Board of all Romanovs. The genealogical tree of Romanovs

Engineering systems 14.10.2019

Engineering systems

According to the number of Romanovs, not Russian blood at all, but they left Prussia, according to the historian Veselovsky, they are still Novgorod. The first novels appeared as a result of the plexus of childbirth Cat-Zhakharia-Yuryev-Shui-Ruriki In the guise of Mikhail Fedorovich, elected by the king of the house of Romanov. Romanovs, in different interpretations of surnames and names, ruled until 1917.

Romanov family: the history of life and death - summary

The era of Romanovs is a 304-year-old usurpation of power on the expanses of the Russian one hindered by the Boyar. According to the public classification of the feudal society, the 10-17 centuries of the boyars were called large latifundists in the Moscow Rus. IN 10th - 17th For centuries, it was the highest layer of the dominant class. According to Danube-Bulgarian origin, "Boyar" is translated as "nobleman." Their story is the time of the Troubles and the irreconcilable struggle with the kings for the complete power.

Exactly 405 years ago, the dynasty of the kings of this name appeared. 297 years ago, the title of the All-Russian Emperor took Peter first. In order not to be deregulated on the blood, there was a leaf with her mixing on male and women's lines. After Catherine first and Paul, the second branch of Mikhail Romanov was rushed into the fly. But new branches arose, with an admixture of other blood. The name of Romanov also wore Fedor Nikitich - Patriarch Russian Philaret.

In 1913, the three hundred dollars of the house of Romanovs was lifted and solemnly famous.

The tops of Russia, invited from European countries, did not even suspect that the bonfire was already heated under the house, which will be heated by the ashes of the last emperor and his seven in just four years.

In the views under consideration, members of the imperial families did not have last names. They were called lozarevichi, great princes, princesses. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, which the critics of Russia are called a terrible coup for the country, its temporary government decided that the Romanovs were called all members of this house.

More on the main reignifications of the Russian state

16-year-old first king. Appointment, the election is essentially inexperienced in politics or at all juvenile children, grandchildren in the transition of power - not news for Russia. Often it was practiced so that curators of juvenile rulers solve their own tasks before their majority. In this case, Mikhail first overall to the foundation of the "Troubles", brought the world and gathered an almost collapsed country together. From his ten family offspring also 16-year-old alexey Tsarevich (1629 - 1675) Changed Mikhail on the royal post.

The first attempt on the Romanovs from relatives. In twenty years, Tsar Fedor is dying. Weak health king (even the time of coronation barely delivered), meanwhile, was strong in politics, reforms, organizing the army and civil service.

Romanov family - the history of life and death (photo)

In March 1917, under the pressure of masses, Nicholas, the second stopped his imperial powers in favor of Brother Mikhail. But he was still cowardly, and refused the throne. And this meant only one thing: the monarchy came to the end. At that time, 65 people numbered in the Romanov dynasty. Men shot the Bolsheviks in a number of cities in the Middle Urals and in St. Petersburg. Forty seven managed to escape into emigration.

The emperor with his family was put on the train and sent to the Siberian reference in August 1917. Where all the disadvantageous authorities were driven into tall frosts. The place briefly defined the small city of Tobolsk, but soon it turned out that they could capture Kolchakovs there and use for their own purposes. Therefore, the train hurriedly returned to the Urals, in Yekaterinburg, where the Bolsheviks mistaken.

Red terror in action

Members of the Imperial Family secretly placed in the mixture of one house. Execution produced in the same place. The emperor, members of his family, assistants were killed. The execution is appreciated by the legal basis in the form of the Resolution of the Bolshevik Regional Council of Workers' and Peasant and Soldiers Deputies.

In fact, without a court decision, and it was an illegal action.

A number of historians believe that the sanction of the Ekaterinburg Bolsheviks received from Moscow, most likely, from the hazardous All-Russian elderly of Sverdlov, and maybe personally from Lenin. According to the testimony, Yekaterinburg residents rejected the court session due to the possible progress of the troops of the admiral of Kolchak. And this is already legally not a repression in retreating Tsarism, but murder.

The representative of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation Solovyov, investigated (1993) the circumstances of the execution of the royal family, argued that neither Sverdlov, nor Lenin had a relationship to shooting relations. Even the fool would not leave such traces, especially, the highest leaders of the country.

The XVII century brought many tests to the Russian state. In 1598, Dynasty Rurikovich was interrupted, which was ruled by a country of more seven hundred years. A period of Russia began in the life of Russia, which is called mortar or vague time when the very existence of Russian statehood was questionable. Attempts to approve a new dynasty on the throne (from the boyars of Godunov, Shui) prevented endless conspiracies, uprisings, even natural cataclysms. The case also complicated the intervention of neighboring countries: the speeches of the compulculated and Sweden, which at first they sought to get adjacent territories, wishing in the future to continue to deprive Russia of state independence.
There were patriotic forces in the country, which united in the struggle for the independence of the Motherland. People's militia, under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and the merchant of Kuzma Minin, with the participation of people from all classes, managed to drive out of the interventory from the central regions of the Moscow state and release the capital.
The Zemsky Cathedral, convened in 1613, after many disputes approved Mikhail Fedorovich Romanova on the throne, putting the beginning of a new dynasty.

Romanovs - Boyarsky Rod, in 1613-1721. Tsarist, since 1721, the imperial dynasty.
The ancestor of Romanovs usually consider Andrei Ivanovich the mare - Boyarin of the Grand Duke Moskovsky Ivan I Kalita. According to the pedigree lists of Andrei Ivanovich, the mares were five sons, and the mares, Kolychev, Konovnitsy, Lododunins, Neplevy, Sheremeteva, and others lead from him.
Until the XV century Romanov's ancestors were called Cat (from the nickname of the fifth son of Andrei Ivanovich - Fedor Cats), then Zakharian (from Zakharia Ivanovich Koskina) and Zakharian-Yuriev (from Yuri Zaharovich Koskina Zaharin).
Daughter Roman Yurevich Zaharin-Yuryev (? -1543) Anastasia Romanovna (approx. 1530-1560) in 1547 became the first wife of King Ivan IV Grozny. Her brother Nikita Romanovich Zaharin-Yuryev (? -1586) became the Romanov's sonlock. This last name was his son - Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (approx. 1554-1633), who became Patriarch (Philaret).
In 1613, on the Zemsky Cathedral, the son of Philaret Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1596-1645) was elected king and became the founder of the Romanov dynasty. Alexey Mikhailovich also belonged to the Romanov dynasty (1629-1676, King from 1645), Fedor Alekseevich (1661-1682, King since 1676), Ivan V Alekseevich (1666-1696, King from 1682 G.), Peter I Alekseevich (1672-1725, King since 1682, Emperor since 1721); In 1682-1689, with juvenile Ivan and Peter, the state was ruled by Tsarevna Sophia Alekseevna (1657-1704). Dynasty of the Roman Rules in Russia before the renunciation of Nicholas II from the throne in 1917

Zajakharia - Moscow Boyarsky Rod, who took place from Andrei Mobyl (mind in Ser. 14th century), Boyarin Grand Duke Seeds Proud, and his son - Fedor Cats (mind in the 1390s.), Boyarin Great Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
Zakharyny's hedgear - grandson of Fyodor Cats - Zakhariy Koshkin (? - Ok. 1461), Boyar Great Prince Vasily II Dark. His sons of Yakov and Yuri, the boyars of the Grand Prince Ivan III, gave rise to two branches of the kind - Zakharian-Yakovmam (Yakovlev) and Zakharian-Yuriev.
Yakov Zahar'vyvich (? - Ok. 1510) From 1485 he was a Novgorod governor, in 1487, together with Brother, Yuri was wanted about the followers of Novgorod-Moscow Yersi; In 1494, he participated in the negotiations on the matchmaker of the daughter of Ivan III Elena and Great Prince Lithuanian Alexander Kazimirovich, participated in the campaigns on Lithuania.
Yuri Zhanharevich (? - Ok. 1503) in 1479 participated in the Novgorod campaign Ivan III, in 1487 he changed his brother at the post of Novgorod governor, conducted confiscation of Votchin Novgorod boyars, participated in the campaigns on Lithuania. The most famous representatives of the region of Zagra, Yuriev: Mikhail Yuryevich (? -1539) - Ocolnichy (1520), Boyarin (1525), the governor, a diplomat who led by intercourse with Poland and Lithuania; In 1533-1534 He entered the boyars group, which actually ruled by the Russian state at the young king Ivan IV, departed from the cases after flight to Lithuania of his relative I.V. Lyatsky-Zaharin. Roman Yuryevich (? -1543) is the founder of the genus of Romanov. Vasily Mikhailovich (? -15b7) - Ocolnichy, then (1549) Boyar, was part of Ivan IV's neighboring Duma, one of the initiators of the Official Policy.

	Mikhail Fedorovich Years of the Board: 1613-1645	(12.07.1596-13.07.1645) - the founder of the Tsarsco-Imperial Dynasty of Romanov, the first Russian king from the Boyarsky genus of Romanov.
	Alexey Mikhailovich Years of the Board: 1645-1676	(03/19/1629-29.01.1676) - King since 1645, from the Romanov dynasty.
	Fedor Alekseevich Years of the Board: 1676-1682	(05/30/1661- 27.04.1682) - King since 1676
	Ivan V Alekseevich Years of the Board: 1682-1696	(06/27/1666 - 01/29/1696) - King since 1682
	Peter I Alekseevich Years of the Board: 1682-1725	(05/30/1672-28.1725) - King from 1682, the first Russian emperor from 1721
	Ekaterina I Alekseevna Years of the Board: 1725-1727	(05.04.1683-06.05.1727) - Russian Empress in 1725-1727, Spouse Peter I.
	Peter II Alekseevich Years of the Board: 1727-1730	(13.10.1715-19.01.1730) - Russian emperor in 1727-1730.
	ANNA IVANOVNA Years of the Board: 1730-1740	(28.01.1693-17.10.1740) - Russian Empress since 1730, Duchess Kurland since 1710
	Ivan Vi Antonovich Years of the Board: 1740-1741	(12.08.1740-05.07.1764) - Russian emperor from 10/15/1740 to 25.12.1741.
	Elizabeth Petrovna Years of the Board: 1741-1761	(18.12.1709-25.12.1761) - Russian Empress from 11/25/1741, the youngest daughter of Peter I and Catherine I.
	Peter III (Karl Peter Ulrich) Years of the Board: 1761-1762	(02.02.1728-06.07.1762) - Russian emperor in the period from 25.12.1761 to 28.06.1762.
	Ekaterina II Alekseevna Years of the Board: 1762-1796	(21.04.1729-06.11.1796) - Russian Empress from 06/28/1762

On the Ivan IV Grozny († 1584) Dynasty Rurikovich was interrupted in Russia. After his death began Time of Troubles.

The result of the 50-year-old reign of Ivan Grozny was a saddeal. Infinite wars, oprichnin, mass executions led to an unprecedented economic decline. By the 1580s, a huge part of the previously flourishing lands launched: across the country stood abandoned villages and villages, Pashnyi borrowed to forest and bunign. As a result of the protracted Livonian war, the country lost part of Western lands. Notable and influential aristocratic clans sought power and led an irreconcilable struggle among themselves. Heavy inheritance accounted for the successor of the king Ivan IV is his son Fyodor Ivanovich and the guardian of Boris Godunov. (An Ivan Grozny remained another son-heir - Tsarevich Dmitry Uglichsky, who was 2 years old at that time).

Boris Godunov (1584-1605)

After the death of Ivan Grozny, his son entered the throne Fedor Ioannovich . The new king was not able to manage the country (according to some data it was weak health and mind) And he was under guardian of the Boyar Council first, then his Shurin Boris Godunova. During the court, the stubborn struggle of the boyars of Godunov, Romanov, Shui, Mstislavsky began. But after a year, as a result of the "poverty struggle", Boris Godunov cleared his way from rivals (Someone was accused of treason and exiled, someone forcibly tonsured into the monks, someone in time "went into the world of others").Those. The actual ruler of the state became a boyar during the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich, the situation of Boris Godunova became so significant that the overseas diplomats were looking for an audience from Boris Godunov, his will was the law. Fedor reigned, Boris managed, everyone knew in Russia and abroad.

S. V. Ivanov. "Boyarskaya Duma"

After Fedor's death (January 7, 1598), a new king was elected on the Zemsky Cathedral - Boris Godunov (Thus, he became the first Russian king, who received the throne is not inherited, but by elections on the Zemsky Cathedral).

(1552 - April 13, 1605) - after the death of Ivan Grozny became the actual ruler of the state as a guardian of Fedor John, and from 1598 - Russian king .

Under Ivan, Grozny, Boris Godunov first was an Okrichnik. In 1571 he married the daughters of Malutes Skuratov. And after marriage in 1575, His sister Irina (the only "queen Irina" on the Russian throne) On the son of Ivan the Terrible Tsarevich Fedor, Johnovich, became an approximate face to the king.

After the death of Ivan the Terrible, the royal throne got his son Fedor first (under the guardianship of Godunov), and after his death - Boris Godunov himself.

He died in 1605 at the age of 53, in the midst of the war with Lhadmitriy I moved to Moscow. After his death, the son of Boris - Fedor became the king, the young man formed and extremely smart. But as a result of the insurgency in Moscow, provoked by Lhadmitria, King Fedor and his mother Maria Godunov were brutally killed. (The rebels left alive only the daughter of Boris - Ksenia. She was waiting for the impregnable fate of the concubine of the impostor.)

Boris Godunov was phorses in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Kremlin. With the king of Vasily, Shui's remains of Boris, his wife and son were transferred to the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra and buried in a sitting position from the north-western corner of the Assumption Cathedral. In the same place in 1622, Ksenia was buried, in the ath of Olga. In 1782, the tomb was constructed over their tombs.

