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medicinal plant that strengthens the genitourinary system. The plant is an aphrodisiac.
Plant properties:
Goryanka grows in Japan, China, Korea. The main active ingredient is the flavonoid icariin, which improves the functioning of the reproductive and urinary systems, both in men and women, in oriental medicine considered the most effective tool treatment of gynecological and male diseases.
- Normalizes kidney function and urination, helps to remove excess fluid from the body;
- Normalizes blood pressure, because it thins the blood, dilates blood vessels and capillaries;
- Due to its ability to thin the blood, it is a means of preventing heart attacks, strokes and many other diseases that are accompanied by blood clotting;
- Improves blood circulation in vessels and capillaries, due to which it has a positive effect on the liver, kidneys and reproductive system;
- Improves potency in men, prevents premature ejaculation, increases sensuality and desire in women;
- Rejuvenates and prevents the formation of wrinkles, preserves normal humidity skin;
- Eliminates dizziness, loss of strength, fatigue and stress, acts as an antidepressant, improves memory and attention; has a tonic and tonic property.
For men is a natural viagra - improves erectile function and also promotes growth muscle mass, increases testosterone levels, improves bone strength, improves mood.
Among women Goryanka extract is used for menstrual disorders, infertility, inflammatory processes in the small pelvis. Improves ovarian function, normalizes hormonal levels. Prevents the development of osteoporosis and hot flashes, normalizes pressure during menopause.
Compound:
Goryanka extract 100%
Application:
Dilute 1/3 teaspoon of extract (750 mg) in 1/2 cup of water or any beverage and drink. Consume in the morning! Take 1-2 times a day. For health and general tone improvement, take 1 time per day or every other day, athletes can take 2 times a day.
Attention!
How an aphrodisiac manifests itself on the 5th-7th day of admission: men begin to feel an improvement in potency, women begin to increase libido. To achieve a stable healing effect, a course reception is necessary.
within 4 weeks reception every day, further 10 days a break. With prostatitis, to improve potency, with gynecological disorders, it is recommended to take three months, then continue as needed. With a daily single dose, one bottle is enough for about 15-20 days.
Side effects in case of overdose:
extremely rare, almost non-existent. In rare cases, tachycardia, excessive excitability and aggressiveness are possible.
Contraindications:
individual intolerance, during pregnancy and lactation, you need to consult a doctor.
Specification:
10:1 (10 kg of raw materials used for 1 kg of extract). Materials used: stem and leaf.
Package:bottle with spoon, net weight: 15 g.
Shelf life- 3 (Three) years from the date of manufacture indicated on the package.
Storage conditions: at room temperature.
Manufacturer:KOREA GENERAL MANNYON HEALTH CORPORATION .
Manufacturer's address: Chongryu No. 2, Taedonggang district, Pyongyang, DPR of Korea.
Is and a source of flavonoids and their glycosides (mainly icariin).
Goryanka Korean in Chinese and Korean traditional medicine Since ancient times, it has been used as an aphrodisiac and for sexual impotence. The plant has been prescribed to both men and women for sexual dysfunction, decreased libido and infertility. It turns out that this magical plant is still in demand today as a natural substitute for Viagra.
According to an ancient legend, a plant with unusual properties was first discovered by a Chinese shepherd who observed the behavior of a goat herd. Once on the field with Goryanka, the sexual activity of the animals increased sharply. It is thanks to its stimulating effect that Horny Goat Weed has become known worldwide as Horny Goat Weed. eng. , Hierba de Cabra en Celo - Spanish. , Herbe Cornée de Chevre - fr. ) Goryanka received another, more romantic name "flower of the elves" in Europe thanks to the beautiful and unusual shape flower.
Today, the Korean mountain goat is very rare plant, which is found in Japan, China, Korea. In our country, it grows only in a few protected areas of the Primorsky Territory and is even listed in the Red Book.
