Adult character accentuation. Personality Character Acceptors: Essence of Concept and Tyology

The psychological term "accentuation of character" is used quite often in everyday life. Many people interested in psychology use special tests in order to determine their belonging to a specific psychotica. However, in order to understand the phenomenon of accentuation as much as possible, it should be led to what character is and what factors affect its formation. Let's figure it out in terminology and consider the classification of accentuations, which was proposed by the Soviet psychiatrist Andrei Lychko.

The theory of accentuated personalities quickly proved its accuracy and utility

To begin with, it should be understood with the meaning of the word "character". This term is used in psychology to describe the combination of specific personality features, which determine the worldview, attitude towards others and define a person in society. There are three features of character:

• the formation of an individual behavioral model of a person;
• assistance in creating communicative connections with surrounding people;
• impact on lifestyle and vital activity of a concrete individual.

What is a person's accentuation

The founder of the teachings associated with the accentuation of character is Karl Leongard. Thanks to his theory, psychologists were able to classify all people into separate groups, depending on the type of their personality. The only disadvantage of this theory was that only adults could cope with the test questions. Unlike them, adolescents and children do not have the necessary life experience, based on which they could pass testing. This explains the complexity of determining the type of character in a child.

This issue, a domestic specialist from the field of psychiatry, Andrei Pershko, dedicated his research. His work is a modified Leongard test, which can be applied on any person, regardless of belonging to a certain age group.

The types of character accentuation are personal, are a completely recycled model proposed by Leongard, which has several new types of character.

According to Persia, the study of adolescence accentuation is most important. Many specific features of personality laid in a person in childhood are manifested in adolescence most brightly. It was this factor that made it possible to expand the characteristics of many types of accentuations, as well as study their modification as agreed. This issue was raised in the following works of an outstanding scientist:

1. "Psychopathies and accentuations of character in adolescents";
2. "Teenage Psychiatry";
3. "Teenage narcology".

Andrey Persuko modified the Leongard test to determine accentuations in order to use it in children and adolescence

Children's classification

It was personal, was the first scientist who proposed to change the term "personality accentuation". In his opinion, this term did not fully revealed the entire nature of this phenomenon. The proposed term "accentuation of character" is more correct, since many specific personality features cannot be generalized under a single concept. The human personality is a collective concept that includes the level of education, mental and behavioral reactions, worldview and fectures of education.

Character is an external behavioral and mental response to the influence of various events. Such reactions are closely interconnected with the activity of the nervous system and are included in a number of narrow characteristics of the characteristics of the behavioral model. According to the psychiatrist, some character features have a temporary nature and as they grow modified or completely disappeared. Some of these features are transformed into psychopathy over time. The development of accentuation is associated with the influence of factors such as a specific type of accentuation, the severity of this type and social impact.

In psychology, the accentuation is one of the types of deformation of the character in which certain features acquire more pronounced severity. Similar changes lead to the fact that a person becomes more sensitive to the influence of certain factors. Such an impact can cause difficult adaptation to changes in various conditions. But in most cases, the ability to adapt persists, however, the confrontation of the influence of various factors may be difficult.

According to person, the accentuation is a kind of border located between psychopathy and a normal psyche. This means that the classification of accentuations is closely interconnected with typology of psychopathy.

The degree of severity of accentuation

In his research, personally notes the existence of two forms of accentuated personality traits. The first form is explicit, and the second hidden. An explicit degree is a state in which, pronounced features are preserved throughout the human life. Such features are compensated by the psyche, even with the absence of mental injuries. At the same time, pronounced accentuations in adolescents may cause deadaption. Hidden accentuations arise against the background of obtaining mental injuries, as well as under the influence of stressful factors. Such traits rarely violate the ability to adapt, but may cause short-term deadaption.

Persian first suggested replacing the term "personality accentuation" at the "accentuation of character"

Despite the fact that the phenomenon of accentuation is being studied for more than fifty years, science has not been able to find answers to questions related to the dynamics and development of certain types of accentuation. Andrei Personko, who devoted his life to the study of this phenomenon, is one of those who have made a significant contribution to the development of this direction.

According to experts, the formation and development of accentuations begins in adolescence. At the end of the puberty period, such features become smoother and compensated by others. Some of the explicit accentuations can begin modifications, becoming hidden. The hidden accentuations of a certain psychotype of the personality are revealed under the influence of stressful factors and psychotrauming situations. For certain types of accentuations, various violations are characterized, which include deviant behavior, acute affective reactions and neuroses. It should also be noted that the impact of external factors and internal mechanisms can lead to transformation of accentuations and contribute to the emergence of psychopathy.

