"The woman is created for a man, not a man for a woman" - such a postulate ...
| The steering must have two drives: the main and auxiliary. The main steering wheel drive is mechanisms, executive drives of the steering, power steering aggregates, as well as auxiliary equipment and means of the torque application to the baller (for example, a tape or sector) necessary for the steering wheelchair to control the vessel in Nor - Major operating conditions. Auxiliary steering wheel drive is the equipment necessary for managing the vessel in case of failure of the main steering drive, for the exclusion of the RPLEL, sector, or other elements intended for the same purpose. The main steering wheel should provide a steering wheel of a steering wheel with 35 0 of one side by 35 0 of another side with a maximum operational sediment and the speed of the vessel, no more than 28 seconds. The auxiliary steering wheel must provide a steering wheel with 15 0 of one side by 15 0 of another side of no more than 60 seconds with a maximum operational sediment of the vessel and a speed equal to half of its maximum operating speed of the front turn. The auxiliary steering control should be provided from the manual compartment. The transition from the main to the auxiliary drive must be performed in a time not exceeding 2 minutes. The steering wheel is the main part of the steering. It is located in the fodder chart and is valid only on the go of the ship. The main element of the steering wheel - the pen, which in shape can be flat (lamellar) or streamlined (profiled). According to the position of the steering wheel relative to the axis of rotation of the baller, it is distinguished (Fig. 6.2): \u200b\u200b- ordinary steering wheel - the plane of the steering wheel is located behind the axis of rotation; - a semi-bank steering wheel - only most of the feather of the steering wheel is behind the axis of rotation, due to which the reduced moment of rotation occurs when the steering wheel arises; - Balancing steering wheel - feather steering wheel is so located on both sides of the axis of the rotation, which, when the steering wheel, does not arise any significant models. |
| The active steering wheel is a steering wheel with auxiliary screw installed on it located on the rear edge of the steering wheel (Fig. 6.3). In the feather steering wheel, an electron motor is built into the rotation of the rowing screw, which is placed in the nozzle to protect against damage. Due to the rotation of the steering wheel, along with the rowing wine, the transverse stop arises, which causes the rotation of the ship. The active steering wheel is used at low speeds up to 5 knots. When maneuvering on cramped water areas, an active steering wheel can be used as the main propulsion, which ensures high maneuverable quality of the vessel. At high speeds, the active steering wheel turns off, and the steering wheel is carried out as usual. Separate swivel nozzles (Fig. 6.4). Rotary nozzle is a steel ring whose profile represents the element of the wing. The area of \u200b\u200bthe entrance field nozzles is larger than the area of \u200b\u200bthe day. The rowing screw is located in its narrow cross section. The rotary nozzle is installed on the ballet and turns up to 40 ° for each board, replacing the steering wheel. Separate swivel nozzles are established on many transport ships, mainly river and mixed swimming, and ensure their high maneuverable characteristics. |
| Before each accession to the sea, the steering is prepared for the operation of the device: carefully inspect all the details, eliminate the detected faults, the rubbing parts are cleaned from the old lubricant and lubricate again. Then, under the guidance of the Watchthe Captain Assistant, they check the serviceability of the steering device in action by testing the steering wheel. Before the shift, you must make sure that under the feed is clean and no float and foreign objects do not interfere with the rotation of the feather steering wheel. Simultaneously check the ease of rotation of the steering wheel and the absence of even minor jams. In all positions of the feather, the steering wheel is merged with respect to the readings of the steering pointers and the time spent on the smuggling. The ruble compartment should always be on the castle. The keys from "it are stored in the navigator cutting and in the engine room on specially designated constant places, the emergency key - at the entrance to the tape section in the locker with a glazed door. Two independently active lines should be established between the running bridge and the browel compartment. Communications. Upon arrival at the port and at the end of the mooring, the steering wheel put in direct position, turn off the energy to the steering engine, inspect the steering wheel drive and if everything is found in proper order, closed the pipe compartment. |
Nuts, their device, types. Determination of load capacity. How is gas for volatile? Under which defects are unacceptable use of the nut?
Rigging nuts - steel forged hooks used for fixing cables, chains, block layouts, slings, etc. It consists of a teaching with an eye, back, sock ..
The nuts are: simple, folding, swivel, cat-gas, penter-gas and fitting guck.
- simple -it is consumed almost everywhere in the arms of the ship.
- Folding - On boats and in general, in cases where it is necessary, so that the gas can not cling to something to the sock.
- swivelit may turn around in its bar and is very convenient where the tackle or tali has to be promoted, without laying out the gas from the well to which it is laid.
- cat-gas -Gax of the lower cat-block; This Cat is laid in the armature bracket.
- PENTER-GAK - Guck at the end of the Fish, who anchor rises to the uterus.
- Flash - a special fortress, has an anchor form and is made at the end of the harvesters (thick hoists); It serves to raise weights, for example. mast, steam boilers, etc.
Fig.1 rigging nuts.
