As an emotional state and how. Emotional states of man

Introduction

emotional psychoanalytic dissonance feeling

In the scientific community there are many different views on the nature of emotional processes. Some one, generally accepted theory has not yet been developed. In this regard, the universal definition of the emotional process also does not exist, as there is no generally accepted term for their designation. Psychologists are often used in this broad sense, the terms "affect" and "Emotion", but these names are at the same time used to designate narrower concepts. The term "emotional process" is also not generally accepted, but it, at least, does not contain ambiguity.

Under emotions, they understand the processes of internal regulation of human or animal activities, reflecting the meaning (importance for the process of its livelihood), which have existing or possible situations in his life. Human emotions give rise to the experiences of pleasure, displeasure, fear, timidity, and the like, playing the role of orienting subjective signals. The method to estimate the presence of subjective experiences (in view of what they are subjective) in animals by scientific methods have not yet been found. In this context, it is important to understand that emotion itself can, but it is not obliged to generate such an experience, and it is reduced to the process of internal regulation of activities.

Emotions Evolutionary developed from the simplest congenital emotional processes that are reduced to organic, motor and secretory changes, to significantly more complex, lost the instinctive framework of processes that have a clear binding to the situation as a whole, that is, expressing personal evaluation attitudes towards available or possible situations, to their participation in them.

The expression of emotions has features of a socially emerging, changing language, which can be seen from various ethnographic descriptions. In favor of this view, it also says, for example, a peculiar poverty of the Mimici at the blind people from the birth of people.

1. Emotional processes

Emotional processes include a wide class of processes, internal regulation of activity. These feature they perform, reflecting the meaning that objects and situations affect the subject. Their values \u200b\u200bfor their life. A person has emotions give rise to the experiences of pleasure, not - pleasure, fear, timidity, etc., which play the role of orienting subjective signals. The simplest emotional processes are expressed in organic, motor and secretory changes and belong to the number of congenital reactions. However, in the course of the development of emotions, the direct instinctive foundation is lost, acquire a compound nature, differentiates and form diverse views of the so-called higher emotional processes; Social, intellectual and aesthetic, which in humans are the main content of its emotional life. According to its origin, the methods of manifestation and forms of the flow of emotions are characterized by a number of specific patterns.

Even the so-called lower emotions are a person with a product of social and historical development, the result of the transformation of their instinctive, biological forms, on the one hand, and the formation of new types of emotions - on the other; This also applies to emotionally expressive, mimic, and pantomiac movements, which, including in the process of communication between people, is acquired to a large extent conditional, signaling and. At the same time, social character than the observed cultural, differences in facial expressions and emotional gestures are explained. Thus, emotions: and the emotional expressive movements of a person are not rudimentary phenomena of his psyche, but a product of positive development and implement the regulation of its activities, including the cognitive, necessary and important role. During its development, emotions are differentiated and different species, differing in their psychological peculiarities and patterns of their flows. Emotional, in a broad sense, processes are currently accepted by affects, actually emotions and feelings. Often moods also allocate as a separate class.

Soviet psychologist B.I. Dodon offered a classification of emotional processes based on related, in his opinion, with these emotional processes of human needs:

altruistic;

communicative;

gloric;

praxic;

bugne

romantic;

gnostic;

aesthetic;

hedonistic;

acizitive emotions.

Each person, notes dodon, is inherent in its "emotional melody" - the overall emotional orientation characterized by the closest person, desirable and permanent emotions.

Affects

Affects are called in modern psychology strong and relatively short-term emotional experiences, accompanied by sharply pronounced motor and visceral manifestations, the content and character of which can, however, vary, in particular, under the influence of education and self-education. In humans, affects are caused not only by factors affecting the maintenance of its physical existence associated with its biological needs and instinctam. They can also arise in developing social relations, for example, as a result of social assessments and sanctions. One, of the features of affects is that they arise in response to the already actually the situation and in this sense are as if shifted by the end of the event (valve); In this regard, their regulatory function consists in the formation of specific experience - affective traces that determine the selectivity of subsequent behavior in relation to situations and their elements that were previously caused by affect. Such affective traces ("affective complexes") detect the tendency of obsession and tendency to braking. The action of these opposite trends is clearly detected in the associative experiment (JUN): the first pro - is that even relatively distant words of irritants cause an association elements of an affective complex: the second trend is manifested in the fact that the actualization of the elements of an affective complex causes braking of speech reactions, as well as inhibition and violation of motor reactions conjugate with them (A.R. Luria); Other symptoms are also arising (changes in the leather-galvanic reaction, vascular changes, etc.). This is based on the principle of operation of the so-called "lidetector" - the device that serves to diagnose the involvement of the suspect to the investigated crime. Under noble conditions, affective complexes can be completely reflected, to be out of consciousness. Special, exaggerated importance is given, in particular, in psychoanalysis. Another property of affects is that the repetition of situations "causing this or that negative affective state, conducts an affect accumulation, which can be discharged in the rapid uncontrollable" affective behavior - "affective explosion". In this regard, the property of accumulated affects were proposed in educational and therapeutic purposes various methods for the conversion of affect, their "sewage".

