In which countries is communism at the moment? Developed socialist countries. Socialist countries of the world

The modern world, taking into account the presence of many antagonistic states in it, is unipolar. What you can not say about the events that took place several decades ago. The "Cold War" divided the world to the Camp countries, between which there was a constant confrontation and injection of hatred. As for the countries of the Socialist Camp, you will learn from the following article.

Definition of concept

The concept is quite wide and controversial, but to give it a definition possible. The socialist camp is a term that means countries that have become the path of socialist development and maintaining the Soviet ideology, and independently of the support or hostility to them the USSR. A vivid example is some countries with which our country has rather political confrontation (Albania, China and Yugoslavia). In the historical tradition, the countries mentioned above in the United States called the communist, opposite their democratic model.

Together with the concept, the "socialist camp" also used synonymic terms - "Socialist countries" and "Socialist Commonwealth". The last concept was characteristic to designate the countries of the Allies in the USSR.

The origins and formation of a socialist camp

As is known, the October Socialist Revolution was carried out under international slogans and declaration of the ideas of the world revolution. This installation was key and preserved in all the years of the USSR's existence, but many countries did not follow such a Russian example. But after the victory in World War II, many countries, including European, followed the model of socialist development. Sympathy to the country - the winner of the Nazi regime - played a role. So, some states even changed their traditional political vector from the west to the East. The alignment of political forces on Earth has changed radically. Therefore, the concept of "Socialist Camp" is not some abstraction, but specific countries.

The concept of the countries of the socialist orientation was embodied in the conclusion of friendly contracts and in subsequent mutual assistance. Groups of countries that were formed after the war are also customary to be called military-political blocs that were more than once at the turn of hostilities. But in 1989-1991, the USSR collapsed, and most of the socialist countries took a course for liberal development. The collapse of the socialist camp was due to both internal factors and external.

Economic cooperation of the countries of the Socialist Commonwealth

The main factor in creating a socialist camp was the economic mutual assistance: the provision of loans, trade, scientific and technical projects, exchange of personnel and specialists. Key of the listed types of interactions is foreign trade. This fact does not mean that the Socialist State should trade only with friendly countries.

All countries included in the socialist camp were sold on the world market products of their people's economy and received instead of all modern technologies, industrial equipment, as well as raw materials needed for the production of certain goods.

Countries of Socialist Camp

• Democratic Republic of Somalia;
• People's Republic of Angola;
• People's Republic of Congo;
• People's Republic of Mozambique;
• Folk;
• Republic of Ethiopia.

• People's Democratic Republic of Yemen;
• Socialist Republic of Vietnam;
• Democratic Republic of Afghanistan;
• Mongolian People's Republic;
• Chinese People's Republic;
• People's Republic of Campucia;
• Korean People's Democratic Republic;
• Lao Democratic Republic.

South America:

• Republic of Cuba;
• The People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada.

• German Democratic Republic;
• Folk socialist;
• Polish People's Republic;
• Czechoslovak Socialist Republic;
• People's Republic of Bulgaria;
• Socialist Republic of Romania;
• Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia;

Existing Socialist countries

In the modern world there are also countries that are in a particular sense are socialist. The Korean People's Democratic Republic positions itself as a socialist state. Exactly the same course takes place in the Cuban Republic and Asia countries.

In Eastern countries, such as the People's Republic of China and Vietnam, the state apparatus is managed by classical communist parties. Despite this fact, capitalist trends are traced in the economic development of these countries, that is, private property. Such a political and economic situation is observed in the Lao Republic, which also entered the socialist camp. This is a kind of way to combine the market and planned economy.

At the beginning of the XXI century, socialist trends began to occur and fixed in Latin America. Even the whole theoretical doctrine "Socialism of the XXI", which is actively applied in practice in the third world countries. For 2015, socialist governments are in power in Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela and Nicaragua. But this is not the country of the socialist camp, such governments arose in them after its decay at the end of the XX century.

Maoist Nepal

In mid-2008, a revolution occurred in Nepal. The Maoist Communist Group overthrew the monarch and won the elections as the Communist Party of Nepal. Since August, the head of state is the main party ideologist Bauram Bahattara. After these events, Nepal became a country where there is a course with an explicit communist dominant in political and economic life. But the Nepal Course is clearly not like a policy that the USSR and the Socialist Camp held.