In the form of ordinary nuts are simple (Fig.1, and ) if the plane of the footage of 2 is perpendicular to the plane of the back and rotated (Fig.1, b)If the outer, the back and sock lie in the same plane. Through the footage, the gas close up in the flap of the cable or fasten in the suspension of the structure. A variety of ordinary nuts is a penter-gas (Fig.1, B). At the bottom of the back, it has a trap attachment. For cargo pendants, rotated nuts of a special design are used. This gas is called truck, or pendant nut ( fig.1, G.), has a swept inside the sock, covered on top with a special tide. Such a device of the pump eliminates its engagement for the protruding parts of the hull of the vessel and the cargo hatch when lifting the cargo.
Swivel gas (Fig.1, e) It has a neck, which ensures the fastening of the nut and its free rotation in the bloc or other suspension. Swivel nuts are used to prevent overlapping cables.
Verb-gak (Fig.1, e) It consists of an actual nut with an elongated campaign and overall (2) in the form of an eye, round fastening link (3), elongated link (4) and connected to it locking (5) and connecting (6) units. The latter is laid in the volatory, welded to the deck or superstructure. The dimensions of the locking link allow you to put it on the socks pressed to the elongated link after the flap of the cable or the rigging circuit is laid on the gas. With the stressed state of the laid out on the gap, the spontaneous returns are excluded, but if you knock off the locking link from the sock of the nut, the tackle is quickly released.
Snores (Fig.1, g) They are folding gas formed by two simple nuts. When the nuts are folded, a closed ring is formed, which, being a challenged, ensures reliable fixing of a strip or flame flap.
The nuts are tested mainly on bending. Their strength is significantly less than the strength of rigging brackets.
A number corresponding to its carrying capacity is knocked out on the pump. Working fortress P \u003d 0.6D 2 (kg), D-diameter of the back in mm. The nuts are laid for shoes, frames, slings so that the socks look up (tension takes the back)
Butt(Fig.2) - steel bolt, which, instead of a head, a ring or a special forging with an eye is done in the upper part. Footagumes are served to fasten the passage of standing rigging to the body of the ship, blocks of lifting devices and portable chains of anchor chain chains for deck, as well as for other purposes.
Fig. 2. Laying nuts for shoes and fishing:
The nuts are systematically inspected in order to detect cracks, shells and other defects and lubricate rubbing surfaces. Swivel nuts periodically packed. It is unacceptable to use nuts in the presence of cracks, dispersed or worked with oakhov and backs. Worked necks or swivel nuts (\u003e 10% thickness)
Schedule equipment includes fixtures and devices for fastening rigging, its attachment to the housing or to the rabstock, tosing and working with it. The objects of rigging equipment on the vessel are chains, blocks, nuts, brackets, wells, fishing, coosy, latles.
To attach the indigenous ends of the rigging tackle to the body or to parts of the mast, fish and children are installed (Fig. 5.4).
Obuch is called a ring or semiring 1, welded to any part of the case or a hazard for fastening a rigging. Ryom is called a metal ring, which is inserted into the volatile and can turn it out freely in it.
Fig. 5.4.
1 - volatile; 2 - rim; 3 - Kanifas block; 4 - swivel; 5 - steel cable
Couches Protect the cable from the lag when attaching it to brackets and nuts. Made from cast iron or steel. For plant cables, only steel round or oval shapes are used. Each coope should be knocked down the stamp of the manufacturer, type and number meaning the magnitude of the permissible load. Cousi are galvanized, the surfaces of their boiled should not have conversations, cracks and other defects.
Gaki.. Depending on the fastening method, we are divided into ordinary and swivels. Ordinary consist of socks, backs and a leaving. If the outer and sock of the nut are located in one plane, such a gas is called rotated, in which the plane of the footage is perpendicular to the plane of the sock, is called simple. Swivel nuts are used in the lifting mechanisms. Instead of the footage, they have a neck - a shank, which is sealed in a single or double-swivel (Fig. 5.5).
Figure 5.5. Cargo Guck
Each gas has a stamp in which the number corresponding to the carrying capacity is indicated, and the letter notation for which mechanism it is intended: P is manual drive, M - mechanical.
For cargo devices, nuts with a special tide above the sock, eliminating the possibility when lifting the cargo to hurt the naughter for Komings Luke. In some cases, the load-lifting mechanisms are used by the cough nuts or nuts, having a tide with an eye on the back, for fastening the delaying cargo rotation prevention such nuts are called penter nuts.
Frequency nuts are most often found from special nuts - snapshots and verb nuts. The latter apply when it is required to quickly give the tackle under tension. The nuts are selected by permissible load. When accepting nuts on the vessel must be checked so that they do not have cracks, shells and other defects. The nuts must be galvanized or painted and have a manufacturer's stamp.
Can be open and closed types (Fig. 5.6). To attach to them with the gear and other parts, their screws ends with eye pieces, nuts or forks. Each talp has a number corresponding to the load, the screws must be freely screwed and dismissed in the sleeve. Carving is blurred by Tavoth.