Various forms of effects of affects (according to V. Wund):

a - quickly occurring affect, b - slowly increasing,

v - intermitted, G is an affect, in which periods of excitation are replaced by periods of decline of forces.

Emotions

Unlike affects, actually emotions are longer states, sometimes only weakly manifested in external behavior. They have a distinct situational character, i.e. Express the estimated personality attitude to the folding or possible situations, to their activities and their manifestations in them. Actually, emotions are clearly pronounced ideatory character; This means that they are able to anticipate situations and events that have not really come, and arise in connection with ideas, about experienced or imagined situations. Their most important feature is their ability to generalize and communicate; Therefore, the emotional experience of a person is much wider than the experience of its individual experiences: it is also formed as a result of emotional empathy arising in communicating with other people, and in particular those transmitted by the art of art (B.M. Teplov). The very expression of emotions acquires the features of a socially emerging historically volatile "emotional language", as evidenced by numerous ethnographic descriptions and such facts, such as, for example, the peculiar poverty of the Mimici in innate - blind people. Actually, emotions are in another relationship to personality and consciousness than affects. The first perceived by the subject as the state of my "I", the second - as the states that occur in me. This difference pronounced in cases where emotions arise as a response to affect; For example, the emergence of the fear of fear of fear or emotions caused by an experienced affect, for example, an affect of acute wrath is possible. A special type of emotion is aesthetic emotions that perform the most important function in the development of the semantic personality sphere.

Many researchers are trying on various reasons, allocate the so-called basic or fundamental emotions that there are those elementary emotional processes, of which there is an all variety of human emotional life. Various researchers offer various lists of these emotions, but there is no single and generally accepted yet.

K.E. Izard offers the following list of basic emotions:

Interest - arousal;

Pleasure - joy;

Surprise;

Mountain - suffering;

Anger - rage;

Disgust - disgust;

Contempt - disregard;

Fear is horror;

Shame - shyness;

Wines - repentance.

More conventional and less generally accepted is the allocation of feelings as a special subclass of emotional processes. The basis for their discharge is their distinct item. arising from a specific generalization of emotions. Binding with the presentation or idea of \u200b\u200ba certain object - a concrete or generalized, abstract, for example, a sense of love for a person, to the homeland, a feeling of hatred of the enemy, etc.). The emergence and development of subject feelings expresses the formation of sustainable emotional relations, peculiar "emotional constants". The discrepancy of the emotion and feelings and the possibility of contradictory among them was in psychology the foundation of the idea of \u200b\u200bambivalence as an allegedly inherent inherent emotion features. However, cases of ambivalent experiences most often arise as a result of the incomprehensibility of a sustainable emotional relationship, to an object, and an emotional reaction to the current passing situation (for example, a deeply beloved person may in a certain situation cause the transient emotion of displeasure, even anger). Another feature of feelings is that they form a number of levels, ranging from direct feelings to a specific object and ending with higher social feelings relating to social values \u200b\u200band ideals. These different levels are connected with different in their form - generalizations - the objects of feelings: images or concepts that form the content of the moral consciousness of a person. Social institutions, in particular social symbols, supporting their sustainability (for example, a banner), some rites and social acts (P. Jean) have a significant role in the formation and development of higher human senses. As well as emotions, feelings have their own positive development and, having natural prerequisites, are a product of his life in society, communication and upbringing.

Mood

Under the mood understand the emotional process, expressing the human attitude towards his life situation as a whole. Usually, the mood is distinguished by stability and time duration, as well as low intensity. Otherwise, it may be a symptom of mood disorder.

Experts are distinguished between the concept of "mood" and the concepts of "feeling", "Affect", "Emotion" and "Experience":

Unlike feelings, moods do not have object binding: they arise not in relation to anyone or anything, but in relation to the life situation as a whole. In this regard, mood, in contrast to feelings, cannot be ambivalent.

Unlike affects, moods can practically not have external manifestations, much longer in time and weaker than the force.

Unlike emotions, moods are long in time and have less intensity.

Under the experiences, they usually understand the exclusively subjective mental side of emotional processes, not including physiological components.

. Development of the theory of emotions in psychology

The first attempts to explain the nature of emotions appeared in ancient China. The mental component of a person was expressed in ancient China in the concept of blue - "heart". However, the Chinese did not hold the strict heartssentric concept of the psyche. There is also an idea that the heart is one of the organs in the holistic organism, which correspond to certain mental correlates. The heart is only the most important of them, in it, as in the "core" of the body, concentrates the resulting mental interactions, which defines their common orientation and structure. Therefore, in Chinese, many hieroglyphs denoting emotional categories contain a hieroglyph "Heart". The human being was considered by the Chinese as part of the cosmos, as an organism in the body. It was believed that the mental device of the human body has the same number of structural levels, as well as holistic space, the internal states of the person are determined by its relationship with the outside world.

