Chronic diseases. If you are chronically ill, for example, with an ulcer, ...
The fathers of the Italian language are Dante Algrieri, Francesco Petrarca and Giovanni Boccaccio. These 14th-century thinkers and poets wrote some of their works in the vernacular of contemporary Florence.
In general, there was no such Italy in the Middle Ages. On the Apennine Peninsula there were many independent states. The linguistic palette of the peninsula was very diverse. In fact, every city, and even village, had its own language ...
Most spoken languages have their origins in Latin. Latin itself was also widely used. She conducted office work in the offices of states, church services. In addition, some languages were of Germanic and Slavic origin. Some dialects persisted Byzantine Empire.
Literary traditions had many languages. The troubadours preferred the Occitan language. A number of authors used the Sicilian language in their work. Literary schools existed in Bologna, Umbria, Venice..
The Florentine language was the most fortunate. At the end of the 16th century, Giovanni Battista Children, Antonio Francesco Grazzini, Bernardo Caniciani, Sebastian de Rossi (Leonardo Salviati joined them a little later) founded the Accademia della Crusca in Florence. The task of the academy was: "to show and preserve the beauty of the language of Florence in the 14th century."
Accademia della Crusca translates as "bran academy". The founders of the academy set a goal: to separate " good language"(flour) from bran - a language that, in their opinion, is bad.
The activities of the academy were focused on the preparation of the dictionary. When creating it, they used mainly the Divine Comedy by Dante, the Decameron by Bocaccio, the poems of Petrarch, and, to a lesser extent, the works of other Florentine authors: Lorenzo Medici, Berni, Machiavelli, Bembo, Ariosto and Salvatti himself.
The first dictionary was published in 1612.
1612 dictionary cover
The dictionary aroused great interest and was a great success throughout Europe. It became a model for the creation of other European national languages. Subsequent editions of the dictionary appeared in 1623, 1691, 1729-1738 and 1863-1923.
For a long time, the language created at the academy was used only in narrow intellectual circles. After the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1863, the language, reformed by the writer Alesandro Mazzoni, was declared the state language. However, the Italians both spoke and continued to speak their regional languages.
The situation began to change during the First World War. The soldiers sent to the front from different provinces simply did not understand each other. So they were forced to learn Italian.
Strengthened the position of the language during the Italian dictatorship. Mussolini's government pursued a policy of "Italianization", imposing Italian and suppressing regional languages. Italian came to a dominant position only after the 50s of the 20th century with the development of radio and television ...
Italian (lingua italiana) is the official language of Italy, the Vatican (along with Latin), San Marino, Switzerland (along with German, French and Swiss Romansh). Recognized as a second official language in several counties in Croatia and Slovenia with significant Italian populations.
Italian language directly goes back to folk Latin, common in Italy. In the Middle Ages, when Italy was politically divided, there was no common literary language, although written records of various dialects have been preserved. Since the Renaissance, the dialect of Tuscany, or rather, Florence, in which Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio wrote, has become the most prestigious. However, highly educated people continued to refer to Italian as "vernacular" - volgare, in contrast to classical pure Latin. Since the XVIII-XIX centuries, a single Italian literary language based on the Tuscan dialect, which is a transition between northern and southern idioms. At the same time, many dialects are widespread in Italy, mutual understanding between which can be difficult: from a historical point of view, northern Italian dialects are Gallo-Roman, and southern Italian are Italian-Romance. In addition to dialects, there are several regional varieties of the Italian literary language, as well as a number of idioms that are considered separate languages rather than dialects of Italian (primarily Sardinian and Friulian).
The structure of the Italian language is quite typical for the Romanesque family. In phonology, it is worth noting the preservation of longitude contrasts in consonantism, which is unusual for the new Romance languages. In addition to the original Latin fund, the vocabulary contains many late, “book” borrowings from Latin.
The Italian language was formed on the basis of the Romance dialects of Italy, dating back to popular Latin. Literary Italian is based on the dialect of Tuscany, that is, the region where the Etruscans used to live. There was an opinion that the features of the Tuscan dialect were related to the Etruscan substratum, but at present it is considered obsolete.
Dante Alighieri
The history of the Italian language is divided into a number of periods, the first of which covers the time from the 10th century, when the first records in the vernacular appear (the Verona riddle, 9th century; the Capuan lawsuits, 960 and 963) to the 13th century, the time when the dominance of the Florentine standard begins . At the earliest stage, dialectal monuments were created mainly in the center and south of the country, usually legal documents and religious poetry. The monastery of Montecassino became a major center of learning. Later, by the end of the 12th century, separate centers for the development of the literary tradition in dialects were formed: Sicily (courtly poetry), Bologna, Umbria, etc. The Tuscan tradition is especially rich, which is characterized by significant genre diversity. At the same time, along with the "folk" language in Italy, Latin, Old French and Old Provencal languages are used.
