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ü The area of Great Britain is 242 thousand km 2.
a parliamentary monarchy
a unitary state
ü Provinces of Great Britain: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
ü There are colonies like Gibraltar, Fr. maine etc. Antilles (total 13 territories)
1. extremely profitable; located on islands with a heavily indented coastline,
2. at an extremely busy crossroads of maritime trade routes.
3. At present, an underwater railway tunnel has been built under the English Channel from Great Britain to the mainland. Those. despite its separation from the mainland, the country is not isolated.
Natural resources.
1. Previously, Great Britain was the largest coal power (in connection with which it was in it that the industrial revolution took place); had very large coal basins(Welsh, Scottish, Yorkshire, etc.). Currently, these basins are severely depleted and are not being developed as actively. 189 billion tons of explored hard coal
2. There are reserves of tin ores in West Wales;
3. in the North Sea - salt reserves.
4. Produces oil (2 billion tons) and gas (2 trillion m 3) from the North Sea basin
5. Iron ore- 4.6 billion tons, the main deposit is North Hamptonshire, production has been largely stopped and the industry uses rich imports.
1. maritime climate,
3. The sum of active temperatures is 2000-2300 degrees,
4. excess moisture
Hydropower resources : The UK has very rich water and hydropower resources (especially its northern territories). At the same time, water supply is insufficient (<5 тыс. м 3 на душу населения)
Land resources : there are very few arable fields (0.1 ha per capita), as well as forests (0.03 ha per capita), but there are a lot of meadows (more than 50%).
Marine biological resources : especially abundant in northern territorial waters.
Population.
The total population of Great Britain is about 60 million people.
ü English - 80%
ü Scots - 15%
All others - 5%
1. They profess Christianity
2. Low natural growth
3. Population aging
4. 240 people/km2 density
5. Urbanization 90%
6. 8 urban agglomerations with a population of more than 1 million people, of which the largest is London, where 12 million
Employment :
ü Service sector – 80%
ü Industry - 18%
ü S/S - 1% of the economically active population
Economy and industry.
1. development of knowledge-intensive industries,
2. stimulation of foreign investments.
3. GDP per capita = 35 thousand
4. Total GDP in 2nd place in Europe after Germany
5. Today, the most important industries in the UK are the electronics, pharmaceuticals, oil and gas, and printing industries.
fuel and energy complex: The fuel and energy complex occupies an important place in the country's economy. In terms of fuel resources, the UK ranks first in Europe. The largest oil and gas reserves are located on the shelf of the North Sea. In terms of gas production, the UK ranks 4th in the world; in oil production - 9th place (half of this oil is exported). Coal is not being exploited as actively; over the past 6 years, the development of coal has decreased by 25% (now it is mainly imported).
ü 60% of electricity is produced by thermal power plants
ü 30% - NPP
Ferrous metallurgy: Gradually, the need for resources in the iron and steel industry is decreasing (thanks to new, less resource-intensive technologies). As a rule, imported resources are used, in connection with which the industry has moved to port areas. The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy: Port Talbot, Redcar, Sheffield.
Non-ferrous metallurgy: Represented by the production of secondary metal, with the exception of aluminum and tin; the aluminum industry is developed (using 100% imported raw materials). A large percentage of non-ferrous metals are mined as a result of the processing of scrap metal. Industry centers: South Wales, Greater London, West Mowland.
Chemical industry.
Develops quite successfully; is mainly export oriented. The main raw materials are refined products. Progressive construction materials are being produced, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemistry are developing (while the development of conventional chemistry, on the contrary, has slowed down). The chemical industry gravitates towards either oil and gas processing or consumer areas (Greater London, Southampton, Lancashire, Scotland).
mechanical engineering: In the first place is electronic engineering (leader - London); the aerospace industry and instrument making are developing (the leader is London); the role of the shipbuilding industry is declining (center - Glasgow). The factor of knowledge intensity and qualified labor resources is becoming increasingly important. The Birmingham area is a leader in the development of the machine tool and automotive industries. Manchester area - textile engineering. A key role in the development of engineering industries is played by foreign investment (primarily the United States, Japan and Germany).