Factors affecting the development of accentuation

Features of a human character are closely interrelated with a teenage accentuation. In his studies, Andrei Persuko raised the issue of communication between a certain age and the development of psychopathy in this period. According to the scientist, many character traits that have pathological severity are reflected in many areas of human livelihoods. The severity of various features determines the behavioral model during communication with parents, close friends and unfamiliar people.

Thanks to this factor, the possibility of an error-free definition of adolescents having a hypertension of behavior appears, which is characterized by a strong energy release, as well as the exteroid behavioral model, which is manifested in the form of an uncontrolled desire to be in the center of attention of surrounding people. In addition, psychiatrists appear the possibility of identifying a schizoid behavior model, which manifests itself in the form of voluntary social isolation.

In adolescence, many features of personality are stable, but at a certain period there are sharpening. It is this time interval that is most critical because there are all the necessary conditions for the emergence of psychopathies. Each of the psychopathy occurs in a certain age period. A person with a schizoid type of character can be determined in the first years of his life. Hypertension type of accentuation is manifested between the ages of twelve to sixteen.

Character accentuation in person - temporary changes of the nature that change or disappear in the process of growth and development of the child

In the development of various types of accentuation in adolescents, there are certain patterns. The impact of social and biological factors can lead to a hyperitronic type transformation in a cycloid form. The character accentuation is more characteristic of adolescence, since specific features of the personality manifest themselves in a ventatory with maximum brightness. Upon completion of this time, they acquire a more smoothed form and are compensated. However, there is a possibility of transforming explicit forms in a sharp view.

It should be paid to the fact that adolescents that have obvious accentuations are included in a kind of risk. The impact of psychotrambulating circumstances and other stimuli can lead to a transformation of pronounced traits - in psychopathy. Such a transformation is caused by deviation, delinquency and appearance of a suicide.

Classification system

The technique developed by Andrey Persoido is based on the systems of classifications proposed by Leongard and Gannushkin. This classification includes the following forms of accentuations:

• cycloid;
• unstable;
• psychoshenic (alarming-manic);
• hypertension;
• asthenonevrotic;
• exteroidal (demonstrative);
• labile;
• schizoid (introverted);
• conformal;
• sensitive (sensitive);
• epileptoid (inert-impulsive).

In addition to the above, there is a mixed form in which the features of different types of accentuation are combined.

The hypertension form of accentuation can be described as a tendency to a positive, rare flare and irritability. This character warehouse is characterized by high vigorousness in combination with life activity, strong health and high health. The sensitive form is manifested in the form of a high level of responsibility, unstable self-esteem and increased sensitivity. Such people are muggy, impressionable and shy to others. The cycloid type of character is manifested in the form of frequent changes in mood, irritability and tendency to depressive disorder. Despite this, such people often stay in a raised mood and look positively on the world around.

For people with a psycho-bearer personality warehouse, elevated anxiety, imperidity, indecision and pedantry are characterized. In contrast, the labile form is manifested in the form of frequent changes of the mood, a tendency to affective disorders, infantality and emotional fragility. Such people need constant emotional support from others.

The path of development of accentuation is determined by its severity, social environment and type (hidden or explicit) accentuation

Individuals related to asthenonevironment category are characterized as unnecessary irritable and capricious paintings. Fast fatigue in combination with a low level of concentration of attention is accompanied by physical weakness and dimming. The schizoid type of accentuation is manifested in the form of empathy and severe emotionality. Such people prefer closedness and voluntary social isolation.

Conformal character type involves high social adaptation, conservatism and patterns of thoughts. For the exteroid group, demonstrative behavior, increased emotionality, unstable self-assessment and thirst for public attention are more characteristic. People belonging to unstable category have a weak will and rarely resist the negative influence of external stimuli.

Epiletoid warehouse of character can be described as impulsiveness and inertness of the behavioral model. For such personalities, such features like pedanticity, dedication and painstopping are characteristic. Among the negative traits should be distinguished by ground irritability, passion for conflicts and natural hostility.

It is important to pay attention to the fact that this system has been developed for the classification of the behavioral model of persons of adolescence. However, it is the personnel system that is most commonly used to determine the type of character in adults. Knowledge of key character traits allows you to create a more productive communicative connection between people. This means that the personality classification systems help identify the features in the behavioral model and understand the incentives that pursues a particular individual.

The main types of accentuation include:
- Cyclotemna, for which the alternation (cyclicity) of periods of good and bad mood is characteristic. Often these transitions are associated with a change in the situation, sometimes even with the weather, which is a quiccle type with a labile, unstable.

The hypertension type for which the constantly raised mood is characterized, the desire for activity, increased excitability. People of this type are involved in a large number of cases, which they often do not bring to the end, taken for new ones.

Constructed with a predominance of a reduced tone, a bad mood. For people of this type, a tendency to depression is characteristic, they see, as a rule, everything in the dark light and their predictions are the most pessimistic. Irritability and hypochondriage Rodinitis This type with asthenic, which is also characteristic and quick fatigue.

