Ancient Russia. What Slavic tribes lived in the territory of ancient Russia

Slavs were not the only people who inhabid ancient Russia. In her boiler "cooked" and others, more ancient tribes: Chud, Merry, Murom. They went early, but left a deep mark in the Russian ethnic, language and folklore.

Chud

"As a boat is called, so she will swim." The mysterious people of Judo fully justifies their name. The folk version states that Slavs dubbed some tribes to miracles, because their language seemed to them as strange, unusual. In the ancient Russian sources and folklore, there were a lot of references to the "Cui", which "Varyagi from the Floor laid Dania." They took part in the campaign of the Prince Oleg on Smolensk, Yaroslav Wise fought against them: "And he defeated them, and put the city of Yuriev," the legends are made about them, as a whine-eyed, the ancient people, akin to the European Fairy. They left a huge mark in the toponymy of Russia, their name wears the mud of the lake, the miracle bank, the village: "front odds", "middle kii", "rear kii". From the North-West of the current Russia to the Altai Mountains to this day, their mysterious "wonderful" trace is traced.

For a long time, they were made to associate with Finno-Ugments, because they mentioned where representatives of Finno-Ugric peoples lived or still live. But in the folklore, the latter also preserved legends about the mysterious ancient people of Chud, whose representatives left their lands and left somewhere, not wishing to take Christianity. Especially a lot about them are told in the Komi Republic. So they say that the old tract is the "Old Village" in the Udora district once was the settlement of Cui. From there, they allegedly pushed out Slavic aliens.

In Kama, you can learn a lot in Kamye: the locals describe their appearance (dark-haired and dark), language, customs. They say that they lived in the midst of forests in the dugouts, where they buried themselves, refusing to obey more successful invaders. There is even a legend that "Judgment left underground": they say, they pulled a large pit with an earthy roof on the pillars, and they wrapped it, preferring death to captivity. But none of the people's belief, neither the chronicle mention can answer the questions: what it was for the tribes where they left and their descendants are still alive. Some ethnographs refer them to the peoples of Mansi, others to representatives of the people of Komi, who preferred to remain pagans. The smallest version, which appeared after the opening of the Arcaim and the "Country Countries" of the Syntashta, argues that Chud is ancient aria. But so far it is clear one thing, Chud is one of the Aboriginal Ancient Russia, which we have lost.

Merya

"Chok fought, yes, Merya intended the values, roads da pilots of the vest ..." - These lines from the poem of Alexander Blok reflect the confusion of scientists of his time about two tribes that once residing in the neighborhood with Slavs. But, unlike the first, Mary had a "more transparent story." This an ancient Finno-Ugric tribe once dwells in the territories of modern Moscow, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Tver, Vladimir and Kostroma regions of Russia. That is, in the very center of our country.

Many mention remained about them, Merins (Merins) meets at the Gothic historian of Jordan, who in the 6th century called them by the danutrics of the Gothic Tsar Germanic. Like Chud, they were in the troops of Prince Oleg, when he went hiking to Smolensk, Kiev and Lyubek, what the entries were preserved in the "Tale of Bygone Years". True, according to some scientists, in particular Valentina Sedov, by that time they were ethnically, they were no longer a Volga-Finnish tribe, but "half of the Slavs". The final assimilation occurred, obviously, by the XVI century.

With the name of Mereya, one of the largest peasant uprisings of ancient Russia is connected 1024. The reason was the great hunger, which covered the Suzdal Earth. Moreover, according to the annals, he was preceded by "immense rain", drought, premature frosts, Sukhovi. For Mary, most of whose representatives opposed Christianization, it obviously looked "divine punishment." At the head of the rebellion, the priests of the "Old Faith" - Magi, who tried to use a chance to return to prechristian cults. However, unsuccessful. The rebellion was broken by Yaroslav to wise, the instigators were executed or sent to exile.

Despite the scant data that we know about the people of Merya, the scientists managed to restore their ancient language, which in the domestic linguistics was called "Mryynovsky". It was reconstructed on the basis of the dialect of the Yaroslavl-Kostroma Volga region and Finno-Ugric languages. A number of words managed to restore thanks to the geographical names. So it turned out that the end of "-Gda" in the Central-Russian Toponymy: Vologda, JUSK, was then - the legacy of the Mryynovsky people.

Despite the fact that the mention of the measure completely disappeared in the sources in the Doperer Epoch, today there are people who belong to their descendants. Basically, these are residents of the Upper Volga region. They argue that Meriana did not dissolve in the centuries, and they compiled a substrate (for sale) of the Northern Great Russian nation, went into Russian, and their descendants call themselves Russian. However, there is no evidence to this.

Murom

As the story says for temporary years: in 862, they lived in Novgorod Slovenia, in Polotsk Krivichi, in Rostov Merya, in Murom Murom. The last chronicle, like Myan, refers to non-Slavic peoples. Their name is translated as a "elevated place in water," which corresponds to the position of the city of Murom, who has long been their center for a long time.

Today, on the basis of archaeological finds found in major tribal grave (are located between the ochai-oki, the left-wing, Ugenes and the right-wing), it is almost impossible to determine which ethnic group they belonged to. According to domestic archaeologists, they could be as another Finno-Ugric tribe or part of Mary and Morns. Only one thing is known, these were friendly neighbors with a highly developed culture. Their manufacturer's quality weapons were one of the best in nearby areas, and jewelry, which were found in burials, are distinguished by the ingenuity of forms and thoroughness of manufacture. For Murom, arc-shaped head decorations woven from horse-haired hair and leather strips were characterized, which were spirally braided with bronze wire. Interestingly, the analogues from other Finno-Ugric tribes are not found.

Sources show that the Slavic colonization of Murom was peaceful and was mainly due to solid and economic trade relations. However, the result of this peaceful coexistence was the fact that Murom was one of the very first assimilated tribes disappeared from the pages of history. By the XII century, they are no longer mentioned in the chronicles.

The history of Russian statehood begins with the time for ten centuries before the new era in the northern and central parts of the Eastern European Plain began to settle numerous Slavic tribes. They were engaged in hunting, fishing and agriculture. Those who lived in the steppe were engaged in animal husbandry.

Who are Slavs

The term "Slavs" means an ethnic group of people who have a centuries-old cultural continuity, and which speak a lot of related languages \u200b\u200bknown as Slavic languages \u200b\u200b(they all belong to the Indo-European language family). Little is known about the Slavs before their mention in the Byzantine records of the VI century N. e. At the same time, most of what we know about them before that time scientists got through archaeological and linguistic studies.

The main places of accommodation

Slavic tribes began to master new territories in the VI-VIII centuries. The tribes diverged in three main directions:

• south - Balkan Peninsula,
• western - Between Oder and Elbe,
• to the east and northeast of Europe.

Are the ancestors of such modern peoples, like Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Ancient Slavs were pagans. They had their own deities, they believed that there were evil and good spirits that personify various natural forces: Yarilo - Sun, Perun - Thunder and Lightning, etc.

When Eastern Slavs mastered the Eastern European Plain, there were changes in their social structure - breeding unions appeared, which later became the basis of future statehood.

Ancient peoples in Russia

The oldest of distant northern people were neolithic hunters on wild reindeer. Archaeological evidence of their existence refer to the 5th millennium BC. It is believed that small-scale reindeer herding developed another 2,000 years ago.

In the IX-X centuries, Varyagi (Vikings) controlled the central part and the main rivers of the eastern territory of modern Russia. East Slavic tribes occupied the North-West region. Khazars, Turkic people controlled the south of the central region.

Over 2,000 years BC. e., both in the north and in the territory of modern Moscow, and in the east, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Urals, the tribes were lived, which grown untreated grains. At about the same time, the tribes on the territory of modern Ukraine were also engaged in agriculture.