Later and scientifically substantiated theory belongs to Ch. Darwin. Posted in 1872 the book "The expression of emotions in humans and animals", Ch. Darwin showed the evolutionary path of development of emotions and substantiated the origin of their physiological manifestations. The essence of his ideas is that emotions are either useful or represent only residues (rudiments) of various expedient reactions that have been developed in the process of evolution in the struggle for existence. The angry man blues, breathing heavily and squeezes fists because in primitive history, every anger brought people to a fight, and she demanded energetic muscle contractions and, therefore, reinforced breathing and blood circulation, providing muscle work. Hand sweating at fear, he explained by the fact that monkey-like ancestors of man, this reaction facilitated for the risk of trees.

Biological theories of emotions

The concept of "emotions" appeared in psychology at the beginning of the XIX century. The theory of emotions was proposed independently from each other by the American philosopher and psychologist W. James and Danish Medicom Ya.G. Lange. This theory states that the emergence of emotions is due to the changes caused by external influences in both an arbitrary motor sphere and in the sphere of involuntary acts, vascular, secretory activities. A combination of sensations associated with these changes, and there is an emotional experience. According to James: "We are sad because we are crying; Fear because you tremble, rejoice because we laugh. "

If James tied emotions with a wide range of peripheral changes, then Langa is only with a vascular uniform system: the state of innervation and the lumen of the vessels. Thus, peripheral organic changes, which were usually considered as a result of emotions, were declared their cause. James - Lange's emotion theory was an attempt to turn emotions to an object available to a natural study. However, linking emotions exclusively with corporal changes, she translated them into the category of phenomena, not related to the needs and motives, deprived the emotions of their adaptive meaning regulating the function. The problem of arbitrary regulation of emotions was treated simplified, it was believed that unwanted emotions, for example, anger, can be suppressed if intentionally perform actions characteristic of positive emotions.

These theories laid a stone to build a number of metaphysical theories in the teaching on emotions. In this regard, the theory of Jems and Lange was a step back compared to the works of Darwin and the direction that was directly developed from him.

The main objections to the theory of James - Langa's emotions, nominated in psychology, belong to a mechanistic understanding of emotions as a combination of sensations caused by peripheral changes, and to the explanation of the nature of higher feelings. Criticism of the Theory of the Emotions of James - Lange Physiologists (Ch.S. Sherrington, W. Kennon, etc.) is based on data obtained in animal experiments. The main ones indicate that the same peripheral changes occur under various emotions, as well as under states, with emotions not related. L.S. Vygotsky subjected this theory of criticism for the opposition of "lower", elementary emotions, as caused by shifts in the body, "higher", truly human experiences (aesthetic, intellectual, moral, etc.), which would not have any material grounds.

Psycho-organic theory of emotions (so conventionally, you can call the concepts of Jeys-Lang), it was further developed under the influence of electrophysiological studies of the brain. At its base there was an activation theory of Lindsa-Hebba. According to this theory, emotional states are determined by the influence of the reticular formation of the lower part of the brain barrel. Emotions arise as a result of violation and restoration of equilibrium in the respective structures of the central nervous system. Activation theory is based on the following main positions: - the electroencephalographic picture of the brain work, arising from emotions, is an expression of the so-called "activation complex" associated with the activities of the reticular formation. The operation of the reticular formation defines many dynamic parameters of emotional states: their strength, duration, variability and number of others.

Psychoanalytic theory

Psychoanalysis draws attention to the energy component of mental processes, considering in this plan and the emotional sphere. Despite the fact that the proposed abstracted version of the interpretation of emotions was little tied to the organization of the brain, he later attracted the attention of many researchers in this problem. According to the opinion of Sigmund Freud, the unconscious is the source of excess energy that it determines as libido. The structural content of the libido is due to a conflict situation that occurred in the past and encrypted on an instinctive level. It should be noted that the facts indicating the pronounced plasticity of the nervous system are poorly consistent with the idea of \u200b\u200ba "canned" conflict, not to mention that the biological meaning is poorly visible in this hypothesis. Over time, psychoanalysis came to the conclusion that the energy of the "unconscious" is not stored in the structures of the brain as a "defect of development", but is a consequence of an excess of energy in the nervous system, as the result of imperfect personality adaptation in society. For example, A. Adler believed that most children initially inherent in the feeling of their own imperfection, compared with the "omnipotent adults", which leads to the formation of a complex of inferiority. The development of the personality, according to the views of the adler, depends on how this complex will be compensated. In pathological cases, a person may try to compensate for its complex of inferiority due to the desire for power over others.

Activation theory

The theory is based on the works of Giuseppe Morutszi and the temple of Magougun, which showed the presence of a non-specific system in the brain trunk, capable of activating the bark of large hemispheres. Later studies have established the presence of a non-specific activating system in Talamus and the participation of a strish-shaped system to regulate the level of activity. Since these formations provide the strength and intensity of the processes in the brain, help the body to adapt in the habitat, and certain sections of this system are in the reciprocal relations, it was assumed that emotions have a touch equivalent of the activating brain system. Donald Olding Hebb Analysis of the electroencephalographic picture of the brain's work due to the activities of the reticular formation and showed that its activity is correlated with force, duration and quality of emotional experience. Hebb expressed its ideas graphically and showed that to achieve a successful result of activities, a person needs an optimal, average level of emotional excitement. This theory supplement the existing ideas about the relationship of emotions with behavior and vegetative reactions, showing their connection with the activating brain system.