Schizoide type for which emotional coldness is characterized, density of others. Often, people of this type are closed, centered on themselves, not inclined to expand contacts; A high level of intelligence is also common, primarily in the sphere of abstract, logical thinking.

For epileptoid type, on the contrary, concreteness, the viscosity of thinking, often a low overall intellectual level, as well as scrupulous pedanticity. The tendency to angrily-temporal mood is often manifested in the attacks of aggressive behavior, conflict, sometimes even rage and cruelty, which is relative to this type with a jam.

A jam (paranoid) type is characterized by increased suspicion and painful disapplication, diminutia, especially in relations with others. Distrust of them and the desire for dominance lead to frequent conflicts, and the evils, the resistance of negative emotional experiences - to cruelty and essentiality.

Demonstrative (exteroid) type is characterized primarily pronounced vanity, desire for recognition, to attract attention to at any cost. For it, sometimes both falsehood, fantasy, pretense, imaginary diseases. The inclination to adventurous and the ability to displace the unconscious unpleasant facts and memories are also very common in people of this type.

For psychostehenic type, high anxiety is characterized, indecision, a constancy associated with a constant search for diseases. Freds of the manifestation of self-analysis, a tendency to "self-name" and a mental return to unpleasant events, which leads to uncertainty, to reduce claims. This aggravated sense of own inferiority is related to this type with the sensitive, which is also characterized by increased impressionability and fearness.

It should be noted that in pure form these types of accentuation are quite rare, usually a person has a "mixed" accentuation, with more or less pronounced forms of several types.

The combination of individual qualities, which is completely unique in every person, in many respects his behavior, communication with other people and attitude to oneself. It is the second level in the structure of the individuality, the "integral individuality" (term V. Merlin), which underlies the individual lifestyle, is mediated by the connection between psychodynamic individual features and the personality structure. The tasks of psychotherapy are largely related precisely with the help of a person in creating an individual, based on its integrated monitoring of psychodynamic traits, style of activity and communication, which uses the positive aspects of its individuality, whenever possible compensating negative.

In addition to the classification of K. Leongrad, in the practice of psychologists and psychiatrists are used persian character accentuation.

He expanded and supplemented this concept, brought his typology of the characteristics of pointed features.

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Brief prehistory

A. Persuko brought his systematics of accentuations of character, based on, G.E. Sukhareva and P. B. Gannushkin.

However, she slightly different.

The classification is intended primarily to study adolescenceIt covers not only accentuations, but also psychopathological deviations of character.

Persian suggested replacing the term "personality accentuation" on the "accentuation of character", explaining this by the fact that the personality is a broader concept and cannot be assessed only from the point of view of accentuations.

Attention in research was sent to adolescence, because during this period various psychopathy is most bright.

Types of character accentuation in person:

Accentuation of character from the point of view of A. E. Pershy

According to the theory of personality, the accentuation is temporary. In the process they Can appear and disappear. These changes and features of the individual sometimes go to psychopathy and persist in adulthood.

The direction of development of pointed damnities is determined by the social environment and the type of accentuation. It happens explicit and hidden.

According to Psychiatrist A. Pershko, accentuation is borderline states between the norm and pathology.

Therefore, he built their classification based on species of psychopathies.

Character accentuation - examples:

Classification

The following types of accentuations were allocated:

1. Hypertension type. Active, nonsense, poorly controlled by teachers. Label, easily adjusted for changing situations. Teens are prone to conflicts with adults, including teachers. Changes are not afraid. Mood prevails positive. Telling to overestimate their capabilities, so they are able to go to risk without thinking.

   For them, acceptable excitement, noisy, active companies and entertainment. Many hobbies, they are superficial.

2. Cycloid. Characterized by a frequent mood change - from good to bad. Prefer loneliness, finding a house than active entertainment in the company. Troubles are experiencing hard. It is painfully reacting to criticism and comments. There is a tendency to, apathy, easily annoyed. The change of mood can be tied to the time of year.

   In the process of growing, pronounced features of the accentuation can be smoothed, but sometimes jams on the depressed melancholic stage. During the lifting period, when the mood is good, cheerfulness, optimism, high activity, sociability, initiative is observed. In the opposite state - a bad mood - exhibit increased sensitivity, they are sharply reacting to criticism.

3. Sensivile. People of this type are characterized by high sensitivity. Teens are impressed by closed, they do not seek joint games, fearless. Well refer to parents, behave obedient. Possible difficulties of adaptation in the team. A complex of inferiority may develop.

   People of this type have a sense of responsibility, there are high moral requirements for themselves.

   Preferably allows you to successfully engage in painstaking work and complex activities. Choose carefully. Prefer to communicate with those who are older.