Socialist policy of Cuba

Cuba is considered a socialist state for a very long time, but in 2010 the head of the republic took a course on economic change on the Chinese model of modernizing the socialist society. The central aspect of this policy is to increase the role of private capital in the economic system.

Thus, we reviewed the countries of the socialist orientation of both the past and modernity. The socialist camp is a combination of countries, friendly USSR. Modern states conducted by socialist policies are not included in this camp. It is very important to take into account to understand certain processes.

World Socialism System or World Socialist System - Social, economic and political community of free sovereign states running along the way and, united by the generality of interests and goals, the bonds of international socialist solidarity. Countries of the World Socialist System have the same type of economic foundation - public property for the means of production; The same type of state system is the power of the people led by the working class and its avant-garde - communist and workers' parties; a single ideology -; common interests in the protection of revolutionary conquests, in ensuring security from encroachment, in the struggle for peace throughout the world and to assist nations fighting for national independence; A single goal is communism, the construction of which is carried out on the basis of cooperation and mutual assistance.

The emergence and rise of the global system of socialism

The formation of the global socialist system in the middle of the 20th century was a natural result of the development of world economic and political forces during the general crisis of capitalism, the decay of the world capitalist system and the formation of communism as a single inclusive socio-economic formation. The emergence and development of the global system of socialism amounted to the most important objective outcome of the international revolutionary working and communist movement, the struggle of the working class for their social liberation. It is a direct continuation of the case, which marked the beginning of the era of the transition of mankind from capitalism to communism.

The successes of the USSR in the construction of socialism, his victory in the fascist Germany and Militarist Japan, the liberation of the Soviet army of the peoples of Europe and Asia from the fascist occupiers and the Japanese militarists accelerated the ripening of the conditions for the transition to the path of socialism of new countries and peoples.

As a result of the powerful lift of the liberation struggle of peoples in a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), as well as the struggle of Korean and Vietnamese peoples in 1944-1949. People's democratic and socialist revolutions won. Since that time, socialism has been out of one country and began the world-historical process of its transformation into the global economic and political system. In 1949, the GDR entered the path of socialism, the revolution in China was defeated. At the turn of the 50-60s. The XX century into the global system of socialism entered the first socialist country of the Western Hemisphere - Cuba.

The countries of the World Socialist System began the process of creating a new society from different levels of economic and political development. At the same time, each of them had their own history, traditions, national specifics.

In the world socialist system, the countries that had previously had a numerous, tempered in the class battles of the proletariat, in the other work class, were small at the time of the accuracy of the revolution, in the other work class. All this gave rise to certain features in the forms of construction of socialism. In the presence of a global socialist system to socialist construction, even those countries that have not passed the capitalist stage of development can begin and successfully implement it.

With the victory of socialist revolutions in the second half of the 20th century, a new, socialist type of international relations, which were based on the principle of socialist, gradually began to form in a number of countries in Europe and Asia. This principle occurred from the nature of the socialist method of production and international tasks of the working class and all workers.

During this period (60-80s. XX century), the following 25 socialist countries included in the global system of socialism:

• (Andr)
• (NSR)
• (NRA)
• (DR)
• (NRB)
• (NRB)
• (VNI)
• (SRV)
• (GDR)
• (NRK)
• (PRC)
• (NRK)
• (DPRK)
• (LNDR)
• (NRM)
• (MPR)
• (Poland)
• (CRP)
• (THE USSR)
• (CCHR)
• (SFRY)
• (RFE)

In addition to these countries, developing countries of socialist orientation, such as Egypt, and Nicaragua also treated the world socialist system.

The bourgeois counter-revolutions of the late XX century caused by a number of objective reasons led to the restoration of capitalism in Eastern Europe and the USSR and to the actual decay of the global socialist system as a single community. In the remaining sufficient support, a number of Asian socialist countries with a significant part of the petty-bourgeois mass (peasantry) in the 90s also took up negative processes, which led to the conversion of socialist transformations. Other countries were China, Mongolia, Laos and Vietnam. In a number of these countries (China, Vietnam), the Communist Parties remained in power, which, retaining their name, were reborn from workers in bourgeois (the most indicative example - in the 90s, representatives of large bourgeoisie, oligarchs began to enjoy freely.