Fig. 5.6. Talesy:
1 - open; 2 - closed; 3 - Verlutuzhny
Rigger brakes Used to connect individual circuits and cables, for attaching to parts of the case or mast (Fig. 5.7). The bracket consists of a back, paws with eyelets and a pin. Can be straight and curved. The pin in the brackets is kept either by cutting, or by means of an outdoor pin.
Fig. 5.7 Skoba
The rigging brackets are produced by five types: Ca, Sat, PV, PG and PD. SA (straight lines with rifled pin) and Sat (straight lines with a plug-in pin) are used for steel cables, PV type brackets (straight with rifled pin), PG (straight with a lined pin) and PD (curved with rifled pin) - for synthetic Cables. Staples and their parts should not have cracks, shells, skeners, etc. The pin head should be without distortion, firmly lay down to the lateral supporting surface of the eye. In the rhinestone pins, the thread should not have torn threads, dents, and the pin itself must be screwed up without jamming. For protection against corrosion, it is necessary to galvanize or paint, their rubber parts are lubricated with tavot.
Block It consists of a housing, one or more pulleys and axes, called the impulse, on which the pulleys rotate. Depending on the case material, there are wooden and metal. The body of the wooden block consists of exterior and internal cheeks and liners made of oak, or asholes. In metal blocks, the case consists of steel cheeks connected by bolts, or manufactured in the form of a special clip. Both metal and wooden plots of pulleys are most often made of steel or cast iron. In the circumference of the pulley there is a groove for a cable, called heavily. To connect to the hull of the vessel, the rangoute or rigging unit has a suspension, in the form of a bracket, eyelet or nut.
The suspension is attached to the block housing using the window, which represents the metal strip, passing outside the housing (outer) or from the inside (internal filing).
Disposal blocks that have one of the cheeks (or the flip) is partially folded, i.e., the canifas blocks (Fig. 5.4) are used in cases where it is necessary to start the cable without end, but its middle. Kanifas blocks are selected with such a calculation so that the diameter of the block pulley was larger than the cable diameter at least 10 times for synthetic cables, 12 to 18 times - for steel.
Blocks that have stigma of his test and a manufacturing trademark should be taken to the ship.
Pride and Tali. The simplest design is the single-cabin block. The cable passed through such a block fixed motionlessly called the cityland (Fig. 5.8). Pride allows you to change the thrust direction when lifting and moving the cargo, but does not give a winner. Disposal blocks with skipped through them by falam serve to lift flags and pennants, signal lights and signs.
Fig. 5.8. Pride
The following types of Taly are used on the courts: grip-tali - portable ethers based between two single zero or monoskill and double-cabin blocks (Fig. 5.9). Both blocks have swivel nuts and are used at deckages - to cover the gear, with a plastering, pulling the cargo, etc. To get the greatest winnings in the power of the tali, should be laid in such a way that the running larders come out from the moving block.
Fig. 5.9. Tali
Gini. - Multical hoists based on a thick cable between large blocks that can withstand heavy loads. It is used in armament of heavy arrows (cargo guines), as well as in a number of emergency cases, for example, when removing the vessel from the meli, etc., for calculating Taly, it is necessary to divide the weight of the cargo to the number of pulleys through which it passes. But since there is a force of friction on the pulleys, then before the start of computation, considering that the weight of the cargo increases by 5 - 10% on each pulley through which the blades pass.
The objects and fixtures of rigging equipment are chains, brackets, nuts, footage, fishing, coosy And other sensible things.
Rigging chains 3 times more than steel cables of the same diameter and more durable, but they are almost 5 times more difficult to be equal to it by the strength of steel cables.
Rigging chains are used to maintain in a fixed position of various ship structures, the manufacture of staps, storms, lover, fastening of deck load, etc. They consist of steel links connected by welding. Alloy and stamped chains are also used. In the form of the chain links, there are round and oval (short and long-lasting). Thickness, or caliber, rigging circuit is measured in millimeters diameter of round steel, from which links are made.
When taking rigging chains check, whether there are no cracks, bundles and other defects on the links. The rigging circuits to be stored are covered with anti-corrosion lubricant and suspend in a dry room. Chains that do not have friction during operation are painted, and the chains are in motion, lubricate regularly.
The chains do not have elasticity, but due to the tension of the links under the stretching load, new chains are extended by 3-4%. At low temperatures, the chain does not wear shock loads. If the thickness of the links decreased by 10% of their initial thickness, the chain is considered unsuitable for further operation.
Rigger brakes Apply as elements of snap and various ship devices. The bracket consists of a back, paws with eyelets and a pin. The pin in the bracket is held by cutting at the end of the pin and in one of the faces or a plinth inserted into the holes in the foot and pin. With a threaded connection, the pin head has a small volatile, which for screwing and unscrewing the pin lay the pile. The threaded connection allows you to quickly fix or give the tackle of rigging, stopper, block, connect or disconnect rigging chains and cables.