4. Schizoide type. There is a closure, the desire to spend time alone, density from the world. To other people and communicating with them are indifferent, which can manifest itself in a demonstrative avoidance of contacts. They do not have such quality as sympathy, do not show interest in the surrounding people, there is no empathy and understanding of the feelings of others. Do not seek to show people their feelings, so peers do not understand them, considering strange.
5. 
   Exteroid. Different with a high degree of egocentrism. They need the attention of other people, and they all do to get it. Demonstrate and artistic. Worried if notes do not give them, but someone else. They should admire - one of the important needs of the person. Estroids are becoming the initiator of events and events, but they themselves are not able to clearly organize them. It is also problematic to earn the authority in the peers, despite the fact that they seek leadership. They needed praise to their address, but the criticism is perceived painfully. Feeling shallow.

   Tell to deception, fantasies, narrowness. Often show the demonstrative type of suicide in attempts to attract attention and earn sympathy around.

6. Conformal type. Teens with a similar accentuation easily obey the will of other people. They do not have their own opinions, follow the group. The basic principle is to be, act like everything. It is distinguished by conservatism. If they need to protect their interests, go to any actions, finding them justification. Inclined to betrayal. Finding a way to survive in the team, adjusting to it and adapting under the leader.
7. Psychiatric type. Different with indecision, reluctance to take responsibility. The prone to self-analysis is critical to evaluate their identity and actions. Hold high mental abilities, ahead of peers. In behavior, there may be impulsiveness and irrelevance of actions. Carefully and are judged, quite calm, but at the same time indecisive and are not capable of active actions where risk and taking responsibility are required.

   Alcohol or narcotic substances tend to remove the voltage. PsychoShenics show themselves despotic in personal relationships, which ultimately can lead to their destruction. They are prone to the manifestation of pettyness.

8. Unstable. To study, there is little interest that they deliver a lot of excitement to parents and teachers. Have a tendency to entertainment. There are no life goals, live by one afternoon, are not interested in anything. Basic features - frivolity, laziness, idleness. Do not interest them and work. They do not like them to control them, strive for complete freedom. Opened to communication, communicative, love conversations. Have a tendency to different types of dependencies. Often fall into dangerous companies.
9. Emotional-labile type.Sharp, unpredictable mood change. The reason for the differences of the emotional state can serve any trifle, right up to an incorrectly abandoned glance or said words.

   The type is sensitive, needs support, especially during periods of poor mood.

   The peers belongs well. It has sensitivity, understands the attitude and mood of others. Greatly tied to people.

10. Epileptoid type. One of the pronounced character traits is cruelty, tend to offend the younger and weak, animals. Preview and communicate with adults, the need to establish communication with peers causes discomfort. At an early age, the features of capriciousness, plasticity, require attention.

    Possess pride and desire for power. If they become the boss, subordinates hold in fear. Of all the accentuations, it is considered the most dangerous type of personality, as it has a high degree of cruelty. If necessary, to make a career and achieve a high post, know how to please the highest management, adjust the requirements, while not forgetting about their interests.

11. Asthenonevrotic type.Show discipline and responsibility. However, they have a high degree of fatigue, especially noticeable with monotonous activities or the need to participate in competitive work. Sleepiness, fatigue may occur without visible causes. In the manifestations of accentuation is noticeable irritability, elevated imperidity, and hypochondria.

    There is a possibility of emotional disruptions, especially if events occur not as asthenics want. Irritability is replaced by repentance.

In addition to pronounced types, there may be observed and mixedcharacters.

Character accentuation table:

Where is the technique?

Test personal Extended to 143 questions. More oriented on children and adolescents.

Used to identify pronounced problems and accentuations in the character, it allows you to predict the appearance, psychopathy, to begin the correction of negative states in a timely manner, to identify dangerous individuals.

Personal believed that it is important to study accentuations already in adolescence, since most of this period manifests itself the most bright and formed to transitional age.

Application of diagnostic, testing methods, conversation allows to identify the problem and develop a correction program.

How to identify character accentuation? Commentary of the psychologist:

Accentuctions (from lat. Accentus - Emphasis, underscore) - extreme options for the norm, in which individual traits are hypertrophied and manifest in the form of "weak places" in the psyche of the individual - selectively vulnerability in relation to some of the effects with good and even increased stability to other impacts.

Types of accentuated personalities are not defined completely. They are described by K. Leongard and A. E. Pershy. However, these authors give an overly fractional classification of accentuations.

Fig.1.

We allocate only four types of accentuated personalities: excitable, affective, unstable, disturbing.

Unlike psychopathy, character accentuation does not cause common social dezadaption of the person.

Intensively manifested in adolescence, character accentuation over time can be compensated, and under adverse conditions - to develop and transform to the "edges" of psychopathy.