At the end of the 13th century, the school of the “new sweet style” (dolce stil nuovo) was formed, based on the Tuscan dialect. The most significant figures of Tuscan literature of the XIII-XIV centuries are Dante, Boccaccio and Petrarch. In his treatises "Feast" (Convivio) and "On Folk Eloquence" (De vulgari eloquentia), Dante substantiated the thesis that it is possible to create works on any topic in the folk language - from artistic to religious. He called such an "enlightened" folk language volgare illustre, although Dante did not consider that all necessary qualities has one dialect.
Pietro Bembo (portrait by Titian)
In the XIV century, the processed Tuscan dialect, guided by the examples of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, becomes, in fact, a common Italian literary language. The period of the XV-XVI centuries is called Middle Italian. At this time, statements about the superiority of the folk, or rather the Tuscan language over Latin (Leon Battista Alberti, Angelo Poliziano) appear more and more often, the first grammar appears (“Rules of the Florentine Folk Language”, 1495). Writers from other regions, such as the Neapolitan Jacopo Sannazaro, try to bring the language of their works closer to the Tuscan standard.
In the 16th century in Italy, the “Dispute about Language” (Questione della lingua) took place, after which it became finally accepted to take the language of the classical authors of the 14th century as a model: this point of view was held by Pietro Bembo, who opposed the theory of “Tuscanism”, which proposed taking as a basis living modern speech of Tuscany, and the theory of the "court language" (lingua cortigiana), which was guided by the usage of court circles throughout Italy. As a result, prescriptive publications began to appear, focusing precisely on this theory, in particular printed grammars (Grammar of the Folk Language by Giovanni Fortunio, Three Sources by Niccolò Liburnio) and dictionaries. Despite this, in the Middle Italian period, many living Tuscan features are found in literary works, which in the end did not stay within the norm (for example, the ending -a in the 1st person singular of the imperfect indicative: cantava "I sang", modern cantavo, postposition object clitics: vedoti "I see you", modern ti vedo), primarily among Tuscan writers such as Machiavelli.
Alessandro Manzoni - one of the creators of the modern Italian literary language
In the XVII and XVIII centuries the strengthening of the position of Tuscan as a single literary language of Italy continues, other varieties are beginning to be considered as "dialects". In the 17th century, the fundamental dictionary of the Accademia della Crusca appeared (three editions: 1612, 1623 and 1691), fixing many archaisms and Latinisms. The Italian language begins to be used in science (Galileo), in philosophy, its use continues in literature and theater (commedia dell'arte). In the 18th century, the awakening of Italian self-consciousness began, in particular on the basis of a single language (L. A. Muratori), ideas about the need to bring the literary language closer to the vernacular (M. Cesarotti) reappeared. At the same time, a new flowering of literary creativity in dialects begins (Carlo Goldoni writes plays in the Venetian dialect, Gioacchino Belli writes poems in Romanesco).
After the Risorgimento, literary Italian acquires official status, although the vast majority of Italians do not use it. Formation begins modern language, in which the work of the Milanese Alessandro Manzoni played a large role. A serious study of Italian dialects begins (G. I. Ascoli). At the same time, attempts by the government to expand the scope of the Italian language lead to the fact that the positions of dialects begin to weaken. First played a major role in this. World War, during which the literary language was often the only means of communication for soldiers from different regions, and the policies of the Mussolini government. After the Second World War, the rapid spread of the literary language begins due to universal education, the media. At the same time, there is an active migration of people from the south to the north of the country and from villages to cities, which leads to the leveling of dialects and an increase in the role of the literary Italian language.
1. Which countries speak Italian
Italian is the official language of Italy and one of the four official languages in Switzerland. You will find Italian speakers in Malta, the Vatican, San Marino, Croatia, Slovenia, France (especially Corsica).
Even Italian is the second most common language in Argentina, but there are fewer and fewer Italian speakers in African countries - Eritrea and Libya, where there were once Italian colonies.
2. Everyone knows these Italian words
The historical influence of Italian culture on music, food, architecture, design, literature and science is great, this is also manifested by the borrowing of Italian terms and concepts in other languages. Don't believe? Have you ever said " Chao!", ordered pizza, tried spaghetti, broccoli And ?
Words " fiasco" And " propaganda also of Italian origin. And even if you are not a fan of opera, you probably know about the words " maestro", « orchestra, piano And "solo"? And you certainly sing a cappella in the shower!
Well, there are many more words that have changed a little in the process of mastering the language and smoothing them in their own way, but many will guess that in Russian they mean the Italian words cattedrale or Caffè.
3. Is it difficult to learn Italian
Fortunately, in Italian everything sounds and is written, unlike, for example, English or Russian. This greatly simplifies things. The pronunciation of vowels is distinct, melodious, the dictionary is similar to other dictionaries of languages of Latin origin. Nouns can be both masculine and feminine, and adjectives agree with them in gender.