Two-factor theory

The two-factor theory of emotions is associated with the name of the American social psychologist Wedley Schehter (1962), it states that the emergence of feelings can be represented as a function of physiological excitation (quantitative component of emotion) and "relevant" interpretation of this excitation (high-quality component). According to the theory, the products of the process of cognition are used to interpret the values \u200b\u200bof physiological reactions to external events. " Despite the fact that already in 1924, the "two-component theory of emotion" of the Maranon Gregory was published, and after that, even before Shechter, such models of emotions occurred, for example, Rosel (1927) and Duffy (1941) were published, after all, it was Shekhter's theory, which had a huge impact on the psychology of the next 20 years due to the fact that was based on experimental projects (which also serves as evidence of the causal attribution), and thus again and again pushed to attempt to perform a full re-research.

Subsequently, the Schherter-Singer study was increasingly systematically criticized, which gave rise to a number of subsequent experiments (mainly in causal attribution) and full repeated research (including Marshal and Philip Zimbardo, Walins), which nevertheless could not even be Play results obtained in Shehtera Singer.

The two-factor theory has made an important contribution to the psychology of emotions, even if the thesis that there is enough physiological excitement to have enough emotion, can no longer be in force. It provided models of explanations, including for panic attacks, and prompted scientists to focus on the cognitive-physiological paradigm of the study. In 1966, the psychologist Stuart Valins modified the two-factor theory of emotions. He conducted a study on the feeling of conscious physiological changes in the actualization of the emotional reaction (known as the Blinds effect).

Biological theory of emotions, developed by P.K. Anocyne, explains the emergence of positive (negative) emotions by the fact that the nervous substrate of emotions is activated at the moment when the coincidence (mismatch) of the action acceptor is detected, as an afferent model of expected results, on the one hand, and signaling about the actual effect, on the other.

Mustrial information theory of emotions

Must-information theory of Emotions Paul Vasilyevich Simonov is developing the idea of \u200b\u200bPeter Kuzmich Anokhin that the quality of emotions should be considered from the standpoint of the effectiveness of the behavior. All sensory diversity of emotions is reduced to the ability to quickly appreciate the possibility or inability to actively act, that is, indirectly ties to the activating brain system. Emotion is represented as a certain force that manages the relevant program of action and in which the quality of this program has been recorded. From the point of view of this theory, it is assumed that "... Emotion is reflected by the brain of man and animals of any relevant need (its quality and magnitude) and the probabilities (possibilities) of its satisfaction that the brain is assessed on the basis of genetic and previously acquired individual experience." This statement can be represented as a formula:

E \u003d P.× (IS - Ying),

where E is emotion (her strength, quality and sign); P is the strength and quality of the urgent need; (In - IP) - assessment of the probability (possibilities) of satisfaction of this need, based on innocent (genetic) and acquired experience; IN - information about the means of prognostically necessary to meet the existing need; IP - information about the means that the person has at the moment.

It is clearly seen from the formula that when IS\u003e in emotion acquires a positive sign, and with<Ин - отрицательный.

Theory of cognitive dissonance

In the context of the theory of cognitive dissonance, Leon Festinger, emotion is considered as a process whose quality is determined by the consistency of interacting systems. A positive emotional experience appears when the implemented action plan does not meet in its path of obstacles. Negative emotions are associated with a mismatch between the current activities and the expected result. The dissonance, the discrepancy between the expected and valid results of activities, implies the existence of two main emotional states that are directly related to the effectiveness of cognitive activities, the construction of activity plans and their implementation. Such an understanding of emotions, limited by an explanation of their positive or negative component, is somewhat one-sided shows the nature of emotions, as a signaling system responsive to the quality of behavior programs and veils the active, energy side of emotions, as well as their high-quality manifold. At the same time, this theory emphasizes the dependence of the sign of emotions, from the quality of the program of action, and not from the quality of the emotional sensation.

. Emotional condition

Emotional state is a concept that combines moods, internal feelings, desires, desires, affects and emotions. Emotional states can last from a few seconds to several hours and be more or less intense. In exceptional cases, intensive emotional state can be maintained longer than these deadlines, but in this case it may be evidence of mental disorders.

Evaluation of emotional state

Evaluation of the emotional state of patients is important in neurological and therapeutic practice due to the significant influence of emotional stress on clinical manifestations and the nature of the flow of many neurological and somatic diseases. More attention is paid to the daily monitoring of the patient's emotional state, allowing to optimize psychological assistance to the patient.

Clinical interest is both diagnostics of the level of emotional deadaption, as well as determining the nature of the emotional patient, contributing to the understanding of personal causes of stress. The determination of the degree of emotional disadaptation in clinical practice is most often carried out by estimating the symptoms of anxious-depressive disorders recognized by clinical correlates of mental stress. Most often, the verbal questionnaires are used for this purpose, such as the king scale for the self-assessment of the depression (English. Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale), the Bek depression scale, the hospital alarm and depression, the questionnaire of the "state and the properties of anxiety" and many others.