As a result, only two truly socialist (from the economic and political points of view) of the state remained the beginning of the XXI century in the world: in the eastern hemisphere -; in Western -.

The imperialists of all countries apply a lot of effort to break their resistance for which economic sanctions are regularly superimposed. By the economic blockade of the World Community, led by the United States, hoped to provoke national discontent in these countries to overthrow the people's democratic governments and restore the power of landowners and capitalists in them.

However, the working people of Socialist Cuba and Korea clearly imagine, with what a cunning and dangerous opponent, they deal with, and for all attempts of imperialists to break their independence and the desire for freedom, they answer even greater cohesion of their rows around the Communist Party of Cuba and the Korea Labor Party, A large increase in vigilance, consciousness and discipline.

All over the world, companies support the struggle of the Cuban and Korean people for their freedom, for socialism. The peoples of these countries feel support from the international communist and labor movement.

At the beginning of the XXI century, there were trends in the world to restore the global socialist system. In the ranks of fighters for socialism, more and more new countries stand up. In Latin America, Venezuela and Bolivia chose the socialist path of development. In 2006-2008 The Maoist Revolution defeated Nepal, as a result of which the monarchy was overthrown, and the communists received most in the constituent assembly. The crucial class struggle inside these countries and the capitalist environment leads these countries to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to cooperate to protect the revolution and their socialist course. Warm friendly relations were established between Cuba, Venezuela and Bolivia, Venezuela and Belorussia. There are scatters for creating a single anti-imperialist camp.

Also, the features of socialism take place in Algeria, Brazil, Iran, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Syria, Uruguay.

From 1940s before the 1950s, countries with socialist ideology were called "Countries of People's Democracy". By the 1950s there were fifteen years. What socialist countries were then in this number? In addition to the Soviet Union, these were: NSRA (Albania), SFRA (Yugoslavia), Czechoslovakia, NRB (Bulgaria), SRV (Vietnam), VNI (Hungary), CRP (Romania), GDR (part of Germany), Poland (Poland ), PRC (China), MNR (Mongolia), Lund (Lao Republic), DPRK and the Republic of Cuba.

What distinguished socialist countries from other countries of the world? What was so annoyed by representatives of capitalism? First of all, a socialist ideology, in which public interests stand above the interests of personal.

Dramatic events and defeat of social alism in the Soviet Union could not not affect the Bipolar world's system turned into a world of multipole. The USSR was a rather influential subject. His decay put the remaining socialist countries of the world in an extremely difficult and rather dangerous position: to defend their policies and their sovereignty they had to be supported without the support of the very momentary state. The reactionaries of the whole world were confident: both Korea, Cuba, and Vietnam, and Laos, and China will fall after a rather short time.

However, today, these socialist countries continue to build and their population, by the way, is a quarter of the population of the whole land. Perhaps the tragic fate of Iraq, Yugoslavia and Afghanistan allowed them to survive in the most difficult 90s, who came to the collapse of the Union and led to chaos. Belonging to the previously owned Soviet Union, the role of the avant-garde decided to take on China, which began to equal to the remaining socialist countries.

The development of socialism in this country is more convenient to divide into two main periods: Maoszedovsky (from 1949 to 1978) and Dennyopinovsky (which began in 1979 and ongoing today.

China's first "five-year-old" China successfully completed with the help of the USSR, having achieved an annual 12%. The share of its industrial products rose to 40%. At the eighth congress, the CCP was announced to the victory of the socialist revolution. In the plans of the next "five-year plan" an increase in indicators was scheduled. But the desire to make a huge jump led to a sharp decline (by 48%) production.

Mao Zedong condemned for the obvious gentlemen was forced to leave the country's leadership and plunge into theory. But such a rapid drop has played a positive role: the rapid growth of the economy was stimulated by the interest in its work of each working person. After four years later, more than doubled (by 61%), and the growth of agricultural production indicators blocked in 42%.

However, the so-called "cultural revolution", which began in 1966, immersed the country into unmanaged economic chaos for twelve years.

Treated the PRC from the crisis of Dan Xiaopin, who deepened in the study of the works of the theorists of Marxism-Leninism and developed his way to socialism, similar to the Patriotic Concept of the NEP. The external aggression of the PRC still threatened, therefore the duration of the transition period was supposed to be fifty years.