Textile industry : The share of the textile industry (especially the cotton and wool industries) is quite low; in general, the process of its movement to other regions of the globe (SE Asia, SE Europe) is underway. Centers: Lancashire, Yorkshire, Northern Ireland.
S/X :
1. One of the most productive in the world.
2. Agricultural land covers up to 70% of the territory (most of which are meadows and pastures).
3. Livestock breeding is dominated by cattle breeding; in crop production - grain and fodder crops (north - oats; rye, potatoes, barley, wheat).
4. The main agricultural regions are East and South East England.
5. Self-sufficient in food by 80%
6. First place in the number of sheep
7. Dairy farming is widespread
Transport : Up to 90% of cargo turnover falls on the marine fleet. The largest ports are London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Southampton, Redcar, etc. The largest airport is Heathrow (also one of the largest in Europe). Road transport predominates in domestic transport. Railway transport accounts for no more than 10% of freight and passenger traffic.
Foreign economic relations.
The most important form is the export of capital (in terms of direct investment, it ranks third in the world after the USA and Japan). Previously, capital was primarily invested in raw materials, later - in industry, today - in the service sector.
The UK accounts for 6% of world trade. In imports, the share of raw materials and foodstuffs decreased, but the share of finished products increased. In exports, the share of finished products is 80%. More than 50% of UK trade is with EU countries, up to 20% with the US, and less than 1% with Russia.
The article gives an idea of the natural resources of the state. Indicates the main sources of income in the past and present in the UK. Forms an idea of which of the country's natural resources constitute the main export item.
natural resources of the kingdom
Many rivers are significant natural resources. Their length is not great, but they come close to each other and are easily connected by channels. This feature of the country led to the creation of a mass of ports. Some of them today represent significant industrial nodes. For an island nation, good maritime transport accessibility is essential.
Rice. 1. The largest port in the UK.
Today, the ports of Great Britain have largely reduced the volume of cargo transportation, but they continue to function and are a source of stable income for the country.
Now there are 89 cargo and passenger ports in England.
Great Britain does not possess a variety of minerals. But some of them had a significant impact in the formation of industrial regions of the country. Extremely significant are the reserves of hard coal, the total amount of which reaches 190 billion tons. These reserves are located throughout the country. However, three basins are recognized as the most significant areas in terms of production:
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- Yorkshire;
- Northumberland;
- South Wales.
An important role is also played by the coal basins of Scotland, which stretch in a chain from the western to the eastern edge of the Mid-Scottish Lowland.
More valuable seams of coal are found on the coast of the Kimberland Peninsula and in the Kent Basin.
Rice. 2. Yorkshire coalfield.
Once in England, minor deposits of copper and lead-zinc ores, as well as tin, were developed.
The deposits are extremely depleted and the level of production is quite low. Uranium ores have been discovered in Scotland.
From industrial raw materials of non-metallic origin, kaolin is mined, as well as rock and potash salt.
Minerals of Great Britain
In the 60s of the last century, such energy resources as oil and natural gas were explored in the country. About 1/3 of unexplored oil reserves are concentrated in the British sector, which corresponds to 45 billion tons or 2% of the world's deposits. Production is carried out at 50 deposits. By the mid-1990s, production approached 130 million tons.
Almost 1/2 of the produced volumes are exported to the USA, Germany and the Netherlands. According to experts, the country still remains the largest oil producer.
What have we learned?
We learned with which countries the UK has established export ties. We found out where the largest reserves of coal are located on the territory of the island state. We got an idea of what part of the oil produced in the country is exported.
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General information
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland or Great Britain is a sovereign state located off the northeastern coast of continental Europe. It occupies the island of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales), one sixth of the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland), as well as many nearby small islands. The main territory of the country lies between 49°N. and 59°N (Shetland Islands are located near 61°N) and 8°W. and 2°E The Greenwich Observatory, located in southeast London, is the origin of geographical longitudes, the zero meridian passes through it.
Great Britain is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. The minimum distance to Europe is 35 km. The country is separated from France by the English Channel and the Pas de Calais. Northern Ireland shares a 360 km long land border with the Republic of Ireland. A tunnel has been built between the UK and France under the Pas de Calais. Great Britain, which includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and a number of nearby small islands, has an area of 243,610 square meters. km. The area of England - the largest country in the UK - 130,410 square meters. km, the area of Scotland is 78,772 sq. km. Wales and Northern Ireland are much smaller, at 20,758 sq. km and 13,843 sq. km, respectively.