Such scales have proven themselves in the diagnosis of chronic stress. However, their disadvantage is the limitation of the characteristics of the emotional sphere, only the area of \u200b\u200banxiety and depression, while the spectrum of emotions inherent is much wider. Meanwhile, the clarification of the patient's experiences is essential to understand the psychological reasons for its emotional discomfort associated with violation of certain biopsychosocial needs. In addition, the components of such scales of approval (for example: "I do not follow my appearance") characterize the relatively sustainable state of the person. In this regard, these scales do not allow to observe the dynamics of the emotional state of the person for short, calculated hours or one day, time intervals.

The dynamic estimate of the mental voltage level allows you to give a list "List of emotional adjectives", developed by Zuckerman and its employees in the 1960s (quota. According to Brzlav G., 2004). According to this technique, the subject is subject to a list of 21 adjectives reflecting the presence of anxiety experience or its absence, and is offered on a 5-point scale to evaluate the severity of each of the listed experiences "here and now" and "usually". At the same time, this technique also limits the diagnosis of the emotional state of the person only by determining the level of its mental stress, leaving the spectrum of the spectrum of feelings experienced by a person, the analysis of which is significant, because it allows us to find out the source of this mental stress itself.

Assess the severity of emotional voltage allows a number of projective techniques, from which a Lucher Test is most often used. The severity of emotional tension ("anxiety") is determined in points on a special system of estimates determined by the location of various color standards in a series of preferences of the subject. A number of studies confirmed the existence of correlations between the preference of a color standard and the current emotional state of the examined (Kuznetsov O.N. et al., 1990). At the same time, the Lucher's test, as well as the above-described verbal scales and depression, makes it possible to identify only the overall level of mental stress, without pointing out the specifics of the emotions experienced by man.

To diagnose the character of human experienced by human, it is possible with the help of methods based on the assessment of facial expression. However, the methods of identifying the current emotional state of a person on his facial expressions and pantomimics are used mainly under experimental purposes and broad clinical uses were not found in connection with their labor intensity (Breslav G., 2004). Also described the diagnosis of emotional state according to the characteristics of speech (volume and height of the voice, pace and intonation of statements). So, MEHL M.R. et al. (2001) For dynamic observation of the affective sphere of the surveyed, they proposed to use an electronic portable device, providing a periodic (repeated every 12 minutes) 30-second audio recording of the speech of the test and sounds of its surrounding medium. It has been proven that such a record allows to obtain an accurate dynamic characteristic of the psychological state of a person during observation. The disadvantages of the method include the need to apply expensive electronic technology, as well as the complexity of the analysis and interpretation of the data obtained.

There are also verbal methods for the diagnosis of the nature of emotion experienced by man. So, Matthews K.A. et al. (2000) developed a method for evaluating an emotional state, based on the choice of the verbal characteristics of the emotions experienced by him. According to the procedure, the subject is imposed by a list of 17 indicating various emotions of words, after which they ask to indicate the degree of experience at the time of the examination of each of these emotions on a four-point scale (1 point - do not at all, 4 points - we are very strong). At the stage of development of the method, the authors allocated three mood options - "negative", "positive" and "bored". The words "strained", "irritable", "angry", "outraged / offended", "excited", "restless", "impatient" and "sad", served as the characteristics of the negative mood. The signs of a positive mood were considered the emotions, denoted by the words "satisfied", "joyful", "satisfied", "energetic", "controlling themselves", "interested / involved". Emotions were attributed to the signs of bored mood, which were denoted by the words "tired", "indifferent" and "tired". Based on the results of the factor analysis of the data obtained by the authors of each of the listed 17 emotions, its "weight" was assigned depending on the extent that it reflected the corresponding mood. The severity of each of these mood options in a particular subject was estimated by "weighing" and summation of points assigned to them with the appropriate mood to emotions.

The lack of this method include ignoring information about the degree of mental stress experienced by patients. Another disadvantage is the need to repeat the factor analysis and determination of the "weight" coefficients denoting the emotions of words when conducting research on samples belonging to new populations. All this complicates the method and makes it difficult to use in clinical practice.

Features of the evaluation of the emotional state in school children

One of the problems of the modern school is to increase the number of stressful situations in the educational process. In combination with unfavorable social conditions, this leads to an increase in the number of students with various emotional difficulties.

Analysis of the emotional state of schoolchildren showed that more than 40% of children in school predominate negative emotions. Among them are suspicious, distrust (17%), sadness, irony (8%), fright, fear (8%), anger (18%), boredom (17%). There are also such children who have only negative emotions at school. According to students, and teachers in the lessons often experience negative emotions. As a result, the school, the educational process loses emotional attractiveness for children, replacing others, sometimes destructive for personalities interests. Emotional problems of children can also cause them headaches, which sometimes lead to stronger manifestations: muscle spasms and sleep disorders. The survey revealed the presence of a different kind of sleep disorders in 26% of students. The presence of an internal psycho-emotional tension in a child leads to psychosomatic violations, to the general physical weakening of its organism.

Psychosomatic disadvantage affects the personal development of children. In recent years, increasingly, along with balanced characters there are emotionally unstable. Children often can be observed a variety of personal emphasis options that makes the learning process. This is impulsiveness, aggressiveness, falsity, criminal inclinations, increased vulnerability, shyness, closedness, excessive emotional lability.