On the form of the back of the bracket are straightforward (for any cables) and rounded (for plant and synthetic cables).
The size of the bracket is determined by the diameter of its backrest and the Har-Sm, the number that corresponds to the permissible workforce in the bracket.
Only serviceable staples that do not have cracks, shells, burrs and other defects are allowed to operation. The use of a 10% of the initial thickness is not allowed.
Rigging nuts - Steel forged hooks. There are ordinary (simple, if the plane of the footage is perpendicular to the plane of the back and turning, if the outer, the back and sock lie in the same plane), swivel, verb nuts and snapshes.
Butt - Device for reliable fastening of cables to ship structures. The tackle is attached to the okuhu usually through a rigging bracket, which is laid in a hollow pin. The volatile is much stronger brackets with the back of the same diameter.
Rim - Metal ring inserted into the volatile. It serves to pass the cable and more comfortable fastening. It is much weaker than the footage, so it is impossible to fix cables experiencing a lot of tension for it.
Kousch- Metallic forging product in the form of a ring, heart-shaped oval or triangle with a chute for a cable. Coshi close up in the flames of cables, they serve to protect the latter from the lapture when attaching to their shoes, fishing, braces, etc. The number of the bracket must correspond to the Cow number. It is not allowed to use coarse, having cracks, bundles, sinks, burrs and other defects.
Duck- Wooden or metal dvurogi planks, rigidly fortified on a falseboard, mast, superstructures and other structures. They serve to fix the running ends of cables, signal flags and other gears.
Begging - Wooden or metal rods designed for the same purposes as ducks. They are widely used on sailing vessels for fastening the geeks tackle.
Rakse - Metal rings or semiring used for fastening and stretching triangular sails - clients and staxel.
Bugeli. - Metal rings with or without them, solid or discerned. They are used for the strength of ship structures, as well as to secure blocks and cables of various purposes.
Talesy Serve for tosing ship's tackles, as well as for reliable fastening of various types of various items and goods. Taldays are:
· Simple. They are usually based on simple or synthetic cables, which are carried out several times between 2 polls, the coarse of the triangular shape or brackets and are combined with each other by the end end of the same cable. Used to cover the rigorous stress cables and for attaching small freight locations.
· To fasten the treads experiencing large stresses, use screw Talesy. On the courts are used mainly twin-ventricular and swivels.
\u003d Marine practice for sailor (p.26) \u003d
Blocks and hoists.
Blocks.
Blocks are used to change the direction of thrust when lifting and moving small gravity or when taking tackle, as well as for the basis of the tale. The block consists of a wooden, metal or cast plastic case, inside of which 1 or several metal pulleys are planned on the axis called the brazing. Blocks are 1-, 2-, 3- and mining. The block of the block has partitions, which 1 pulley is separated from the other. The outer surfaces of extreme partitions are cheeks.
The simplest design is the single-cabin block. The cable skipped through a single bunk unit - pride (Fig. 1). It allows you to change the thrust direction when approaching and moving the cargo, but does not give a winner in force, so it is used for the lifting flags and pennants, signal lights and signs. Wood and plastic blocks apply only when working with vegetable and synthetic cables. Most vessel works are used metal blocks.
Twin-wide metal block (Fig. 2, a) consists of a housing 3, two steel or cast iron pulleys 4, sleeve 5 with a grease groove or with a bearing, bent 6, annex 7, mounting bolts 1 and suspension 2.
To snap block, the cable must be missed between the blocks of the block and is laid in the KIP pulley. Equipping the simple block is inconvenient, because It is necessary to run the cable from the end. Therefore, the vessels use single-zero blocks with a folding cheek - the canifas blocks (Fig. 2, b). The folding cheek allows you to start the middle of the cable into such a block.
Blocks must be periodically disassembled, cleaning from dirt and rust, lubricate rubber parts. The unit should be replaced if cracks are seen, significant wear and pulley. Blocks that are not in operation, need to be thoroughly lubricated and stored in a dry room in a suspended state.
\u003d Tutorial for sailor and boat camman (p.21), sea practice for sailor (p.13) \u003d
Tali.
Tali (ordinary and mechanical) - devices that allow not only to change the direction of thrust, but also gain a winnings in the rise and move weight, when tosing gear and in other cases.
Ordinary Tali Consist of 2 blocks, through the pulleys of which the cable is missing is called a lopar. One end of the bladder, fixed by the block, is called a native, the other coming out of the block to which the external traction force is attached - move. One block tale, fixed, through the suspension is fixed in place. Another block is called mobile, since when working it rises along with the cargo or moves in the direction of taking the gear. In terms of the number of pulleys in both blocks, the Tali is separated by two-, three-, four- and multigrous.
The simplests are two-piece hoists based on the blades between the two monoskill blocks. Such hoists can be founded in two ways: the running end of the bladder comes off from a fixed (Fig. 3, a) or from mobile (Fig. 3, b) block.