The UK has significant mineral reserves. It is especially rich in coal, the total reserves of which are 189 billion tons, including 45 billion tons of recoverable coal. Its deposits are found in all economic regions of the country, except for three southern and Northern Ireland. The largest are concentrated in three coal basins: Yorkshire and Northumberland-Durham, located in the foothills of the Pennines, and South Wales, on the southern slope of the Welsh mountains. Many coal basins came close to the sea coast, and coal could be easily transported. At present, the role of coal is no longer so great, its extraction has decreased, the best seams have been worked out, and the use of deep mines has become unprofitable.
In the 1960s and 1970s, large new energy resources were found on the shelf of the North Sea - oil and natural gas. The deposits are located off the coast of southeast England and northeast Scotland. Oil reserves - 2 billion tons, natural gas - 2 trillion. m3. Their intensive development has changed the overall assessment of the UK's energy supply and put it in a more advantageous position compared to EU partners. The largest offshore deposits are Fortis and Brent, on the mainland - Witchfarm in Dorset. The main coal deposits (substantially depleted) are Yorkshire - Derby - Nottinghamshire Basin in the East Middland, Northumberland - Durham Basin in the northeast of England.
The UK also has significant reserves of iron ores (reliable and probable - 4.6 billion tons). The main deposit is located in the east of Northamptonshire, but, with the exception of the rich Cumberland hematite ores now mined, most of the rest are of poor quality (22-33% of the metal). Currently, mining has been stopped, the industry uses rich imported ore. As for other minerals, there is a large deposit of kaolin in Cornwall, also rock salt in Cheshire and Durham, potash salt in Yorkshire, and some non-ferrous metals in a very small amount (including tin in the west of Cornwall). Uranium ore found in Scotland.
Great Britain is not particularly rich in minerals. But some minerals played an important role in the development of industrial regions. The most significant deposits of Great Britain are hard coal, which is found in almost all parts of the country. The largest deposits of hard coal in the UK are: Yorkshire and South Wales basins, as well as Northumberland. There are also many small pools located in Scotland. Also, numerous pools of coal deposits are located in some coastal parts of England, which has its advantages in ease of transportation. Gradually, raw coal is being replaced by other sources of energy, so the volume of coal production in the UK is declining.
Since the 1960s, the UK has been extracting oil and gas. Every year the volume of oil produced increases. To conserve its gas resources, the UK imports gas from Norway.
Great Britain is also rich in iron ore deposits.. Previously, half of the country's needs were met through production, and half through imports. Now the extraction of low-quality ore is unprofitable, so the import of high-quality iron ore from other countries has increased.
Great Britain has depleted copper deposits, as well as lead-zinc ores and tin. Tungsten, uranium, kaolin, as well as potash and rock salt are mined.
Country: UK
Topics: Minerals
comment
The bowels of Great Britain are rich in oil, natural gas, kam. coal, kaolin, fluorite, there are deposits of tin ores, stone. and potash salts, celestine, refractory clays, non-metallic building materials, oil shale and small genera. ores of iron, copper, lead, zinc, barite and witherite:
- 1 Main minerals of the UK as of 1998-99
- 2 Dynamics of mining in the UK, thousand tons
- 3 Separate types of minerals
- 4 See
- 5 Literature
The main minerals of the UK as of 1998-99
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Minerals |
Share in the world, % |
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Confirmed |
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Barite, thous. |
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Tungsten, thousand tons |
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Iron ores, mt |
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Gold, t |
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Potassium salts, million tons (in terms of K2O) |
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Copper, thous. |
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Oil, mmt |
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Tin, thousand tons |
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Coal, million tons |
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Zinc, thous. |
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Silver, t |
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Fluorspar, mmt |
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Lead, thous. |
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Natural gas, bcm |
Dynamics of mining in the UK, thousand tons
| Minerals | |||
| Coal | |||
| Natural gas (petroleum equivalent) | |||
| Crude oil and condensate | |||
| lead ores | |||
| Commercial clay (Chine/Ball clay) | |||
| Clays and shale clays | |||
| Limestone and dolomite | |||
| Chalk | |||
| Slate | |||
| Sandstone | |||
| silicate sand | |||
| sand gravel | |||
| Gypsum | |||
| hard salt | |||
| Salt in brines | |||
| Fluorspar, fluorite | |||
| barytes | |||
| Potash (KCl) | |||
| Peat (thousand m3) | |||
| Other |
*Based on the British Geological Survey
Certain types of minerals
Oil and gas as of 1998
UK ranks second (after Norway) among European countries in terms of oil reserves and 4th (after the Netherlands, Norway and Ukraine) in natural gas. Prom.