The activities of the Board of Godunov is assessed by historians positively. With it began the comprehensive strengthening of statehood. Thanks to his efforts, in 1589 he was elected first Russian Patriarch who became moscow Metropolitan IOV. The establishment of the patriarchate indicated the increased prestige of Russia.

Patriarch Job (1589-1605)

Unprecedented construction of cities, fortress structures. To ensure the safety of the water path from Kazan to Astrakhan, the cities were built on the Volga - Samara (1586), Tsaritsyn (1589) (Future Volgograd), Saratov (1590).

In the foreign policy, Godunov showed itself as a talented diplomat - Russia returned to himself all the land, transferred to Sweden on the basis of the unsuccessful Livonian War (1558-1583).It began to rapprocherate Russia with the West. It was not before in Russia's Russia, who would have so favored to foreigners as Godunov. He began to invite Inozem residents to the service. For foreign trade, the government has created the most favorable regime. At the same time, strictly fencing Russian interests. When Godunov, the nobles began to learn to the West. True, none of the exhaust benefits of Russia brought: studying, none of them wanted to return to their homeland.Tsar Boris himself very much wanted to strengthen his ties with the West, heed up with the European dynasty, and made a lot of effort to get married his daughter Ksenia.

Began successfully, the reign of Boris Godunov ended sadly. A series of boyars plotting (Many boyars had hostility towards the "starway")he gave rise to despondency, and a real catastrophe soon broke out. The deaf opposition, accompanied by the Board of Boris from the beginning and to the end, was not a secret for him. There is evidence that the king straight accused the approximated boyars in the fact that the appearance of the impostmitry I did not cost without their assistance. In the opposition to power there was also the urban population, dissatisfied with heavy wonders and the arbitrariness of local officials. And the rumors about the involvement of Boris Godunov for the murder of the heir to the throne of Tsarevich Dmitry Ioannovich even more "heated" the situation. Thus, hatred by Godunov by the end of his reign was universal.

Smoot (1598-1613)

Hunger (1601 - 1603)

IN 1601-1603 years In the country broke out catastrophic hunger lasting 3 years. The price of bread increased 100 times. Boris forbased selling bread more than a certain limit, even resorting to the persecution of those who have inflicted prices, but did not succeed. In an effort to help the starving, he did not regret funds, widely distributing the poor money. But bread is a reason, and the money lost the price. Boris ordered to open for starving royal barns. However, even their stocks lacked all hungry, especially since, having learned about the distribution, people from all over the country reached into Moscow, throwing those scarce reserves that they still had at home. Only in Moscow, 127,000 people died from hunger, and did not have to bury me. There are cases of cannibal. People began to think that it was Kara God. The conviction arose that the reign of Boris is not blessed by God, because it is unplanned, achieved in definite. Therefore, it cannot come good.

A sharp deterioration in the position of all segments of the population led to massive unrest under the slogan of the overthrow of the king Boris Godunov and the transfer of the throne "legitimate" sovereign. The soil for the appearance of the impostor was ready.

Lhadmitry I (1 (11) June 1605 - 17 (27) May 1606)

The country began to walk rumors that "a born sovereign", Tsarevich Dmitry, miraculously saved and alive.

Tsarevich Dmitry († 1591) , the son of Ivan Grozny from the last wife of King Mary Fedorovna Nagya (in the ancestry of Marf), died with no circumstances clarified to date - from the knife wound in the throat.

Death of Tsarevich Dmitry (Uglichsky)

Little Dmitry suffered from mental disabilities, repeatedly fell into an unfortunate anger, rushed with his fists even on his mother, fought in Paduch. All this, however, did not cancel the fact that he was Tsarevich and after the death of Fedor Johnovich († 1598) had to go to the father's throne. Dmitry represented a real threat to many: Boyarskaya knew quite suffered from Ivan the Terrible, so anxiously watched the bright heir. But most of all Tsarevich was dangerous, of course, the strength, which was leaning on Godunov. That is why, when from the coal, where the 8-year-old Dmitry was sent together with his mother, came to the news about his strange death, People's Molver immediately, no doubtful of her rightness, pointed to Boris Godunov, as the crime customer. The official conclusion that Tsarevich killed himself: during the game with a knife, he allegedly had an attack of Paduch, and he defeated his throat in convulsions, who had convinced little.

Dmitry's death in Uglich and the death of a childless king Fyodor Johnovich that followed this was led to the crisis of power.

Put the end of rumors, and Godunov tried to do this by force, failed. The more active than the king fought with human Molva, the more she became wider and louder.

In 1601, a man appeared on the stage, who issued himself for Tsarevich Dmitry, and entered the story under the name Falsmitria I. . He, the only of all Russian impostors, managed to capture the throne for a while.

"An impostor, who issued himself beyond the miracle of the younger son of Ivan IV Grozny - Tsarevich Dmitry. The first of the three impostors, who called themselves the son of Ivan the Terrible, who attracted to the Russian throne (Lhadmitriy II and Lhadmitry III). From 1 (11) June 1605 to 17 (27) May 1606 - King of Russia.

According to the most common version, Lhadmitry - someone Grigory Oreveev , a quick monk miracle of the monastery (why and received nickname nickname - devoid of spiritual san, i.e. degree of priesthood). Before the monasses, Mikhail Nikitich Romanova (Brother Patriarch Filaret and Uncle of the first king from the genus of Romanov Mikhail Fedorovich). After in 1600, it began to persecute the family of Romanov from Boris Godunov, fled to the Zheleznoborkov Monastery (Kostroma) and knead the monks. But soon he switched to the Evvdale monastery of the city of Suzdal, and then to the Moscow Chios Monastery (in the Moscow Kremlin). There, he quickly becomes "Cross Dekom": engaged in the penis of books and is present as a scribe in the "Sovere Duma". ABOUTtrepiev becomes quite familiar with the Patriarch I, and many of the twisted boyars. However, the life of the monk did not attract him. At about 1601, he runs to the commitory group (the Kingdom of Polish and Grand District Lithuanian), where he declares himself "wonderfully saved Tsarevich." Further, its traces are lost in Poland until 1603.

Freakov in Poland announces himself to Tsarevich Dmitry

According to some sources, frewshe moved to Catholicism and, proclaiming himself Tsarevich. Although the impostor to the issues of faith belongs lightly, the feasts are indifference to both Orthodox and Catholic traditions. There, in Poland, Poland saw and loved the beautiful and proud panna Marina Mnishek.

Poland actively supported the impostor. Lhadmitry in exchange for support promised after joining the throne to return to the Polish crown of half of Smolensk Land along with the city of Smolensk and Chernigovo-Seversk land, to support the Catholic faith in Russia - in particular, to open the churches and admit to Muscovites, to support the Polish king Sigismund III in his Sandings to the Swedish crown and promote rapprochement - and ultimately, and merger, Russia with the responding speech. At the same time, Lhadmitry turns to the Roman dad with a diploma promising location and help.

Osiaiga Lhadmitria I Polish King Sigizmund III for the introduction of Catholicism in Russia

After a private audience in Krakow with the king of Poland by Sigismund III, Faldmitry began to form a detachment for a campaign to Moscow. According to some data, he managed to collect more than 15,000 people.

On October 16, 1604, Lhadmitry I with the detachments of Poles and Cossacks moved to Moscow. When the message about the onset of Falsmitry reached Moscow, the Boyarskaya Tip, dissatisfied with Godunov, was willing to recognize a new challenger for the throne. Even the curses of the Moscow Patriarch did not coordinate folk inspiration on the path of "Tsarevich Dmitry".

The success of Falsmitria I was caused not so much by a military factor as the unpopularity of the Russian king Boris Godunov. Simple Russian warriors reluctantly fought against the one who could, in their opinion, be a "true" prince, some of the governors and loud said that "it is impudent" to fight against the true sovereign.

On April 13, 1605, Boris Godunov unexpectedly died. The boyars swore to the kingdom of his son Fedor, but already on June 1, the uprising occurred in Moscow, and Fedor Borisovich Godunov overthrew. And on June 10, he was killed together with his mother. The people wished to see the king of the "Bogodanny" Dmitry.

After making sure the support of the nobles and the people, on June 20, 1605, under the festive ringing of bells and welked cries, crowded on both sides of the road, Lhadmitry I solemnly entered the Kremlin. The new king was accompanied by Poles. On July 18, Falsitria recognized Queen Maria - the wife of Ivan the Terrible and the mother of Tsarevich Dmitry. July 30, Lhadmitry was crowned on the kingdom of the new Patriarch Ignatiya.

For the first time in Russian history, Western ingenians appeared to Moscow not at the invitation and not as people dependent, but as the main actors. The impostor brought a huge retinue with him, occupied the entire center of the city. For the first time, Moscow was filled with Catholics, for the first time the Moscow courtyard began to live in Russian, but in Western, more precisely, Polish laws. For the first time, foreigners began to disappear by Russians, as their holopas, demonstratively showing them that they are the people of the second grade.The history of the residence of Poles in Moscow is full of bullying of uninvited guests over the owners of the house.

Falemmitry removed the obstacles to the departure from the state and moving inside it. The British, who were at the time in Moscow, noticed that such freedom did not know any European state. In most of its actions, part of modern historians, Lhadmitry, recognized as an innovator who sought to Europeanize the state. At the same time, he began to look for allies in the West, especially the Pope and the Polish king, and the Emperor, French King and Venetians also were intended to include the alleged union.

One of the weaknesses of Falsmitry was women, including wives and daughters of the boyars, which actually became free or involuntary concubines of the king. Among them was even the daughter of Boris Godunov Ksenia, which, because of her beauty, the impostor spared upon the extermination of the genus Godunov, and then he held several months with him. In May 1606, Lhadmitry was married to the daughter of the Polish Governor Marina Mnishek which was crowned as the Russian Queen without respecting Orthodox rites. Exactly a week reigned in Moscow a new queen.

At the same time, a dual situation was formed: on the one hand, the people loved the Lhadmitria, and on the other hand, he suspected of impostor. In the winter of 1605, a miracular monk was captured, he stated that he was sitting on the throne, who was sitting in the throne, whom he was taught by a literacy. " The monk was subjected to torture, but did not achieve anything, drowned in the Moscow River along with several of his companions.

In almost one day after the capital, a wave of discontent was rolled because of non-compliance with the king of church posts and violations of Russian customs in clothing and everyday life, its location to foreigners, promises to marry a poison and an underdeveloped war with Turkey and Sweden. Vasily Shuisky, Vasily Golitsyn, Prince Kurakin and the most conservative representatives of the spiritual title - Kazan Metropolitan Hermogen and Kolomna Bishop Joseuge and Kolomna Bishopa Joseph are standing.

The people annoyed the fact that the king than, the fact that the Moscow prejudices were rushing over Moscow prejudices, dressed in an ingenic dress and as if the boyars were deliberately teased, ordering to serve the veal, which the Russians did not eat.

Vasily Shuysky (1606-1610)

May 17, 1606 as a result of the coup under the leadership of the people of Shui Lhadmitry was killed . The disfigured corpse was thrown on the frontal place, put on the head of the crumbling cap, and putting the chest to the chest. Subsequently, the body was burned, and the ashes charged into the gun and fired from it towards Poland.

1 May 9, 1606 king became Vasily Shuisky (It was crowned with the Novgorod Metropolitan Isidore in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin as King Vasily IV on June 1, 1606).Such election was illegal, but it did not bother any of the boyars.

Vasily Ivanovich Shuysky , from the kind of Suzdal Prince Shui, who came from Alexander Nevsky, was born in 1552. From 1584 he was the boyar and head of the Moscow Judgment Chamber.

In 1587 he headed the opposition to Boris Godunov. As a result, he was subjected to opal, but he managed to regain the arrangement of the king and was forgiven.

After the death of Godunov, Vasily Shuisky tried to merge, but was arrested and exiled along with the brothers. But Lhadmitry needed a boyars support, and at the end of 1605, Shui returned to Moscow.

After the murder of Falsitria I, organized by Vasily Shui, boyars and brought by them the crowd, assembled on the Red Square of Moscow, on May 19, 1606, elected Shuisky to the kingdom.

However, after 4 years, in the summer of 1610, the same boyars and nobles overthrew him from the throne and forced them together with his wife, knead the monks. In September 1610, the former Boyarsky king was issued to the Polish hetman (commander-in-chief) Zholkevsky, who took Shui to Poland. In Warsaw, the king and his brothers were presented as prisoners to King Sigismund III.

Vasily Shui died on September 12, 1612, imprisoned in the Gostynsky Castle, in Poland, in 130 versts from Warsaw. In 1635, at the request of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the remains of Vasily Shui were returned to the Poles to Russia. Vasily buried in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

With the top of the throne, Vasily Shui University did not stop, and entered into an even more complex phase. Tsar Vasily was not popular in the people. The legitimacy of the new king did not recognize a significant number of the population who was waiting for the new coming of the "True Tsar". Unlike Falgestmitria, Shuisky could not give himself for the descendant of Ruriki and appeal to the hereditary right to the throne. Unlike Godunov, the conspirator was not legally elected the cathedral, and therefore could not, as King Boris, claim to legitimacy of his power. He relied only on a narrow round of supporters and could not resist that element that was already raging in the country.

In August 1607 an new challenger on the throne, reanimated "all the same Poland, was announced.

This second impostor received a nickname in Russian history tushinsky thief . In his troops there were up to 20 thousand multi-facets. All this mass was digging along the Russian land and behaved as usually occupiers behave, that is, robbed, killed and violent. In the summer of 1608, Lhadmitriy II approached Moscow and got a camp at her walls in the village of Tushino. Tsar Vasily Shuisky with his government was locked in Moscow; Under her walls there was an alternative capital with its government hierarchy -.