The third plenary of the eleventh convocation was announced a new course that made emphasis on the combination of a planning and distribution system and a market, with mass attraction of investments from other countries. In addition, the education of independent enterprises was encouraged, family contracts, new discoveries in science.

A young Socialist country has developed rapidly:

Every decade, industrial production doubled;

China's GDP lost to 2005 only;

The average annual income (up to 1740 USD per person);

Mutual trade rates bypassed the same US indicators for 200,000,000 USD. (despite the restriction of Washington on the import of Chinese products);

Gold reserves exceeded stocks of all countries, becoming the largest in the world;

Increased, and significantly, the life expectancy of the Chinese.

For the experience of the NDR development, many countries are now seen, including her closest neighbors.

The possibility of choosing ideology has forever divided people. For young people, this is, for the most part, only a question of belonging to a subculture, but for people action - significant differences that do not allow to come to contact. In this article we will tell, in which countries now communism, in which video it exists.

Pluralism opinions

The feudal stroke had one significant advantage:

• Most of the population was devoid of fundamental rights;
• The average peasant thought much more about dinner than politics;
• The available state of affairs was perceived as something proper;
• There were no special differences.

Nishchenskoe existence in harsh conditions is a dubious prospect. But if you remember the number of victims in civil wars around the world, this will no longer seem such a disadvantage of the left era. A hundred years ago and on our territory there were similar "political debates", when as arguments were used:

1. Artillery;
2. Cavalry;
3. Fleet;
4. Gallows;
5. Focusing teams.

And the mass "decline in the number" of the enemy was not bent both sides, so it would not even be accused of accomplishing some particular ideology. The dispute itself, the faith itself in the ability to establish the best building can turn a person to the most severe creature.

Theoretical device of the state

In fact, communism remained only on the pages of theoretical work on political life and the state device. None in any country in the world has never been communism, although it was tried to build it:

• Provide social equality;
• Introduce public property for the means of production;
• Get rid of the monetary system;
• Leave in the past division into classes;
• Create perfect production forces.

If you explain very rudely, communism implies that there are enough existing production facilities to ensure that everyone needs each person on the planet, without exception. Everyone can get:

1. Necessary medicines;
2. Full nutrition;
3. Modern technique;
4. Necessary clothes;
5. Movable and real estate.

It turns out, it is only necessary to distribute all existing products "correctly" to "not offend anyone." Everyone will get smooth as much as he needs. That's just for this you need to "take to the hands" every production on the planet, by writing it from the current owners. And already at this point you can face irresistible difficulties. What to talk about an equal and honest distribution, which the history of mankind does not know and, most likely, never know.

Countries of the winning communism

There are countries that are trying or tried to build communism on their territory:

• USSR (broke up in 1991);
• China;
• Cuba;
• North Korea;
• Vietnam;
• Campuches (broke up in 1979);
• Laos.

In many ways, the Union exporting ideology and management mechanisms provided its influence. For this, he received his share of influence on the events within the country today china's most successful country with the ruling communist party can be called China. But even this Asian country:

1. Moved from the ideas of "classic communism";
2. Allow for the existence of private property;
3. Liberalization has undergone in recent years;
4. They strive to attract as much foreign investors as possible at the expense of openness and transparency of the business.

On total state control, in such conditions, it is difficult to speak. A little different things are in Cuba and in North Korea. These countries do not refuse the path laid in the second half of the last century, even though movement on this road raises serious difficulties:

• Sanctions;
• Militarism;
• Invasion threats;
• Heavy economic situation.

These modes, without significant changes, may exist for a very long time - the stock of the strength is enough. Another question is whether it will benefit people living in these territories.

European Socialists

To countries with a powerful social program You can attribute:

1. Denmark;
2. Sweden;
3. Norway;
4. Switzerland.

All that our grandparents dreamed about, were able to embody the Swedes. We are talking:

• About high social standards;
• About state protection;
• About decent wages;
• About a healthy microclimate.

In 2017, a referendum was held in Switzerland about the guaranteed payment by citizens a monthly amount. These funds would be enough for a comfortable existence, but the Swiss refused. And everything without communist parties, Lenin and red stars.