Types of character accentuations

The main types of character accentuation include:

· Excitable;

· Affective;

· Unstable;

· Anxiety;

Sometimes an accentuation borders with various types of psychopathies, therefore, when it is characteristic, psychopathological schemes and terms are used. Psychodiagnostics of types and degree of severity of accentuations are carried out using the "Pato-kharacteriological diagnostic questionnaire" (developed by A. E. Persoid and N. Ya. Ivanov) and the MMPI personal questionnaire (the scales of which include zones of accentuated and pathological manifestations of character).

Character accentuation is the extreme options for the norm as a result of the enhancement of individual features. The accentuation of the character with very unfavorable circumstances can lead to pathological violations and changes in the behavior of the person, to psychopathy, but to identify it with the pathology is illegal. The properties of the character are not determined by non-biological patterns (hereditary factors), and public (social factors).

The physiological basis of character is the alloy of the type of type of nervous nervous activity and complex stable systems of temporary ties, developed as a result of individual life experience. In this alloy, temporary ties system play a more important role, since the type of nervous system can form all socially foam qualities of the person. But, firstly, the relationship systems are formed differently from representatives of different types of nervous system and, secondly, these relationship systems appear peculiar depending on the types. For example, the determination of character can be brought up by a strong representative, exciting the type of nervous system, and from a representative of a weak type. But it will be raised and manifest themselves differently depending on the type.

Attempts to build typology of characters have been repeatedly undertaken throughout the history of psychology.

All typologies of human characters proceeded and proceed from a number of general ideas.

The main ones are as follows:

§ the character of a person is formed pretty early in ontogenesis and throughout his rest shows itself as more or less stable;

§ The combinations of personal traits that are included in the character of a person are not random. They form clearly distinguishable types, allowing to identify and build typology of characters.

Most of the people in accordance with this typology can be divided into groups.

One of the curious classifications of character belongs to the well-known domestic scientist A.E. Persian. This classification is built on the basis of observations of adolescents.

The accentuation of character, in person, is an excessive increase in certain character traits (Fig. 6), in which no deviations beyond the norms in the psychology and human behavior are observed, bordering pathology. Such accentuations as temporary states of psyche are most often observed in adolescent and early youth. This factor explains the author of the classification as follows: "... With the action of psychogenic factors addressed to" the place of least resistance, temporary violations of adaptation, deviations in behavior can occur. When adulted in a child, his characteristic of his character, manifested in childhood, remain quite pronounced, lose their own Acute, but with age can again be shown clearly (especially if there is a disease).

In today's psychology, there are from 10 to 14 types (typologies) of character.

They can be defined as harmonious and disharmonious.

Harmonious types of character are characterized by a sufficient development of the main characteristics of the character without selection, separation, without exaggeration in the development of some other features.

Disharmonious manifest themselves from identifying different character traits and obtained the name accented or accentuated.

In 20-50% of people, some character traits are so poisoned that there is a "skew" of character - as a result, the interaction with people is worse, difficulties and conflicts appear.

The severity of the accentuation can be rachtic: from a light, noticeable immediate surrounding, to extreme options, when it is necessary to think, there are no diseases - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of the nature (while maintaining human intelligence), as a result of which relationships with the surrounding people are dramatically violated. But, in contrast to psychopathy, the character accentuation manifests itself is inconvenient, over the years they can completely smooth down, approach the norm. Character accentuation is most often found in adolescents and young men (50-80%), since it is these periods of life that the most critical for the formation of the nature, manifestation of uniqueness, individuality.

The accentuations can then be smoothed or, on the contrary, intensify, dismantle in neurosis or psychopathy.

Figure 2. Scheme of character accentuation according to E. Filatova and A.E. Testicle

You can consider twelve disharmonious (accentuated) types of character (according to the typology of K. Leongard) and describe their positive and negative qualities that can be reflected in human professional activities - we need it to confirm the foundation of the identity differentiation in the aspect of the characterological properties of a person.

Hyperthymic type

It features almost always a good mood, high life tone, splashing energy, irrepressible activity. She strives for leadership, adventures. It is necessary to relate to its unreasonable optimism and the revaluation of its capabilities. Features, attractive for interlocutors: Energy, thirst for activity, initiative, feeling new, optimism.

For the people around them, it is unacceptable: frivolity, a tendency to immoral actions, a frivolous attitude to the duties entrusted to him, irritability in a circle of loved ones.

The conflict is possible in monotonous work, loneliness, under conditions of tough discipline, constant morals. This leads to the fact that this person has anger. Such a person manifests itself well in the work associated with constant communication. These are organizational activities, the service of life, sports, theater. It is characteristically changing professions and work for him.