Goryanka leaves contain a whole complex of biologically active substances of various chemical composition. Perhaps the most popular and extensively studied of these is the flavonoid icariin. This substance improves erectile functionand sperm quality, increases sexual activity and libido, stimulates reproductive functions.
As Italian scientists have proven, the action of icariin is based on the same mechanism as that of the well-known drug to improve potency. But, unlike Viagra, icariinhas no side effects, since it acts selectively on the desired enzyme (phosphodiesterase-5), which helps to improve blood flow in the penis and successfully restore natural erection.
Indeed, in animal experiments, Goryanka extract did not increase blood pressure, did not provoke heart problems or visual impairment. This means that men of any age can safely use it, and Goryanka-based drugs have every chance of becoming the new safe “herbal Viagra” or “neoviagra”. Moreover, at a cost, a natural extract of Korean Goryanka is much more affordable compared to a synthetic preparation.
On the other hand, not only men suffer from sexual disorders. According to statistics, more than a third of women have some kind of sexual dysfunction. Among them, a decrease in sensitivity and sexual desire, the inability to achieve orgasm, and many others ...
It turned out that the extract of Goryanka willuseful for women. It acts like sex hormones and is able to stimulate its own sex glands (gonadotropic action), increasing sexual activity and attraction to opposite sex. Not only in men, but also in women, Goryanka aggravates and stimulates the sensitivity of nerve endings, supports sexual desire and the general tone of the body. Goryanka extract can be used in women as a remedy for menstrual irregularities, infertility, inflammatory processes in the pelvis.
The plant will be very useful for ladies of a more mature age. Goryanka helps to cope with the emerging age-related estrogen deficiency, it slows down the natural extinction of the hormonal function of the ovaries and helps prolong sexual youth. So taking Goryanka extract will allow a woman to remain desirable for many years.
Moreover, experiments have shown the ability of icariin to stop the destruction of bone tissue and even promote its restoration and strengthening. Thus, the mountainprevents the development of osteoporosisin women during menopause, she also struggles with rises in blood pressure during this period of life.
But this is not all the advantages of Goryanka. Scientists in experiments have determined a huge number of beneficial effects of biologically active substances from the extract of Goryanka for the body. For example, icariinimproves metabolism and transport of oxygen to tissues, contributes to the growth of muscle mass - and therefore is used by athletes instead of dangerous anabolic drugs.
Icariin reliably protects the liver from damage by toxins and drugs (hepatoprotective effect),helps normalize blood sugarand improved microcirculation. Goryanka has a beneficial effect on nervous system: prevents the death of nerve cells, improves memory and attention, acts as antidepressant.
Korean Goryanka Extractfight hypoxia, radiation and free radical tissue damage(antioxidant, radioprotective and antihypoxant effect), promotes the removal of excess fluid from the bloodstream and reduces blood pressure, stimulates the immune system and even has antitumor protection.
Despite the rarity of the plant, Goryanka preparations are now available to everyone. Natural100% Korean Goryanka Extractproduced in the form of biologically active additive to food - a source of flavonoids. The drug is safe, passed all tests for compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements in our country. It is used daily for 1/3 tsp. (about 2 g) dissolved in 600 ml of warm water, 200 ml x 3 times a day with meals.
Contraindications: individual intolerance, pregnancy, breast-feeding.
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Epimedium or Goryanka is a perennial herb of the barberry family. Found in many countries Western Europe and Asia. The Germans and the Dutch call this plant "flower of the elves." In our country, the plant is not very popular among. It is very rare to see him decorative ornament or terraces.
Common types of Goryanka
"Elven flower" is found in the mountainous regions of Europe and Asia, as well as in moist forests North Africa. There are more than 50 plants of this species. The root of the epimedium is highly branched. "Elven flower" forms bushes with small leaves in the shape of a heart or an arrowhead.
Did you know? Epimedium is also called "the grass of the lustful goat." This expression appeared after people saw the unusual reaction of mountain goats after eating epimedium. The goats became more frisky in relation to the sexual partner.
