatal power

With an impatient soul

Fatherland heed the invocation.

We wait with longing hope

Minutes of liberty of the saint,

As a young lover waits

Minutes of true goodbye.

While we burn with freedom

As long as hearts are alive for honor,

My friend, we will devote to the fatherland

Souls wonderful impulses!

Comrade, believe: she will rise,

Star of captivating happiness

Russia will wake up from sleep

And on the ruins of autocracy

Write our names!

Analysis: The poem "To Chaadaev", written by Pushkin in 1818, is still considered the literary anthem of the Decembrists. This work has a rather unusual history, since the author did not plan to publish it. However, written down from the words of the poet while reading in a narrow circle of friends, the poem "To Chaadaev" began to be passed from hand to hand until it was published with some distortions in the almanac "Northern Star" only in 1929. Nevertheless, it was thanks to this work that Alexander Pushkin, who was friends with many Decembrists, gained the fame of a freethinker, as a result of which the poet was twice in exile, where he was sent by Tsar Alexander I, who did not want the poet to “confuse minds” with his poems. high society.

Pyotr Chaadaev was an old friend of Pushkin, with whom the poet had not only warm and trusting relations, but also common aspirations. As a lyceum student, Pushkin liked to talk for a long time with Chaadaev, who by that time was already a student at Moscow University, discussing the political situation in Russia with a friend. With age, friendship only grew stronger, and Pyotr Chaadaev was one of the few whom Pushkin trusted with his most secret dreams and desires. An example of this is the poem "To Chaadaev", the first lines of which contain a hint of the carefree youth of two young people, intoxicated by their literary success and public recognition. In addition, between the lines in the first quatrain, there is clear disappointment with the reign of Alexander I, who proclaimed himself a liberal and a reformer, but the regime of his reign was marked by a harsh period of reaction, repression and subsequent suppression of the Decembrist uprising.

Further, the poet notes that imaginary glory and youthful maximalism could not kill in his soul the desire to change the world for the better and rid Russia of autocracy. At the same time, Alexander Pushkin focuses the attention of readers on the fact that the abolition of serfdom, which the tsarist regime proclaimed in words, has not yet happened. “We are waiting with languor for the moment of freedom of the saint,” the poet writes, implying that his generation has not yet lost hope for change. political system. At the same time, Pushkin understands that neither the tsar nor his entourage, mired in vices, will ever agree to voluntarily make concessions.

That is why the last lines of the poem "To Chaadaev" contain an open call for the overthrow of the autocracy. It is noteworthy that such an idea, voiced in Pushkin's work, was expressed so openly and boldly for the first time. The young poet, who by this time had already ceased to believe in the numerous promises of the king, was not going to advertise his point of view. And this fact is confirmed by many biographers of Pushkin, noting that the poem "To Chaadaev" was delivered to the addressee, and soon Pushkin himself simply forgot about the existence of this masterpiece of literary freethinking. By that time, Pyotr Chaadaev was not only a member of the secret Masonic lodge, but also managed to join the society of future Decembrists called the Union of Welfare. The participants perceived Pushkin's poem as a call to action, believing that "our names will be written on the ruins of autocracy." Subsequently, when the conspiracy against the tsar was discovered, and many representatives of the famous noble families went to Siberia, Alexander Pushkin repeatedly reproached himself for his negligence and regretted that he could not share the fate of people who were close to him in spirit, rightly believing that it was the poem "K Chaadaeva" forced the Decembrists to attempt a coup d'état. Therefore, the name of Pushkin is inextricably linked with the Decembrists, whom he inspired to an open struggle against the autocracy, later sung by many Russian poets.

Size - 4 iambic

^ THE SONG ABOUT THE PROPHETIC OLEG

How the prophetic Oleg is now going

Take revenge on the unreasonable Khazars:

Their villages and fields for a violent raid

He doomed swords and fires;

With his retinue, in Constantinople armor,

The prince rides across the field on a faithful horse.

From the dark forest towards him

There is an inspired magician,

Submissive to Perun, the old man alone,

The promises of the future messenger,

In prayers and divination spent the whole century.

And Oleg drove up to the wise old man.