Ordinary hoists are applied on the courts of various designs and lifting capacity. 3-hyskim grab-Tali(Fig. 4, a). On a row with them, the hoists, based between 2 blocks with the same number of pulleys, are used - gintsy(Fig. 4, b). In armament of heavy arrows includes multi-storey hoists having blocks with pulleys on ball bearings - gini.(Fig. 4, b).
Methods of the base of Talya depend on the number of pulleys in blocks (Fig. 5). Based always with the root end of the bladder clockwise when the rigoroids of the right descent and counterclockwise with the tops of the left descent. Based the hoists on the deck, putting one block opposite the other at some pendants outwards. For the basis of double tale (Fig.5, a), one that has a fixture for fastening the root end of the blades is taken for the fixed block. The root end is carried out through the pulley of the fixed block, then through the pulley of the movable and attach to the stationary block.
At the basis of the trichene tale (Fig. 5, b) for the fixed unit, twokwarny is taken, and for the movable - single zone. The root end is carried out through the bottom (nearest to the deck) the pulley of the two-cabin block, through the pulley of the onekashvoy, then through the upper pulley of the two-pass and attached to the single-plug unit.
At the basis of four-pass tags (Fig.5, c) consisting of two double-bug blocks, the indigenous end is carried out consistently first through the lower pulleys of the stationary and moving blocks, then through the upper pulleys of these blocks, after which the root end is supplied to the stationary block and fastened on it .
The basis between two three-plug-in blocks of sixhopic gines (Fig.5, d) is carried out by the root end of the blade according to the scheme: the average pulley of the fixed block is the lower pulley of the movable - the average pulley of the movable - the upper pulley of the stationary - the upper pulley is movable - to the mounting place on the fixed block. Such a wiring scheme of the root end of the blades warns blocks of blocks while lifting the cargo.
In all cases, after the wiring of the root end of the blades, through all the pulleys of both blocks, it is sealed with a coolest with a coherent, which he joins the man on the corresponding block.
Ordinary hoists who are not in operation are stored in a dry ventilated room in suspended state. All rubber parts of the blocks are well lubricated. After the end of work with portable lines, they are neatly folded, preventing the velocity of the blades. When working with ordinary waists, they try to avoid sharp jerks, which can lead to a blade cliff or damage to blocks. If, when viewing blocks, significant wear of napillates, nuts, brackets, or oaknes are revealed, such blocks are replaced and based on the hoists.
Mechanical Tali Allow to receive a multiple gain in force, the ability to smoothly increase the load and keep it automatically stolen in any position.
Widespread use on ships found mechanical differential hoists (Fig. 6). In the suspension of such tags, a fixed block is placed, which consists of 2 rigidly connected pulleys of different diameters with a diameter ratio of 7: 8 or 11:12. The suspension with the block is attached to a fixed support or to the traverse of the cart moving along the suspended rail. The lower 1-pulley unit is also placed in a clip having a gas hanging gas. A closed work chain covers a sequentially small pulley of a fixed block, pulley of a mobile and large pulley of a fixed block, pulley of a movable and large pulley of fixed blocks. The lifting of the cargo is provided by turning a large pulley of the fixed block by applying a traction force to the branch of the working chain running from this pulley.
Mechanical etches are clean, regularly lubricate rubbing parts, follow their health.
\u003d Tutorial for sailor and boat camman (p.24) \u003d
Rigging nuts.
Rigging nuts- Steel forged hooks used to lift the goods, fastening the gear and various rigging parts to the rabstock and the vessel body.
The upper part of the nut is called obuhom, which has loss, middle part - back and open protruding part - sasha.
Distinguish the following nuts:
· Form ordinary valvesthere are simple (Fig. 1, a) if the plane of the footage is perpendicular to the plane of the backrest 1 and turned (Fig. 1, b), if the volatile, the back and sock lie in the same plane. Through the footage, the gas close up in the flap of the cable or fasten in the suspension of the structure. A variety of ordinary nuts is pENTER-GAK. (Fig. 1, B). At the bottom of the back, it has a trap attachment. For cargo pendants, rotated nuts of a special design are used. This gas is called freight, or pendant-nut (Fig. 1, d), has a sleeved inside, covered on top with a special tide. Such a device of the pump eliminates its engagement for the protruding parts of the hull of the vessel and the cargo hatch when lifting the cargo.
· Swivel gas(Fig. 2, a) - instead of the footage, which provides the fixing of the nut and its free rotation in the block to the block or other suspension. Double swivel nuts are also used (Fig. 2, b) they are used to prevent twisting cables (they periodically packed).
· Verb-gak(Fig. 3) consists of an actual nut with an extended campaign toer 1 and turns 2 in the form of an eye, round mounting link 3, elongated link 4 and connecting to it lock 5 and connecting 6 links. The latter is laid in the volatory, welded to the deck or superstructure. The dimensions of the locking link allow you to put it on the socks pressed to the elongated link after the flap of the cable or the rigging circuit is laid on the gas. With the stressed state of the laid out on the gap, the spontaneous returns are excluded, but if you knock off the locking link from the sock of the nut, the tackle is quickly released.