82% of children are diagnosed with impassableness and irritability. In addition, research shows that modern schoolchildren dults emotional hearing. More than 60% of students estimate angry and threatening intonation as neutral. This speaks about the deep reincarnation of the psyche: aggression in the consciousness of children and adolescents displaces the norm and takes her place. Many of them believe that the speech is given to attack and defend, and among the character traits, hardness, determination becomes the most attractive, is to resist others. Children often cannot build constructive communication and interaction with the surrounding people: adults and peers.

The psychological support of the educational process involves identifying the difficulties experienced by schoolchildren in training, behavior and mental well-being. In practical work it is often difficult to determine the emotional background of the personal development of the child.

For modern children, an emotional deafness is characterized, it is difficult for them to determine what they feel, verbally reflect their feelings. Weak ability to recognize both their own emotions and feelings of surrounding people leads to a low level of empathy. Their incorrect interpretation is one of the factors leading to the growth of aggression, rejection, alienation, anxiety.

The use of projective methods in the diagnosis of emotional states experienced by students allows to react them, remove negative psychological protection, to determine the emotional background of the child's development, to build work in accordance with his personal features. Observation of painting activities, analysis of the picture and the perpetuum conversation helps to identify the features of the student who are hidden from the observer in ordinary school life.

Projective techniques allow you to establish the contact required for subsequent correctional and developing work. They also have both developing opportunities, since in the process of their use, schoolchildren learn to recognize their emotional states, verbally reflect them.

Fig. 2. Information card. Projective technique "Map of emotional states"

Output

The diagnosis of emotional state is important in many spheres of life. This may be a study of a psycho-emotional state of a patient who is on closerization, or testing school-age children to identify possible sources of anxiety and psychological discomfort, a survey of adolescents to identify suicidal inclinations or prisoners, accuracy and clarity of the diagnostic method is very important.

Operating the semantic content and quantitative indicators, it is possible to give a sufficiently surround characteristic of the individual and, which is equally important, to outline individual measures of prevention and psychocorrection. The following questions are highlighted: what symptoms are dominated; What preceded and dominant symptoms are accompanied by "exhaustion"; Explained whether "exhaustion" (if it was detected) by the factors of professional activities that were in the symptoms of "burnout", or subjective factors; What kind of symptom (what symptoms) most of all aggrees the emotional state of the individual; In which directions it is necessary to influence the production situation to reduce the nervous stress; What signs and aspects of the behavior of the person itself are subject to correction so that the emotional state does not damage it, professional activities and partners.

References

1. William Huitt. The Affective System.

2. A.S. Batuev Chapter 6. Factors of behavior organization. # 3. The role of emotions in organizing behavior // Physiology of higher nervous activity and sensory systems. - 3. - Peter, 2010.

Whalen C.K. et al., 2001; BOLGER N. et al., 2003.

A.N. Needs, motives and emotions. - Moscow: Moscow State University, 1971.

Berezanskaya, N.B., Nurkova, V.V. Psychology. - Yurait-Edition, 2003.

Koloming Ya.L. Man: Psychology. - M.: Enlightenment, 1986.

Izard K.E. Human emotions - M., 1980. - P. 52-71.

8. ELIZABETH DUFFY EMOTION: AN EXAMPLE OF THE NEED FOR REORIENTATION IN PSYCHOLOGY.

9. Carson A.J. et al., 2000.

S. Panchenko, methods for determining emotional states and personal characteristics of students.

Psychological tests / ed. A.A. Karelin. - M.: Humanit. ed. Center Vlados, 1999.

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Depending on the depth, intensity, duration and degree of differentiation, the following types of emotional states can be distinguished: sensual tone, emotion itself, affect, passion, mood.

Sensual or emotional tone is the simplest form of emotion, elementary manifestation of organic sensitivity, accompanying individual vital impacts and a prompting subject to eliminate or conservation. It can be comparable to primitive mental TRO-PIZMAM (approaching a pleasant incentive of small intensity and removing greater intensity from incentive). Often, such experiences due to their weak differentiation cannot be expressed verbally (for example, "you feel somehow not so" here). Remote as an emotional color, a kind of high-quality tint of the mental process, as the property of the perceived object, phenomena, actions, etc. (for example, "a pleasant interlocutor", "boring book").

Actually, emotions are a mental reflection in the form of a direct preissing experience of the life sense of phenomena and situations caused by the attitude of their objective properties to the needs of the subject. These are subject specific mental processes and states arising in a specific environment and having a narrow-plated nature.

Emotions occur during excess motivation in relation to the real adaptive features of the individual. Depending on which of the two factors in the balance sheet of motivation and the capabilities of the subject, the inconsistency comes faster, two categories of the causes that cause the occurrence of emotions are to be distinguished: insufficiency of adaptive capabilities, excess motivation. In the first case, emotion arises due to the fact that the subject cannot or can not give an adequate response to stimulation (situations that differ in novelty, unusual or suddenness). In the second case, there is an excessive motivation that does not have applications (before action, after action), and excessive motivation in social behavior (socially significant, socially undesirable, socially incomprehensible behavior).