Distribution of ancient Russian tribes

Many nations gradually migrated where the eastern part of Russia is now. Eastern Slavs remained on this territory and gradually became dominant. The early Slavic tribes of ancient Russia were farmers and beekeepers, as well as hunters, fishermen, shepherds and hunters. By 600, Slavs became the dominant ethnic group on the Eastern European Plain.

Slavic statehood

Slavs sustain the invasion is ready from Germany and Sweden and Huns from Central Asia in the III and IV centuries. By the VII century, they created villages in all major rivers of the territory of the current Eastern Russia. In the early Middle Ages, Slavs lived between the kingdoms of Vikings in Scandinavia, the Sacred Roman Empire in Germany, Byzantines in Turkey and Mongolian and Turkish tribes in Central Asia.

Kievan Rus arose in the 9th century. This state had a challenging and often unstable political system. The state flourished until the XIII century, before its territory dramatically decreased. Among the special achievements of Kievan Rus are the introduction of Orthodoxy and the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures. The disintegration of Kievan Rus played a decisive role in the evolution of Eastern Slavs in Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples.

Slavic tribes

Slavs are divided into three main groups:

• western Slavs (mainly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks);
• southern Slavs (mostly tribes from Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia);
• east Slavic tribes (primarily Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians).

The eastern branch of Slavs included numerous tribes. The list of names of the tribes of ancient Russia includes:

• coming;
• buzhan (Volynan);
• drevlyan;
• dregovichi;
• dleb;
• cryvic;
• shelter;
• polyan;
• radioches;
• sloveless;
• tivers;
• werit;
• croats;
• bodrich;
• vistan;
• zlichan
• luzhic;
• luthich;
• pokorna.

Origin of Slavs

Little is known about the origin of the Slavs. They inhabited the areas of East Central Europe in prehistoric times and gradually reached their current limits. The pagan Slavic tribes of ancient Russia migrated from the territory of the current Russia to the South Balkans over 1,000 years ago and captured Christian communities based on Roman colonists.

Philologists and archaeologists argue that Slavs settled in the Carpathians for a long time in the Carpathians and in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Belarus. By 600, the South, Western and Eastern branches appeared as a result of the linguistic separation. Eastern Slavs settled on the Dnieper River on the territory, which now belongs to Ukraine. Then they spread to the north to the Northern Volga Valley, east of the modern Moscow, and to the west - to the pools of the Northern Dniester and Western Bug, to the territory of modern Moldova and to the south of Ukraine.

Later Slavs accepted Christianity. These tribes were scattered through a large area and suffered from the invasions of the nomadic tribes: Huns, Mongols and Turks. The first major Slavic states were the West Bulgarian state (680-1018) and Moravia (the beginning of the IX century). In the 9th century, the Kiev state was formed.

Old Russian mythology

There are very few mythological materials: to the IX-X centuries. n. e. Among the Slavic tribes, writing has not yet been common.

One of the main gods of the Slavic tribes was Perun, who is associated with the Balt Persian, as well as with the Norwegian God Tor. Like these deities, Perun is the God of Thunder, the Supreme Divine of the Old Russian tribes. The God of Youth and Spring Yarilo and the goddess of Love Lada also occupied an important place among the deities. They both were the gods who died and resurrected every year, which was associated with the births of fertility. Also, the Slavs had the goddess of winter and death - Moraine, the Goddess of Spring - Lelia, the Goddess of Summer - alive, the gods of love - Lel and the half, the first was God of early love, the second - the God of mature love and family.

Culture tribes ancient Russia

In the early Middle Ages, Slavs occupied a large territory, which contributed to the emergence of several independent Slavic states. From the first century to n. e. There was a process of gradual cultural discrepancies, which spawned many closely related, but mutually exclusive languages, classified as part of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.

Currently, there are a large number of Slavic languages, in particular, Bulgarian, Czech, Croatian, Polish, Serbian, Slovak, Russian and many others. They are common from Central and Eastern Europe to Russia.

Information about the culture of East Slavic tribes of ancient Russia in VI-IX centuries. There is very little. Basically, they remained in recorded later works of folklore represented by proverbs and sayings, riddles and fairy tales, labor songs and legends, legends.

These tribes of ancient Russia possessed some knowledge about nature. For example, thanks to the system of covered farming, an East Slavic agricultural calendar appeared, divided based on agricultural cycles on the lunar months. Also, the Slavic tribes on the territory of ancient Russia had knowledge of animals, metals, actively developed applied art.