Distimical type

The opposite of the first type: Serious. pessimist. Constantly reduced mood, sadness, closedness, laxity. These people are with noisy societies, they don't agree with colleagues. Conflicts are rare, more often are in them the passive side. They highly appreciate those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them.

The surrounding their seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and justice. But such features like passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowdiness of thinking, "separation from the team," repel those who surround from dating and friendship with them.

Conflicts are observed in situations that require violent activities. On these people, the change of the usual lifestyle has a negative impact. They cope well with work, which does not require a wide range of communication. Under adverse conditions, a tendency towards neurotic depression. This accentuation occurs most often in persons of the melancholic temperament.

Cycloid Type

Character accentuation is manifested in cyclically changing periods of lifting and downtime. During the period of lifting the mood, they show themselves as people with a hyperthythmic accentuation, during the period of decay with the distiliac. During the recession, exacerbately perceive the trouble. These frequent shifts of the mental state tire of a person, make his behavior unpredictable, contradictory, prone to the change of profession, place of work, interests.

Excitable type

This type of people has an increased irritability, a tendency to aggression, incontinence, disgusting, the focus, but is possible flattering, helpfulness, a tendency to rudeness and obscene branches or silence, slowness in conversation. They are actively and often conflicted, do not avoid quarrels with the bosses, non-advocate in the team, in the family are despotic and cruel. Outside the attacks of anger, these people are conscientious, neat and show love for children.

The surrounding does not like their irritability, hot temper, inadequate flashes of rage and anger with hand-drawing, cruelty, weakened control over the deposit. Physical labor, athletic sports are well affected on these people. They need to develop excerpt, self-control. Due to failure, they often change place of work.

Stuck type

People with such a type of accentuation "stuck" in their feelings, thoughts. They cannot forget the offense and "raise the scores" with their offenders. They have a service and household disadvantage, a tendency to protracted squabbles. In conflict, most often happen to be active and clearly define the day of themselves a circle of friends and enemies. Show authority.

Interlocutors like their desire to achieve high indicators in any case, manifestation of high demands, thirst for justice, principle, strong, sustainable views. But at the same time, these people have features that repel others: suspiciousness, suspicion, vitality, self-addiction, jealousness, ambition.

The conflict is possible with prudence of proud, unfair offense, obstacles to achieving ambitious purposes.

Pedantic Type

These people have pronounced "zealousness" in the form of the experience of details, in service they are able to torture formal requirements, exhaust home excessive accuracy.

For others, they are attractive in good faith, accuracy. seriousness, reliability in affairs and feelings. But such people have a number of repulsive character traits: formalism, "hooks", "fusey", the desire to transfer decision-making on others.

Conflicts are possible in the situation of personal responsibility for an important thing, with the underestimation of their merit. They are prone to obsession, psychstore.

For these people, professions are preferred not related to the "paper work". They are not inclined to change the place of work.

Alarm type

People of this type of accentuation are distinguished by a reduced mood, timidity, fearfulness, insecurity. They are constantly afraid of themselves, their loved ones, have long experienced failure and doubt the correctness of their actions. Conflicts rarely take and play a passive role.

Conflicts are possible in situations of fear, threats, ridicule, unfair accusations.

Surrounding their friendliness, self-criticism and operational. But childhood, constancy serve sometimes target for jokes.

In such people can not be managers, to make responsible solutions, since they are infinite experiences, weighing.

Emotive type

The person of this type of character is excessively sensitive, too, too, and deeply worries the slightest troubles. It is sensitive to comments, failures, so he most often has a sad mood. He prefers a narrow circle of friends and loved ones, who would understand him with a half-clow.

Conflicts rarely enters and plays a passive role in them. Resenting does not splash out, but prefers to keep them in themselves. The surrounding I like his compassion, pity, the expression of joy about other people's luck. It is very executive and has a high sense of duty.

Such a person is usually a good family man. But extreme sensitivity, tears repel from him around him.

Conflicts with a close man, death or illness he perceives tragically. He is contraindicated by injustice, rudeness, stay surrounded by rude people. It reaches the most significant results in the field of art, medicine, education of children, care for animals and plants.

Demonstrative type

This person seeks to be the center of attention and achieves his goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, diseases, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lie. He easily forgets about his non-resident auction. He has high adaptability to people.

This person is attractive to those surrounding perseverance, perseverance, focus, acting, the ability to captivate others, as well as its originality. He has features that people repulse from him, these features contribute to conflict: egoism, the unbridle of actions, deceit, boasting, tendency to intrigue, lean from work. Conflict with such a person occurs when his interests are infringed, the underestimation of merit, overthrowing from the "pedestal". These situations cause him hysterical reactions.

Exalted type

People with such a type of accentuation have a very volatile mood, liftingness, increased distractions for external events. Their emotions are pronounced and find their reflection in love.