Of course, as in any other language, some aspects may seem difficult to you at first glance, however, after understanding a few simple rules, you can easily communicate in simple, and then in more complex situations.
4. The longest Italian word and the longest Italian tongue twister
If you ask the Italians, they will surely say that the longest Italian word is precipitevolissimevolmente, meaning "very fast" and consisting of 26 letters.
According to the latest data, the longest Italian word already consists of 29 letters - esophagodermatodigiunoplastica and refers to surgery to remove the stomach and esophagus.
Perhaps the most difficult tongue twister in Italian is: Trentatré trentini entrarono a Trento tutti e trentatré trotterellando. Translation: Thirty-three men from Trento entered the city, all thirty-three hobbled about.
5. Any good Italian jokes?
Modern comedy shows have become more sarcastic humor than before, now Italians can laugh at themselves and their traditions - times are changing!
Now there are a lot of jokes about politics, police, carabinieri, business relations, sometimes completely farcical, in the world of Italian bureaucracy. They are quite popular.
For example:
The director of the company says to another:
How do your employees always arrive on time?
Easily! I have 30 employees and only 20 parking spaces!
Two employees met on the street.
Hello, Maria! Can I get you coffee?
No thanks! I can't sleep when I drink coffee.
But it's only 8 am!
Yeah. I'm just on my way to work...
6. If I learn Italian, will it help me understand other languages?
The Italian language is Romance, that is, of Latin origin. The Romance languages have grammatical similarities and often share lexemes. Knowing Italian will help you understand the grammar of other languages, such as French. And when you arrive, say, in Spain or Portugal, you will find that you understand a lot of words. Indeed, it is said that Italians can get by in Brazil or Argentina (and other Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries) with their mother tongue, and they are understood!
Many also argue that the universal language of Italy is the language of gestures and facial expressions. This convenient way communication helps Italians to be well understood abroad, even if they do not speak the language of the country. So when you visit beautiful Italy, watch how Italians communicate, gesticulate with each other, and reel in your mustache.
7. What not to do and say in Italy
The Italian language has many false friends of the translator, that is, words, for example, similar to English in sound, but denoting completely different things and concepts. If you ask una camera, then you may be sent to the nearest hotel, deciding that you need a room, not a camera. The camera will macchina photography.
If you ask for pepperoni on pizza, don't be surprised when you end up with pepper pizza because pepperoni is the plural of peperone- pepper. So if you want spicy sausage on your pizza, say salame piccante.
If you like something and want to express it, make sure you say mi piace(mi piache) - I like it and not mi piaci(mi pyachi) - I love you, because the second phrase can discourage the person you are addressing and lead to the most unpredictable reaction, up to the wedding!
Beware of breaking the golden rules of Italian food etiquette: a cappuccino ordered at the same time as pasta will give you a puzzled look from the waiter, because the order of serving is very important for Italians: only espresso and only after the meal!
8. Famous quotes to impress the locals
Eppur Si Muove- and yet it moves (Galileo Galilei whispered them, according to legend, at the execution, when he suggested that the Earth revolves around the Sun).
Ogni nostra cognizione prencipia dai sentimenti- all our knowledge is born from feelings. (Leonardo da Vinci, perhaps there is already an established and more famous variant translation of this phrase). The curious fact that da Vinci wrote his notes in mirror form from right to left, many experts wonder why. Most likely, he wanted to keep his work secret, or he was left-handed and did not want the ink to smear.
9. The first written monuments
In the city of Benevento in the Campania region in 960 AD, a number of legal documents relating to land disputes were found.
At the beginning of the XIV century, the poet Dante Alighieri created his famous " Divine Comedy", which was written in "vulgar Italian", that is, a mixture of Tuscan and Sicilian dialects, the poem is considered to this day an early example of a standardized Italian language.
10. How to be polite
Like other Romance languages, there are several ways to say "you" in Italian.
Tu- people with whom you are on you, Lei- in other cases. The plural is indicated by pronouns voi And loro .
Lei And loro capitalized to distinguish them from lei- She and loro- they.
In an informal setting, you can say to new acquaintances: Possiamo darci del tu?(can we be on you?). This will help you make new Italian friends!
Italians are very proud of their food, so they can offer you their goodies. In no case do not refuse, if you doubt that you will like these dishes, try them a little bit and do not forget to praise: And buonissimo!
Italian is the spoken and official language of Italy. Italian is also spoken in the state of San Marino, Malta, Corsica. In Switzerland, Italian is one of the four official languages. Italian is also spoken among emigrants in the USA, Canada, Australia and the Republic of Somalia.
Italian belongs to the Romance group of Indo-European languages. Derived from colloquial Latin after the fall of the Roman Empire. It is first found in literature at the end of the 12th century.