The tribes of the ancient Russia tribes of the Central and South Western Russia: Polyana, Drevlyan, Dregovichi, Polokhan, Curvichi, Slovenia (Novgorod), Northerners., Radmichi, Vyatichi, Croatians, Dulyba Oitlini and Tivers. Polyana, Drevlyan and Northerners lived either in the area of \u200b\u200bKiev, or close to him, the procopies, the historian of the sixth century, gives the names of the two main groups: Sclash and Ants. However, each of them probably consisted of a number of smaller groups, and the proofer himself says in one case about "innumerable ants tribes". Jordan, who is known and Scalang, and Anty (as well as Ventes in the north), also claims that the names of the tribes vary in different clans and localities. Unfortunately, neither he nor the procopies took care of themselves to give at least a test list of these smaller tribes and clans. According to the Chronicle of Fefan's confessor, when the Bulgars began an offensive in Frace at the end of the seventh century, at first they won the northerners (σεβερειζζ) and seven clans (επταγενεαι) to the south of the Balkan northerners and seven clans in the Rhodopian mountains were the places of settlement of the Dregovich tribe. One of the participants in the Church Cathedral in Constantinople in 879 was Bishop Peter from Dregovichi (Δρυνγβιταζ). Polyana and Smolyan (σμολαινοι or σμολεανοι) is mentioned among the Macedonian tribes of the tenth century, it is known that the tribes of the Poleoponnese Balkan and the Rus tribes are set up to the same branches of the same initial tribes. Some of them must have belonged to the Closen group, others to the ants. At the time, proofing both Zlavin and Antairs occupied extensive areas north of the Lower Danube. Later, some of them moved to the south, in Thrace and Macedonia. As a result of subsequent events, especially the invasion of Avar, the Antian Association on the Nizhny Danube was split; That part of each tribe or group of tribes, which went to the south, turned out to be subordinate or Byzantium, or Bulgaram, the others who went to the north, with time became members of the Kiev Rus, which tribes belonged to the Zlavenk group, and which - to the Anthorah.? From the Balkan tribes, both Northerners and seven clans belonged to the AC group. Evidence of this is their geographical location in the north eastern part of Frakia, since it is known that in the sixth and seventh centuries, Antairs occupied the eastern part of the Nizhnyodunayan territory, and Zlavien - Western. Moreover, the name "Northene" indicates the Azovsko North Caucasian relations of this tribe, being another form of the name "Sabyir", or "Savira", who belonged to Bulgaro of the Gunnsky people in the North Caucasus If the Balkan Northerners were Anti themselves, and if Seven clans should be identified with radar and nasty, this means that the Rus tribes wearing the same names also belonged to the AC group. Polyala - both Balkan and Russia - should also be considered as an affair. In this case, their very name, apparently, is a translation of the names of the Ants, which initially meant the "steppe people", the same as the name "Polyana". On the other hand, such tribes like Drevlyan, Dregovichi, Curvichi and Smolyan were rather scalables, and not by Antah, since these tribes were formed in Russia, the Northern "Trees" of which even retained the genuine name Zlaven (Novgorod Slovenia). Sphere of distribution and lifestyle of the tribes of Russia of the eighth and ninth centuries. Unfortunately, evidence of written sources on this topic, as in many others, very scarce. More information can be obtained from archaeological data, however regarding our period there are not so many of them, a significant part of the systemically studied mounds and settlements refer to a later time - from the tenth to the thirteenth century for convenience, the origin of the Rus tribes, grouping them in geographic areas as follows: a) south western region; b) south-eastern area; c) west; d) the forest area of \u200b\u200bPripyati; e) north. A) southwest. These are the areas of Right Bank of Ukraine (without Volyn and Galicia) and Bessarabia, that is, the territory of the rod in the west to the lower Dnieper (below in Kiev) in the East. This is the birthplace of the Western group of Ants in the sixth century. By the end of the eighth century, Magyars penetrated the area of \u200b\u200bLower Bug. Even after that, individual settlements of Ants, perhaps, remained on their lands, but in general the border between the territory controlled by Magyars and the land of Ants took place along the line from Tiraspol on the Lower Dniester to the mouth of Russia on the Dnieper. Magyars in the ninth century lived east of this line in the ninth and tenth centuries in the southwestern region, which now we are talking about, the following tribes lived: Polyana, Oitlini and Tivers. Polyana, by this time, occupied most of the Kiev region, tiversurantsi - the southern part of Bessarabia, and the desire is the Northern Bessarabia and the southern part of the Podolsk region. The name itself, tivers, possibly comes from the title of the Tour Fortress (TVRA, Turris), in which the emperor Justinian I posted one of the Anthian tribes, apparently, the ancestors of the tivers of the tour name, of course, is in some way connected with the ancient name Dniester Tiras (τυραζ), which is mentioned by Herodot. The Greek letter (Ipsylon) was obviously used to transmit sound, alien to Greek language. The initial name comes from the Iranian root (Tur or TVR). Consequently, tivers (or Turnts) were a Dniester tribe. As for the streets, in different chronicles, their name is read in different ways (desires, uluchi, holiness, ulutichi, lyutichi, Luchan). Some researchers prefer the shape of the "depression", which they are derived from the word "angle" and suggest in accordance with this that the Motherland "Uglichi" was in the southern part of Bessarabia, known as the "corner" (γγλοζ) between the rod and the Lower Danube. At first glance, such an explanation seems to be plausible, but there are several considerations against it. First of all, in the so-called "Nikonovsky Chronicle" is mentioned by the city of streets, intersection. This city must have been not located in the southern part of Bessarabia, but in her center, north of Chisinau. Moreover, Nikonovsky Chronicle also says that it was originally disenssed in the area of \u200b\u200bLower Dnieper, and to the west of the Dniester, they were later "Nikonovsky Chronicle", however, is a late compilation (sixteenth century). But here's another reason not to put the streets in the Bessarabian "corner": he was busy with tivers from the sixth century. Thus, it turns out that the form of "depression" does not have sufficient grounds, and the form "Uluchi" or "desirable" turns out to be preferable. The name "Uluchi" may occur from the word "Luka". In this regard, we can recall the emissions of the Black Sea coast between the mouths of the Dnieper and the Dniester. It is here that Jordan places Ants. "ANTESVERO ... QUA PONTICUM MARE CURVATUR, A DANASTRO EXTENDUNTUR AD DANAPRUM". The Uluches of Anty in the second half of the sixth century were subjected to raids of Critian and Avarov and were probably pushed into the mainland's depths, having lost the exits to the sea for some time, but later, in the seventh and eighth centuries, they must have appeared again on the Black Sea coast . By the end of the eighth century, the territory of Lower Bug was taken by Magyars, which the century later, in turn, were forced to move to the West to give a place of pechenegs that grab them from the east. Polyana at the time when the first chronicle was compiled, inhabited the region of Kiev. In the seventh and eighth centuries, however, the place of their habitat was probably in the south. Since the territory of the Lower Bug at that time was engaged in oils, we can determine the place of residence of Polyan in the region of Ingula. Probably, they also controlled the mouth of the Dnieper. Even in the tenth and eleventh centuries, Olessee at the mouth of the Dnieper served Kiev (i.e. Polyansky) merchants to the transit point on their way to Constantinople. With the arrival of Magyar - at the end of the eighth century - Polyana retreated to the north, to the area of \u200b\u200bKiev, which, before that, apparently, was busy with Drevyans. The tribal name of Polyan (as well as the Treated) may be given to them, or they are accepted as an indication of the country in which they lived initially. The name "Polyana" means "field (steppe) people." We can remember in connection with this some other tribal names of similar origin: Yezerites ("Lake People"), Pomora ("Coastal People"), Dollyan ("Valine People"). On the other hand, the name "Polynin" and "Drevlyanin" may be related to previous political links of each of these two tribes, respectively. One of the Gothic tribes was called Grevtung, which exactly corresponds to the name "Polyana"; The name of another Gothic tribe, tervings, is the same meaning as "Drevlyan." During the time of the Gothic dominion - in the third and fourth centuries - the ancestors of the Polok were subordinated to Grevtungam, and the derls are terving. Archaeological testimonies: antiquity of both streets and tivers investigated not enough. The area of \u200b\u200btheir initial settlement was later "flooded" by various nomadic tribes, mainly Turkic origin, so the traces of the two of these Anthian tribes could remain a bit and even less detected. The author of the first chronicle says that in his time (eleventh century), some cities of the streets and Tiversev still existed (the essence of the hands to today). A row of mounds lined with a stone were excavated in the southern part of the podolia, they are allegedly defined as Oil. In these mounds, vessels were discovered with the remains, burned bones, and that's all. More materials gave various settlements of the Kiev region to the north of which Polyan moved later, but in the south of the region of the settlement of Polyan, apparently existed in the early period. Some of these settlers, such as Pasteur and Matronino, in Cherkasy area, existed with deep antiquity, and findings here illustrate, mainly the early stage of culture - the stage of burial in the urns in the settlement Paster were discovered during the excavations of the decoration - suspension, stylized images of horses and horses and etc., - which can be attributed to the period of the fifth sixth centuries, but with them other items of later periods have similarities, even the eleventh century in some other settlements of the Kiev region, such as, in particular, the princes of the mountain at the mouth of the Ros River, early (The fifth sixth centuries) and the late (tenth and eleventh centuries) of the cultural development stage are equally represented better than the interim period - the ninth and tenth centuries. However, since a similarity is found between the early and late finds, both in style and as part of things, can be obtained in part and an idea of \u200b\u200bthe interim period. Among the items found in these settlements, it is worth indicating iron tools and accessories, such as knives, axes, nails, sickles, locks, hoops are clear that the production of iron products was at high levels at a high level should be added that they were known for their art Forging weapons, especially swords. The first chronicle contains a characteristic story about the response of Pollas Khazaras, when the latter were going to demand tribute to them. Polyan offered to pay with swords we can assume that the cultural level of pollas was relatively high even in the eighth and ninth centuries, although the accumulation of wealth, jewels and works of art has not yet achieved such sizes as it will be later, in the tenth and eleventh centuries. B) Southeast area. It is territory to the south of the river Ugra and its continuation, the Oka River. In the West, this territory is limited to roughly speaking, the flow of Dnieper down from Mogilev; in the east - don; In the south - the Black Sea. We also include the Azov Region and Delta of Kuban in this territory. During the preparation of the first chronicle, i.e. in the eleventh century, the whole south-eastern part of the territory we consider was controlled by the Kumanans, and only at the mouth of Kuban, Tmutarakan Island remained in the hands of Russia in the early period, the situation was different, and we We have enough evidence to approve that in the eighth century in the lower Don and in the Azov region were settlements. The first chronicle contains the names of the three south-eastern tribes, namely: North, or Northerners, Radmichi and Vyatichi. In the eleventh century Northerners, the pools of the following eastern tributaries of the Middle Dnipro were settled: Psöl, ships and gums with its influx of the Seimer; This corresponds to the territories of the Chernihiv, Kursk and Northwestern part of Poltava regions. Radmichi inhabited the pool of the coolant river, that is, the left bank of the Mogilev region. Vodici controlled the southern part of the Oka basin and the area of \u200b\u200bthe upper don, covering the territory of the Oryol, Kaluga, Tula and Ryazan regions. We can say with confidence that in an earlier period of the Earth of these three tribes stretched much further to the south-east, and the tribes were ousted north only as a result of Pechenezhsky and Kumansky raids. It can be assumed that in the first half of the ninth river Northene, the entire basin of the Donets occupied, and the radars are gums. When Northerners were pushed out to the northwest from the pool of the Pechenegs, they, in turn, were supplanted to the north of the gums in the area of \u200b\u200bthe soul. As for Vyatichi, we can assume that the initial settlements were on the Don, at least, reaching the south to Boguchar. These archeology: the antiquities of the northerners, radar and vetty, within the boundaries of the relevant territories, which they inhabited in the eleventh century, were quite carefully investigated. On the other hand, antiquity on the territory of the Donette and Don were not systematically studied, as applies to the lower don and the deliberation, then even the possibility of existence there are antiques there is denied by some scientists. According to the materials found in the northerners' mounds of the tenth and eleventh centuries, the most common funeral rite they had cremation however, the Kurgans are also known with the buried remains. . Some novel mounds are hard to be a funerary inventory. They discovered a small amount of segged with silver and glass, buckles and beads. Another group of Kurgan is much richer. Among the findings in typical kursts of another type, temporal rings made of spiral twisted wire, copper and iron twisted necklaces, pendants to necklaces are round and in the shape of crescent, bracelets, rings, decorative plates for hats in the shape of Nimba. In some northeye mounds, as in the settlements, weapons were found. In the Goesh Kurgan of the Kursk region was found a sword of a Pollyan type. Due to the difference in the