The Polish Voivode of Mnishek with his daughter arrived at the camp soon. Oddly enough, Marina Mnishek "found out" in the impostor of his former groom and secretly married Lhadmitriy II.

Lhadmitry II, actually rules between Russia - he handed out the land nobles, considered complaints, met foreign ambassadors.By the end of 1608, a significant part of Russia was under the rule of Tushinsev, and Shuisky no longer controlled the regions of the country. The Moscow State seemed forever ceased to exist.

In September 1608 began siege of Trinity Sergieva Monastery , and B. The deposited Moscow came famine. Trying to save the situation, Vasily Shuisky decided to call for the rescue of mercenaries and turned to the Swedes.

Siege of Trinity Sergius Lavra Forces of Falsmitria II and Polish Hetman Yana Sapiega

In December 1609, due to the onset of 15-thousand Swedish troops and betrayal of Polish military leaders who began to swear to the faithfulness of the King Sigizmund III, Lhadmitry II was forced to flee from Tushina in Kaluga, where a year later was killed.

International Promotion (1610-1613)

The position of Russia has worsened day by day. Russian land weighed civilians, in the north they threatened the Swedes, in the south, the Tatars were constantly rebuilt, the Poles threatened from the West. During the University, the Russian people tried anarchy, a military dictatorship, thievesk law, tried to introduce a constitutional monarchy, to offer throne to foreigners. But nothing helped. At that time, many Russians agreed to recognize any sovereign, just in the exhausted country came, finally, peace.

In England, in turn, the project of the English Protectorate was seriously considered over the entire Russian land, not yet busy Poles and Swedes. According to documents, King English Jacob I "was passionate about the plan to send the army to Russia to manage it through his authorized."

However, on July 27, 1610, as a result of a boyars conspiracy, the Russian king of Vasily Shuysky was shone from the throne. The period of the Board has come in Russia "Semiboyarschina" .

"Semiboyarschina" - "Temporary" boyars government, formed in Russia after the overthrow of the king of Vasily Shui (died in Polish imprisonment) In July 1610 and formally existed before the election on the Tron of the king Mikhail Romanova.

Consisted of 7 members of the Boyar Duma - Prince F.I.Mstislavsky, I.M.Vorotynsky, A.V. Trubetsky, A.V. Golitsyn, B.M. Lykov-Obolensky, I.N.Romanova (Uncle of the future king Mikhail Fedorovich and the younger brother of the future Patriarch Filaret)and F.I.Sheheremetheva. The prince, boyar, the voivode, an influential member of the Boyar Duma Fedor Ivanovich Mstislavsky was elected head of the seveniboyarschin.

One of the tasks of the new government was the preparation of the elections of the new king. However, the "military conditions" demanded immediate decisions.
In the west of Moscow, in the immediate vicinity of the Poklonnaya Mountain near Sailor Doromilov, the army of the Commonwealth chapter headed by Hetman Zholkevsky, and in the southeast, in Kolomenskoye - Lhadmitry II, with whom the Lithuanian squad of Sapiei was. Falgestmitria Boyar was especially afraid, because he had many supporters in Moscow and was at least more popular than they. To avoid the struggle of the boyars clans for power, it was decided not to choose the king of representatives of Russian childbirth.

As a result, the so-called "Semibyar" concluded an agreement with the Poles on election to the Russian throne of the 15-year-old Polish Koroleich Vladislav IV (son Sigismund III) On the conditions of its transition in Orthodoxy.

Fearing Falsitriya II, boyars went even further and on the night of September 21, 1610 secretly let the Polish troops of Getman Zolkevsky in the Kremlin (In Russian history, this fact is considered as an act of national treason).

Thus, the real power in the capital and aburred in the hands of the governor of Vladislav Pan of the Grysyevsky and military leaders of the Polish garrison.

Not believing with the Russian government, they generously distributed land to supporters of Poland, confiscating them and those who remained faithful to the country.

In the meantime, King Sigismund III was not going to let his son Vladislav in Moscow, the more he did not want to allow him to accept Orthodoxy. Sigismund himself dreamed of occupying the Moscow throne and become king in Moscow Rus. Taking advantage of chaos, the Polish king won the Western and South-Eastern regions of the Moscow state and began to consider himself a sovereign of all Russia.

This changed the relationship of the members of the Semiboyar government themselves to the poles called by them. Taking advantage of the growing discontent, the Patriarch Hermogen began sending a reform over the cities of Russia, calling for resistance to the new government. For this he was taken into custody and subsequently executed. All this served as a signal to the unification of almost all Russians in order to exile from Moscow, the Polish invaders and the election of the new Russian king are not only by the boyars and princes, but the "will of the whole land".

People's militia Dmitry Pozharsky (1611-1612)

Seeing the incompleteness of the ingenians, the robbery of churches, monasteries and the bishop treasury, the inhabitants began to fight for faith, for their spiritual salvation. Osada Sapega and Lisovsky Trinity-Sergius Monastery, and his defense played a huge role in strengthening patriotism.

Defense of the Trinity-Sergiye Lavra, which lasted almost 16 months - from September 23, 1608 to January 12, 1610

Patriotic movement under the slogan election of the "original" sovereign led to the formation in Ryazan cities First militia (1611) started by the liberation of the country. In October 1612, detachments Second militia (1611-1612) He headed by Prince Dmitry Pozharskiy and Kuzma, the mini was liberated by the capital, forced to pass the Polish garrison.

After the expulsion of Poles from Moscow, thanks to the feat of the second folk militia, under the leadership of Minin and Pozharskiy, several months of the country, a temporary government headed by Princes Dmitry Pozharsky and Dmitry Trubetsky.

At the very end of December 1612, Pozharskiy and Trubetskoy sent out of the cities of the diplomas, in which they called to Moscow from all cities and from any rank of the best and most reasonable elected people, "for the Zemsky Council and for state election." These elected people had to choose a new king in Russia. Zemsky government of the militia ("The Council of the Earth") began preparations for the Zemsky Cathedral.

Zemsky Cathedral of 1613 and election of the new king

Before the start of the Zemsky Cathedral, a 3-day strict post was announced everywhere. In the churches, many prayers served so that God would intend the elected people, and the chief of election to the kingdom was accomplished not by human desire, but by the will of God.

6 (19) January 1613 In Moscow, the Zemsky Cathedral began where the question was resolved about the election of the Russian king. It was the first undoubtedly all-known Zemsky Cathedral with the participation of land and even rural representatives. It featured all segments of the population, with the exception of hills and fortress peasants. The number of "advisory people" gathered in Moscow exceeded 800 people who represent at least 58 cities.

Cathedral meetings occurred in the situation of a fierce rivalry of various political groups, arranged in Russian society over the years of the ten-year-old Troubles and strive to strengthen their position by election of their applicant for the royal throne. Participants of the cathedral put forward more than ten applicants for the throne.

First, the Chalishers for the throne called the Polish Kingdom of Vladislav and Swedish Prince Karl-Philipp. However, these candidates met countering the enormous majority of the cathedral. The Zemsky Cathedral revoked the decision of the Semiboyarschin on the election to the Russian throne of the Kingdom of Vladislav and decided: "Inrogenous princes and Tatar Tsarevich in the Russian throne are not inviting."

Candidates from vintage princely surnames also did not receive support. In different sources, among the candidates are called Fedor Mstislavsky, Ivan Vorotinsky, Fedor Sheremetev, Dmitry Trubetskaya, Dmitry Mamstyukovich and Ivan Borisovich Cherkasy, Ivan Golitsyn, Ivan Nikitich and Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov and Peter Prime. Offered in the kings and Dmitry Pozharskiy. But he strongly rejected his candidacy and one of the first pointed to the ancient genus a boyar of Romanov. Pozharsha said: "According to the acquaintance of the genus, yes by the number of merit before graduation, the Metropolitan filaret from the genus Romanov would come to the king. But this good minister of God is now in Polish captivity and cannot become a kingdom. But there is a son of sixteen years old, here it is, according to the right of antiquity of a kind and right to the right of piciously upbringing his mother-monk, and should become a king. "(In the world, Metropolitan Filaret was a boyarian - Fyodor Nikitich Romanov. Towered to the monks, he was forced by Boris Godunov, fearing that he could shift Godunov and sit on the royal throne.)

Moscow nobles, supported by landed people, were offered to build a 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - Son of Patriarch Filaret. A decisive role, according to a number of historians, in the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom played the Cossacks, which during this period become influential social force. Among the serviceful people and the Cossacks there are a movement, the center of which was the Moscow coupling of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, and his active inspirationor of this monastery of Abraham Palitsyn, the face is very influential among and militia, and Muscovites. At meetings with the participation of Kelary Abrahamia and was decided to proclaim the king of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanova Yuryeva, the son of the captive Poles of the Rostov Metropolitan Filaret.The main argument of supporters of Mikhail Romanov came down to the fact that, in contrast to the elected kings, he was not elected, but by God, as it comes from the noble royal root. Not related to Rurik, but the proximity and relationship with the Ivan IV dynasty gave the right to occupy his throne. Many boyars joined the Romanovsky Party, His Higher Orthodox clergy was supported - Consecrated cathedral.

On February 21 (March 3), 1613, the Zemsky Cathedral was elected to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanova, putting the beginning of a new dynasty.

In 1613, the Zemsky Cathedral swore 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich

In the cities and counties of the country, letters were sent with the news about the election of the king and conducting the oath to the loyalty of the new dynasty.

On March 13, 1613, ambassadors of the cathedral arrived in Kostroma. In the Ipatiev Monastery, where Mikhail was with her mother, he was informed about the election to the throne.

Poles tried to prevent the new king to arrive in Moscow. Their small detachment went to the Ipatiev Monastery to kill Mikhail, but she got lost on the way, because the peasant Ivan Susanin , having agreed to show the road, started it in the dense forest.

June 11, 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich was married to the kingdom in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Celebrations lasted 3 days.

The election to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanova put the end of Smoot and gave the beginning of the Romanov dynasty.

Material prepared Sergey Shalyak

The house of Romanov celebrated its four hundred prototion in 2013. In the distant past, the day remained when Mikhail Romanov was proclaimed by the king. As many as 304 years, the descendants of the genus Romanov ruled Russia.

For a long time it was believed that with the shooting of the Imperial Family of Nicholas II was finished with all the royal dynasty. But today, they live the descendants of the Romanov, the imperial house exists for this day. The dynasty is gradually returning to Russia, in its cultural and social life.

Who belongs to the dynasty

Rod of Romanovs originates in the 16th century, with Roman Yurevich Zaharin. He had five children who gave numerous offspring, which had reached the present day. But the fact is that the majority of descendants are no longer worn by this name, that is, they are born on the maternal line. Representatives of the dynasty are only the descendants of the genus Romanovs on the male line, which are old names.

Boys in the family were raised less often, and many were childless. Because of this, the royal race was almost interrupted. The branch revived Paul I. All now living descendants of Romanov - the heirs of Emperor Pavel Petrovich,

Branch of the genealogical tree

Paul I had 12 children, of them two extramarital. There are ten legitimate - four sons:

Alexander I, in 1801 he joined the Russian throne, did not leave behind the legitimate throne.
Konstantin. He was married twice, but marriages were childless. He had three who were not recognized as the descendants of the Romanov.
Nicholas I, All-Russian Emperor since 1825. He had three daughters and four sons from marriage with Prussian princess Frederica Louise Charlotte, in Orthodoxy Anna Fedorovna.
Mikhail, in marriage had five daughters.

Thus, only the sons of the Russian Emperor Nikolai I are continued to the Romanov dynasty. So all the remaining descendants of the Romanovs are his grandfathers.

Continuing dynasty

Nicholas's sons of the first: Alexander, Konstantin, Nikolai and Mikhail. All of them left behind the offspring. Their lines are unofficially called:

Alexandrovichi - Line went from Alexander Nikolayevich Romanov. Now live direct descendants of Romanov-Ilinsky Dmitry Pavlovich and Mikhail Pavlovich. Unfortunately, they are both childless, and with their departure from life this line is stopped.
Konstantinovichi - the line originates from Konstantin Nikolayevich Romanova. The last direct descendant of Romanovs in the male line died in 1992, and the branch stopped.
Nikolayevichi - there were Nikolai Nikolayevich's Romanova. To this day lives and live a direct descendant of this branch Dmitry Romanovich. He has no heirs, so the line is fading.
Mikhailovichi - the heirs of Mikhail Nikolaevich Romanova. It is to this branch that the remaining novels are men living now. This gives the hope of Romanovs for survival.

Where today are the descendants of the Romanov

Many researchers were interested, were the descendants of the Romanovs? Yes, this great kind has heirs to male and female lines. Some branches have already been interrupted, other lines will soon be faded, but there is still hope for survival from the royal family.

But where do descendants of Romanov live? They dispersed on the planet. Most of them do not know the Russian language and have never been to the homeland of the ancestors. Someone surname is completely different. Many have become familiar with Russia exclusively on books or in summaries of news television channels. And yet some of them happens in a historic homeland, they are engaged in charity and consider themselves Russian in the shower.

On the question, whether the descendants of Romanov remained, you can answer that today in the world only about thirty-known siblings of the royal family live. Of these, only two can be considered purebred, because their parents concluded them according to the laws of the dynasty. It is these two who can consider themselves the full representatives of the Imperial House. In 1992, they were issued Russian passports instead of refugee passports, for which they lived abroad until that time. The means obtained as sponsorship from Russia allow family members to apply visits to their homeland.

It is not known how many in the world lives those who in the veins flow "Romanovskaya" blood, but they do not belong to the family, as they occurred on the female line or from extramarital connections. Nevertheless, genetically, they also belong to an ancient last name.

Head of the Imperial House

Prince Romanov Dmitry Romanovich became the head of the house of Romanov after Nikolai Romanovich died, his elder brother.