Traditional is considered to divide emotions for positive and negative. Although this, very general, the classification of emotions is generally correct and useful, the concepts of positivity and negativeness in the annex to emotions require some clarification. For example, such emotions, as anger, fear, shame, cannot be unconditionally assigned to the category of negative, negative. Anger is sometimes directly related to adaptive behavior and even more often - with defense and approval of personal integrity. Fear is also associated with survival and along with shame contributes to the regulation of permits aggressiveness and statement of social order. Instead of talking about negative and positive emotions, it would be more accurate to believe that there are such emotions that contribute to psychological entropy, and such that facilitate constructive behavior. In this sense, this emotion will be positive or negative depends on intraindo-alone processes of the interaction of the subject and the surrounding medium, as well as more common etological and environmental factors.

An equally popular classification of emotions in relation to activities and, accordingly, their division on the strollers (encouraging to the action, causing stresses) and asthenic (braking effect, depressing).

Also known to the classification of emotions: by origin from groups of needs - biological, social and ideal emotions, according to the nature of the actions, which depends on the likelihood of meeting the need, contact and distant.

The affect is rapidly and the rapidly flowing emotional process of an explosive nature, which may not be subordinate to the conscious will discharge in action. The main thing in Affect is an unexpectedly advancing, sharply experienced shock, characterized by a change in consciousness, violation of volitional control over actions. Inffects, the parameters of attention change dramatically: its switching is reduced, the concentration, memory is disturbed up to partial or complete amnesia. The affect has a disorganizing effect on the activity, sequence and quality of execution, with maximum disintegration - stupor or chaotic unfinished motor reactions. Distinguish normal and pathological affects. The main signs of the pathological affect: the change in consciousness (disorientation in time and space); the inadequacy of the intensity of the response of the intensity of the irritant, which caused the reaction; The presence of a complete amnesia.

Saper is an intense, generalized and long experience, dominant over other human intentions and leading to concentration on the subject of passion. The causes that cause passion may be different - ranging from bodily deposits and to conscious ideological beliefs. It can be accepted, authorized by a person, and can be stirred as something unwanted, obsessive. Characteristic features of the passion are the power of the feeling, expressed in the appropriate orientation of all thoughts of the person, the stability, the unity of emotional and volitional moments, a peculiar combination of activity and passivity.

Mood is a relatively long, sustainable mental state of moderate or weak intensity. The reasons that appear mood are numerous - from organic well-being (tone of vital activity) to the nuances of relationships with others. The mood has a subjective orientation, compared with the sensual tone, it is not aware of the property of the object, but as the property of the subject (for example, about the musical work, emotional support in the form of a sensual background will sound like "beautiful music", and in the form of mood - "I have Excellent mood "(from music). Individual personal features play a certain role (for example, personal accentuations, hypertimia - a tendency to elevated mood, Distimia is a tendency to reduced mood and depressive response, emotivity - high emotional sensitivity and depth of emotional reactions, etc. ).

Which occurs in a person as a result of the reaction to any object or situation. They are not static and have a different force of severity. Such states determine and depend on the data of its nature and psychotype.

Main emotional states: characteristics

Emotions are characterized by three parameters:

1. Valence. This is the so-called tone of emotions: they may be negative and positive. Interesting is the fact that negative emotions allocate much more than positive.
2. Intensity. The power of emotional experience is estimated. External physiological manifestations have the greatest expression, the stronger the emotion. This parameter is closely related to CNS.
3. The parameter affects the activity of human behavior. It is represented by two options: ram and emotions contribute to the paralysis of actions: the person is bad and apatic. Stenical, on the contrary, encourage actions.

Views

The emotional states of a person are divided into 5 categories that are identified by strength, quality and duration of manifestation:

1. Mood. One of the longest emotional states. It affects human activity and may arise both gradually and suddenly. Moods are positive, negative, temporary and resilient.
2. Affective emotional states. This is a group of short-term emotions that suddenly cover a person and are characterized by a bright manifestation in behavior. Despite the short-term, the effect of affects on the psyche is very large and has a destructive nature, reducing its ability to organize and adequate evaluation of reality. This state can only be monitored by individuals with developed will.
3. Stress emotional states. They arise when a person falls into from a subjective point of view. A strong stress may be accompanied by an affect, if a large emotional damage has been incurred. On the one hand, stress is a negative phenomenon that adversely affects the nervous system, and on the other hand, he mobilizes a person that sometimes allows him to save his life.
4. Frustration. It is characterized by the feeling of difficulties and obstacles, introducing a person to an depressed state. In behavior there is an ambulation, sometimes aggressiveness, as well as a negative response to occurring events, regardless of their nature.
5. Emotional state of passion. This category of emotions is caused by a person's reaction to material and spiritual needs: so, the strong desire causes a striving for an object that is difficult to overcome. In behavior there is an activity, personality feels the rise of strength and most often becomes more impulsive and initiative.

Together with this classification, there is a more detailed, which shares all emotions into 2 categories.

Psychologists allocate 7 major emotions:

• joy;
• anger;
• contempt;
• surprise;
• fear;
• disgust;
• sorrow.