Epimedium is both evergreen and annually changing leaves. Breeders from China brought the new kind Goryanka - semi-winter green. The leaves of Goryanka are dense, slightly fleecy, with a bright purple color on the edges. Epimedium flowers are quite small, but very beautiful. Colors are different: red, yellow, white, purple or a combination of all together. 
The fruit of Goryanka dry, rich in nutrients. Therefore, ants are very fond of such fruits, which spread the grains of Goryanka. Dispersed by ants, they begin to sprout, and this is how these flowers multiply.
Today, our gardeners grow about 10 species of Goryanka on their plots, and although this plant is extremely rare, in the future there is an option for mass reproduction of the flower throughout the country. Here are some types this plant:
- - found in the mountainous regions of Italy, France, Austria, Germany and Switzerland. with a yellowish flower color, about 20 cm high.
- - found in the mountainous regions of Turkey and the Caucasus. The plant forms a dense cover. The thick layer of leaves changes every 14-16 months. It blooms in early-mid-May for 10-15 days. The flowers are sunny yellow, small, about 1.5-2 cm.
- - This is a hybrid of large-flowered and Colchis epimedium. This type the plant tolerates snowy winters well, so it can be found in our country. The leaves are large - 35-40 cm, with a purple color. Blooms lemon yellow in May for three weeks.
- - often found in shady forests South Korea, Mongolia, China, Cambodia, etc. Forms a dense turf with multiple leafy cover. Blooms for 15-20 days. The flowers are very beautiful, light purple. The plant is frost-resistant, so it endures the climate of the mountainous regions of Mongolia without much difficulty. This epimedium is genetically protected from various. It grows slowly, no more than 2 cm each year.
- - found in Japan and eastern Russia. Probably the most common type of plant. It tolerates cold climates well, but in snowless winters it needs additional warmth. It has large leaves with a characteristic bronze color. Blooms purple or white.
- - forms a dense bush above the ground. Blooms with bright red flowers. The most common of all types of epimedium is found in our area.
- - grows in the mountainous regions of Iraq, Iran and the Caucasus. It has a large cylindrical root. Blooms in March. It grows to a height of 50 cm with thick leaves about 40 cm long. A reddish hairline is formed on the leaves.
- - found in the mountainous regions of Algeria. Strongly soddy plant with light yellow flowers. It tolerates moderate frosts well. Has shiny leaves. It is not afraid of pests and grows very much in a year.
Important! The lifespan of an epimedium is 10-12 years. At proper care this period can be extended.
These are just some of the types of epimedium, the most popular in the form ornamental plants in our climate zone.
Place for Goryanka in the garden: lighting and soil
Almost all types of epimedium cope well with any pests. The plant is unpretentious to sunlight, but partial shade will be the best place for planting. The soil must be selected with neutral moisture and acidity. This type of plant does not tolerate chernozems well. It is best that the soil is clay-dung or sandy-dung.
root system epimedium is capable of actively absorbing water from, so high soil moisture can adversely affect favorable growth"flower of the elves". AT winter period epimedium better and cover.
Planting seedlings of Goryanka
Planting Goryanka is best done in mid-late April. But if they are planted in summer or autumn, then problems with growth should not arise. The plant easily takes root throughout. 
If epimedium seedlings are bought in a container, then they can be planted in open soil at any time except winter. Before starting, you need to stimulate the plant with a solution of root, heteroauxin or epin. This is done as follows: the plant is lowered into the solution for 25-30 minutes; after the bubbles stop popping up, the seedlings can be planted in open ground. Dig up the soil and cover with a thin layer of humus.
Did you know? Epimedium alpine has been mentioned in literature since 1561.
If epimedium seedlings were purchased with an open root system, then it is best to plant in the spring. But before starting to carry out the solutions that are described for seedlings in a container, only increase the procedure time to 4-5 hours.