It comes out, there may be a highly developed state, caring for the well-being of its own citizens and considering this value as their highest priority. Requirements for such a country:

1. High productivity;
2. The absence of spruce on world domination;
3. Long traditions;
4. Strong and independent institutions of power and civil rights.

Any attempts to prove their uniqueness or impose an opinion to other countries lead to a decrease in the role of civil society in public life, which is poured into strong states with weak social programs.

Where now "live well"?

There is no real communism in the world. Maybe something similar existed from our ancestors, during the time of primitive-communal system. Nowadays, communist regimes rule:

• In China;
• In the DPRK;
• In Cuba.

Respectful to social policy includes a number of European countries, even though Bust Lenin is not in every office:

1. Switzerland;
2. Norway;
3. Denmark;
4. Sweden.

Somewhere high standards of life are provided with oil revenues, somewhere - long-standing and successful investments. But one is invariably - for "equality and fraternity" high labor productivity and good economic indicators are needed..

Building a similar model is possible in any country in the world, for this it is not necessary to overthrow the current power and to impose the power of the proletariat. It is enough to push the idea of \u200b\u200bhigh social standards and make the task of improving citizens' life the main goal of the country.

Video about strange types of communism

In this video, the political scientist Vyacheslav Volkov will tell about the 4 unusual types of communism that have previously existed in our time:

After the end of World War II in Eastern Europe, prosecutive regimes were established. Among the overwhelming majority of the population of the countries of this region, sympathies were on the side of the USSR as a state who saved them from fascism. In the elections held in the first years after the completion of the war, the victory won the communist and socialist parties. For confrontation with the strengths of the West, the countries of Eastern Europe united into the military-political unit under the auspices of the USSR. This lesson is devoted to the review of the relationship and development of Eastern European countries.

Prehistory.

By 1947-1948 In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, GDR, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Albania), communist parties subordinate to Moscow came to power. All other parties were displaced from political life. The regime of one-chisty was set and a course was taken for the construction of socialism according to the USSR model.

The following features were characteristic of the countries of the socialist camp.

• Single-party system.
• Totalitarian socialism (totalitarianism).
• Nationalization of industry, trade and finance.
• Glamoring. Command-administrative distribution system.

Events

1947 - The information bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Kominform) was created, through which Moscow led the social camp countries.

GDR

1953 - uprising in the GDR due to lowering the standard of living.

The establishment of prosecutor and socialist regimes on the territory of the eastern, southeastern and part of Central Europe made it possible to include countries located in these territories in the so-called. Socialist camp. To the states that orbit of the USSR in Europeinclude: Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Albania, Yugoslavia and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The establishment of the political regimes of the Soviet sample led to transformations and reforms copied from the USSR. So, in all of the countries listed, in the late 1940s - early 1950s. Agricultural reform was held, harassment began dissidents (i.e. people who do not agree with the political regime)Almost all spheres of society have been subordinate to the state. To strengthen the relationship and maintaining the economy in 1949, the Council of Economic Mutual Assistance (CEA) was founded, which included all states, with the exception of Yugoslavia (Fig. 1). In 1955, in Warsaw, between the USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, GDR, Romania and Bulgaria, was signed an agreement on the creation of a military unit, in many ways to confront the NATO created in 1949. This block of socialist countries received the name of the ATS - the organization of the Warsaw Treaty.

Fig. 1. CEV building in Moscow ()

The first cracks in the Unified Socialist camp occurred in 1948.when Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Titowho wanted to lead, in many respects, without coordination with Moscow, once again made a wilranulent step, which served the exacerbation of Soviet-Yugoslav relations and their discontinuity. Until 1955. Yugoslavia fell out of the Unified System, and did not return all there yet. In this country, a peculiar model of socialism arose - titoismbased on the authority of the leader of the country of Tito. With it, Yugoslavia turned into a country with a developed economy (in 1950-1970. Production rates increased fourfold), Tito's authority fastened a multinational Yugoslavia. The ideas of market socialism and self-government were based on Yugoslav prosperity.

After death in 1980, Tito, centrifugal processes began in the state, which led the country to decay in the early 1990s., War in Croatia, the mass Genocide of Serbs in Croatia and Kosovo.

