Biography of Galileo Galilei briefly. Galileo Galilei short biography

Galileo Galilei short biography Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher is described in this article.

Galileo Galilei biography briefly

Born February 15, 1564 in the Italian city of Pisa in the family of a well-born, but impoverished nobleman. From the age of 11 he was brought up in the monastery of Vallombros. At the age of 17 he left the monastery and entered University of Pisa to the medical faculty. He became a university professor, later heading the department of mathematics at the University of Padua, where for 18 years he created a series of outstanding works in mathematics and mechanics.

Soon he became the most famous lecturer at the university, and students were lining up to get into his classes. It was at this time that he wrote the treatise Mechanics.

Galileo described his first discoveries with the telescope in his work The Starry Herald. The book was a sensational success. He built a telescope that magnifies objects three times, placed it on the San Marco tower in Venice, allowing everyone to look at the moon and stars.

Following this, he invented a telescope, which increased its power 11 times compared to the first. He described his observations in the work "Star Messenger".

In 1637, the scientist lost his sight. Until that time, he had been hard at work on his latest book, Conversations and Mathematical Proofs Concerning Two New Branches of Science Relating to Mechanics and Local Motion. In this work, he summarized all his observations and achievements in the field of mechanics.

Galileo's teaching about the structure of the world contradicted Holy Scripture, and the scientist was persecuted by the Inquisition for a long time. I promote the theory of Copernicus, he forever fell out of favor with the Catholic Church. He was captured by the Inquisition and, under threat of death at the stake, renounced his views. He was forever forbidden to write or distribute his work in any way.

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Once upon a time, everyone thought this:

The earth is a flat huge penny,

But one person took the telescope,

Opened the way for us into the space age.

Who is this, do you think?

Among scientists known throughout the world is Galileo Galilei. In what country was he born and how did he study, what did he discover and what did he become famous for - these are the questions that we will look for answers to today.

Lesson plan:

Where are future scientists born?

A poor family, where little Galileo Galilei was born in 1564, lived in the Italian city of Pisa.

The father of the future scientist was a real master in different areas, from mathematics to art history, so it is not at all surprising that since childhood, young Galileo fell in love with painting and music and gravitated towards the exact sciences.

When the boy turned eleven, the family from Pisa, where Galileo lived, moved to another city in Italy - Florence.

There, he began studying in a monastery, where the young student showed brilliant abilities in the study of sciences. He even thought about the career of a clergyman, but his father did not approve of his choice, wanting his son to become a doctor. That is why, at seventeen, Galileo moved to the University of Pisa at the Faculty of Medicine and began to diligently teach philosophy, physics and mathematics.

However, he could not graduate from the university for a simple reason: the family could not pay for his further education. After leaving the third year, student Galileo begins self-education in the field of physical and mathematical sciences.

Thanks to his friendship with the wealthy Marquis del Monte, the young man managed to get a paid scientific position as a teacher of astronomy and mathematics at the University of Pisa.

During his university work, he conducted various experiments, which resulted in the laws of free fall discovered by him, the motion of a body along an inclined plane, and the force of inertia.

Since 1606, the scientist has been closely involved in astronomy.

Interesting Facts! Full name scientist - Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de Galilei.

About mathematics, mechanics and physics

It is said that, being a university professor in the town of Pisa, Galileo conducted experiments by dropping objects different weight from the height of the Leaning Tower of Pisa to refute Aristotle's theory. Even in some textbooks you can find such a picture.

Only these experiments are not mentioned anywhere in the works of Galileo. Most likely, as researchers today believe, this is a myth.

But the scientist rolled objects on an inclined plane, measuring time by his own heart pulse. There were no clocks back then! These same experiments were put into the laws of motion of bodies.

Galileo was given the palm for inventing the thermometer in 1592. The device was then called a thermoscope, and it was quite primitive. A thin glass tube was soldered to a glass ball. This structure was placed in a liquid. The air in the balloon was heated and displaced the liquid in the tube. The higher the temperature, the more air in the balloon and the lower the water level in the tube.