After that, all the harmful microorganisms that were present on the root will die, and the plant can be planted in open soil. After landing, the Goryanka requires special care. First, fertilize the soil with mulch. Then the seedlings need to be watered daily for two weeks until they fully take root. 
Features of caring for Goryanka
Epimedium is a mountain plant that does not tolerate strong moisture and winters without snow, so it needs special care. However, the “flower of the elves” has a huge plus when growing and caring for our area: the plant independently fights almost all harmful microorganisms. Therefore, special protection measures are not required.
This type likes plants in moderation wet type soil. Many types of epimedium are dry-resistant and do not need watering. Watering should be carried out in the first two weeks after planting, and then every 3-4 weeks. In particularly dry periods, water once every 1.5-2 weeks. This is done for better flowering epimedium for purposes. However, the plant will not die even if it is not watered at all. 
Important! Goryanka of Japanese, Chinese and Algerian origin for the winter should be covered with a protective film.
top dressing
Goryanka after planting and watering in the first two weeks requires special care in terms of fertilizers. This is done in order to give the plant a beautiful decorative shape. However, this does not need to be done with special intensity.
It is enough to cover the soil layer around the plant with mulch every spring. Epimedium itself is a source in the form of foliage. The "Flower of the Elves" sheds some leaves before winter, and the next year they also become mulch for the plant.
To give the flower a decorative effect, you can cut off the old leaves, but do it carefully, without touching the shoots and flower growths. Since the epimedium is a mountain plant, it took care of itself at the genetic level in the process of evolution.
Wintering
Some types of epimedium need to warm the roots for the winter, especially when the winter is snowless and with severe frosts. In order to prevent the “elven flower” from dying, the soil around the roots must be covered with a thick layer of leaves. It is necessary to remove the leaves in the spring, when the frosts at night have already passed. 
Did you know? In England, the epimedium is called the "archbishop's hat" because of the presence of a spur on the rim.
Evergreen species of epimedium remain covered with foliage for the winter, and they begin to shed it only in early May. This process is very slow and prevents new leaves from germinating. Therefore, in early April, you need to cut about 40-50% of the leaves yourself.
Application in landscape design and Goryanka partners
"Elven flower" grows in a wide and beautiful dark green layer. Leaves can acquire shades of purple and bronze colors and serve as an excellent decoration in rockeries, rock gardens and
Epimedium, known as Goryanka, is a plant used as an aphrodisiac in traditional Chinese medicine and has been shown to act as a testosterone booster in animal studies (no human studies have been conducted). It can also be used as a cognitive booster and treatment for cardiovascular disease.
basic information
Goryanka is a plant (epymedium) that demonstrates aphrodisiac and testosterone booster properties. Also called "Lustful Goat Grass", the name came about after people noticed that goats and sheep become more playful after eating epimedium, which grows near the fields where they graze. Also sometimes referred to by its active ingredient, . Icariin is a prenyl flavonoid and exhibits most of the properties of Horny Goat Weed. In one study in rats, high doses of Horny Goat Weed have been shown to increase testosterone production, while moderate doses have beneficial effects on bone health. does not increase testosterone levels in women, but its active substances, icaritin and desmythylcaritin, increase estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. The plant acts as an aphrodisiac for both sexes, and the increase in gender-specific hormone has a beneficial effect on both men and women.
Also Known As: Epimedium, Goryanka grandiflora, Ikariin, Elven Wings, Elven Flower, Archbishop's Flower, Inyanho, Lustful Goat Grass
Not to be confused with: (active ingredient)
It should be noted:
Icariin shows pro-erectile effects in men and increases libido in both sexes.