· Snores - Folding gas formed by 2 simple nuts. When folding the nuts, the ring is formed, which, being a challenged, ensures reliable fixing of the strip or flame of the cable. It is applied in places where fast returns to tackle are required.
The nuts are tested mainly on bending. Their strength is significantly less than the strength of rigging brackets. The number is knocked out on the pump corresponding to its lifting capacity.
The nuts are systematically inspected in order to detect cracks, shells and other defects and lubricate rubbing surfaces. Middle wear nuts 10% of their initial thickness are not allowed.
The objects and fixtures of rigging equipment are chains, brackets, nuts, footage, fishing, coosy And other sensible things.
Rigging chains 3 times more than steel cables of the same diameter and more durable, but they are almost 5 times more difficult to be equal to it by the strength of steel cables.
Rigging chains are used to maintain in a fixed position of various ship structures, the manufacture of staps, storms, lover, fastening of deck load, etc. They consist of steel links connected by welding. Alloy and stamped chains are also used. In the form of the chain links, there are round and oval (short and long-lasting). Thickness, or caliber, rigging circuit is measured in millimeters diameter of round steel, from which links are made.
When taking rigging chains check, whether there are no cracks, bundles and other defects on the links. The rigging circuits to be stored are covered with anti-corrosion lubricant and suspend in a dry room. Chains that do not have friction during operation are painted, and the chains are in motion, lubricate regularly.
The chains do not have elasticity, but due to the tension of the links under the stretching load, new chains are extended by 3-4%. At low temperatures, the chain does not wear shock loads. If the thickness of the links decreased by 10% of their initial thickness, the chain is considered unsuitable for further operation.
Rigger brakes Apply as elements of snap and various ship devices. The bracket consists of a back, paws with eyelets and a pin. The pin in the bracket is held by cutting at the end of the pin and in one of the faces or a plinth inserted into the holes in the foot and pin. With a threaded connection, the pin head has a small volatile, which for screwing and unscrewing the pin lay the pile. The threaded connection allows you to quickly fix or give the tackle of rigging, stopper, block, connect or disconnect rigging chains and cables.
On the form of the back of the bracket are straightforward (for any cables) and rounded (for plant and synthetic cables).
The size of the bracket is determined by the diameter of its backrest and the Har-Sm, the number that corresponds to the permissible workforce in the bracket.
Only serviceable staples that do not have cracks, shells, burrs and other defects are allowed to operation. The use of a 10% of the initial thickness is not allowed.
Rigging nuts - Steel forged hooks. There are ordinary (simple, if the plane of the footage is perpendicular to the plane of the back and turning, if the outer, the back and sock lie in the same plane), swivel, verb nuts and snapshes.
Butt - Device for reliable fastening of cables to ship structures. The tackle is attached to the okuhu usually through a rigging bracket, which is laid in a hollow pin. The volatile is much stronger brackets with the back of the same diameter.
Rim - Metal ring inserted into the volatile. It serves to pass the cable and more comfortable fastening. It is much weaker than the footage, so it is impossible to fix cables experiencing a lot of tension for it.
Kousch- Metallic forging product in the form of a ring, heart-shaped oval or triangle with a chute for a cable. Coshi close up in the flames of cables, they serve to protect the latter from the lapture when attaching to their shoes, fishing, braces, etc. The number of the bracket must correspond to the Cow number. It is not allowed to use coarse, having cracks, bundles, sinks, burrs and other defects.
Duck- Wooden or metal dvurogi planks, rigidly fortified on a falseboard, mast, superstructures and other structures. They serve to fix the running ends of cables, signal flags and other gears.
Begging - Wooden or metal rods designed for the same purposes as ducks. They are widely used on sailing vessels for fastening the geeks tackle.
Rakse - Metal rings or semiring used for fastening and stretching triangular sails - clients and staxel.
Bugeli. - Metal rings with or without them, solid or discerned. They are used for the strength of ship structures, as well as to secure blocks and cables of various purposes.
Talesy Serve for tosing ship's tackles, as well as for reliable fastening of various types of various items and goods. Taldays are:
· Simple. They are usually based on simple or synthetic cables, which are carried out several times between 2 polls, the coarse of the triangular shape or brackets and are combined with each other by the end end of the same cable. Used to cover the rigorous stress cables and for attaching small freight locations.
· To fasten the treads experiencing large stresses, use screw Talesy. On the courts are used mainly twin-ventricular and swivels.
\u003d Marine practice for sailor (p.26) \u003d
Rigger chains and rigging equipment
Rigging chains. In addition to cables, rigging chains are used on ships, which are made of round steel, the diameter of which is the main parameter - caliber characterizing the size of the chain. Rigger chains are divided into calibrated and uncalled.