The second country, which came out of the United Socialist Camp and did not enter it, was Albania. Albanian leader and convinced Stalinist - (Fig. 2) - did not agree with the decision of the XX Congress of the CPSU to condemn the cult of the Personality of Stalin and ripped diplomatic relations from the USSR, coming out of the SEA. The further existence of Albania was tragic. The sole mode of Khoji led the country to decline and the mass poverty of the population. In the early 1990s National conflicts, which flow into the mass destruction of the Serbs and the occupation of the original Serbian territories continue to this day began between Serbs and Albanis.

Fig. 2. Enver Khoja ()

In relation to other countries socialisture There was a more hard policy. So when in 1956 the unrest of Polish workers broke outProtesting against unbearable living conditions, the columns were shot by the troops, and the leaders of the workers were found and destroyed. But in the light of political transformations that took place at this time and in the USSR related to determination of societyIn Moscow, agreed to put the Poland of Poland repressed under Stalin Vladislav Gomulka. Later the authorities will go to general Wojzuhu Yarazelskywho will fight with the political weight motion "Solidarity"Representing workers and independent trade unions. Motion leader - Lech Valens - became the protest leader. During the 1980s. The "Solidarity" movement was gaining increasingly popular, despite the persecution of the authorities. In 1989, with the collapse of the Socialist System, "Solidarity" came to power in Poland.

In 1956, a rebellion broke out in Budapest. The reason was the destalinization and demand for the workers and intelligentsia of honest and open elections, the unwillingness is dependent on Moscow. The uprising soon resulted in the persecution and arrest of employees of the Hungarian State Security; Part of the army moved to the side of the people. By decision of Moscow, the OVD troops were introduced into Budapest. Guide of the Hungarian Party of Workers Headed by Stalinist Matyash Rakoshi, forced to put a prime minister Imre Nadia. Soon, Nague declared the exit of Hungary from the ATS, which caused the wrath of Moscow. In Budapest, tanks were again introduced, and the uprising was brutally suppressed. Became the new leader Janos Kadarwhich repressed most of the rebels (Naga was shot), but began to conduct economic reforms that contributed to the fact that Hungary turned into one of the most prosperous social countries. With the collapse of the socialist system, Hungary abandoned the previous ideals, a pro-Western manual came to power.

In 1968 in Czechoslovakia The new Communist Government was elected headed by Alexander Dubchekomwho wanted to conduct economic, social and political transformations. Seeing a relaxation in the inner life, all Czechoslovakia was covered by rallies. Seeing the fact that the Socialist State has become to the world of capital, the leader of the USSR L.I. Brezhnev ordered in the Czechoslovakia of the ATS troops. Under no circumstances, the ratio of forces between the world of capital and socialism after 1945 received a name after 1945 "Doctrine Brezhnev". In August 1968, the troops were introduced, all the management of Czechoslovaki's Communist Party was arrested, the tanks opened fire on people on the streets of Prague (Fig. 3). Soon, the dubcles will be replaced by the Providest Gustav Gusakomwhich will stick to the official line of Moscow.

Fig. 3. Riot in Prague ()

Bulgaria and Romania throughout the entire period of existence of the socialist will remain true to Moscow in their political and economic transformations. The Bulgarian Communists, led by Todor Livkov, will strictly lead their inner and foreign politics, looking around Moscow. Romanian leader Nikolai Ceausescu from time to time forced the Soviet leadership. He wanted to seem an independent politician, at Tito's manner, but quickly showed his weakness. In 1989, after the coup and overthrow of the communist power, Ceausescu was shot together with his wife. With the collapse of the general system, pro-Western forces will come to power, which will be tuned to European integration.

Thus, the countries " people's Democracy"Or the country" real Socialism"Over the past 60 years, we have experienced a transformation from the socialist system to the capitalist system led by the United States, which is largely dependent on the influence of the new leader.

1. Aleksashkin L.N. General history. XX - the beginning of the XXI century. - M.: Mnemozina, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M.: Russian Word, 2009.

3. Filmov O.Yu., Andreevskaya TP, Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

2. Encyclopedia of world historical names, titles, events ().

1. Read the chapter 18 of the textbook Alexashkina L.N. General history. XX - the beginning of the XXI century and give answers to questions 1-6 on with. 213.

2. What manifested themselves to the consolidation of the Coclarage countries in economics and politics?

3. Describe the "Doctrine Brezhnev".