Used:
like a testosterone booster
like an aphrodisiac
in traditional Chinese medicine
Pairs well with:
P-glycoprotein inhibitors (such as ecdysteroids or capsicum carotenoids)
yohimbine, enhances erection
Goryanka: instructions for use
An increase in testosterone production in rats has been observed with 200mg/kg of a 40% extract (80mg/kg), the equivalent human dose is:
800 mg icariin for a 60 kg person
1,200 mg icariin for a 90 kg person
1,600 mg icariin for a 120 kg person
Studies using lower doses of icariin (1-10 mg/kg) are equivalent to:
10-100mg icariin for a 60kg person
15-150mg icariin for a 90kg person
20-200 mg icariin for a 120 kg person
A study looking at the effects of icariin on postmenopausal women and on bone health noted that 60mg of icariin daily appears to be beneficial and is the minimum optimal dose for this moment. This dosage is also within the range of the equivalent required rate, which has a beneficial effect on rats.
Composition and structure
Compound
Goryanka is the name herbaceous plant genus Epimedium of the Barberry family. is the active ingredient in the plant. The genus Epimedium contains (specific plants are in brackets):
Structure
Icariin is a prenylated kaempferol diglycoside. Structurally, icariin looks like this - a prenyl group is attached to a kaempferol molecule (shown below, the branched end on top of the hexagon), and two sugar molecules are attached to them; glucose molecule R2 and rhamnose molecule R1. Three other known substances found in Horny Goat Weed, epimedin A-C, have the same backbone, but two other sugar molecules in place of R1 and R2. The molecular weight of icariin is 676.67 g/mol. A similar compound is icaritin, in the structure of which –OH groups stand in place of sugar molecules (R1, R2), and desmethylikaritin, in which –OH groups stand in place of all R molecules. Both of these compounds coexist in Goryanka.
Pharmacology
Absorption in the intestine
Due to the presence of an enzyme, icariin is unstable in the human intestine. , as well as three other compounds of Horny Goat Weed (epimedin A, B and C), as well as prenylated flavonoids, are each broken down by hydrolysis into their metabolite in the intestine. In most cases, rhamnose is cleaved from these four compounds. Combined use with a lactase inhibitor increases the absorption of active ingredients, while maintaining 40-62% of the original composition of icariin. Without the use of a lactase inhibitor, the bioavailability of icariin is approximately 12%. Icariin is metabolized to baohuoside I, which has an identical structure, but without a glucose residue. The loss of a glucose moiety increases the passage into the intestinal membrane. Absorption of baohuoside (and related compounds) is reduced due to rapid back-to-luminal efflux, active transport mediated by MRP2 and BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein); inhibition of MRP2 increases the absorption of baohuoside I. An increasing concentration of baohuoside reduces the effectiveness of the efflux. Once in the intestine, baohuoside is not further metabolized due to the lack of appropriate intestinal glycosides (in rats and in vitro). The outflow of icariin from the intestinal wall into the intestinal lumen occurs due to the P-glycoprotein efflux pump. Poor intestinal absorption, but combination of icariin with P-glycoprotein inhibitors (ecdysteroid and MRP2 inhibitors) improves the absorption of baohuoside I.
Intestines
If icariin is not absorbed, it can be taken to the intestines and converted to the bacterium icariside II, a more erectogenic compound than icariin.
Indicators
When administered intravenously to rats at 10 mg/kg icariin, the half-life is 0.562+/-0.2 hours and the elimination rate constant (Ke) is 1.361+0.556 in 1 hour. However, another study using the same dose of icariin by injection showed that the period the half-life is 170+/-75.1 hours, suggesting variability (Ye et al. 1999). Following oral administration of 4.5mg/kg icariin, Cmax in rats is 3.37+/-1.42mg/L, AUC 40.6+/-5.73mg/h/L, and a half-life of 10.9+/-1.35 hours. Elimination rate constant 0.064+/-0.1 per hour. A study using 1.64g/kg horny goat weed (4.38mg/kg icariin) orally found a Cmax of 2.41+/-0.2mcg/mL, an AUC of 23.62+/-1.37mcg/h/mL, Tmax 1.55+/-0.53 hours and half-life 0.11+/-0.07 hours. The same study compared Horny Goat Weed alone with the combination of two other herbs (Nepal Sorrel Root and Ficus Hairy, three main herbs in Chinese medicine), noting that Cmax (3.13+/-0.29mcg/mL) and AUC (30.84+/- 3.68 mcg/h/mL) is higher and the half-life (0.35+/-0.32 hours) and Tmax (2.06+/-0.15 hours) are longer when used in combination. It is not known which of the 8 compounds in the herbal combination improved the pharmacokinetic profile of icariin. Another Chinese combination of herbs using Horny Goat Weed (Er-Xian) at 4.8g/kg orally does not reach 4.8g/kg in all parameters (Cmax, AUC, half-life and elimination rate constant), but icariin absorbability increases , since icariin was only 19% of total weight combinations of herbs. The pharmacokinetics of icariin are favorably improved when used in combination with other herbs or herbal compounds, but it is not known which ones.