Prince of Nikolai I, Little of Prince Nikolai Nikolayevich, son of Prince Roman Petrovich and the Countess of Praskovy Sheremetyeva. It was born in France on May 17, 1926.

Since 1936 in Italy, later - in Egypt. In Alexandria worked at the Ford's automotive factory: worked as a mechanic, sold cars. Upon returning to Sunny Italy, he worked as a secretary in the ship company.

In Russia, visited the first time in 1953 as a tourist. When he was married in Denmark, with his first wife Johannaya Kaufman, settled in Copenhagen and served in the bank for more than 30 years.

All numerous members of the royal family are called his head of the house, only the branch of Kirillovich believes that he has no legal rights to the throne due to the fact that his father was born in a non-uniform marriage (Kirillovichi, the heirs of Alexander II is the princess Maria Vladimirovna, who claims herself On the title of the head of the Imperial House, and her son Georgy Mikhailovich, applying to Titsarevich's title).

With long passing, Dmitry Romanovich are orders and medals of different countries. He has a large collection of awards, which he writes a book.

The second time was the most meant in the Russian city of Kostroma with Dorrit Revenros, the Danish translator, in July 1993. There are no children, therefore, when the last direct descendant of Romanovs goes into the world, the branch of Nikolayevichi stops.

Legal members of the house, fade by Alexandrovichi branch

Today, such true representatives of the royal family are alive (according to the male line from legitimate marriages, direct descendants of Paul I and Nicholas II, who carry the royal surname, the title of Prince and belong to the line of Alexandrovichi):

Romanov-Ilinsky Dmitry Pavlovich, 1954 r. - The direct heir to Alexander the second on the men's line, lives in the United States, has 3 daughters, all married and changed the names.
Romanov-Ilinsky Mikhail Pavlovich, 1959 r. "Prince Dmitry Pavlovich's only junior brother, also lives in the USA, has a daughter.

If the straight descendants of the Romanovs do not become fathers of sons, then the line Alexandrovichy will interrupt.

Direct descendants, princes and possible continuents of the genus Romanov - the most prolific branch of Mikhailovichi

Alexey Andreevich, 1953 r. - A direct descendant of Nicholas I, married, no children, lives in the USA.
Peter Andreevich, 1961 R. - Also purebred novels, married, childless, lives in the USA.
Andrei Andreevich, 1963 r. - Legally belongs to the house of Romanov, has a daughter from a second marriage, lives in the USA.
Rostislav Rostislavovich, 1985 R. - The direct convergence of the family, until married, lives in the USA.
Nikita Rostislavovich, 1987 R. - Legal descendant, until married, lives in the UK.
Nicholas-Christopher Nikolaevich, 1968 r., - A direct descendant of Nicholas I lives in the USA, has 2 daughters.
Daniel Nikolaevich, 1972 r. "The legitimate member of the house of Romanovs, married, lives in the USA, has a daughter and son.
Daniel Danilovich, 2009 r. - The most ever legal descendant of the royal family on the male line, lives with parents in the United States.

As can be seen from the genealogical tree, only the branch of Mikhailovich gives the hope of the continuation of the royal kind - the direct heirs of Romanov Mikhail Nikolayevich, the youngest son Nicholas I.

The descendants of the Romanov family who cannot pass by the inheritance of the royal surname, and controversial applicants for membership of the imperial house

Great Princess Maria Vladimirovna, 1953 r. "Her imperial highness, claims the title of head of the Russian imperial house, the legitimate heiress Alexander Second, belongs to the line Alexandrovichi. Until 1985 was married to Prince Franz Wilhelm Prussist, from which in 1981 gave birth to the sole son George. At birth, he was given the middle name of Mikhailovich and the surname of Romanov.
Georgy Mikhailovich, 1981 r. - The son of Prince of Romanova Maria Vladimirovna and Prince Prussian, claims Titsarevich's title, but most of the representatives of the Romanov house rightly do not recognize his rights, since he is not a descendant in a straight man's line, namely, inheritance is transferred to the men's line. His birth is a joyful event in the Prussian Palace.
Princess Elena Sergeyevna Romanova (her husband's husband), 1929, lives in France, one of the last representatives of the House of Romanov, belongs to the line Alexandrovichi.
1961 R. - The legal heir to Alexander the Second, now lives in Switzerland. His grandfather George was an extramarital son from the connection of the emperor with a prince dolvoye. After the relationship was legalized, all the children of Dolgorukova were recognized as legitimate from Alexander II, but the surname was received by Yuryevsky. Therefore, De Yura Georgy (Hans-Georg) does not belong to the house of Romanov, although he is the last descendant of the Romanov dynasty on the men's line Alexandrovichi.
Princess Tatyana Mikhailovna, 1986 r. - Belongs to the house of Romanovs along the line of Mikhailovich, but as soon as married and will change the surname, will lose all rights. Lives in Paris.
Princess Alexander Rostislavovna, 1983 r. - Also the hereditary descendant of the branch of Mikhailovich, is not married, lives in the United States.
Princess Karline Nikolaevna, 2000 R. - is a legal representative of the Imperial House on the line of Mikhailovich, not married, lives in the USA,
Princess Chelya Nikolaevna, 2003 r. - A direct descendant of the royal family, not married, US citizen.
Princess Madison Danilovna, 2007 r. - According to Mikhailovichi, the legal member of the family lives in the United States.

Combining the genus Romanovs

All other Romanovs are children from morganotic marriages, so they cannot belong to the Russian Imperial House. All of them are united by the so-called "association of the Romanovsky Romanov", which was headed by Nikolai Romanovich in 1989 and performed this duty to the death itself, in September 2014.

Below are the biographies of the most striking representatives of the Romanian 20th century dynasty.

Romanov Nikolay Romanovich

Rictorian Nikolai I. Watercolor artist.

I saw the light on September 26, 1922 not far from the French city of Antibes. His childhood passed there. In 1936, the parents moved to Italy. In this country in 1941 directly from Mussolini received an offer to become the King of Montenegro, from which he refused. Later, he lived in Egypt, then again in Italy, in Switzerland, where his marriage was held on the decanter of the Swedell, then he returned to Italy again, where in 1993 he accepted citizenship.

"Association" was headed in 1989. On his initiative in Paris in 1992, the congress of the Romanov-Men was convened, at which it was decided to establish the Russian Assistance Fund. In his opinion, Russia must be the federal republic, where the central government is strong, the powers of which are strictly limited.

He has three daughters. Natalia, Elizabeth and Tatiana created families with Italians.

Vladimir Kirillovich

Born on August 17, 1917 in Finland, in emigration from the sovereign Kirill Vladimirovich. It was treated with a truly Russian man. He perfectly owned the Russian, many European languages, perfectly knew the history of Russia, was a well-educated erudite man and experienced true pride, which belongs to Russia.

In twenty years, the last direct descendant of Romanovs in the male line became the head of the dynasty. He was enough to conclude a non-uniform marriage, and to the 21th century of legitimate members of the imperial family would not be left.

But he met Princess Leonid Georgievna Bagration-Mukhranovskaya, the daughter of the head of the Georgian royal house, which became his legitimate wife in 1948. In this marriage was born in Madrid Great Princess Maria Vladimirovna.

He was a few decisions of the Russian imperial house, and his own decree declared his daughter's right to her daughter on a legitimate marriage, for the inheritance of the throne.

In May 1992, he was buried in St. Petersburg in the presence of many family members.

Great Princess Maria Vladimirovna

The only daughter of Prince Vladimir Kirillovich, a member of the Imperial House in Emigration and Leonida Georgievna, daughters of the head of the Georgian royal house of Prince George Alexandrovich Bagration Mukhransky. Born in legitimate marriage on December 23, 1953. Parents provided her good upbringing and excellent education. At the age of 16, she swore at the loyalty of Russia and its peoples.

At the end of the Oxford University received a diploma diploma. Freely expressing in Russian, many European and Arabic languages. He worked on administrative positions in France and Spain.

The imperial family has a modest apartment in Madrid. The house in France was sold due to the inability to contain it. Family supports the average standard of living - by the standards of Europe. It has Russian citizenship.

Upon reaching the age of majority in 1969, according to the dynastic act, prince Vladimir Kirillovich, was proclaimed by the throne chamber. In 1976, it was combined with a marriage with Prince Prussist Franse Wilhelm. With the adoption of Orthodoxy, he received the title of Prince Mikhail Pavlovich. The current applicant for the Russian throne, Prince Georgy Mikhailovich, was born from this marriage.

Cesarevich Georgy Mikhailovich

He claims the heir to the title of his imperial highness sovereign.

The only son of Princess Mary Vladimirovna and Prince Prussian, born in marriage on March 13, 1981 in Madrid. The direct descendant of the German Emperor Wilhelm of the second, Russian emperor Alexander the Second, English Queen Victoria.

He graduated from school in St. Biac, then the training continued in Paris in College of St. Stanislav. Lives in Madrid since 1988. The native language considers French, Spanish and English speaks into perfection, the Russian language knows a little worse. For the first time I saw Russia in 1992, when I accompanied the body of his grandfather Prince Vladimir Kirillovich, along with his family to the place of burial. His independent visit to his homeland took place in 2006. He worked in the European Parliament, the European Commission. Host.

In the jubilee for the house, they were established by the Foundation for Combating Oncological Diseases.

Andrei Andreevich Romanov

The Rights of Nicholas I, the great-grandfather of Alexander III. Born in London on January 21, 1923. Now lives in the United States, California, in Marin County. He knows Russian, because he always said in Russian in his family.

She graduated from the London College of the Imperial Service. During the Second World War, he served on the military ship of the United Kingdom of the United Kingdom. It was then, accompanying cargo ships to Murmansk, he first visited Russia.

It has American citizenship since 1954. In America, he was engaged in agriculture: farming, agronomy, agrotechnology. B studied sociology. Worked in a shipping company.

Among his hobbies - painting and graphics. Creates work in the "Children's" manner, as well as color drawings on plastics, which is later heat treatment.

It consists in the third marriage. From the first marriage, Alexey's son has, from the second two: Peter and Andrei.

It is believed that he has no rights to the throne, nor his sons, but as candidates can be considered by the Zemsky Cathedral in one row with other descendants.

Mikhail Andreevich Romanov

Prince of Nikolai I, the greatness of Prince Mikhail Nikolayevich, was born in Versaille on July 15, 1920. He graduated from Windsor Royal College, London Institute of Aeronautics Engineers.

He served in the second world in Sydney in the Volunteer Reserve of the British Navy Air Force. He was demobilized in 1945 to Australia. There remains to live, engaged in the aviation industry.

He was an active member of the Maltese Order of the Orthodox knights of St. John Jerusalem, was even elected by the protector and the great prior of the Order. He was among the participants of the "Australians for the constitutional monarchy".

He was married three times: in February 1953, Jill Murphy, in July 1954 - on Shirley Kramond, in July 1993 - on Julia Cresmen. All marriages are unequal and childless.

Sitted in September 2008 in Sydney.

Nikita Nikitich novels

PRIGORATOR Nikolai I. Born in London on May 13, 1923. Childhood passed in the UK, then in France.

He served in the United Kingdom army. In 1949 he moved to the United States. At the University of Bairkley in 1960 he received a master's degree in history. Earn and life earned himself, handling the source of furniture.

In Stanford University, and later in San Francisky engaged in teaching history. They were written and published a book about Ivan Grozny (co-author - Pierre Pein).

His wife is Janse (Anna Mikhailovna - in Orthodoxy) Schonvald. Son Fedor committed suicide in 2007.

Repeatedly visited Russia, visited the estate of His Ai-Todor in the Crimea. For the last years, forty lived in New York, until he died in May 2007.

Brothers Dmitry Pavlovich and Mikhail Pavlovich Romanov-Ilinsky (sometimes under the name Romanovskiy-Ilinskie)

Dmitry Pavlovich, born in 1954, and Mikhail Pavlovich, born in 1960

Dmitry Pavlovich is married to Marta Maryri Makdaull, 1952 r., Has 3 daughters: Catherine, Victoria, Lelu.

Mikhail Pavlovich was married three times. The first marriage with March Mary Lowe, the second - with Paula Gay Mair and the third - with Lisa Mary Chisler. In the third marriage was born daughter Alexis.

Currently, the descendants of the Romanov dynasty live in the United States, recognize the legality of the rights of the imperial house on the Russian throne. Princess Maria Vladimirovna was recognized by their right to be called princes. Dmitry Romanovsky-Ilinsky recognized by her by the senior representative of the male genus of all the descendants of the Romanovs, regardless of which marriages they were concluded.

Finally

About a hundred years in Russia there is no monarchy. But to this day someone breaks the spear, arguing about who exactly from now living descendants of the royal family has the legal right to the Russian throne. Someone and today decisively requires the return of the monarchy. And let the question of this difficult, as laws and decrees concerning the issues of the Preconsession, are interpreted in different ways, the disputes will continue. But they can be described by one Russian saying: the descendants of the Romanovs, the photos of which are presented in the article, "divide the skin of the unbounded bear."

Thanks to the marriage Ivan IV Grozny, with a representative of the Romanovsky Anastasia, the Romanovna Zakharia Zakharian-Romanova became close to the royal court in the XVI century, and after the branch of the Moscow branch, Rurikovich began to claim the throne.

In 1613, the grand-nephew of Anastasia Romanovna Zakharian - Mikhail Fedorovich was elected to the royal throne. And the offspring of King Mikhail, which traditionally accepted was called House Romanovs, Rule RUSSIA Up to 1917.

The long period of time is members of the Tsarist, and then the imperial family did not wear any names at all (for example, Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich, "Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich"). Despite this, the names of "Romanov" and the "House of Romanov" were made to use for the unofficial designation of the Russian Imperial House, the coat of arms of the Romanov was included in the official legislation, and in 1913 the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov House was widely noted.