two types of northern burials, it was assumed that these two groups represent the burial of people of various social status: nobility and ordinary people. It is also possible that the difference is not an economic, but a tribal nature. The study of the antiquities of the radar and venna leads to the conclusion that, despite some private differences, these two groups had a lot of total seven-board suspension characteristic of the antiquities of both radar and vented, although the form of the petal of these tribes is different. We repeat that either one of them or both tribes are associated with seven clans (επταγενεαι) in Frakia. The suspension was apparently the emblem of the tribe, symbolizing the union of seven clans in each case, but also two tribes themselves were also closely connected. According to the "Tale of Bygone Years", these tribes were the descendants of two brothers - Radima and Vyatok (Vyatko). We believe that these two brothers were Poles (Lyakh), or lived among the Poles (in Lyasha). Commenting on this statement and accepting the possibility of migrating individual Western tribes to the east, following the fall of Avar Kaganata, A.A. Chess Lined the hypothesis about the Polish origin of the radar and venna, this hypothesis cannot be supported, since it clearly contradicts the existing archaeological certificates. . It is possible that the legend of the Polish origin of Radmich and Vyatichich was put into the time when Kiev was captured by the Polish King Boleslav I (1018) it is also possible that the text of the legend, as he read in the "Tale of Bygone Years", is Distorted. According to the text, "there were two brothers among the Polyakov" (kastasta two brothers in Liashech). Is it possible to assume that in the original text it was read "among the Azov" (in the yazeh) instead of "among the Poles" (in Lyakh)? In any case, there are more grounds for the fact that radios and vetchi come from Asov than from Poles. In the Vyatich and Radmic mounds of the tenth and eleventh centuries, the burial, as a funeral rite, prevails over cremation. Cremation is very rarely found at the radiolism, even less often - Vyatichi. Apparently, the burial was an ancient custom of both tribes. Now we know that this custom was also distributed in Alanov (ASOs). Moreover, the names of the two mythical brothers, Radima and Vyatok may have Ossetian origin. As for the name "Radims", we can bring the Ossetian word RAD ("order", "line"), and Vyatok - Ossetian Jaetaeg ("Leader") usually Natish mounds are low - from 0.7 to 1.4 meters in Height. The bones are located head north or northwest. Probably thought to orient the head of the buried in the direction of the sunset, and the change is connected with the time of the year. The composition of the objects in the burials is rather monotonous in most Kurgans. These are typical items: seven-board temporal pendants, beads, twisted necklaces, bracelets and wrought-iron rings and crosses made in openwork technique. The crosses apparently were just jewelry, and their detection is not necessarily evidence of Christianity. In the radiramic mounds1200, the body was located on a special bed of ash and land towers at 0.5 m above the soil level. Then a spherical grave hill was erected over the funeral lies. The body has always put head west. For the burial decoration typical are seven-board temporal pendants, wrought iron and pendants to necklaces. C) Western lands Western Volyn and Galicia. Western Volyn in the eighth and ninth centuries was a place of residence of dlebov, and Galicia, located on the northeastern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, was the birthplace of Croats (Croatov). Yugoslav Scientist L. Hauptmann recently made a fairly plausible assumption that Croats were a tribe under the control of the Alanian clan. In other words, Croats can be considered one of the tribes of ASs or Ants. The country they settled, was called Belaya Croatia, and geographically and ethnographically, she formed a combination of Russian, Polish and Czech tribes. According to Gauptmann, it was from Galicia Croats (Croat ", the Carpathian Mountains in the southern direction passed and penetrated first into the pool of the Upper Elbe (Laba), and then to the middle Danube area, until they finally deliced \u200b\u200bsouth of this river. Part of this tribe, however, remained in Galicia and at the end of the ninth century recognized the domination of the Moravian Prince Svyatopolk at the end of the tenth century Kiev Prince Vladimir, in turn, declared the rights to Galicia. As for Dlebov, their history closely closed the history of Croat. We know that in the second half of the sixth century, Avars won dlebov and forced some of them to migrate to Moravia. Basically, the tribe, however, remained in Volyn, moving a little north down on Western Bugu. Perhaps it was after that they became known as Kuzane. The name of the duleba is ancient. In the list of tribes from the "Tale of Bygone Years, there is a remark that determines the whereabouts of Dlebov: the country of dleb is there," where is Volyn ". According to Barsu, this comment in the" Tale of Bygone Years "is the insertion of a later correspondence, most likely the scorer of the brief arch of the chronicles In the fourteenth century, the suggestion of Barsov is quite acceptable. And if so, the name of Volynians became used in a relatively late period, archaeological certificates also contradict the assumption that Volynian, or even their predecessors of the bands were quite a strong tribe to dominate others. Composition of things in Volyn The mounds are quite poor. In some mounds, the funeral inventory was found. In cases where we were found, it was represented by simple jugs, wooden buckets, primitive decorations. Volyn mounds are low. The prevailing funeral custom was burial, although certain cases of cremation are also known. . D) forest The area of \u200b\u200bPripyaty to the north of Pripyat, Dregovichi lived, to the south - arms. In the tenth century, Drevlyan lived in the forest and swampy terrain between the currents of the Irshi and Tether's rivers in the south and pripyat in the north. However, there is reason to believe that in more distant times preceding the retreat of pollasts from the lower Dnieper to the Kiev region as a result of the Magyar on the Natius, the territory occupied by the Drevlyans, was distributed significantly further south than in the tenth century. Perhaps then they controlled Kiev land, at least the area around Kiev; In other words, their lands stretched to the northern edge of the steppe zone. Although the name "Drevlyan" means "woody (forest) people", it apparently rather relevant to political conditions than to natural environment, that is, it is likely to indicate that they were previously subordinate to Gothic tribes of terving. In any case, the burial, similar to Trees, was discovered during the excavations near Kiev. It is also possible that no later than the end of the eighth century, part of the Dniest settled to the east of the Dnieper, from where they later were ousted to the West, on the other side of the river, the tribes of the radar and northerners. Only antiquities found in the territory busy in the tenth century can be reliably defined as Treated. Excavations were produced by more than seven thousand Drevlyan grave hills, they relate to the period from the ninth to the thirteenth century. The prevailing type of burial is the burial. The composition of the objects is notgeful. There were ordinary pots, wooden buckets, glass beads, bronze earrings or low sample silver. Among other items found during the excavations, you can specify products from silica, small iron knives, sickles, fragments of woolen fabric and leather shoes. In general, the level of material culture of the Around the ninth and tenth centuries is lower than herself. Was the situation as the same in the seventh and eighth centuries, or the welfare of the Drevlyan dodged after they were ousted north of Kiev lands? Hard to say. Trees are described in the "Tale of Bygone Years" as a proud and warlike people, despite the fact that by the time of the preparation of this chronicle they were ousted in the swampy wilderness. As for Dregovich, they also buried their dead. The composition of things in burials is not impressive. Along with other subjects, filigree beads and temporal suspension were discovered with partially coinciding ends, which according to Gauthier, closer to the style of cryavic decorations than radios; And this despite the fact that the latter lived right on the other side of the Dnieper from Dregovich. . E) North in the northern and northwestern lands were two main tribes: cryvichi and Slovenia. The curvacies were settled by the drier of the Dnieper, Western Dvina and Volga, thus controlling the important intersection of river tract. Judging by archaeological testimonies, the curviti had a lot in common with those. For those and others, the cremation of the deceased was typical. Only in the eleventh century, under the influence of Christian rituals, the burial has spread among curvaches. Slovenian mounds are usually high, above ten meters. Residents of the Novgorod and Pskov lands, as a rule, called the mounds of this type of hill. The earliest stocks belong to the seventh century, and in one of them the Sasanid coin was discovered, dated 617 AD. . However, the majority of sobes belong to the eighth and ninth centuries. The composition of the objects found in them during excavations is not rich. Ceramics and burnt bones of animals and people are finding. In the area of \u200b\u200bSmolensk - on the dissemination of Curvich - most gravestone hills are lower and less in size than the Slovenian mounds. The most important place to concentrate the curvice kurgans is nesting. Most nesting mounds can be dated with the tenth century, but some of them relate to an earlier period. The contents of the nesting mounds are much richer than Slovenian sobes. Even in the early mounds, decorations were found, such as iron and copper twisted necklaces, copper fills, pendants in the shape of a cross and crescent, metal statuettes of birds, etc. There was a slight resettlement of representatives known from a number of southern tribes, such as Uluchi, Polyana , Northerners, Radmichi and Vyatichi, from the south to the north for their suzerains, which cannot be called migration. The early burial of Slovenian type was discovered near Bezhetsk and on the banks of the City River. General overview of the lifestyle and civilization of the ancient tribes of Russia. As for the economic life, the tribes of the eighth and ninth centuries were well acquainted with agriculture, which in most cases was the basis of their economic activity. In the steppe areas, the breeding of horses and livestock was another most important branch of the economy, while in the northern forests there was special significance, apparently, hunting and beekeeping possessed. As for the material culture, the Russian tribes were in the stages of the Iron Age. Many household items and agricultural tools, such as, for example, sickles were made of iron. Iron weapon, similar to swords, was discarded. Bronze and silver were used to make decorations. Finds of spindles indicate an acquaintance with weaving, while fragments of woolen fabric indicate the development of the production of cloth. The practice of two different methods of burial - with the help of burial and cremation - reflects the existence of two different trends in religious beliefs. Cremation of the departed was an old tradition of at least those tribes that had reverence of Perun, the God of Thunder and Lightning. We have seen that in the eighth and ninth centuries, the rite of cremation dominated the curvice and Slane. As for the Pollas and Northerners, we have evidence of cremation related to the tenth century, and cannot be confident that the same practice existed in them in an earlier period. In the funeral rites of all other tribes - Radmich, Vyatichi, Dlebov, Drevlyan and Dregovichi - the custom of burials seems to be predominant. The same, probably applies to Croats. We should be remembered in connection with this that the burial was typical for the North Caucasus cultural sphere, in particular, for Alanov. Since the Antahs were, in our opinion, are closely connected with Alans, the spread of this form of the funeral among such Antian tribes, as radar, nodgy, northerners and dulebs, can be attributed to the Alan origin of the ruling clans of these tribes. Drevlyan and Dregovichi, apparently, adopted this ritual from their neighbors, dlebov. The difference in the funeral ritual at the Rus tribes is undoubtedly evidence of the duality of their religious beliefs. The religion of the Anthian tribes was clearly influenced by Iranian creed and mythology. The worship of Senmourv probably lasted in Khazar and early Varangi periods, and ceramic tiles found in the nest and related to the eighth or ninth centuries are characteristic of this regard. In the "Tale of Bygone Years", Senmourve is mentioned under the name of the Cammarla, which is close to Simurge, - so the Persian poet of Firdusi calls a mystical bird in his poem "Shah NEE" after the political association of the Rusian tribes under the rule of Kiev princes, religious beliefs of various tribes were syncretisated, and in the second half of the tenth century, prior to the appeal of Vladimir to Christianity, Kiev Pantheon included both Perun and Iranian Simurge regarding social bundle of the Russian tribes of the eighth and ninth centuries, archaeological certificates indicate the separation between the rich high-grades and ordinary people, in any case Among the pollast, northerners and curvice. The merchants of such large cities like Kiev and Smolensk have accumulated significant wealth. Finding a large amount of treasures with oriental coins found in different provinces indicate a wide range of foreign trade relations. Leaving at the side of the treasies related to a later time, and taking into account only those that contain the eastern coins of the eighth and ninth centuries, it should be said that most of these treasures were found on the lands of Northerners, Radmich and Vyatichi; Although there are a lot of similar treasures in the lands of curvice and Slane. As for the Kiev lands, in the period until the tenth century, a little was found here, and only one treasure was discovered during excavations on the territory of the lower donas for growth, the Slovenia, Polyana and part of the northerners were higher than the representatives of other tribes. Drevlyans and radars were medium height (above 165 cm); Curvichi were the lowest (about 157 cm). From the point of view of craniometry, the meadow were sub-abacots; Northerners, Western Crivichi, Drevlyan - subdolichecephal; Eastern Crivichi - Dolikhacelas. As for the width of the forehead, the Northerners, Holy, Drevlyan and the curvice of the foreheads were wide enough, the Poluna had wide backlogs, it was also apparently to Northeners, Drevlyans and Curvoes; Drevlyan and Krivich have large faces, in Northerners and Polyala - significantly less.