In 1606, an article appeared where Galileo laid out a drawing of a proportional compass. This is a simple tool that converted measurements to scale and was used in architecture and drafting.

Galileo is credited with inventing the microscope. He in 1609 made " small eye» with two lenses - convex and concave. With the help of his invention, the scientist considered insects.

With his research, Galileo laid the foundations of classical physics and mechanics. So, on the basis of his conclusions about inertia, Newton later fixed the first law of mechanics, according to which any body is at rest or moves uniformly in the absence of external forces.

His research on the oscillations of the pendulum formed the basis for the invention of the clock with a pendulum regulator and made it possible to make accurate measurements in physics.

Interesting Facts! Galileo not only excelled in natural sciences, but there was creative person: He knew literature very well and composed poetry.

About astronomical discoveries that shocked the world

In 1609, the scientist heard a rumor about the existence of a device that helps to view distant objects by collecting light. If you guessed it, it was called a telescope, which is translated from Greek as "to look far away."

For his invention, Galileo modified the telescope with lenses, and this device was able to magnify objects 3 times. Time after time, he assembled a new combination of several telescopes, and it gave more and more magnification. As a result, the Galilean "foresight" began to zoom in 32 times.

What discoveries in the field of astronomy belong to Galileo Galilei and glorified him throughout the world, becoming real sensations? How did his invention help the scientist?

• Galileo Galilei told everyone that this is a planet comparable to the Earth. He saw plains, craters and mountains on its surface.
• Thanks to the telescope, Galileo discovered four satellites around Jupiter, today called "Galilean", and appeared to everyone in the form of a strip, crumbling into many stars.
• Putting smoked glass to the telescope, the scientist was able to examine, see spots on it and prove to everyone that it was the Earth that revolves around it, and not vice versa, as Aristotle believed and religion and the Bible said.
• He was the first to see the surroundings, which he took for satellites, today known to us as rings, found different phases of Venus and made it possible to observe previously unknown stars.

Their Galileo's discoveries Galileo combined in the book "The Starry Herald", confirming the hypothesis that our planet is mobile and rotates around its axis, and the sun does not revolve around us at all, which caused the condemnation of the church. His work was called heresy, and the scientist himself lost his freedom of movement, falling under house arrest.

Interesting Facts! It is rather surprising for our developed world that it was not until 1992 that the Vatican and the Pope acknowledged that Galileo was right about the rotation of the Earth around the Sun. Until that time, the Catholic Church was sure that the opposite is happening: our planet is motionless, and the Sun “walks” around us.

This is how you can briefly tell about the life of an outstanding scientist who gave impetus to the development of astronomy, physics and mathematics.

Galileo Galilei was named after the famous science and entertainment TV program. The host of this program Alexander Pushnoy and his colleagues conducted all sorts of different experiments and tried to give explanations for what they did. I propose to watch an excerpt from this wonderful program right now.

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Galileo Galilei was a man of genius who did no less important discoveries in natural science and also mainly in astronomy. He was born in Pisa in 1564. His family was of Florentine origin and, moreover, quite noble. His father, Vincenzo Galilei, was a good mathematician and gave him a thorough education. From an early age, Galileo showed a great inclination towards mathematics, was distinguished by observation and a penetrating mind, finding elements of similarity in intricate phenomena that seem completely different, discovering the laws of action of these identical elements. In the Cathedral of Pisa there is still a copper lamp, the swings of which, as they say, led a young observer to the discovery of the laws of the pendulum. By the age of twenty, in 1584, Galileo was already holding a professorship in his hometown; but even then he was exposed to troubles from comrades who kept to routine. When he publicly made an experiment that showed the unfoundedness of Aristotle's concepts of the fall of bodies (that it occurs with uniformity, at the same speed), the adherents of antiquity began to be so hostile against him that he was forced to leave Pisa.