The calibrated chain has all the links of one size with very insignificant deviations, therefore it is used in the lifting mechanisms for work on special heating places. In the sizes of individual uncalibrated chains, significantly large deviations are allowed. These chains can be used to secure and lifting the cargo, as standing and bike rigging and in some other cases. Rigging chains have good strength and significant durability, but they have a lot of mass and very small elasticity. In addition, during strong frosts, the chain is easily rushing from sharp blows.
Chains must be protected from corrosion by systematic lubricant, paying particular attention to the places of contact of the links. They should be stored in suspended form in dry, ventilated rooms. The chain folded into the bay is intensive corrosion
Schemes of rigging equipment. The main objects of rigging equipment on a modern vessel are nuts, brackets, coosses, tally whales, blocks, hoists.
Callers are called steel hooks used on ships for various purposes (Fig. 20).
Fig. 20. Gags: a - simple, b - turned, in - swivel, g - double swivel, - d cargo, e - snapshots, W - Penter-gas, z - verb-gas
Depending on the appointment, the use and design sites are distinguished by the following nuts:
Simple, in which the plane of the footage is perpendicular to the plane of the sock;
Turned, whose overall and sock are in the same plane;
Swivel, having a hinge connection with a volatory, which ensures the rotation of the nut around the axis of the neck;
Double swivels, whose gas can rotate around the axis of the cervix, and the eyebound is swinging on the axis of the earrings;
Cargo, or pendant nuts, having a sandwicked sock, covered with a special protrusion, so the gas during operation does not touch the protruding parts;
Snappers consisting of two simple nuts, clothes on the total ring (rhy); When folding nuts, a closed ring is formed, the ring, the reliably securing the tackle or the strip;
Penter nuts having at the bottom of the backrest for fastening the delay;
The verb nuts are folding nuts, which have a folded sock with a special link, hitting which, you can easily give the tackle even when it is stretched by the vague.
Puts operating mainly on bending have relatively low strength, and therefore, when working with high gravity, they should be replaced with rigging brackets.
The bracket (Fig. 21) is a curved rod with eyelets at the ends that the pin is most often fixed by the screw cutting, which is available at its end and in one of the lyms. The pin head in this case has a small volatory, into which, when screwing and unscrewing, laid pikes. In the brackets of large loading capacity, the pin does not have cutting and pinned with a pin.
Figure 21. Rigging brackets. A - direct for steel cable, b - straight for vegetable cable, in - round
In the form of rigging brackets are straight and round. Direct are used for steel and vegetable cables. In the latter case, with the same diameter of the rod, the bracket has a greater width. Round brackets are used only for plant cables.
For fastening various parts with a nut or brackets to the vessel body, round or oblong teachings are welded - shoes. Through the footage, rings are often skipped - fishing, which simplifies the laying of nut or brackets.
Harves and staples must be systematically inspecting and, if cracks, curvature and significant workout are found, replaced with new ones. Swivel nuts should periodically "look" and lubricate rubber parts.
Coshi (Fig. 22) - round, triangular or drop-shaped rims from metal, having on the outer surface of the grooves and employees to seal the ends of the cable in cases where they are fixed to their shoes or combine the brackets and protect the cables from overs.
Languages \u200b\u200b(Fig. 23) - fixtures for taking out the battle of various gears, as well as for reliable fastening of various types of various items and goods. The most common is the screw talp, which consists of a coupling connecting two screws: one - with the right thread, and the second is left. When rotating the coupling in one side or another, the screws will simultaneously dismiss or screwed up, increasing or reducing the Talrepa length. Depending on the purpose of the basins, the screws can end with nuts, brackets or shoes.
Fig. 23. Taldays: A - open; b - closed; B - swearing; 1-gas; 2-bracket; 3 screws; 4-coupling; 5-Obuch
Screw tales need constant care. They must always be cleaned of rust and lubricated. In all possible cases, and especially when repaired or a long-term vessel, tales should be covered with cracks, pre-enabling them.
Blocks (Fig. 24) - Requirements that serve for lifting weights and changes in the direction of thrust. The block consists of a housing, inside of which one or more pulleys rotating on the axis (gasped). Surface pulleys have grooves (instrumentation), which prevents the bottom of the cable from the pulley. Depending on the number of pulleys, one-, two-, three- and multigaous blocks differ.
On ships, metal blocks are mainly used and only when working with vegetable cables - wooden and plastic. To snap blocks, the cable must be spent between the cheek. However, it is uncomfortable to be riveted from the end, and sometimes it is impossible if the cable is in the stretched state. Therefore, one-axis blocks that have a hinged cheek are used. Such blocks are called antiphase blocks. The folding cheek allows you to start the middle of the cable into the block, not to make it from the end.
When working with blocks, it is necessary to ensure that their dimensions correspond to the applicable cables. Blocks having an insufficient diameter of pulleys cause excessive bending of cables, which leads to their premature wear. The diameter of the pulley of the metal block should be at least 10-15 diameters of the steel cable. For plant cables, the pulley diameter must be twice the length of the circumference of the cable.