The essence of the main emotions is that they are experiencing all the people who had harmonious development without pathologies from the nervous system. They are equally manifested (albeit in varying degrees and quantities) among representatives of different cultures and social medium.

This is due to the presence of certain brain structures that are responsible for one or another emotion. Thus, a certain set of probable emotional experiences is laid in a person initially.

Emotions - mental phenomena reflecting in the form of experiences personal significance and evaluation of external and internal situations for human life. Emotions serve to reflect the subjective attitude of a person to themselves and to the world around him. Emotions are a mental process of reflecting the attitude of the subject to the phenomena of the internal and external world. The most significant feature of emotions is subjectivity. Also, emotions are characterized by the direction (positive or negative), the degree of voltage and the level of generality.
S.L. Volubystein, considering emotion as a phenomenon, highlights three main features:
1. Emotions express the subject of the subject and its attitude to the object (in contrast to the perception, which reflects the content of the object itself);
2. Emotions, usually differ in polarity, i.e. possess a positive or negative sign: pleasure - displeasure, fun - sadness, joy - sadness, etc. Moreover, these two poles are not mutually exclusive. In complex human feelings, they often form conflicting unity;
3. In emotional states, as noted by V.Vundt, the opposites of voltage and discharge, excitation and depression are found. The presence of voltage, excitation and opposite states makes a significant differentiation in emotions: along with the joy of delight, the joy of the joy, there is a "quiet" joy - perseverance, etc.
Three aspects of the holistic emotion definition:
a) internal experience;
b) physiological activation (processes passing in the nervous, endocrine and other systems of the body);
c) observing expressive emotion complexes (external expression in behavior).
Classification of emotional phenomena (Granovskaya):
1) Affect is the most powerful emotional reaction. Distinctive features of affect: situitation, generalization, large intensity, small duration.
2) actually emotions - longer states. They can be a reaction not only to the accomplished events, but also on probable or recalled.
3) feelings - even more stable mental states that have a clearly pronounced nature.
4) Mood - the longest emotional state, painting all human behavior.
5) Stress is an emotional state caused by an unexpected and tense atmosphere.
Emotional states are mental states that arise in the course of the vital activity of the subject and determine not only the level of information and energy exchange, but also the direction of behavior. Emotions manage man much stronger than it seems at first glance. Even the absence of emotions is an emotion, or rather an emotional state, which is characterized by a large number of features in human behavior. The main emotional states allocated in psychology:
1) joy (satisfaction, fun)
2) sadness (apathy, sadness, depression),
3) anger (aggression, angration),
4) fear (anxiety, fright),
5) surprise (curiosity),
6) disgust (contempt, squeamishness).

Emotional states are mental states that arise in the course of the vital activity of the subject and determine not only the level of information and energy exchange, but also the direction of behavior. Emotions manage man much stronger than it seems at first glance. Even the absence of emotions is an emotion, or rather an emotional state, which is characterized by a large number of features in human behavior.

According to the influence of human activity, emotions can be divided into two groups:

sHHUNICAL - Raising the livelihoods of the body and

asthenic - lowering them.

The emotional state in which raven or asthenic emotions prevail, can manifest itself in a person in any form of its activities and become its characteristic feature.

His life, his health, his family, work, all his entourage depends on the emotional state of man, and the change in the emotional state of a person leads to indigenous changes in his life.

In everyday life, people are overlooked by close emotional states in groups. Different groups do not understand each other badly, communication is worse, there are somewhat better in the same group of things. As a rule, a one-piece, formed group belongs to one emotional state.

Each person is unique and adheres to his personal opinion about life, but his point of view is due not to reasoning or education, but its emotional state.

There is a set of unchanged reactions corresponding to each emotional state. All people have emotions vary in a strictly defined order. This pattern is applicable to everyone without exception, one and the same and unchanged for everyone.

The sequence of human emotional states is as follows:
1. Area of \u200b\u200bactive life:

a) Enthusiasm.

b) Fun.

c) strong interest.

2. Zone of conservatism:

a) conservatism.

Middle interest, moderate interest.

Satisfaction, satisfied, weak interest.

Lack of interest.

Monotony, monotony.

3. Anthogonism zone:

a) Antagonism, open hostility.

Hostility, enmity, severe dislike.

4. Wrath zone:

a) Anger (anger, rage).

Hatred.

Indignation.

5. Fear zone:

a) Lack of emotions.

b) hidden hostility.

Despair.

Catch.

d) sympathy.

d) Treatment, the need to delete (reconciliation).

6. Zone of Grief and Apathia:

a) Mountain (sadness).

b) Gaps, redemption of guilt.

c) Victim.

d) apathy.

Briefly the main emotional states allocated in psychology:

1) joy (satisfaction, fun)
2) sadness (apathy, sadness, depression), 3) anger (aggression, angration),
4) fear (anxiety, fright),
5) surprise (curiosity),
6) disgust (contempt, squeamishness).

Usually a person knows his emotional state well and makes transfer to other people and for life. The higher the emotional state of the person, the easier it is to achieve its goals in life. Such a person is rational, intelligence, so he is more and more alive, more confident. The lower its emotional state, the greater the behavior of a person is under the control of its momentum reactions, despite its education or intelligence.