Portrait of Galileo Galilei. Artist D. Tintoretto, ca. 1605-1607

Galileo went to Padua, was a professor there for a long time and gained such fame that the Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1610 invited him to return to Pisa, appointing him a salary of 1000 skudis. With the resettlement of Galileo in Pisa, the era of his greatest discoveries begins. According to rumors, he learned that a telescope had been invented in Holland. Not knowing how this instrument works, he himself made the same for himself and with the help of a new instrument began to observe the sky and made discoveries that spread his fame throughout Europe.

A man free from prejudices, who loved the truth, Galileo could not but be an adherent of the system Copernicus. He protected her all the more because he own discoveries served as proof of its truth. He declared both in lectures and in his books that he adhered to the thought of Copernicus, even made many people of a clergy rank followers of it. One of them was the Benedictine Castelli, to whom a letter was written from Galileo dated December 21, 1613. This famous letter, in which Galileo explains the relationship of his teaching to Holy Scripture, was distributed in many lists and approved representatives of church authorities in the idea that Galileo's teaching is dangerous for dogmatics. . The blows were directed first at the book of Copernicus; she was condemned and ordered that in her new editions those passages that openly say that the Earth moves should be redone. On February 23, 1616, the qualifiers (editors of sentences) of the Holy Inquisition condemned the doctrine of the Earth's motion around the Sun as heresy, and declared the doctrine of the Earth's rotation about its axis, although not heretical, but erroneous and dangerous. Arriving in Rome in 1615, Galileo found the Inquisition already engaged in the process of his writings. But the Roman curia then limited itself to the fact that one of its permanent commissions, the so-called congregation of the Index (that is, the compilation of a list of condemned books), transmitted to Galileo, through Cardinal Bellarmine, the decision of the qualifiers approved by it. He, a pious man, did not object, and after that he expounded the Copernican system not as a reliable truth, but only as an assumption. He showed the same obedience to the church by publishing the works of Copernicus in 1620.

In 1629 he wrote a treatise in the form of a conversation between three persons, one of whom defends the Copernican system, the other the system Ptolemy, and the third evaluates their arguments in such terms, which apparently leaves the issue unresolved, in essence, exposing the teachings of Copernicus to be fair. In the introduction, Galileo said that with this work he wanted to defend the system of Ptolemy against the system of Copernicus, which was justly condemned by the holy congregation of the Index. The Roman curia now put forward a protocol on the interrogation made by Galileo on February 26, 1616. This protocol is undoubtedly false, written not in 1616, but only now, in 1632, when a false accusation was needed, said that Galileo then gave in the presence of Bellarmine a formal promise never to not to mention in any form the condemned system. dad UrbanaVIII they suggested that under the name of Simplicio, the defender of the Ptolemaic system, he was ridiculed, who, before his election as pope, was a friend of Galileo and, in conversations with him, expounded the same arguments against the Copernican system that Simplicio sets out.

Galileo before the court of the Inquisition. Artist J. N. Robert-Fleury, 19th century

The Inquisition demanded Galileo to Rome and threatened him on June 21, 1632 with torture. The next day in the church of Maria sopra Minerva, he knelt down and renounced his opinion about the movement of the Earth, as erroneous and repugnant. Holy Scripture. It is said that in his indignation at the violence, he quietly said: E pur si muove ("But still she moves"). Until the end of his life, Galileo remained under the supervision of the Inquisition in country house near Florence, and she constantly threatened to throw him in prison. He died under this house arrest on January 8, 1642.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). The fame of this scientist was great during his lifetime, and, growing with each century, by our time has made him one of the most revered scientists.

Galileo Galilei was born into an aristocratic Italian family; his grandfather was the head of the Florentine Republic. After studying at the monastery, he entered the University of Pisa. Lack of money forced the young man to return home (1585). But his abilities were so great, and his inventions were so witty, that already in 1589 Galileo was a professor of mathematics. In well-known universities, he teaches, explores the processes of mechanics. The young professor is gaining immense popularity with students and authority with the authorities. While in Padua, Galileo develops new technologies for the industry of the Republic of Venice.