Vyatichi is the Union of East Slavic tribes who lived in the second half of the first millennium. e. In the upper and middle course of the Oka. The name of Vnatichi presumably occurred on behalf of the tribe probe, Vyatko. However, some bind by origin is the name with the "veins" and vents and vents (or venets / vents) (the name "Vyatichi" was pronounced as "valves").
In the middle of the 19th century, Svyatoslav joined the land of Vyatichi to Kievan Russia, but until the end of the XI century, these tribes preserved certain political independence; Mention of campaigns against venna princes of this time.
From the XII century, the territory of Vyatichi was part of the Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities. Until the end of the XIII century, Many pagan rites and traditions retained, in particular, krassed the dead, removing small mound mound over the burial site. After rooting among the venated Christianity, the rite of cremation gradually gone out of everybody.
Vytychi longer than other Slavs kept their tribal name. They lived without princes, the social structure was characterized by self-government and democracy. The last time Vyatii is mentioned by the chronicles under such a tribal name in 1197

Buzhany (Volynian) - the tribe of the Eastern Slavs, inhabited in the basin of the upper current of Western Bug (from which they received their name); From the end of the XI century, Buzhans are called Volynians (from the locality of Volyn).

Volynyan-Slavic tribe or a tribal union mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years and in the Bavarian Chronicles. In accordance with the latter, Volynian owned seventh fortresses at the end of the 15th century. Some historians believe that Volynians and Kuzane are descendants of dleb. Their main cities were Volyn and Vladimir-Volynsky. Archaeological studies indicate that Volynians have developed agriculture and numerous crashes, including forging, casting and pottery.
In 981, Volynians were subordinated by Kiev Prince Vladimir I and entered the Kiev Rus. Later, the Galician-Volyn Principality was formed on the territory of Volyan.

Doodle - one of the tribes of the Russian Slavs, lived on Pripyat, Goryni, earnings and Tether.
The name of the Drevlyan, on the explanation of the chronicler, is given to them because they lived in the forests.