The Italian language as the language of Renaissance culture had a significant impact on the formation of languages Western Europe. Musical terminology throughout the world is predominantly Italian.
The first dictionary of the Romance language was an Italian dictionary created in 1612.
In the XIV century. a gap arose between the literary Italian language and dialectal speech, which persisted until the middle of the 20th century, while the spread of means mass media did not democratize the literary language. At the same time, until 1912, teaching in the higher Italian school was conducted in Latin.
The Italian language has many dialects that are very different from each other, the appearance and existence of which was influenced by the centuries-old fragmentation of the country, and the independent development of its individual parts in subsequent periods of history. Among the languages of the Romance group, Italian is the most dialectally fragmented. Dialects can be roughly divided into three groups: northern, central and southern. Due to the dominance at the beginning of the XIII century. in the trade and culture of the Tuscan cities, in particular Florence, the Tuscan dialect became predominant, since it was here that the need for a national language appeared, instead of the previously used Latin. The Tuscan dialect subsequently developed into a literary form of the language. In modern Italy, there are 16 main dialects, very far from each other.
Today, Italian is considered one of the most widely spoken Romance languages.
It turned out that the precisely defined boundaries of dialects are often quite difficult to identify. Moreover, individual distinctive features one dialect may be present in other dialects. Chapter 2. Differentiation of the Italian language on a territorial basis 2.1 History and causes of the emergence of dialects of the Italian language The Italian language belongs to the Romance group of Indo-European ...
... “Ohimi, che dolorosa notizia” (“What sad news!”) “Ahi, che dolore!” ("Oh, how it hurts!") "Ahimi, come siamo infelici!" (“Oh, how unlucky we are!”) Borrowed interjections Aldo Gabrielli describes how borrowings appeared in the Italian language. According to his data, the strange exclamation "hip, hip, hurrah!", which became famous thanks to English navigators, at one time ...
Specialization turned out to be an important factor in compensating for old cases and a reduced system of prepositions. As you know, in Russian the most frequent word is the preposition v, according to frequency dictionaries, in Greek - σε, in Italian - a. 3.3. Semantics and functions of prepositions in Greek and Russian. The primary 18-term system is reduced due to the complete loss of the dative and ...
Hi, which, due to the sound changes of the Middle English period, coincided with the nominative singular masculine and feminine forms. The Scandinavian form they spread and became fixed in the English language of the new period. By the end of the 15th century, the genitive form plural here turned into possessive pronoun and was replaced by the Scandinavian form their. ...
In first place, as expected, is English, second is French, and third is Spanish. The Italian language is in the lead largely due to the famous
The list of languages studied in the world includes more than six thousand names (!) Arranged in a strict sequence of the general classification. It will not be news to anyone that in the first place is English language. The second position is French, and the third is Spanish. But the fact that the fourth language turned out to be Italian is curious. Dante's dialect bypassed Chinese, Japanese, German languages. Undoubtedly, this causes a sense of pride in.
Not for nothing on Tuesday June 17, 2014 in Rome at the Palazzo San Macuto (Palazzo San Macuto) was held a training conference dedicated to the Italian language as a tool for promoting Italy abroad. The event was hosted by the 19-member Icon community based at . Even before the start of the conference, Icon director Mirko Tavosanis described the goals of the conference as follows: “We will analyze our language as a factor in the development of our country, including from an economic point of view. And with our ideas we will try to contribute to strengthening the position of the Italian language in the world.”
What is the reason for the success of the Italian language? “I think the popularity and wide circulation of our speech comes from many factors,” Tavozanis explains. - “Firstly, it attracts foreigners. And not only Dante, but also modern writers. People equally like Italian fiction, poetry and journalism. Further, great importance has the musicality of the sound of Italian speech and its obvious poetry.
Well, Italian cuisine has not been without it: especially recently, it has pushed many foreigners to study Italian dictionaries, if only in order to read excellent recipes.
According to Tavozanis, love for the Italian language should be the impetus for a significant cultural revival. “Everyone who is involved in the promotion of the Italian language and culture abroad feels the need for a deep renewal of the entire system,” says the professor. “We must develop new policy, which will take into account the changed conditions of the language space and the competition of cultures in a globalized world. Such a policy will make it possible to properly assess the potential of the Italian heritage and establish an interaction between the promotion of language and culture and the development of the country's economy. For example, foreign students studying in Italy in Italian will guarantee future successful relationships with the leadership classes of many countries with rapid economic development.”
The Icon community (Italian Culture on the Net) brings together 19 Italian universities that promote the language, culture and photography of Italy around the world using Internet technologies. On the website www.italicon.it, foreign students and citizens of the country living abroad can choose for themselves a three-year training course in Italian Language and Culture, a Master's course, or one of the many courses offered in Italian.
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