Blocks require constant care. They must be periodically disassembled, cleaning from dirt and rust and lubricate rubbing parts. When disassembly, the block is carefully viewed and, if there are cracks and significant wear of the bell or pulley, replace the new one.
Tali (Fig. 25) - the simplest lifting mechanisms consisting of blocks. Between the blocks, the cable called the bladder. The end of the blades, for which the thrust is produced, is called a chassis, and the ended end is indigenous. One of the blocks, fixed in place, is called immobile, and the second, rising with the cargo, is mobile.
Figure 24. Blocks: Metal, B- Canifas Blocks
Fig. 25. Tali: A - To lift the cargo, B - for tosing the gear, 1-fixed block; 2-moving block; 3-way end of the blades
Tali is commonly used to obtain a winnings in force when lifting weights and only in some cases to change the direction of thrust.
When lifting with tale, the weight of the cargo is distributed equally on all branches of the bladder. Therefore, for lifting the cargo to the running end of the bladder, it is sufficient to apply force in N times the weight of the lifted cargo, i.e.
Q \u003d p / n
where n is the number of loaded branches of the blades.
At the same time, if the end of the bladder comes from a fixed block, It is not counted in the total number of loaded branches and, therefore, the winnings in force will be equal to the total number of pulleys in mobile and stationary blocks. In marine practice, especially when tightening the gear, the equipment is also used, in which the end end of the bladder comes from the movable block. In this case, the running end must be taken into account on a par with other branches of the blades, so the winnings will be equal to the total number of pulleys plus a unit.
Thus, the winnings in force with different layout schemes are equal to the number of branches of the bladder, reaching from the moving block to the stationary, including the end end.
Tali are of different designs and loading capacity (Fig. 26). The easiest view of Talya is pride - a fixed single-pulley block through which the cable is missing. Application Gardening does not give a winner, but allows you to change the direction of thrust. Therefore, the pride is used only for lifting cargo small mass.
Widespread use on ships are rapid-hoists, which are founded between the two- and monoskval blocks, and the root end of the bladder is fixed on the single-plug. These hoists are used to lift small weights, harvesting trains and performing other ship works.
Figure 26 Types of Talya: A - Pride, B - Vrashat Tali, Gintsy, G - Guinea
Small hoists based between blocks with the same number of pulleys and waged for any tackle for its tightness are called the Ginters. With the number of pulleys more than three in each block, such tails are called gin. Gini is used when lifting heavy loads.
Based on Talya (Fig. 27), i.e., the cable factory into the block system is usually produced when the blocks laid on the cheek; Cuts or staples should be located outside. The root end of the blades passes sequentially through all the pulleys, starting from the lower pulley of that block to be the top. Move the lard should be passed clockwise, since with such a basis, the hoists will spin less and intimidate. When the lope is passed through all the pulleys, its root end is strengthened for a special bracket located on one of the blocks. At the base of the Multi-Mistrite Taly (Gines), the root end is passed first through the middle pulley. In this case, the running end will also go from the middle pulley of the upper block than the blocks are preventing when the blocks are prevented.
Fig. 27. Baseline Taly: A- Hinnts; b - gin (scheme), 1 - upper unit; 2 - a root end; 3-lower block, 4-way end; I-VIII- wiring sequence
When working with waves, sudden jerks should be avoided, which can lead to a blade cliff or block damage. Raising the cargo, it is impossible to allow the lower unit to be pulled to the top.
Fig. 28. Rigging equipment used for fixing containers
All rubber parts of the blocks should be well lubricated. After the end of the work, Tali must be accurately put, not allowing the deputation of the bladder. To properly put the hoists, they are spreading on the deck and the end end put the shoes or turn into a round bay. Then the blades of Taly in several places are intercepting the pile with a pile and tali put in the bay.
Store Tali follows in a dry, well-ventilated room in suspended. If they are stored for a long time, they must be periodically taken for drying.
All items of rigging equipment must have a stamp of the register or manufacturer.
Rigging equipment used when fixing containers. Reliable fixing containers, especially transported on the deck, demanded the introduction of special devices and parts. Their noteworthy feature is clear standardization and typing, which allows you to use these devices for almost all varieties of containers transported by the marine courts.
In fig. 28 The most common details and component attachments are depicted.
Cone grippers (kills) (Fig. 28, a) are intended for connecting containers with each other or with deck. Castle grippers (twist-loki) (Fig. 28, b, c) are equipped with an automatic or manual locking device. Screw clamps-fittings (Breeches) (Fig. 28, d) usually press the rows of containers one to another or to the board of the vessel. In fig. 28, D is shown recessed fittings (stamps), which include conical or castle grips. The support plates under the containers are indicated on "Fig. 28, e. Pictures depicted in fig. 28, w on or drowning in the deck fittings are designed for fastening the hits or chains that are tightened by the rows of containers. Fastening chains, equipped with verb nuts or high-speed fastening, are shown on Fig. 28, s, and cable hits - in Fig. 28, and.