breeding
Icariin is excreted by biliary excretion or with bile salts is sent to the intestinal lumen, and then excreted from the body with feces. Use in combination with P-glycoprotein inhibitors slows down the elimination of icariin from the body, possibly due to the aforementioned inhibition of intestinal efflux.
Neurology
Kinetics
Icariin is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, after intravenous administration, icariin and three diglycoside compounds (Epimedium A-C) are found in the brain, in more epimedium C. Icariin is more localized in the sciatic nerve. In one study, after intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg of icariin liposomes, about 1.83% of the administered dose was found in the brain, and the level of neurons exceeded 0.2 μg/g of brain mass. Can penetrate the brain, but in small quantities.
neuroprotection
Icariin exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory markers in response to stress, as well as delaying cognitive decline induced by 60 mg/kg injections of D-galactose. The authors of in vitro studies suggest that icariin is able to protect neurons from lipopolysaccharide-induced damage (a pro-inflammatory agent) and theoretically from aging (assessed in a rapidly aging mouse model). A high dose of icariin (75-150mg/kg bw) improves cognitive biomarkers in these rats such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione. One study showed that icariin exerts a neuroprotective effect through SIRT1 expression and subsequent PCG-1a expression.
Effect on bones
Osteoporosis
The authors of in vitro studies suggest that icariin is more effective than genistein in preventing osteoporosis, as it is more osteogenic (bone-forming). A similar effect was observed in rats, but not compared to genistein. In a study in postmenopausal women who used a combination of soy isoflavones (3mg genistein and 15mg daidzein) daily with 60mg icariin for 2 years, bone loss was significantly reduced.
Estrogen
Derivatives of icariin, icaritin and desmethylicaritin, in vitro exhibit estrogenic effects on breast cancer cells. This discovery was made after the authors of the study noted that these derivatives increase uterine weight in the immature mouse and prolong estrus in the adult mouse. This led to a study that found that Horny Goat Weed increased estrogen levels in menopausal women. Icariin itself does not show proestrogenic activity, unlike its metabolite icaritin, the effect of oral icariin is uncertain. Icaritin and desmethylicaritin are also found in the leaves of Goryanka. Another study in which men received 50 g of the extract hot water from Goryanka fluffy, did not note estrogenicity for the entire period of the study. Perhaps the above result (estrogenicity in women but not in men) is due to the fact that icariin and related structures have estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects, and the final result depends on the circumstances. A possible structural explanation for the above action is hydroxylation of the 4" carbon of the flavonoid backbone, which gives the flavonoid its estrogenic property. The 4" carbon in the icariin structure in the above image is R3, and desmethyliscaritin has a hydroxyl group here. Thus, the 7" carbon in the A ring may also be involved in estrogenicity. The estrogenic effects of icariin and related compounds are complex, as is the case with most bioflavonoid compounds. However, this does not affect the use of the substance as a testosterone. booster.