The scientist's studies in astronomy led to the first conflicts with the church. Galileo Galilei modified a newly invented telescope to view the sky. They discovered the mountains on the moon, it was established that the Milky Way is a cluster of individual stars, the satellites of Jupiter were discovered. To the suspicions of the Inquisition was added the distrust of colleagues who claimed that what was seen through the telescope was an optical illusion.

Nevertheless, the glory of Galileo becomes pan-European. He becomes an adviser to the Duke of Tuscany. The position allows you to engage in science and discoveries follow one after another. The study of the phases of Venus, spots on the Sun, research in the field of mechanics and the main discovery - heliocentrism.

The claim that the Earth moves around the Sun has seriously alarmed the Roman Catholic Church. Galileo's theory was also opposed by many scientists. However, the Jesuits became the main enemy. Their Galileo's views Galileo expounded in printed works, which often contained scathing attacks on the powerful order.

The ban on heliocentrism by the church did not stop the scientist. He published a book where he presented his theory in the form of a polemic. However, in one of the stupid characters of the published book "Dialogues ...", the head of the Catholic Church recognized himself.

The Pope was furious and the intrigues of the Jesuits fell on fertile ground. Galileo was arrested and held in prison for 18 days. The scientist was threatened the death penalty at the stake, and he chose to renounce his views. The phrase “And yet it spins” was attributed to him by journalists when compiling a biography.

The rest of the days the great Italian spent under a kind of house arrest, where the jailers were his old enemies, the Jesuits. A few years after the death of the scientist, his only grandson took the monastic vows and destroyed the manuscripts of Galileo that he kept.

(1564-1642)

The first person to look at the sky through a magnifying optical tube - a telescope, was the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei.

At the age of 20, Galileo left medicine, which he studied at the University of Pisa, and took up physics and astronomy. He became a professor of physics and mathematics and taught at the largest universities in Italy. Since 1606, he was engaged exclusively in astronomy, and his discoveries literally shocked his contemporaries.

In 1609, for the first time in the history of science, he made a telescope. To do this, he studied information about the spotting scope invented then in Holland. The telescope gave approximately 3x magnification. Soon Galileo built a telescope with a magnification of 32 times. With its help, he distinguished mountains, valleys, craters on the surface of the moon. This means that the Moon is not a smooth ball, as many believed at that time, but a world similar to the Earth. Through a telescope, he saw that the planet Venus, like the Moon, is changing its visible form. This could only be explained by the fact that Venus does not revolve around the Earth, but around the Sun, as Nicolaus Copernicus claimed.

On the Sun itself, Galileo was able to distinguish dark spots. By their displacement, the scientist proved that the celestial body rotates around its axis. This means that the Sun is not at all an ideally pure, “perfect” body, as the ancient philosophers and modern churchmen taught Galilee. But the most amazing sight was the huge planet Jupiter. Four satellites revolved around it - just like, according to the teachings of Copernicus, the Earth and planets should revolve around the Sun.

Finally, Milky Way when observed through a telescope, it broke up into many stars that are not visible to the naked eye. Before Galileo, an endless world of stars opened up, each of which is a distant sun, similar to ours. Became plausible and the teachings of Giordano Bruno about the many inhabited planets circling around distant stars. The discoveries of Galileo were a clear confirmation of the teachings of Copernicus. They refuted the teachings of Aristotle and Ptolemy accepted by the church about the Earth as the motionless center of the Universe.

The churchmen declared the teachings of Copernicus to be heresy; since 1616 it has been banned. Those who spread and defended it were threatened with cruel reprisals. But Galileo continued to defend his scientific views, to prove the correctness of Copernicus. He devoted his main astronomical work, Dialogue on Two major systems world - Ptolemaic and Copernican, "written in 1632. Then in 1633 the churchmen staged a trial of the elderly scientist and, under pain of torture, forced him to renounce his views.

But in his heart Galileo remained the most staunch supporter of the teachings of Copernicus. Although the scientist was put under house arrest for the rest of his life and forbidden to publish any books on astronomy, he continued to contribute to the development of science with new discoveries in the field of mechanics. Galileo showed himself as one of the outstanding fighters for the scientific worldview.