After 1917, the name of Romanov officially began to wear almost all members of the former reign house, and at present it is many of their descendants.

Kings and emperors of the Romanov dynasty

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - King and Grand Duke All Russia

Years of life 1596-1645

The years of the Board 1613-1645

Father - Boyarin Fedor Nikitich Romanov, subsequently became a Patriarch Filaret.

Mother - Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova,

in the ancestry of Martha.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov Born in Moscow on July 12, 1596. Childhood spent in the village of Domnin - Kostroma Votchin Romanov.

With the king, Boris Godunov, all Romanovs were persecuted due to suspicion of conspiracy. Boyar Fedor Nikitich Romanov, together with his wife, were forcibly tonsured in monasticism and were concluded in the monasteries. Fedor Romanov received the name when PhilaretAnd his wife became Martha's nun.

But after the Treatment, Filaret led an active political life: he opposed Tsar Shuisky and supported False Dmitry I (thinking that he was a real Tsarevich Dmitry).

Lhadmitriy I, after his top, he returned from the reference of the Romanov's surrounding members. Fyodor Nikitich (in Filaret Monastic) was returned with the wife of Ksenia Ivanovna (in Martha's monastics) and son Mikhail.

Marfa Ivanovna and Son Mikhail settled first in the Kostroma Votchin Romanov, village Domnin, and then hid from the persecution of Polish-Lithuanian detachments in the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma.

Ipatiev monastery. Vintage image

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was only 16 years old, when on February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Cathedral, which included representatives of almost all segments of the population of Russia, elected him to the king.

On March 13, 1613, a crowd of boyars and residents of the city approached the walls of the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma. Mikhail Romanov and his mother accepted ambassadors from Moscow with respect.

But when the ambassadors were awarded the nun Martha and her son, the diploma of the Zemsky Cathedral with an invitation to the kingdom, Mikhail was horrified and refused to be so high.

"The state is broken by Poles," he explained his refusal. - the royal treasury is cleaned. Serday people are poor than to kill them-feed? And how, with such a distinguity, can I, as a sovereign, to resist the poles against the enemies?

"And I can't bless the Misha to the kingdom," the son of Martha's nun erected with tears in his eyes. "After all, his father, Metropolitan Filaret, captives Poles." And as the Polish king recognizes that the son of his prisoner in the kingdom, so challenges the evil to teach, and even life will be deprived of life!

The ambassadors began to explain that Mikhail was chosen at the request of the whole land, which means, by the will of God. And if Mikhail refuses, then God himself imposes from him for the final ruin of the state.

Six hours continued their mother and son's persons. Singing bitter tears, Marfa's nun finally agreed with such a fate. And since this is the will of God, then she bless the Son. Mikhail after the blessing of the mother no longer opposure and accepted the Tsarsky Staff from the ambassadors as a sign of power in Moscow Rus.

Patriarch Filaret.

In the autumn of 1617, the Polish army approached Moscow, and on November 23, negotiations began. A truce Russian and Poles concluded 14.5 years. Poland received the Smolensk region and part of the Seversk Land, and Russia the breath you need from Polish aggression.

And only a year later, after the prisoner, the Poles were released from the captivity of Metropolitan Filaret - the father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. The meeting of the Father and Son took place on the Presnya River on June 1, 1619. They bowed to each other on their feet, both cried, hugged and had long silent, he was from joy.

In 1619, immediately after returning from captivity, Metropolitan Filaret became the Patriarch of All Russia.

Since that time, before the end of the life, Patriarch Filaret was the actual ruler of the country. His Son - Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich - did not accept any decision without the consent of the Father.

The Patriarch peaks the church court, participated in the decision of the Zemstvo issues, leaving only criminal cases for consideration by national institutions.

Patriarch Filaret "There was a growth and completeness of medium, Divine Scripture was intelligible in part; The temper was appropriate and changed, and such a domineering that the king himself was afraid of him. "

Patriarch Filaret (F. N. Romanov)

Tsar Mikhail and Patriarch Philaret together looked at the affairs and accepted on them decisions, together the reception of foreign ambassadors, issued double diplomas and handed double gifts. In Russia, there was a droi, the Board of two sovereigns with the participation of the Boyar City Council and the Zemsky Cathedral.

In the first 10 years, Mikhail's rule rose the role of the Zemstvo Cathedral in the decisions of state issues. But by 1622, the Zemsky Cathedral was rarely convened and irregularly.

After prisoners of peace treaties with Sweden and the speech, the responding time for Russia came. Fucked peasants returned to their farms to handle abandoned during the University of Earth.

In the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich in Russia there were 254 cities. The merchants were distributed by special privileges, including permission to go to other countries, provided to trading as a statement, follow the work of customs and kabaks to replenish the income of the state treasury.

In the 20s and 20s of the XVII century, the so-called first manufactories appeared in Russia. These were large plants and factories, where the division of labor was existed in the specialties, steam mechanisms were used.

By decree, Mikhail Fedorovich managed to assemble the Masters-Protnikov and competent elders to restore the priority, which in troubled time almost ceased. The printed courtyard in the years of Troubles was burned with all typographic machines.

By the end of the reign of King Mikhail, the printed courtyard had more than 10 machines and other equipment, and in the printing house there were over 10 thousand printed books.

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, dozens of talented inventions and technical innovations appeared, such as a gun with screw cutting, a clock with a battle on the Spasskaya Tower, water engines for manufactories, paints, olifa, ink and much more.

In large cities, the construction of temples, termes, distinguished from old buildings with elegant decoration, were actively conducted. Kremlin walls were repaired, the patriarn yard on the territory of the Kremlin was expanded.

Russia continued to explore Siberia, new cities were laid there: Yeniseisk (1618), Krasnoyarsk (1628), Yakutsk (1632), was built fraternal stort (1631),

Towers of Yakutsky Ostroga

In 1633, the father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich died, his assistant and teacher, Patriarch Filaret. After the death of the "second sovereign" boyars reinforced their influence on Mikhail Fedorovich. But the king was not opposed, he was now often not healthy. A severe illness, hitting the king, was most likely a water. Tsaristhesky Lekari wrote that the illness of Tsar Mikhail is "from a lot of seating, cold beytia and melancholy."

Mikhail Fedorovich passed away on July 13, 1645 and was buried in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Alexey Mikhailovich - Quiet, King and the Grand Sovereign of All Russia

Years of life 1629-1676

Years of the Board 1645-1676

Father - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, King and the Grand Sovereign of All Russia.

Mother - Princess Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshnev.

Future king Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov, Senior son of King Mikhail Fedorovich Romanova, was born on March 19, 1629. He was baptized in the Trinity-Sergiev Monastery and ordered Alexei. Already at the age of 6, he knew how to read well. By order of his grandfather - Patriarch Filaret - a letter was created specifically for the grandson. In addition to the tsarevich letter, read the Psalrty, the Affairs of the Apostles and other books from the Patriarch library. The teacher of Tsarevich was boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov.

By 11-12, Alexey had his own little library from books belonging to him personally. The library mentions lexicon and grammar, published in Lithuania, and serious cosmography.

Little Alexei from early childhood was taught to manage the state. He was often present at the receptions of foreign ambassadors and was a member of the court ceremonies.

In the 14th year of the life of Tsarevich solemnly "declared" the people, and at the age of 16, when his father died - King Mikhail Fedorovich died, Alexey Mikhailovich joined the throne. A month later, his mother died.

According to the unanimous solution of all Boyar on July 13, 1645, the whole court of knowing the cross of the new sovereign. The first person is surrounded by the king, according to the last will of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, Boyarin B. I. Morozov became.

The new Russian king, judging by his own letters and reviews of foreigners, possessed a wonderful soft, good-natured character and was "much quiet". The entire atmosphere, among which King Alexey lived, his upbringing and reading church books developed great religiosity in it.

King Alexey Mikhailovich sishe

Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, in all church posts, the young king did not drink anything and did not eat. Alexey Mikhailovich was a very zealous performer of all church rites and had emergency Christian humility and meekness. Every pride was confused and alien. "I am sinful," he wrote, "the local honor, aki dust."

But his good nature and humility was sometimes replaced by short-term flashes of anger. One day the king, who let the blood of German "Dohtur", ordered the Bokera to try the same tool, but Boyarin Streshnev did not agree. Then the king Alexey Mikhailovich his own "smirling" the old man, then did not know what kind of gifts to hide him.

Alexey Mikhailovich knew how to respond to someone else's grief and joy, and in his teaching character he was just a "golden man", besides, smart and very educated for his time. He always read a lot and wrote a lot of letters.

Alexey Mikhailovich himself read the petitions and other documents, wrote or edited many important decrees and the first of the Russian kings became their own sign. His sons of autocrats delivered a powerful state recognized abroad to her inheritance. One of them - Peter I Great - managed to continue the case of the Father, completing the formation of an absolute monarchy and the creation of a huge Russian empire.

Alexey Mikhailovich married in January 1648 at the daughter of a poor nobleman Ilya Miloslavsky - Maria Ilinichna Miloslavskaya, who gave birth to he 13 children. Until the death of his wife, the king was an exemplary family man.

"Salt riot"

B. I. Morozov, who, on behalf of Alexei Mikhailovich, began to rule the country, came up with a new taxation system that came accomplished on the Tsarist Decree in February 1646. At salt was introduced an increased duty to drastically replenish the treasury. However, this innovation did not justify itself, as the salt began to buy less, and the income in the treasury declined.

The boyars canceled salt tax, but instead they came up with another way how to replenish the treasury. The boyars decided to collect taxes, previously canceled, immediately for three years. There was also a massive ruin of peasants and even prosperous people. Because of the sudden impoverishment of the population, natural folk unrest began in the country.

The crowd of people tried to give the king of the petition when June 1, 1648 he returned from a manty. But the king was afraid of the people and did not accept the complaint. Tracks arrested. The next day, during the godfather to the king, people were again headed, then the crowd broke into the territory of the Moscow Kremlin.

Sagittars refused to fight for the boyars and did not oppose ordinary people, moreover, they were ready to join dissatisfied. The people refused to negotiate with the boyars. Then the frightened Alexey Mikhailovich came to the people, holding an icon in his hands.

Sagittsev

The rebels across Moscow rolled over the rest of the hated boyars - Morozov, Plescheyev, Fuchaniotov - and demanded that the king issuing them themselves. A critical situation was created, Alexey Mikhailovich had to make concessions. The crowd of Plescheyev was issued, then Fuchaniotov. The life of the teacher of Tsar Boris Morozova was under threat of folk violence. But Alexey Mikhailovich decided to save his tutor at any cost. He tearfully begged the crowd to spare Boyarin, promising people to remove Morozov from affairs and send from the capital. Alexey Mikhailovich kept his promise and sent Morozov to Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.

After these events called "Salt Bunt", Alexey Mikhailovich has changed a lot, and his role in managing the state has become decisive.

At the request of the nobles and merchants, on June 16, 1648, the Zemsky Cathedral was convened, on which it was decided to prepare a new arch of the laws of the Russian state.

The result of the huge and long-term work of the Zemsky Cathedral has become Clause Of the 25 chapters, which was printed by a circulation of 1200 copies. The imposition was sent to all local grades in all cities and large villages of the country. In the deposition, legislation on land tenure, proceedings, were abolished, the statute of the asksa of the raid peasants were abolished (than finally approved the fortress dependence). This set of laws has become a guiding document for the Russian state for almost 200 years.

Because of the abundance in Russia of foreign merchants, Alexey Mikhailovich signed a decree on expulsion of English merchants from the country on June 1, 1649.

Georgia, Central Asia, Kalmykia, India and China, and China, the countries that Russians tried to establish trade and diplomatic relations with which the Russians were trying to establish trade and diplomatic relations with the facilities of the Tsarist Government.

Kalmyki asked Moscow to allocate territory for them for settlement. In 1655, they swatched the Russian king, and in 1659 the oath was confirmed. Since then, Kalmyki has always participated in hostilities on the side of Russia, especially their help was tangible in the fight against the Crimean Khan.

Reunion of Ukraine with Russia

In 1653, the Zemsky Cathedral considered the reunification of the Left-Bank Ukraine with Russia (at the request of Ukrainians who fought at that moment for independence and those who hoped the protection and support of Russia). But such support could provoke another war with Poland, which, in fact, happened.

On October 1, 1653, the Zemsky Cathedral decided to reunite the Left Bank of Ukraine with Russia. January 8, 1654 Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky solemnly proclaimed reunion of Ukraine with Russia At Pereyaslav Rada, and already in May 1654, Russia entered the war with Poland.

Russia fought with Poland from 1654 to 1667. During this time, Rostislavl, Druhobuzh, Polotsk, Mstislav, Orsha, Gomel, Smolensk, Vitebsk, Minsk, Grodno, Vilno, Kovno, were returned to Russia.

From 1656 to 1658, Russia fought with Sweden. During the war, several truivers were concluded, but in the end, Russia did not manage to return to the Baltic Sea.

The treasury of the Russian state melted, and the government after several years of permanent hostilities with Polish troops decided to go to peace negotiations that ended with the signing in 1667 Andrusovsky truce For a period of 13 years and 6 months.

Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Under the terms of this truce, Russia refused to all the conquests in the territory of Lithuania, but left Northshina, Smolensk and the left-bank part of Ukraine, and also two years old Kiev remained for Moscow. There was an end to almost a century of confrontation between Russia and Poland, it was later concluded (in 1685) the eternal world, according to which Kiev remained in Russia.

The end of hostilities was solemnly celebrated in Moscow. For the successful negotiations with the Poles of the Nobleman Ortsin-Nachchokin, the sovereign was in the rank of boyar, appointed him to the keeper of the royal press and the head of the Malorosi and Polish orders.