Effect on hormones
Testosterone
Oral ingestion of 1-5 mg/kg icariin causes significant changes in erectile potency in castrated rats and minimal changes in testosterone levels. 1mg/kg icariin restores testosterone levels after penile injury to baseline, while 5 and 10mg/kg have no effect. No results were noted in rats with testicles removed, and 1 and 10mg/kg icariin had no effect on testosterone levels. A study using 200mg/kg (reduced purity, 40%; 80mg/kg bioequivalent dose) of icariin for 7 days noted that in the chemically castrated group (mean testosterone 0.78+/-0.44ng/mL), icariin increased testosterone three times (10.93+/-2.03 ng/ml) compared to the control group (3.01+/-0.41 ng/ml). LH and FSH values did not differ between the groups. It has been hypothesized that the mechanism of action is in the testes, as previous studies in rats without testicles showed no change in blood testosterone levels, although differences in dosage may have played a role, as one study in cavernous tissues showed a difference at 1 mg. /kg, and higher dosages showed a slightly suppressive effect (compared to the control group). The 80 mg/kg human equivalent dose of pure icariin (based on body surface area) is 12.8 mg per kg of body weight, or 1152 mg for a 90 kg human. Increases testosterone levels, but human studies on this topic have not been conducted.
Influence on the sexual sphere
Erection
Icariin is a selective inhibitor of the PDE5 enzyme with an IC50 value in the range of 0.75-1.1 mm depending on the PDE5 isoform and with an EC50 value of 4.62 mmol/l with increasing cGMP in the cavernous body; Icariin has a 100 times greater affinity for PDE5 than for other PDE isoenzymes. This effect can be enhanced by modifying two hydroethyl ester residues into compounds, which increases inhibition by 80 times, but such a modification does not occur in nature. Icarin at 10mg/kg (100mg for a 60kg man) has been shown to be proerectile, with increased efficacy with repeated use. High efficacy has been achieved in an animal model of erectile dysfunction (related to blood flow) using 5-10mg/kg of icariin for 30 days, the equivalent for a 60kg human is 50-100mg. There are other compounds in the genus Epimedium that have PDE5 inhibitory potential, such as icariside II from the plant Epimedium wanshanense (the effectiveness of the action is not significantly different from that of icariin, but the potency is half that of Viagra). In addition to its role as a PDE5 inhibitor, icariin is a powerful pro-erectile agent. But the effectiveness of the action is lower than that of Viagra. Low doses (1-5mg/kg) improve nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and iNOS expression) in addition to PDE5 inhibition. Effects on iNOS and nNOS do not differ significantly at any dosage (1mg, 5mg, 10mg/kg), suggesting that low doses may also be beneficial, but in a different way. Icariin can also stimulate nitric oxide signals by increasing the expression of NOS enzymes, which may work in synergy with PDE5 inhibition. Icariin promotes increased axonal outgrowth in the pelvic nodes in vitro, which may be associated with the activation of P13K and MEK/ERK. The beneficial effect on neurons may also extend to the pelvic area.
Interaction with other substances
Yohimbine
Studies have been conducted on yohimbine for the presence of erectogenic properties (drugs for erectile dysfunction). A study using yohimbine and sildenafil (Viagra), which have the same PDE5 inhibitory effect as icariin, showed that they act synergistically in increasing intracavernous pressure and erection. Theoretically, yohimbine and horny goat weed may have synergistic pro-erectile effects, but this has not been directly demonstrated.
P-glycoprotein inhibitors
P-glycoprotein inhibitors, such as ecdysteroids or capsicum carotenoids, inhibit an efflux protein known as P-glycoprotein. The efflux protein is responsible for moving icariin into the intestinal lumen after absorption, which is also the main excretory pathway after binding with bile acids to prevent reabsorption. The use of icariin in combination with P-glycoprotein inhibitors increases the AUC of icariin, and therefore may increase the bioactivity of icariin (although this has not been demonstrated). P-glycoprotein inhibitors may increase the bioavailability of icariin.
Safety and toxicity
No toxicity studies have been conducted, but the highest dose (200mg/kg) of icariin used for 7 days was not toxic in rats.