"Tell me, sorcerer, favorite of the gods,

What will happen in my life?

And soon, to the delight of neighbors-enemies,

Will I cover myself with grave earth?

Tell me the whole truth, don't be afraid of me:

You will take a horse as a reward for anyone.

"Magi are not afraid of mighty lords,

And they do not need a princely gift;

Truthful and free is their prophetic language

And friendly with the will of heaven.

The coming years lurk in the mist;

But I see your lot on a bright forehead,

Now remember my word:

Glory to the Warrior is a joy;

Your name is glorified by victory;

Your shield is on the gates of Tsaregrad;

And the waves and the land are submissive to you;

The enemy is jealous of such a wondrous fate.

And the blue sea is a deceptive shaft

In the hours of fatal bad weather,

And a sling, and an arrow, and a crafty dagger

Spare the winner years ...

Under formidable armor you know no wounds;

An invisible guardian is given to the mighty.

Your horse is not afraid of dangerous labors:

He, sensing the master's will,

That meek stands under the arrows of enemies,

It rushes across the battlefield,

And the cold and cutting him nothing.

But you will accept death from your horse.

Oleg chuckled - but the forehead

And the eyes were clouded with thought.

In silence, hand leaning on the saddle,

He gets down from his horse sullen;

And a true friend with a farewell hand

And strokes and pats on the neck steep.

"Farewell, my comrade, my faithful servant,

It's time for us to part:

Now rest! no more footsteps

In your gilded stirrup.

Farewell, be comforted - but remember me.

You lads-friends, take a horse!

Cover with a blanket, shaggy carpet;

Take me to my meadow by the bridle:

Bathe, feed with selected grain;

Drink spring water."

And the youths immediately departed with the horse,

And the prince brought another horse.

The prophetic Oleg feasts with the retinue

At the ringing of a cheerful glass.

And their curls are white as morning snow

Above the glorious head of the barrow...

They remember days gone by

And the battles where they fought together...

“Where is my friend? - said Oleg, -

Tell me, where is my zealous horse?

Are you healthy? still lie down about to his run?

Is he still the same stormy, playful?

And listens to the answer: on a steep hill

He had long since passed into a sleepless sleep.

Mighty Oleg bowed his head

And he thinks: “What is fortune-telling?

Magician, you deceitful, mad old man!

I would despise your prediction!

My horse would carry me to this day."

And he wants to see the bones of the horse.

Here comes the mighty Oleg from the yard,

Igor and old guests are with him,

And they see: on a hill, near the banks of the Dnieper,

Noble bones lie;

The rains wash them, their dust falls asleep,

And the wind excites the feather grass above them.

The prince quietly stepped on the horse's skull

And he said: “Sleep, lonely friend!

Your old master has outlived you:

At the funeral feast, already close,

It's not you who will stain the feather grass under the ax

And drink my ashes with hot blood!

So that's where my death lurked!

The bone threatened me with death!”

From dead head coffin snake

Meanwhile, hersing crawled out;

Like a black ribbon wrapped around the legs:

And suddenly the stung prince cried out.

Ladles are circular, being lazy, hissing

At the feast of the deplorable Oleg:

Prince Igor and Olga are sitting on a hill;

The squad is feasting at the shore;

Fighters commemorate past days

And the battles where they fought together.

^ 1822

Analysis: genre - ballad

"Song of prophetic Oleg" was written in 1822. Genre- legend.

Plot basis "Songs about the prophetic Oleg" served as a legend about the death of Oleg, the prince of Kyiv, recorded in the "Tale of Bygone Years". The Kyiv prince Oleg, nicknamed by the people "prophetic" for his wisdom, the sorcerer, "magician", predicts: "you will accept death from your horse." Frightened by a terrible prophecy, the prince parted with his faithful fighting horse friend. A lot of time passes, the horse dies, and Prince Oleg, remembering the prediction, decides with anger and bitterness that the sorcerer deceived him. Arriving at the grave of an old fighting friend, Oleg regrets that they had to part so early. However, it turns out that the magician did not slander, and his prophecy came true: a poisonous snake that crawled out of the horse's skull stung Oleg.

In the legend of Prince Oleg and his horse, Pushkin was interested in