"Copper Riot"

To ensure constant income to the royal treasury, in 1654 a monetary reform was carried out. Copper coins were introduced, which should have appreciated on a silver, and at the same time a ban on copper trafficking was prohibited, since from that time she was all walked into the treasury. But taxes continued to collect only in silver coins, and the copper money began to depreciate.

Many fake meters that minted copper money appeared immediately. The gap in the cost of silver and copper coins every year became more and more. From 1656 to 1663, the cost of one silver ruble increased to 15 copper rubles. All commercial people begged to cancel copper money.

Russian merchants appealed to the king with a statement about dissatisfaction with his position. And soon the so-called happened "Copper Riot" - Powerful popular uprising July 25, 1662. The reason for the excitement was the lists with charges of Miloslavsky, Rtishchev and Shorin in treason. Then the crowded crowd moved to Kolomna to the royal palace.

Alexey Mikhailovich managed to convince the people peacefully disperse. He promised that he would consider their petitions. People turned to Moscow. And in the capital, in the meantime, the merchants and rich palaces were already looted.

But here the people were rumored about the escape of Shorin's spy to Poland, and the excited crowd rushed into Kolomenskoye, having met the first to the first rebels who returned from the king to Moscow.

Before the royal palace again there was a huge crowd of the people. But Alexey Mikhailovich has already called for the aid of the Street shelves. Began the bloody russell over the rebels. Many then people were drowned in the Moscow River, they had dug sabers or shook. After suppressing the rebellion, the inquiry was conducted for a long time. The authorities tried to find out who was the author of the leaves raised along the capital.

Copper and silver penny times Alexey Mikhailovich

After all the occurrence, the king decided to cancel copper money. This was stated by the royal decree of June 11, 1663. Now all the calculations were again made with silver coins.

With Aleksa, Mikhailovich gradually lost its meaning of the Boyarskaya Duma, and the Zemsky Cathedral after 1653 was no longer convened.

In 1654, the king created the "order of his great sovereign of secret cases." The order of secret cases delivered the king all the necessary information about civil and military affairs and performed the functions of the secret police.

At the time of reign, Alexei Mikhailovich continued the development of Siberian lands. In 1648, the Cossack Semen Dejnev opened North America. In the late 40s - early 50s of the XVII century, Zemlip V. Poyarkov and E. Khabarov They reached the Amur, where free immigrants founded Albazine Voivodeship. At the same time, the city of Irkutsk was laid.

In the Urals, the industrial development of mineral deposits and precious stones began.

Patriarch Nikon

At that time it became necessary to hold the church reform. The liturgical books to the limit were pulled out, a huge amount of inaccuracies and errors have accumulated in the texts of the texts. Often church services in one temple were very different from the same service in the other. All this "non-confidence" was very hard to see the young monarch, which was always very good for the strengthening and dissemination of Orthodox faith.

With the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin was circle "Bogolyubtsev"where Alexey Mikhailovich was also included. Among the Bogolyubtsev had several priests, the igumen of the Novospassian monastery Nikon, Protopop Avvakum and several secular nobility.

To help the circle in Moscow, Ukrainian scientists who were engaged in the publication of liturgical literature were invited. The print yard was rebuilt and expanded. The number of published books intended for training is increased: "ABC", Psaltry, character; They were reprinted many times. In 1648, by order of the king, the "Grammar" of Pochotsky was published.

But along with the distribution of books, proceedings began on the crochets and folk customs coming from paganism. Folk musical instruments were withdrawn, the game on balalaiks was banned, masquerade masks, fortune telling, and even swing.

Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich has already matured and no longer needed anyone care. But the soft, sociable nature of the king needed advisor and friend. So "Squad", a Metropolitan Novgorod Nikon became especially a favorite friend for the king.

After the death of the Patriarch of Joseph, the king proposed to accept the Supreme Spiritual San to his friend - Novgorod Metropolitan Nikona, whose views Alexey completely shared. In 1652, Nikon became the Patriarch of All Russia and the nearest friend and the Counselor of the Sovereign.

Patriarch Nikon For more than one year, church reforms conducted the sovereign. These innovations caused many believers protest, they counted corrections in the liturgical books by the betrayal of the faith of their fathers and grandfathers.

The first to be open opposed to all innovations the monks of the Solovetsky Monastery. Church trouble went around the country. The enemy of innovations became the Avvakum Protopop. Among the so-called Old Believers who did not accept changes made in Worship by Patriarch Nikonom were, there were two women from the highest class: the princess of Evdokia Urusov and the fear of Feodosia Morozov.

Patriarch Nikon

The Cathedral of the Russian clergy in 1666 still accepted all innovations and book corrections prepared by the Patriarch Nikon. All starovrov Church betrayed Anathema (cursed) and called them raskolniki. Historians believe that in 1666 there was a split in the Russian Orthodox Church, it turned out to be split into two parts.

Patriarch Nikon, seeing the difficulties that his reforms are going, left the patriarchal throne. For this, for those who are unacceptable for the Orthodox Church, the "Miresk" punishment of Raskolnikov on the orders of Alexei Mikhailovich the Cathedral of the clergy of Nikon was deprived of Sana and sent to the monastery in Ferapontov.

In 1681, Tsar Fedor Alekseevich allowed Nikon to return to the Novojerusalem monastery, but in Nikon's road died. Subsequently, the Patriarch Nikon was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Stepan Razin

Peasant War under the leadership of Stepan Razin

In 1670, the peasant war began in the south of Russia. The uprising was headed by Donskaya Cossack Ataman Stepan Razin.

The object of the hatred of the rebels was a boyars and officials, royal advisers and other dignitaries, not the king, and they accused the people in all the troubles and injustices that were going on in the state. The king was for the Cossacks the embodiment of the ideal and justice. The church was betrayed by Anathema. Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich urged the people not to join the rally, and then the Razin moved to the YiK River, took the Yaitsky town, then robbed Persian courts.

In May 1670, he and his army went to the Volga, took the cities of Tsaritsyn, Black Yar, Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara. He attracted many nations: the Chuvash, Mordwo, Tatars, Cheremsov.

Under the city of the Simbirsk army, Stepan Razin was broken by Prince Yuri Baryatinsky, but the difference itself survived. He managed to run to the Don, where he was issued by Ataman Kornil Yakovlev, brought to Moscow and there is executed on the frontal place of Red Square

The uprising participants also dealt with the most cruel way. When conducting an inquiry to rippers, the most sophisticated torture and execution were used: cutting down the hands and legs, quarters, gallows, mass links, burning on the face of the letter "b", meaning involvement in the rebellion.

last years of life

By 1669, the Wooden Kolomna Palace of Fantastic Beauty was built, he was a suburban residence of Alexei Mikhailovich.

In recent years of life, the king was carried away by theater. According to his order, a court theater was founded, which represented performances on biblical plots.

In 1669, the wife of the king was died - Maria Ilinichna. Two years after the death of Spouse, Alexey Mikhailovich married the second time on a young nobility Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkinawhich gave birth to the Son - the future of Emperor Peter I and two daughters, Natalia and Feodoro.

Alexey Mikhailovich outwardly looked a very healthy person: he was Belyolitsy and Ruddy, Russola and Blue-eyed, High and Fat. He was only 47 years old when he felt signs of fatal disease.

Tsarsky Wooden Palace in Kolomensky

The king blessed the kingdom of Tsarevich Fedor Alekseevich (son from the first marriage), the guardian of the Minor Son of Peter appointed his grandfather - Kirill Naryshkin. Then the sovereign ordered to let go to the will of prisoners and exiles and forgive all debts in the treasury. Alexey Mikhailovich died on January 29, 1676 and was buried in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Fedor Alekseevich Romanov - King and the Grand Sovereign of All Russia

Years of life 1661-1682.

The years of the Board 1676-1682.

Father - Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov, King and the Grand Sovereign of All Russia.

Mother - Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Fedor Alekseevich Romanov Born in Moscow on May 30, 1661. During the reign, Alexei Mikhailovich has repeatedly arose about the inheritance of the throne, since Tsarevich Alexey Alekseevich died at 16, and the second royal son Fedor was at that time nine years.

Still, Fedor was inherited by the throne. It happened when he was 15 years old. The young king was crowned at the kingdom in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin on June 18, 1676. But Fedor Alekseevich did not differ in good health, since childhood was weak and painful. The country he ruled only six years.

Tsar Fedor Alekseevich was perfectly educated. He knew Latin well and spoke freely in Polish, knew a little ancient Greek. The king was sacrificed in painting and church music, had "great art in the sovereign and fair verse", trained in resentment, he made a poetic translation of Psalms for Psaltiri Simeon Polotsk. His ideas about the royal authorities were formed under the influence of one of the talented philosophers of the time of Simeon Polotsk, the former tagger and the spiritual mentor of Tsarevich.

After the top of the young Fedor, Alekseevich initially tried to lead his stepmother, N. K. Naryshkin, who managed to eliminate the deeds to the relatives of Tsar Fyodor, sending it together with Son Peter (future Peter I) in the "Voluntary Link" in the suburban village of Preobrazhenskoye.

Friends and relatives of the young king were Boyarin I. F. Miloslavsky, Princess Yu. A. Dolgorukov and Ya. N. Odoyevskaya, who in 1679 were changed by M. M. T. Likhachev, Publishing I. M. Languages \u200b\u200band Prince V. V. Golitsyn. These were "people educated, capable and conscientious." It was they who had an influence on the young king, energetically undertake to create a capable government.

Due to their influence with the Tsar Fyodor Alekseyevich, the adoption of important state decisions was transferred to the Boyar Duma, the number of members of which has increased from 66 to 99. The king was also inclined to personally take part in the management.

Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanov

In the affairs of the country, Fedor Alekseevich left a trace in the history of Russia by two innovations. In 1681, a project was developed subsequently a famous, and then the first in Moscow, Slavic Greco-Latin Academywhich opened already after the death of the king. Many figures of science, culture and politicians came out of its walls. It was in it in the XVIII century a great Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov studied.

Moreover, representatives of all classes were to be allowed to study at the Academy, and scholarships were prescribed poor. The king's academy was about to transfer the entire palace library, and the future graduates could claim high government positions at the courtyard.

Fyodor Alekseevich ordered special shelters for orphans and teach them to different sciences and crafts. The sovereign wanted to arrange everything disabled in the alone, which built on his own funds.

In 1682, Boyarskaya thought once and forever canceled the so-called locality. According to the traditions existing in Russia, state and military people were appointed not in accordance with their merits, experience or abilities, but in accordance with locality, that is, with the place that occupied the ancestors assigned in the state apparatus.

Simeon Polotsky

The son of a man who occupied a low position, could never be higher than the son of the official who had occupied a higher position at one time. This state of things of many annoyed and prevented effective government management.

At the request of Fedor Alekseevich on January 12, 1682, the Boyarskaya Duma canceled the local industry; The discharge books in which "discharges" were recorded, that is, the posts were burned. Instead, all old boyars have been rewritten in special genealogians, so that their merits are not forgotten by descendants.

In the years 1678-1679, the Government of Fyodor was held a census of the population, the decree of Alexei Mikhailovich was canceled about the uncomplicated runaway, licensed in the root service, introduced a residential imposition (this immediately replenished the treasury, but strengthened the fortress oppression).

In 1679-1680, an attempt was made to mitigate criminal punishments to the European manner, in particular, he was canceled by cutting hands for theft. Since then, the perpetrators refer to Siberia with families.

Thanks to the construction of defensive structures in the south of Russia, there was an opportunity to widely do the nobles, striving for an increase in land ownership, estates and patrimony.

A large foreign policy action of the Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich became a successful Russian-Turkish war (1676-1681), which ended with the Bakhchisarai peace treaty, which secured the association of the left bank of Ukraine with Russia. Kiev Russia received even earlier under the contract with Poland 1678.

In the reign of Fedor Alekseevich, the entire Kremlin Palace Complex, including churches, was rebuilt. The buildings were connected to the gallery and transitions among themselves, they were newly decorated with carved porches.

A sewer system was arranged in the Kremlin, flowing pond and many hanging gardens with arbors. Fedor Alekseevich had his own garden, on the decoration and arrangement of which he did not regret funds.

Tens of stone buildings were built in Moscow, the five-chapted temples in the kitelniks and on Presnya. The sovereign issued a loan loan from the treasury to the construction of stone houses in China-city and many forgave the debts.

Fedor Alekseevich saw the best way to protect the capital from fires in the construction of beautiful stone buildings. At the same time, the king believed that Moscow is the face of the state and the admiration for its magnificence should cause respect for all Russia in foreign ambassadors.

Church of Nikola in Khamovniki, built during the reign of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich

The personal life of the king was very unhappy. In 1680, Fyodor Mikhailovich was married to Agafey Semenovnya Grushetsky, but the queen died in childbirth together with the newborn Son Ilya.

The new marriage of the king arranged his closest adviser I. M. Languages. On February 14, 1682, Tsar Fyodor almost against his will married Matveyevna Apraksina.

Two months after the wedding on April 27, 1682, the king after a short illness died in Moscow at the 21st year of life, without leaving the heir. Fedor Alekseevich buried in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Ivan V Alekseevich Romanov - Senior King and the Grand Sovereign of All Russia

Years of life 1666-1696

The years of the Board 1682-1696.

Father - Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich, King

and the Great Sovereign of All Russia.

Mother - Queen Maria Ilinichna Miloslavskaya.

The future king Ivan (John) V Alekseevich was born on August 27, 1666 in Moscow. When in 1682, the older brother of Ivan V - Tsar Fedor Alekseevich - died, not leaving the heir, then the 16-year-old Ivan V, as the next to the seniority, was to inherit the royal crown.

But Ivan Alekseevich was painful since childhood and completely incapable of managing a country man. That is why the boyars and Patriarch Joakim were invited to remove him and choose the next king of his pylon brother of 10-year-old Peter, the younger son Alexei Mikhailovich.