These features like altruism, artistic taste, artistic talent, the brightness of feelings and affection for friends, like interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pattering, panicity, exposure to despair are not their best features. Failures and gradual events are perceived tragically, such people have a tendency to neurotic depression.

Their existence environment is the field of art, artistic sports, professions associated with the proximity of nature.

Introvert type

People of this type of accentuation are characterized by small sociability, closedness. They are located aside from all and come into communicating with other people only but necessary, most often immersed in themselves and their thoughts. They are characterized by an increased vulnerability, but they say nothing to themselves and do not share their experiences. Even their loved ones are cold and restrained. Their behavior and logic often do not understand others.

These people love loneliness and prefer to be in privacy, not in a noisy company. Conflicts are rare, only when trying to invade their inner world.

They are legible in choosing a spouse and are engaged in search of their ideal.

They have strongly expressed emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones.

The people around them like restraint, powerfulness, aimedity of actions, the presence of solid beliefs and principle. But the persistent settling of its unrealistic interests, views and the presence of its point of view, sharply different from the opinion of the majority, repel people from them.

Such people are preferable to work that does not require a large circle of communication. They are prone to theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, fiction, music.

Conformal type

People of this type have high sociability, wordhatotes to chatty. Usually they do not have its own opinions and do not seek to stand out from the crowd.

These people are not organized and strive to submit to others. In communicating with friends and in the family, leadership is inferior to others. Surrounding in these people like their willingness to listen to the other, the extension. But at the same time, these are people "without a king in the head," are subject to someone else's influence. They do not think about their actions and have a big passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in a situation forced loneliness, uncontrolled.

These people have an easy adaptability to a new job and perfectly cope with their official duties when the tasks and rules of behavior are clearly defined.

Conclusion for the fourth chapter

Separate accentuated character traits are usually enough compensation. However, in difficult situations, a person with an accentuated character may have a violation of behavior. Character accentuation, its "weak points" can be apparent and hidden, manifested in extreme situations. Persons with personal accentuations more pillars with environmental influences are more susceptible to mental injury. And if the unfavorable situation is hitting the "weak point", then all the behavior of such persons is sharply modified - begin to dominate the features of the accentuation.

personality Psychological Character

Types of character accentuation - These are multiple types of characters in which individual traits moved into a pathological condition. Some accentuated character features are often compensated for, but in problematic or critical situations, there may be violations of adequate behavior in the accentuated personality. Character accentuation (this term originates of its origin from Lat. (Accentus), which means - underscore) - are expressed in the form of "weak places" in the person's psyche and are characterized by selective vulnerability in relation to some impacts with increased stability to other influences.

The concept of "accentuation" for all the time of its existence was presented in the development of several typologies. The first of them was developed by Karl Leongard in 1968. The following classification has gained more widely known in 1977, which was developed by Andrei Evgenievich Persoido, based on the classification of P. B. Gannushkin, made back in 1933.

Types of character accentuation can directly manifest themselves and are able to be hidden and reveal only in emergency situations when the behavior becomes the most natural.

The identity of any type of character accentuation is more sensitive and pillars with the effects of the medium and, therefore, have a great tendency to violations of the psyche than other individuals. If any problemary, the alarming situation becomes too heavy to experience it with an accentuated person, the behavior of such an individual immediately changes dramatically and in the dominance of accentuated features.

The theory of accentuation of the character of Leongard received due attention because he proved its utility. Only the specificity of this theory and an attached questionnaire to establish a type of character accentuation was that they were limited to the age of the subjects. The questionnaire was calculated only on the character of adults. That is, children or even adolescents are not able to answer a number of questions, because they do not have the necessary life experience and have not been back in such situations to answer the questions posed. Consequently, this questionnaire could not truthfully determine the characteristic accentuation of character.

Understanding the need to determine the type of character accentuation in adolescents, the psychiatrist Andrei Persuko took up this. Persoid modified the questionnaire Leongard. He rewrote descriptions to the types of character accentuation, changed some types of types and introduced new ones.

A description of the types of personation accentuation personally expanded, guided by information on the expression of accentuation in children and adolescents and changes in manifestations as the personality and its adults are established. Thus, he created a questionnaire to the types of adolescent character accentuations.

A. Persuko argued that more appropriate would be to study the types of adolescent character accentuations, based on the fact that most accentuations are formed and manifests itself in this age period.

To better understand the types of accentuation of character examples, you need to bring from familiar episodes and persons. Most people know the most popular cartoon characters or characters from fairy tales, they are specifically depicted too emotional, active or vice versa passive. But the essence is that it is this expression of extreme options for character standards and attracts to yourself, such a person is interested in, someone penetrates her sympathy, and someone is just waiting for that it happens next. In life, you can meet exactly the same "heroes", only in other circumstances.