From the archaeological excavations in the country, it can be concluded that they have a famous culture. The firm secret rite of burial testifies to the existence of the identified religious ideas about the afterlife: the lap in the grave testifies to the peaceful nature of the tribe; Nosecherpov, shards and blood vessels, iron products, tissue residues and hissing to exist in the raft of the bummer, rivalry, blacksmith, weaving and leather; Many boredomashny animals and spurs point to cattle breeding and horse breeding; a lot of silver products, bronze, glass and carnelian, foreign trade, indicate the existence of trade, and the lack of coins the reason to conclude that trade was exchanged.
The political center of the Drevdan in the era of their independence was the city of estuary; in the later minutes, this center, apparently, moved to the city of hand (Ovruch)

Dregovichi is the East Slavic Tribal Union, who lived between the Pripyat and Western Dvina.
Most likely, the name comes from the ancient Russian word of treacheva or Diryagva, which means "swamp".
The pioneering of friends (Greek Δρονγονβίται) of Dregovichi is known to Unekonstantine the porphyuronous as a tribe subordinate to Russia. Being an emergencies from the "Way of Varyag in the Greeks", Dregovichi did not play the prominent role of Wistoria ancient Russia. The chronicle mentions just that Dregovichi had no time for their reign. The capital of the principality was the city of tours. Submission of Dregovichi Kiev princes occurred, probably very early. In the territory of Dregovich, the Tour Principality was subsequently formed, and the northwestern lands were included in the Principality of Polotsk.

Duleba (not Duleby) is the Union of East Slavic tribes in the territory of Western Volyn in the VI-early X centuries. In the VII century, the Avasian invasion (obverse) was subjected. In 907, they participated in the campaign of Oleg on the Tsargrad. We broke up on the tribes of Volynyan and Bujan and in the middle of the X century finally lost independence, entering the composition of the Kiev Rus.

The curvature is the numerous East Slavic tribe (tribal association), which ranked in the 6th centuries of the Verkhovaya Volga, Dnieper and Western Dvina, the southern part of the lake, and part of the Neman pool. Sometimes Ilmen Slavic is counted to the cryvic.
Curivichi were probably the first Slavic tribe that moved from the Carpathia to the northeast. Limited in its distribution to the north-west of Isapad, where they met the steady Lithuanian and Finnish tribes, curviti spread to the northeast, assimilated with livingbrains living.
After settleting on the Great Waterway from Scandinavia to Byzantium (the path from Varyag to the Greeks), Crivichi took part in trade with Greece; Konstantin Bagrynorodnaya suggests that curvacies make boats on which Rusa go to Tsargrad. Participated in the campaigns of Oleg and Igor on the Greeks as a tribe subordinated to the Kiev prince; In the agreement of Oleg, their city of Polotsk is mentioned.

Already in the era of the formation of the Russian state, Krivich existed political centers: Izborsk, Polotsk and Smolensk.
It is believed that the last tribal prince of Krivich Rog Volodov, together with his sons, was killed in the 980 Novgorod Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. In the Ipatievsky list, the curvichi mentioned for the last time under 1128, and the Polotsky princes are called curvice under 1140 and 1162. After that, the curvist is no longer mentioned in the East Slavic chronicles. However, the tribal name of Crivichi was still used for a long time in foreign sources (up to the end of the XVII century). In Latvian, the word Krievs entered the designation of the Russians in general, and the word Krievija for the designation of Russia.

South-Western, Polotsk Branch of Curvich is also referred to as Polotozhan. Together with Dregovichi, the Radmichs and Some Baltic tribes, this branch of Krivic was the basis of the Belarusian ethnic volume.
The North-Eastern Branch of Curvic, Mained Mainly on the territory of the modern TV, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, was closely in close contact with Finno-Ugric tribes.
The border between the territory of the settlement of the curvice and Novgorod is determined by archaeologically, the types of burials: the long mounds in the curvice and the hills of Sloven.

Polochana - the East Slavic tribe, inhabited in the 9th century of land in the middle of the Western Dvina in today's Belarus.
Polochane is mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, which explains their name as living near the river, one of the tributaries of Western Dvina. In addition, the chronicle claims that the curvacies were the descendants of the shelter. Earth Polochanas proved from the Sweetheart along Berezina to the land of Dregovichi. Fucks were one of the tribes, of which the Polotsky Principality was formed later. They are one of the hedlemen of the modern Belarusian people.

Polyana (Poly) is the name of the Slavic tribe, in the era of the settlement of the eastern Slavs, settled by the average flow of the Dnieper, on the right bank of him.
Judging by the chronicles and the newest archaeological studies, the territory of the Earth of Polyan in front of the Christian era was limited to the course of Dnipro, Rosi and Irpen; In the northeast she was adjacent to the village land, in the West - to the southern settlements of Dregovich, Nayo-West - to the tivers, in the south - to the streets.

Calling the Slavic Polyanov settled here, the chronicler adds: "Zanezh in the field of Sedyuyu". And there was a sharply difference from the neighboring Slavic tribes and according to the moral properties, and for the formations of public houses: "Polyana Boy of his father's customs of Myahu and Krotok, and shame to sleep And to the sisters and the mothers of their .... Marriage customs. "
The story cares of Polyan already at a fairly late stage of political development: the social system is composed of two elements - community and prince-doubly, and the first is strongly suppressed by the last. With ordinary and oldest classes of Slavs - Hunting, Fisheries and Borutrodstva - Polyan has more than what other Slavs have been common cattle breeding, agriculture, "antododbrew" and trade. The latter was rather extensive not only by the Meswrangian neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: on the mint valves it is clear that trade with the East began in the VIII century, ceased during the instruments of the specific princes.
At first, about half of the 7th century, which paid tribute to Khazara Polyan, thanks to the cultural economic superiority, from a defensive position in relation to the neighbors, soon switched to offensive; Drevlyan, Dregovichi, Northerners and others by the end of the 9th century were already subject to the glades. They have earlier than others and Christianity. Centerpolyanskaya ("Polish") of the Earth was Kiev; Other of its settlements - Highland, Belgorod on the Irpen River (now the village of Belogorodka), Zvenigorod, Trepol (now Trepole), Vasilev (now Vasilkov) and others.
Landpolyan with the city of Kiev became the center of Rurikov's possessions from 882. The last time in the chronicles, the name of the Poluna is mentioned under 944, on the occasion of the campaign of Igor on the Greeks, and is probably already at the end of the century, the name of Russia (Rew) and Kiyan. Polyanov The chronicler calls the Slavic tribe on the Vistula, mentioned for the last time in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 1208.

Radmichi - the name of the population, which was part of the Union of East Slavic tribes, who lived in the riverfield of the top flow of the Dnieper and the gums.
About 885 radios became part of the ancient Russian state, and in the XII century they mastered most of the Chernihiv and southern part of Smolensk lands. The name comes on behalf of the Radima tribe.

Northerners (more correctly) - a tribe or tribal Union of Eastern Slavs, which inhabited territories to the east of the middle course of the Dnieper, along the gums rivers, Sela.

The origin of the North's names to the end is not found out. The sales of the authors associate it with the name of the Savirov tribe entering the Gunno association. According to another version, the name goes back to the ease of consuming the Valves in the word, meaning the "relative". Explanation from Slavic Siver, North, despite the similarity of the sound, is recognized as extremely controversial, as the North has never been the most northern of the Slavic tribes.

Slovenia (Ilmenie Slavs) - the East Slavic tribe, who lived in the second half of the first millennium in the Lake Ilmeni basin and the upper current of the Molotogo and the majority of the population of Novgorodsky.