Both brothers, one because of the unhealthy, the other because of the age, could not participate in the struggle for power. Instead, their relatives were fighting for the throne: for Ivan - sister, Tsarevna Sophia, and Miloslavsky, relatives of his mother, and for Peter - Naryshkina, relatives of the second wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. As a result of this struggle, bloody occurred riot Streltsov.

Sagittaking shelves with new chosen commander sent to the Kremlin, and crowds were walking behind them. Smeast Ahead of the Sagittariy shouted the accusations against the boyars, who allegedly poisoned the Tsar Fyodor and are already attempting to the life of Tsarevich Ivan.

Sagittarius made a list of the names of those boyars who demanded for massacre. They did not listen to any exhortations, and showing them on the royal porch of living and unavoidable Ivan and Peter did not make an impression on rebel. And in the eyes of Tsarevichi, Sagittari was thrown out of the windows of the palace on the spears of their relatives and boyars, familiar with them from birth. Sixteen-year-old Ivan after that, forever refused public affairs, and Peter for the whole life she hated the Streltsov.

Then the Patriarch Joachim offered to proclaim the kings at once both: Ivan - the oldest king, and Peter is the younger king and appoint the reserve (government) to be a reserve (government) to sister Sophia.

June 25, 1682 Ivan V Alekseevich And Peter I Alekseevich was married to the kingdom in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. For them, even a special throne with two seats was constructed, currently stored in the Armory Chamber.

Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich

Although Ivan was called the oldest king, he almost never engaged in state affairs, but he was engaged in only his family. Ivan V was a sovereign Russian for 14 years, but his rule was formal. He only attended the palace ceremonies and signed the documents, without understanding their essence. The valid rulers at it were first Tsarevna Sophia (from 1682 to 1689), and then the power passed to his younger brother - Peter.

Ivan V since childhood grew sickly, a painful child who had bad eyesight. Sister Sophia chose a bride for him, Beauty Praskovoy Fedorovna Saltykov. In 1684, marriage on it in 1684 was beneficial to Ivan Alekseevich: he loving and cheerful.

Children of Ivan V and Praskovia Fedorovna Saltykova: Maria, Feodosia (died in infancy), Catherine, Anna, Praskovya.

From the daughters of Ivan V Anna Ivanovna later became an empress (rules in 1730-1740). His granddaughter became the government of Anna Leopoldovna. The descendant of Ivan V was also his great-grandfather - Ivan Vi Antonovich (formally, the emperor from 1740 to 1741).

According to the memoirs of the contemporary of Ivan V, at the age of 27, he looked at the stray old man, saw very badly and, according to a testimony of one foreigner, was struck by paralysis. "Diveless, the Dead Statue on his silver chair under the images was sitting King Ivan in the monomakhov hat, stepped over his eyes, lowered down and did not look at anyone."

Ivan V Alekseevich died on the 30th year of life, January 29, 1696 in Moscow and was buried in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Silver Double Throne Kings Ivan and Peter Alekseevichi

Tsarevna Sophia Alekseevna - Government of Russia

Years of life 1657-1704

The years of the Board 1682-1689

Mother is the first wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, the queen Maria Ilinichna Miloslavskaya.

Sophia Alekseevna Born on September 5, 1657. She was never married and had no children. The only passion was the desire to rule.

In the fall of 1682, Sofya, with the help of the noble militia, suppressed the Streletsky movement. Further development of Russia required serious reforms. However, Sophia felt that her power was fragile, and therefore refused innovations.

In her rule, the suction of serfs was somewhat weakened, minor reliefs were made by Posad people, in the interests of Sofya's church strengthened the persecution of the Old Believers.

In 1687, the Slavic Greco-Latin Academy was opened in Moscow. In 1686, Russia concluded the "Eternal World" with Poland. Under the Treaty, Russia received "for eternal times" Kiev with the area adjacent to him, but for this Russia undertook to start a war with the Crimean Khanate, since the Crimean Tatars were subjected to a compudacercing (Poland).

In 1687, Prince V. V. Golitsyn led the Russian army camping on the Crimea. The troops reached the influx of Dnieper, at this time the Tatars set fire to the steppe, and the Russians were forced to turn back.

In 1689, Golitsyn made a second trip to the Crimea. The Russian troops reached the perk, but they could not take it and they were briefly returned. These failures strongly hit the prestige of the Sophia government. Many of the supporters of the princes have lost faith in her.

In August 1689 there was a coup in Moscow. Peter came to power, and Tsarevna Sophia was concluded in the Novodevichy Monastery.

The life of Sofia in the monastery was first calm and even happy. With her lived a cormality and maids. With royal cuisine, good food and various delicacies were sent to her. Visitors were allowed at Sophia at any time, she could at wish to walk throughout the monastery. Only at the gate stood the guard from the loyal Peter soldiers.

Tsarevna Sophia Alekseevna

During the stay of Peter abroad in 1698, Sagittars raised the next uprising to convey the Board of Russia again Sofye.

The uprising of the Archers ended in failure, they were defeated by the faithful Peter by the troops, the leaders of the Bunta executed. Peter returned from abroad. The execution of Sagittarov repeated.

Sophia, after personal interrogation of Peter, was forcibly tonsured in the nun as Susanna. There was a strict supervision behind it. Peter ordered to make the execution of the Sagittarius directly under the windows of Sofia Celi.

For another five years, her imprisonment lasted in the monastery under a non-primary supervision of the guards. Sofya Alekseevna died in 1704 in the Novodevichy Monastery.

Peter I - Great Tsar, Emperor and Autocrat of All-Russian

Years of life 1672-1725

The years of the Board 1682-1725

Father - Alexey Mikhailovich, King and the Grand Sovereign of All Russia.

Mother is the second wife of Alexey Mikhailovich, Queen Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkin.

Peter I Great - Russian King (since 1682), the first Russian emperor (since 1721), an outstanding statesman, commander and diplomat, all the activities of which are associated with radical transformations and reforms in Russia, aimed at eliminating the backlog of Russia from European countries at the beginning of the XVIII century .

Peter Alekseevich was born on May 30, 1672 in Moscow, and immediately around the entire capital joyfully rang the bells. To the small Peter put in different moms and nannies, singled out special chambers. The best masters produced furniture, clothing, toys for Tsarevich. Boy from an early age especially loved toy weapons: Onions with arrows, sabers, rifles.

Alexey Mikhailovich ordered for Peter the icon with the image on one side of the Holy Trinity, and on the other - the Apostle Peter. Icon was made in the growth of the newborn Tsarevich. Peter later always drove it with him, believing that this icon protects him from misfortunes and brings good luck.

Peter received a home education under the supervision of "Uncle" Nikita Zotov. He complained that Tsarevich was not told for 11 years in a literacy, history and geography, captured by the military "fun" at the beginning in the village of Vorobyev, then in the village of Preobrazhensky. In these "funny" games, the king participated specially created "Total" shelves (who later became the Guard and the core of the Russian Regular Army).

Physically strong, movable, inquisitive, Peter mastered with the participation of Palace Masters joiner, weapons, blacksmith, hour, typographic craft.

The king from early childhood knew German, later he studied the Dutch, partly English and French.

I really liked the inquisitive prince of the book of historical content, decorated with miniatures. Especially for him, court artists created funny notebooks with bright drawings, portrayed ships, weapons, battles, cities - Peter studied in them.

After the death of Brother Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich in 1682, as a result of the compromise between the family clans of Miloslavsky and Naryshkina, Peter was erected to the Russian throne at the same time with his consolidated brother Ivan V - with the regency (country of the country) of the sister, the princes of Sofia Alekseevna.

During the years of her rule, Peter lived in the village of Village by Preobrazhensky, where "funny" shelves created by them were located. There, he met the son of the court gracious Alexander Menshikov, who became his friend and support for life, and other "young robusts of the kind of simple." Peter learned to appreciate the not agencies and birdlikeness, but the ability of a person, his smelter and dedication.

Peter I Great

Under the leadership of the Dutch F. Timmerman and the Russian master R. Kartseva Peter learned by the shipbuilding, in 1684 he made a swim on his boot on Jauze.

In 1689, the mother forced Peter to marry the daughter of the tricky nobleman - E. F. Lopukhina (who gave him a son in the year of Alexey). Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhin became the wife of 17-year-old Peter Alekseevich on January 27, 1689, but the marriage almost did not affect him. Habies and inconsistencies their king did not change. Peter did not like his young spouse and spent all the time with friends in German Sloboda. In 1691, Peter met the daughter of the German artisan Anna Mons, who became his beloved and her friend.

A large influence on the formation of his interests was provided by foreigners. F. Ya. Lefort., Ya. V. Bruce and P. I. Gordon - Initially, Peter teacher in different areas, and in the future - its nearest associates.

At the beginning of glorious days

By the beginning of the 1690s, real battles were held under the village of Preobrazhensky with tens of thousands of people. Soon, two regiments, Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky were formed from the former "funny" regiment.

At the same time, Peter laid the first shipyard on the Pereyaslav lake and began construction of ships. Already then the young sovereign dreamed of entering the sea, so the necessary Russia. The first Russian warship was laid on the water in 1692.

Peter began to go to state affairs only after the death of the mother in 1694. By this time, he already built ships on the Arkhangelsk shipyard and sailed on them by sea. The king came up with his flag consisting of three stripes - red, blue and white, which decorate Russian ships at the beginning of the Northern War.

In 1689, removing sister sister Sofya from power, Peter I became actually king. After the untimely death of his mother (which was only 41th year), and in 1696 - and the brother-co-gentleman Ivan V Peter I became a self-container not only in fact, but also legally.

As hardly established at the throne, Peter I personally participated in the Azov campaigns against Turkey in 1695-1696, which ended with the taking of Azov and the yield of the Russian army on the shores of the Azov Sea.

However, trade relations with Europe could be carried out only by finding the access to the Baltic Sea and the return of Russian land captured by Sweden during the years of troubled time.

Soldiers-Transfigurations

Under the guise of study of shipbuilding and maritime case, Peter I secretly traveled by one of the volunteers at the Grand Embassy, \u200b\u200band in 1697-1698 to Europe. There, under the name of Peter Mikhailov, the king was held a full course of artillery sciences in Königsberg and Brandenburg.

For half a year he worked as a carpenter on the shipyards of Amsterdam, studying the ship architecture, a drawing, then graduated from the theoretical course of shipbuilding in England. According to his order, books, devices, weapons were purchased for Russia, and foreign masters and scientists were purchased for Russia.

The great embassy prepared the creation of the Northern Union against Sweden, finally issued two years later - in 1699.

In the summer of 1697, Peter I held talks with the Austrian emperor and assumed to come back in Venice, but having received the news about the uprising of the Archers who were preparing in Moscow (Sophia promised to increase the salary in the event of the overthrow of Peter I to raise a salary), I urgently returned to Russia.

On August 26, 1698, Peter I began a personal investigation of the case of Streletsky Bunte and did not spare anyone from the rebels - 1182 people were executed. Sophia and her sister Marfa were tonsured in nuns.

In February 1699, Peter I ordered to dissolve the shooting shelves and start the formation of regular-soldiers and dragoons, since "before this africa, no infantry did not have a state."

Soon Peter I signed decrees, under the fear of fines and spanking, prescribed men to "cut beard", considered the symbol of Orthodox faith. The young king ordered everyone to wear the clothes of the European sample, and women to open their hair, previously always thoroughly hidden under scatters and heads. So Peter I was preparing Russian society for indigenous changes, eliminating the patriarchals of the Russian lifestyle.

Since 1700 Peter I introduced a new calendar with the beginning of the New Year - January 1 (instead of September 1) and the christmas presentation from the "Nativity of Christ", which he also considered how a step in the breakdown of obsolete morals.

In 1699, Peter I finally ruined with his first wife. More than once he persuaded her to accept the monastic stop, but Evdokia refused. Without the consent of his wife, Peter I took her to Suzdal, in the Pokrovsky maiden monastery, where she was tonsured in the nuns under the name of Elena. The eight-year-old son Alexei Tsar took to himself.

North War

The priority of Peter I was the creation of a regular army and the construction of the fleet. On November 19, 1699, the king issued a decree on the formation of 30 infantry regiments. But the training of soldiers was not as fast as I wanted the king.

Simultaneously with the formation of the army, all conditions for a powerful jerk in the development of industry were created. Approximately 40 factories and factories have arisen for several years. Peter I aiming Russian craftsmen to adopt all the most valuable among foreigners and do even better than them.

By the beginning of 1700, Russian diplomats managed to conclude peace with Turkey and sign treaties with Denmark and Poland. Encuting the Constantinople world with Turkey, Peter I switched the country's efforts to fight with Sweden, which at the time of the rules of the 17-year-old Karl XII, who was considered, despite his youth, talented commander.

North War 1700-1721 years for the exit of Russia to Baltic began a battle near Narva. But the 40-thousand untrained and poorly prepared Russian army lost this battle of Charles XII. By calling the Swedes "Russian teachers", Peter I ordered to conduct reforms that were able to make the Russian army combat. The Russian army began to transform into his eyes, the domestic artillery began to emerge.

A. D. Menshikov

Alexander Danilovich Menshikov

On May 7, 1703, Peter I and Alexander Menshikov on boats made a fearless attack on two Swedish ships at the mouth of the Neva and won.

For this fight, Peter I and his pets of Menshikov received the Order of Andrei First Called.

Alexander Danilovich Menshikov "The son of a groom traded in childhood with hot pies, raised from the royal junction to Generalissimus, received the title of the brilliant prince.

Menshikov was a practically the second person in the state after Peter I, his closest companion in all state affairs. Peter I appointed Menshikov the governor of all the Baltic lands disheveled from the Swedes. Menshikov intensified many strength and energy in the construction of St. Petersburg, and his merit is invaluable. True, with all its merits, Menshikov was also the most famous Russian casnocrad.