Types of character accentuation Examples. Alice from the fairy tale "Alice in Wonderland" is a representative of a cycloid type of character accentuation, it has been observed with high and low activity, mood swings; Carlson is a vivid example of a demonstrative type of character accentuation, he likes to boast, possesses, he is characteristic of behavior and desire to be the center of attention.

The fascinating type of character accentuation is characterized for super heroes that are in a state of constant struggle.

The hypertension type of character accentuation is observed at Masha (cartoon "Masha and the Bear"), it is immediate, active, undisciplined and noisy.

Types of accentuation of character in Leongard

Karl Leongard was the founder of the term "accentuation" in. His theory of accentuated personalities was based on ideas about the presence of the main, expressive and additional features of the person. The main features, as usual, much less, but they are very expressive and represent the entire person. They are a rod personality and are determining in its development of adaptation and mental health. A very strong expression of the main features of the person is fought off on an integer personality, and with problematic or adverse circumstances, they can become a destructive factor for the personality.

K. Leongard believed that accentuated features character traits should first be observed at.

Personality accentuation is determined by the style of communication. Leongard created a concept in which the basic types of character accentuations described. It is important to remember that the characteristic of the characteristics of the character in Leongard describes only the types of adult behavior. Karl Leongard described twelve types of accentuation. All of them for their origin have different localization.

The labile type of character accentuation is manifested in the rapid changeability of mood and the entire emotional state. Even when there are no explicit reasons for great joy or severe sadness, a person switches between these strong emotions, changing all its condition. Such experiences are very deep, a person may lose performance.

Asthenonevrotic type of character accentuation is expressed in the tendency of the person to. Such a person is often irritable, constantly complains of his condition, quickly tires. Irritation can be so strong that they can shout for no reason, and then repent of it. They are dependent on the mood and influx of hypochondria. If the well-being is good - then the person feels more confident.

Sensitive type of character accentuation is expressed in high, graveness, closets. Sensitive personalities are hard to establish new contacts, but with those people who know well they behave fun and ease. Often because of their experiences feeling inferiority, they have hypercompension. For example, if a person was previously too shy, he matured, he begins to behave too liberated.

The psychoshenic type of character accentuation is manifested in the tendency of a person to obsessive states, in childhood they are subject to various and phobiam. Characterized disturbing, arising against the background of uncertainty and insecurity in their future. Affected to self-analysis. They all the time accompany some rituals, the same type of obsessive movements, thanks to this they feel much calmer.

The schizoid type of character accentuation is manifested in contradictory of feelings, thoughts and emotions. Schizoid is combined: closedness and talkativeness, coldness and sensitivity, inactivity and dedication, antipathy and affection and so on. The brightest features of this type are a low need for communication and avoiding others. Not the ability to empathy and the manifestation of attention is perceived as the coldness of a person. Such people will rapidly share something intimate with a stranger than with a close man.

The epileptoid type of character accentuation is manifested in an angry-angry state. In such a state, the irritability and evil of a person accumulates and after a while splashes outwards with long flashes of anger. The epileptoid type of accentuation is characteristic of inertia in various aspects of vital activity - emotional sphere, movements, life values \u200b\u200band rules. Often such people are very jealous, mostly unfounded them. Try to live today's real day and what they have, do not like to build plans, fantasize or dream. The epileptoid type of personality is very hard.

The exteroid type of character accentuation is characterized by increased egocentrism, thirst for love, universal recognition and attention. Their behavior is demonstrative and talked, in order to get attention. It will be better for them if they will hate or negatively treat them than if they were indifferent or neutral. They approve any activity to your side. For exteroidal personalities, the most terrible is the ability to be unnoticed. Another important feature of this type of accentuation is the suggestibility aimed at underscounted by the advantages or admiration.

An unstable type of character accentuation is manifested in the impossibility of observing social and acceptable forms of behavior. Since childhood, they have reluctance to learn, they are hard to concentrate on the teaching, perform tasks or obey the elders. Becoming older, unstable personality begins to experience difficulties in establishing relations, difficulties in romantic relations are especially noted. It is difficult for them to establish deep emotional connections. They live hereby, one day without plans for the future and any desires or aspirations.

The conformal type of character accentuation is expressed in the desire to mix with others, do not differ. They easily, not thinking, accept someone else's point of view, are guided by common goals, adjust their desires for the desire of others, without thinking about personal needs. Very quickly tied to a close surrounding and try not to differ from others if there are general hobbies, interests or ideas, they also pick them up immediately. In his professional life, they are damnitative, try to do their work without showing activity.

In addition to the described types of accentuation of the character, personally additionally allocates mixed accentuation, since the accentuation in pure form is observed not so often. Separate accentuations that the most expressive are connected to each other, while others cannot be simultaneously characterized by one person.