Tivertsy is an East Slavic tribe, living between the Dniester and the Danube near the coast of the Black Sea. For the first time mentioned in the age of temporary years in a series of other East Slavic tribes of the IX century. The main occupation of the tivers was agriculture. Tiverztsi took part in the campaigns of Oleg on the Tsargrad in 907 and Igor in 944. In the middle of the 10th century, the lands of Tiversev entered the Kiev Rus.
The descendants of the tivers became part of the Ukrainian people, and their western part was subjected to Romanization.

The intentive-Slavic tribe that inhabited during the VIII-X centuries of the Earth along the lower flow of the Dnieper, the southern bougie and the coast of the Black Sea.
The capital of the street was the city intersection. In the first half of the 19th century, the distances fought for independence from Kievan Rus, but after all, her supremacy was forced to recognize and enter her composition. Later, the disiences and neighboring tivers were ousted on the north of those who arrived by St. Petersburg nomads, where they merged with Volynians. The last mention of the streets is dated to the chronicles of the 970s.

Croats - the East Slavic tribe, living in the vicinity of the city of Peremyshl on the San River. They called themselves white Croats, in contrast to the tribe who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is produced from the ancientlyranskoslov "shepherd, guard of livestock", which may indicate the main inhibitory - cattle breeding.

Bodrichi (encrypters, rarogs) -polabsk Slavs (the lower flow of elba) in the VIII-XII centuries. - Union of Vagrov, Poland, Glinakov, Smolyan. Rarog (Danes Rickik) is the main city of Bodrich. Meklenburg Land in East Germany.
According to one of the versions, Rurik - Slavs from the Bodrich tribe, grandson of the Gostomysl, the son of his daughter Umila and the Bodritic Prince Godoslav (Godlava).

Visena -Pasy-Slavic tribe, who lived at least from the VII century in Maly Poland. In the 9th century, a tribal state with centers in Krakow, Sandomira and Stradew formed Vistan. At the end of the century were conquered by the King of the Great Moravia Svyatopolk I and were forced to take baptism. In the 15th of the Earth, Vistan was conquered by glades and included in Poland.

Zlichane (Czech. Zličane, Polish. Zliczanie) - one of the ancient-Czech tribes. It took the territory adjacent to the modern city of Court (Czech Republic). Survived the center of the formation of the Zilician Principality, which was at first 10 centuries. Eastern and South Czech Republic and Dowlebov tribe region. The main city of the Principality was Libice. The Libitsky Princes of Slavices competed with Prague in the fight for the combination of the Czech Republic. In 995, the Zlichanes were subordinate to Prezhisov.

Luzhica, Luzhitskiy Serbs, Sorta (Sorben), Vendi - a native Slavic population living in the territory of the lower and upper puddles - regions that are part of modern Germany. The first settlements of the Puzhitsky Serbs in these places were recorded in the VI century. e.
The Luzhitsky language is divided into Verkhnezhitsky and Nizhneelzhitsky.
Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron gives a definition: "Sort - the name of the vendors and in general Polabsky Slavs." Slavic people inhabiting a number of areas in Germany, in the federal lands of Brandenburg and Saxony.
Ludi Serbs are one of the four officially recognized national minorities of Germany (along with the Gypsies, friezes and Danes). It is believed that Serbolusky roots now have about 60 thousand German citizens, of which 20,000 live in the lower poison (Brandenburg) and 40 thousand - in the upper puddle (Saxony).

Lutychi (Wilians, orders) - Russian West Slavic tribes living in the early Middle Ages on the territory of the current Eastern Germany. The center of the Union of Luty was the sanctuary of the "Radohost", which gave the god of Mosairch. All decisions were taken at the Great Tribal Meeting, and the central government was absent.
Luthi was headed by Slavic uprising 983 against the German colonization of the Eastern Elbe, as a result of which the colonization was suspended almost for two hundred years. Already before that, they were Yary opponents of the German king of Ottone I. About his heir, Henryth II, it is known that he did not try to enslave them, and on the contrary, lured them with money and gifts to his side in the fight against the Poland of Bolevlav Brave.
Military and political successes strengthened the commitment of paganism and pagan customs to the LuTićs, which also applied to related Bodrich. However, in the 1050s among the leutoff, a transcendent war broke out and changed their position. The Union quickly lost the power and influence, and after the central sanctuary was destroyed by the Saxon Duke Lotar in 1125, the union was finally collapsed. Over the next decades, the Saxon Dukes gradually expanded their possessions to the East and conquered the lands of Lutych.

Relaimer, pomena - West Slavic tribes, who lived from the VI century in the lower reaches of the coast of the Baltic Sea. It remains unclear whether the residual German population, which they assimilated, existed before their arrival. In the 900 border of Pomoriyansky Areal passed on Odra in the West, Vistula in the East and Notechu in the south. They gave the name of the historical terrain of Pomerania.
In the X century, Polish Prince Meshko I included Prsyan land into the Polish state. In the XI century, the rebellion was raised and regained independence from Poland. During this period, their territory expanded to the west of ODRED in the earth. At the initiative of Prince Vartislava I, Christianity was adopted.
From the 1180s began to increase the German influence and German settlers began to arrive at the land of Pororayan. Due to the ruin wars with the Danes, Pomoriyan feudalists welcomed the settlement of the German devoted lands. Over time, the process of Germanization of the Porroyan population began.

Avoid assimilation by the residue of the ancient Pokorni today are Kashuba, numbering 300 thousand people.

Pine Borus News

The ancient peoples on the territory of Russia began to settle and enjoy the lands long before the emergence of statehood. That is why the first and greatest prince of Russia - Rurik - put a huge amount of effort to create a single state native to many nations.

The first attempts to study the ancient Russian people

The main feature of the study of the Slavic population is that there is a continuous dynamics of the movement of inter-ethnic ties. What does it mean? Studying the main peoples of Russia, it is important to comprehensively explore this issue. For example, focusing on residents of the Central region, it is necessary to pay attention to the nationalities of Eastern Europe and Siberia.

All studies of the pre-revolutionary system were aimed at studying the unified Russian people. At the same time, the influence of other nationalities was not expelled from science, it was indirectly mentioned, but not as a leading issue, but only as a formality. The only officially recognized fact is that the Finno-Ugric tribes gradually poured into the indigenous peoples of Russia.

Only at the beginning of the twentieth century, Russia began to be viewed as a historically multinational state. It is impossible to hide the fact that such conclusions were made under the influence of European scientists. Over time, the works of Orthodox authors began to be published, talking about the fact that the indigenous peoples of Russia are developing under the influence of the oldest biblical origins. "The Russian population is people with the divine recognition of the most ancient Kiev origin" - so interpreted the story of one of the church leaders - A. Neolodov. It ranged Scythians, Huns and others, separately existing, peoples.

It was in the twentieth century that such a direction of historical thought appeared as the Eurasian theory.

Folk origins: How was it all?

For several centuries before the start of our era, a great historical event was happening: instead of bronze begins to actively use the iron. Not only the widespread of the raw material used, but also the strength of the produced tools used.

During this period, there is a gradual cooling of the climate, accompanied by an increase in the number of fertile lands, favorable for animal husbandry of the territories, the vital activity of microorganisms developing under water space changes, which is positively affecting the composition of rivers, lakes, streaming and so on.

With the advent of iron ore, the ancient peoples in Russia began their active development. The number of tribes using iron as the main material increased. During this period, ancient Russia is characterized by the resettlement of the people, Latvians, Estonians, Lithuanians, the Northeastern Finno-Ugric tribes, as well as other small communities that inhabited the space of Central Russia and Eastern Europe.

The "iron coup" raised the level of agriculture, accelerated the fishing of forests for landings, facilitated the heavy field work of Paras. The ancient peoples of Russia, the names of which are unknown by history, gradually began to show distinctive features from the total population of the population. The formation of each nation occurs under the influence of the substantiation, the development of cattle breeding and agriculture. Moreover, spreading along different sides of the world, the Slavic peoples transferred household skills by foreign-speaking neighbors - Merseys, Cui, Karelam and so on. This fact explains a large number of words in the Estonian language of Slavic origin associated with the subject of agriculture.