The foundation of St. Petersburg

By the middle of 1703, all lands from the sources before the mouth of the Neva were in the hands of Russians.

On May 16, 1703, Peter I laid on a fun island the fortress of St. Petersburg - Wooden, with six bastions. Next to her was built a small house for the sovereign. Alexander Menshikov was appointed the first governor of the fortress.

The king read Petersburg not only the role of the trading port, but after a year in a letter to the governor called the city with the capital, and to protect it from the sea ordered the sea fortress on the island of Kotlin (Kronstadt).

In the same 1703, 43 ships were built on Olonetsk shipyard, and at the mouth of the Neva, shipyards called Admiralteyskaya was laid. On it the construction of ships began from 1705, and the first ship was laid on the water already in 1706.

The bookmark of the new future capital coincided with the changes in the privacy of the king: he met with the launch of the Marthawn of the Spavronskaya, who got Menshikov as a "military trophy". Martha was captured in captivity in one of the battles of the Northern War. The king soon called it Ekaterina Alekseevna, neighboring Marta in Orthodoxy. In 1704, she became the Civilian wife of Peter I, and by the end of 1705 Peter Alekseevich became the father of Born Catherine Son - Paul.

Children Peter I.

The household deeds were very depressed by the Tsar reformer. His son Alexei showed disagreement with his father's vision of the proper management of the state. Peter I tried to influence him with persuasion, then threatened to sharpen it into the monastery.

Failure from such fate, in 1716, Alexey fled to Europe. Peter I announced the Son a traitor, achieved his return and sharpened in the fortress. In 1718, the king personally led his investigative work, seeking Alexey's renunciation from the throne and issuing his names of his accomplices. "Care of Tsarevich" ended with Alexei's death sentence.

Children of Peter I from Marriage with Evdokia Lopukhina - Natalia, Pavel, Alexey, Alexander (everything except Alexey, died in infancy).

Children from a second marriage with Martha Skabronskaya (Catherine Alekseyevna) - Catherine, Anna, Elizabeth, Natalia, Margarita, Peter, Pavel, Natalya, Peter (except Anna and Elizabeth died in infancy).

Tsarevich Alexey Petrovich

Poltava victory

In 1705-1706, a wave of folk uprisings was held in Russia. People were unhappy with violence, detectives and promoters. Peter I brutally suppressed all the excitement. Simultaneously with the suppression of internal riots, the king continued to prepare for further battles with the troop of the Swedish king. Peter I regularly offered Sweden the world, from which the Swedish king was constantly refused.

Karl XII with his army slowly moved to the east, going to take Moscow as a result. After the capture of Kiev, the Ukrainian Hetman Mazepa was to rule in it, which passed towards the Swedes. All southern lands, according to Karl plan, were distributed between the Turks, the Crimean Tatars and other supporters of the Swedes. The Russian state in the event of the victory of the Swedish troops was waiting for destruction.

On July 3, 1708, the Swedes near the village of the Gamina in Belarus attacked the Russian Corps headed by Repnin. Under the onslaught of the royal troops, Russians retreated, and the Swedes entered Mogilev. The defeat under the duct has become an excellent lesson for the Russian army. Soon the king was his hand "Rules of Battle", where it was about the resistance, courage and mutual execution of soldiers in battle.

Peter I followed the actions of the Swedes, studied their maneuvers, trying to lure the enemy to the trap. The Russian army went ahead of Swedish and by order of the king ruthlessly destroyed everything in his path. Bridges and mills were destroyed, the villages and bread were burned in the fields. Residents ran into the forest and took care of cattle. Swedes walked along the scorched, ruined land, the soldiers of the famine. Russian cavalry rented the enemy by constant attacks.

Poltava Batalia

Sly Mazepa advised Karl XII to capture Poltava, having important strategic importance. On April 1, 1709, the Swedes stood under the walls of this fortress. The three-month siege did not bring Karla Xii success. All attempts to storm the fortress were repulsed by a Poltava garrison.

On June 4, Peter I arrived in Poltava. Together with the warlords, he developed a detailed plan of action, which provided for all possible changes during the battle.

On June 27, the Swedish royal army was defeated by headlong. Found the Swedish king himself could not find, he ran along with Mazepa towards Turkish possessions. In this battle, the Swedes lost more than 11 thousand soldiers, of which 8 thousand were killed. Swedish king, running away, threw the remnants of his army, who surrendered to Menshikov's mercy. Charles XII army was almost destroyed.

Peter I after Poltava Victory Generously awarded the heroes of battles, he distributed ranks, orders and land. Soon the king ordered generals to hurry with the liberation from the Swedes of the entire Baltic coast.

Until 1720, military steps between Sweden and Russia were sluggish, protracted. And only the marine battle of Grengam, who ended with the defeat of the Swedish Military Squadron, put a point in the history of the Northern War.

The long-awaited peace treaty between Russia and Sweden was signed in Nesteadt on August 30, 1721. Sweden received back most of Finland, and Russia is to enter the sea.

For the victory in the Northern War of the Senate and Holy Synod on January 20, 1721, a new title of sovereign Peter Great was approved: "Fatherland father, Peter Great and Emperor All-Russian».

Forcing the Western World to recognize Russia with one of the great European powers, the emperor began to solve urgent tasks in the Caucasus. Persian campaign of Peter I in 1722-1723 consolidated by Russia the West Coast of the Caspian Sea with cities Derbent and Baku. There, for the first time in the history of Russia, constant diplomatic missions and consulates were established, the value of foreign trade has increased.

Emperor

Emperor (From the Latin Imperator - Lord) - the title of the monarch, the heads of state. Initially in ancient Rome, the word Imperator marked the Supreme Power: military, judicial, administrative, which has the highest consuls and dictators. Since the Roman emperor of August and its receivers, the title of Emperor acquired a monarchical character.

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the emperor title was preserved in the east - in Byzantium. Subsequently, in the West, he was restored by the emperor Karl Great, then the German king by Otten I. Later, this title was taken by the monarchs of some other states. In Russia, Peter the Great was proclaimed the first emperor - so it was now called.

Coronation

With the adoption by Peter I, the title "Emperor All-Russian" rite of wedding for the kingdom was replaced by coronation, which led to changes in both the church ceremony and in the regalia.

Coronation -the rite of entry into the reign.

For the first time, the rite of coronation was performed in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin on May 7, 1724, Emperor Peter I coroned his spouse to Ekaterina to the Empress. The coronation process was composed of wedding to the Kingdom of Fyodor Alekseevich, but with some changes: Peter I insulated the imperial crown on his wife.

The first Russian imperial crown was made of gold-plated silver according to the type of church wedding crowns. The cap of the monomach at the coronation was not pinned, it was carried ahead of the solemn procession. During the coronation of Catherine, she was awarded the Golden Small Power - "Globe".

Imperial crown

In 1722, Peter issued a decree on the throne, where it was said that the successor of power appoints a reigning sovereign.

Peter the Great made a will, where he left the throne with his wife Catherine, but he destroyed the will in a rustling of rage. (The sovereign reported on the treason of the spouse with the camera-junker Mons.) Long Peter I could not forgive this misconduct, and the new testament did not have time to write.

Indigenous reforms

Petrovsky decrees of 1715-1718 concerned all parties to the state of the state: leather business, shops that unite craftsmen, creating manufactories, the construction of new weapons, agricultural development and a lot more.

Peter the Great radically rebuilt the entire system of government. Instead of the Boyarskaya Duma, a near office was established, consisting of 8 trusted persons of the sovereign. Then, on its basis, Peter I established the Senate.

The Senate existed at the beginning as a temporary state management body in case of absence of the king. But soon he became permanent. The Senate has a judiciary, administrative and administrative and sometimes legislative. The composition of the Senate varied by the decision of the king.

All Russia was divided into 8 provinces: Siberian, Azov, Kazan, Smolensk, Kiev, Arkhanghegorodskaya, Moscow and Ingermanland (Petersburg). 10 years after the formation of the province, the sovereign decided to disparate the province and shared the country for 50 provinces led by the governors. Gubernia Preserved, but there are already 11.

For more than 35 years, Peter the Great was able to conduct a huge amount of reforms in the field of culture and education. The main result of them was the emergence of secular schools and the elimination of monopoly of the clergy for education. Peter the Great was founded and open: School of Mathematics and Navalskogo Science (1701), Medical and Surgery School (1707) - Future Military Medical Academy, Marine Academy (1715), Engineering and Artillery Schools (1719).

In 1719, the museum in Russian history began to act - Kunstkamera With a public library. Buvwari was published, training cards and in general it was necessary to start a systematic study of the country's geography and mapping.

The propagation of literacy contributed to the reform of the alphabet (replacement of civic fonts in 1708), the yield of the first Russian printed newspapers "Vedomosti" (since 1703).

Holy Synod - This is also an innovation of Peter, created as a result of the church reform. The emperor decided to deprive the church of his own funds. According to his decree of December 16, 1700, the patriarchal order was dissolved. The church no longer had the right to dispose of their property, all funds were now in the state treasury. In 1721, Peter I abolished the San of Russian Patriarch, replacing him with Holy Synod, which includes representatives of the highest clergy of Russia.

In the era of Peter the Great, many buildings were erected for state and cultural institutions, an architectural ensemble Peterhof. (Petrodvorez). Built fortresses Kronstadt, Peter-Pavel's FortressThe planned development of the Northern Capital - St. Petersburg, which began the beginning of urban planning and construction of residential buildings on typical projects.

Peter I - Dentist

King Peter I Great "On the throne of the eternal worker". He knew 14 crafts well or, as they said, "appliances", but medicine (more precisely, surgery and teeth healing) was one of his main hobbies.

During his trips to Western Europe, being in Amsterdam in 1698 and 1717, the king Peter I visited the anatomical museum of Professor Frederic Ryuysh and diligently took the lessons of anatomy and medicine. Returning to Russia, Peter Alekseevich established in Moscow in 1699 a course of lectures on anatomy for boyars, with a visual demonstration on the corpses.

The author of the "Story of the Acts of Peter Great" I. I. Golikov wrote so much about this royal passion: "He ordered himself to notify if he was in the hospital ... to anatomate the body or to do any surgical operation, and ... rarely missed such a case So as not to attend it, and often even helped operations. CO time acquired it in that so much the skill that very skillfully knew how to anatine the body, let the blood, pulled his teeth and did it with a great hunt ... ".

Peter I everywhere and always wore two set of tools: measuring and surgical. Considering yourself with an experienced surgeon, the king was always happy to come to the rescue, barely noticed from his approximate some ailment. And by the end of his life, Peter appeared an imaginary bag, in which 72 personally broken tooth were stored.

It must be said that the passion of the king with a lot of other people's teeth was very unpleasant for his approximate. Because it happened that he ripped not only sick, but also healthy teeth.

One of the approximate Peter I in 1724 he recorded in his diary that Peter's niece "is in a large fear that the emperor will soon be sick for her sick leg: it is known that he considers himself a great surgeon and willingly hesitate himself for any kind of surgery over patients" .

Today, we cannot judge the degree of surgical skill of Peter I, it could only appreciate the patient himself, and not always. After all, it happened that the operation, which Peter did, ended with the death of the patient. Then the king with no less enthusiasm and knowledge of the case began to prepare (cut) the corpse.

We must give him due: Peter was a good connoisseur of anatomy, in the public-free time he loved to cut anatomical model of human eye from ivory.

Today, by Peter I, the teeth and the tools with which he made surgical operations (without painkillers) can be seen in St. Petersburg Kunstkamera.

In the last year of life

The violent and crowded life of the great reformer could not not affect the health of the emperor, who by 50 years earned a lot of diseases. Most of all his kidney disease.

In the last year of life, Peter I went to be treated for mineral waters, but during treatment, he still engaged in severe physical work. In June 1724, at the Igor's factories, he opened several glazing bands, in August, attended the descent of the frigate, then went to a long journey along the route: Shlisselburg - Olonetsk - Novgorod - Old Russa - Ladoga Channel.

Returning home, Peter I found out the news terrible for him: the wife of Catherine changed him with a 30-year-old Willie Mons, the brother of the former favorite of the emperor - Anna Mons.

It was difficult to prove to grasp the wife, so Willie Mons was accused of bribes and embers. After the court sentence, he cut off his head. Catherine just gave up Peter I on pardon, as the emperor broke the mirror in the great anger in an expensive frame and said: "Here is the most beautiful decoration of my palace. I want - and destroy him! " Then Peter I subjected to the spouse with a severe test - brought it to watch a condensed head of the Mons.

Soon his kidney disease aggravated. Most of the last months of Life Peter I spent in bed in terrible torment. At times, the disease retreated, then he got up and left the bedroom. At the end of October 1724, Peter I even participated in a fire extinguishing on Vasilyevsky Island, and on November 5 he looked at the wedding of the German Bowlnik, where he spent several hours, watching foreign wedding ritual and German dances. In the same November, the king participated in the engagement of his daughter Anna and the Duke of Golucket.

Overdating pain, the emperor was and edited decrees and instructions. Three weeks before the death, Peter I was engaged in drawing up instructions to the head of the Kamchatka expedition to Vitus Bering.

Peter-Pavel's Fortress

In mid-January 1725, the attacks of kidney colic frequent. According to the testimony of contemporaries, Peter I shouted for several days so loudly, which was heard far around. Then the pain began to be strong that the king was only deeply moaning, biting the pillow. Peter I died on January 28, 1725 in terrible torment. His body remained not buried for forty days. All this time, his wife Catherine (soon proclaimed by the Empress) twice a day cried over the body of his beloved husband.

Peter the Great is buried in them itself laid down by the Petropavlovsky Cathedral of the Petropavlovsk Fortress in St. Petersburg.

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