First settlements

The first prototypes of the cities where the peoples and the oldest states of Russia lived and formed, existed in the first millennium to our era. Such a tendency is trained both in Northern Europe and in the Ural region - the visual border of the settlement of Slavic peoples.

Isolation of forest expanses contributed to the destruction of the generic community lifestyle. Now the ancient peoples in Russia lived in hails or solid workers, which significantly weakened the bloodary relations of the once big and mighty community. Gradually, the settlement forced the peoples to leave the place of habitat and slowly move in the southeast direction. Abandoned hands were called settlements. Thanks to such settlements and buildings, the history of Russia since ancient times has many facts and scientific knowledge. Now scientists can judge the living life of people, about their upbringing, education and employment. At the time of the structure of cities, the first signs of the separation of society appear.

Narget of Slavs as a separate ethnic group

Many scientists adhere to the opinion that the Slavs most of them have Indo-European origins. Thus, in Russia initially inhabited not only the territory of the modern state, but also most of Eastern Europe and southern countries up to modern India.

The overall origin of several peoples gives the generality of modern languages. Despite the various starts of development, in the languages \u200b\u200bof neighboring foreign states, you can find a huge amount of similar in the meaning and pronunciation of words. To date, Celtic, German, Slavic, Romanesque, Indian, Iranian and other language families are considered related to date.

Assymig Slavs

Not a single people were preserved as the pristine. During the active period, assimilation with neighboring tribes and communities occurred.

On the further facts of the development of nationality, the history of the state and peoples of Russia is silent. In this regard, over the centuries, scientists have put forward a variety of hypotheses. For example, the first chronicler Nestor believed that the Slavic people originally dwell on the border of Central and Eastern Europe, and in the future, this ethnos took the Danube River basin along with the Balkan Peninsula.

Scientists - representatives of the bourgeoisie put forward an erroneous theory that the Praodina Slavs is a minor part of the territory of Karpat.

Peoples of Russia: Briefly about the Slavs of the Second Millennium BC

Antiquity wise people considered Slavs the greatest people of the history of the past, present and future. Until our times, the facts reached that the people of Slavic origin were formed under the influence of Ants, Venetov, Venenov, and so on.

The Greeks determined the territory of the Slavs as follows: in the West - to Elbe; in the north - to the Baltic Sea; in the south - to the Danube River; In the East - to the Seimas and Oka. Moreover, the ancient Greek travelers, thinkers and scientists were not limited to these data. In their opinion, the Slavic peoples living in Russia could settle far from the southeast due to the immense and fertile forest-steppe zone. It was in the rich forests of the country, active hunting and fishing, the gathering of herbs and berries served as a reason for mixing the Slavs with Sarmatians.

According to Herodotus, the people lived in Eastern Europe, known as Scythians. It is worth noting that under this definition was understood not only but many other ethnic groups.

What is rich in northeastern Europe?

Ancient peoples in Russia are not limited to mentioning people of Slavic origin. The second place in the number of tribes and resettlement within the boundaries of the state is occupied by Lithuanian-Latvian groups.

This people belonged to the tribes of the Finno-Ugric Language Family: Finns, Estonians, Mariers, Mordovtsy, and so on. The indirect national peoples of Russia led similar to the Slavic tribes lifestyle. Moreover, related languages \u200b\u200bcontributed to the active strengthening of the above-mentioned ethnic communities.

A distinctive feature of Latvians and Lithuanians was that most of the time and attention they were given to horse breeding than farming. At the same time, the construction of reliable settlements-towns was carried out. Judging by the stories of travelers, Herodotus called Lithuanian-Latvian groups by teesghet.

Ancient Rus: Scythians and Sarmati

One of the few representatives of the Iranian language family, who left only a trace in history, are Scythians and Sarmatians. Presumably these peoples occupied the territory of southern Russia until Altai.

Communities of Scythians and Sarmatians have many similarities similar to other tribes, but they never constituted a single political start. Even in the fifth century BC, social burst took place on the territory of the sequencing of the tribes, and there were concluded wars. Gradually, the Scythians conquered the Black Sea tribes, made a lot of campaigns to Asia, Transcaucasia.

Amazing legends go about the wealth of Scythians. In the royal graves, an incredible amount of gold was laid. In this regard, we can trace a strong stratification of society, as well as the power of the elite class.

An interesting fact is that the Scythians were divided into several tribal groups. For example, nomadic variations of nationality lived in the Valley of Eastern Dnipro, in turn, the western side of the river inhabited the Scythians of the farmers. As a separate group, Tsarist Scythians were distinguished, traveled between Dnipro and the Lower Don. Only here you can find the richest mounds and powerfully fortified settlements.

The history of Russia since ancient times also provides for surprisingly dynamic unions of Scythian Sarmatian tribes. Gradually, such mergers gave the beginning of the statehood of a slave-ownership system. The first state of this nationality was formed by the syndrical tribes, the other - as a result of Thracian wars.

The most durable Scythian state was formed in the third century BC, it was the center of Crimea. The main character of all legends was located on the site of modern Simferopol - the city with the beautiful name Naples is the capital of the Scythian kingdom. It was a powerful center, strengthened by stone walls and equipped with huge grain repositories.

Scythians were engaged in agriculture, and paid a special stake in cattle breeding. In the first centuries, the bright and extraordinary culture of the Scythians have been actively developed among the tribes, scientists of historians have been actively developed. This people presented an immense number of ideas for painting, sculptures and other artistic creations. To date, the museums are kept echoes of an ancient life.

There is an opinion that the Scythian tribes were not completely destroyed from the face of the Earth. The presence of the crisis is obvious, but the probability of assimilation with Slavic tribes is very large. This fact says the origin of many words of the modern Russian language. If the Slavs used the "dog", along with this expression, the Scythian Iranian "Dog" is used; The general Slavonic "good" is equal to the Scythian Sarmatian "good" and so on.

Chernomorsk coast: Greek roots

The peoples that existed on the territory of the Black Sea coast, in a few centuries BC, were captured by Greek robbery. For decades, the city policies with ancient Greek culture developed here. There were slave relations.

Ancient Rus relied a huge number of invaluable experience from Greek life. Particularly developed in this part of the state were agriculture, calfs and seaside of fish, winemaking, processing wheat, brought from Scythian lands. Distribution and popularity was obtained ceramic craft. In addition, trading experience with overseas states was undermined. Valuable Greek jewelry fell into use to the Scythian kings and recognized along with local wealth.

Cities formed on the territory of the former Greek policies adopted a high level of culture of this nation. Countless temples, theaters, sculptures and paintings decorated the daily life of the Greeks. Gradually, the city was filled with barbaric tribes, which, oddly enough, revealed ancient Greek culture, while maintaining monuments of art, as well as studying the writings of philosophers.

The ancient population of Russia: the peoples of the Bosporian kingdom

Northern Black Sea Castle Development in the fifth century BC. The only major slave-owned state called Bospospod - modern Kerch. A major political formation existed only the 9th centuries, after which in the fourth century BC was destroyed by the Huns.

The peoples of Northern Black Sea, assimilated with the Greeks, gradually settled in the territory of the Kerch Peninsula, don's lower reaches. They took the Taman Peninsula. The active development of peoples was noted in the eastern part of the state, the aristocracy, which interacted with the rich representatives of the Greek population, were gradually allocated from the Union of Tribal.

The first impetus to the destruction of statehood was the uprising of slaves under the leadership of Savmak. During this period, ancient Russia was filled with scatteries and uprisings. Gradually, the Black Sea region was completely captured by geta and sarmatics, and later almost completely destroyed.

The formation of a rich Russian history of modern Russia took place not only under the influence of peoples living in the territory of the central region. Representatives of other nationalities were also essential. To date, it is impossible to determine quite accurately, whether the Slavs were the people who developed themselves or their formation was influenced by anyone from the outside. This particular question is designed to resolve modern historical science.