Great Britain
oil and gas fields lie under the bottom of the North Sea on the shelf within the Central European oil and gas basin. Main oil and gas fields. North Sea occur in the Paleogene deposits (Fortis, Montrose, depth 1500 m), top.
Cretaceous (Magnus, Piper, Claymore, 2400 m), Jurassic (Thistle, Dunlin, Brent, Hutton, Ninian, Cormorant South, Beryl, 2700 m), Triassic (Hewett, 3300-3600 m), Permian (Argyle, Viking, Indefatigable, Limen, 4000 m). Major offshore fields oil - Fortis, Brent, Ninian, Bre, Thistle, Piper, Cormorant South; gas - Limen, Indefatigable, Hewett, Viking.
The total oil reserves are estimated at more than 2 billion tons, gas - about 760 billion m³.
The proven reserves of natural gas in the British sector of the North Sea are estimated at 699 trillion m³; main gas fields (trillion m³ of gas): Lehman (161), Great Britain (84.9), Indifetigable (48) and Clipper (22.6). The reserves of the Elgin and Franklin gas condensate fields are 45 million tons of condensate and 48.4 trillion m³ of gas.
Coal.
According to the reserves of stone. coal Great Britain ranks second in the Zap. Europe. Coal basins Great Britain associated with the Caledonian Carboniferous deposits and form four groups: Southern (43 billion tons), Central (90 billion tons), Northern (16 billion tons) and Scottish (13.5 billion tons). Coals from long-flame to anthracites; the average thickness of the layers is 1-2 m.
Iron.
Iron ore deposits in Velikobr. very exhausted. Deposits of sedimentary type are confined to the Jurassic deposits of the Caledonian cover. The largest deposits are located in the Scunthorpe area, in Cumberland and Northamptonshire - the field.
Millo Egremont, Beckermet, Corby, Northampton. Tin. According to the confirmed reserves of tin ores Velikobr. ranks fifth in the Zap. Europe (After Portugal, France, Spain and Germany, 1999). field located on the Cornwall peninsula and confined to granite intrusions piznokamyanovugilnoy days. Ores complex, also contain copper, zinc and tungsten. The largest deposits: South Croft, Mount Wellington, Gevor. Polymetals Reserves of lead and zinc ores in Great Britain.
limited. Small deposits. poor polymetallic hydrothermal ores (Cumberland, Derbyshire, Cornwall, etc.) are practically worked out.
Copper. Deposits of copper ores (Cornwall, Devon) are exhausted, dumps are being developed. All in. Wales has significant deposits of poor (0.3% Cu) porphyry copper ores.
Fluorite. According to the reserves of fluorite Velikobr.
ranks fifth in the Zap. Europe (after France, Italy, Spain, Germany, 1999). Field are represented by veins and metasomatic deposits in limestones of the Carboniferous.
Potash and rock salt. Deposits of potash salts are concentrated in the Sechstein deposits, rock salt - in the Triassic deposits.
Bari. Occurs in the Devon area.
Celestine. Localized in the Bristol area.
Kaolin.
UK rich in kaolin. The largest kaolin deposits. - St. Austell and Lee Moore are located in the region. development of Hercynian granites.
Ornamental and construction raw materials. Pottery clays (main field Bowie) are confined to Tertiary deposits, refractory clays - up to Carboniferous, brick clays and shale - up to the top.
Jurassic bleaching clays - up to lower. chalk. Field sand and gravel are associated with Quaternary and Lower Cretaceous deposits. Sandstones are confined to the Precambrian, lower. Paleozoic and Carboniferous. OK. 70% of the limestone and dolomite reserves are associated with Kam.-coal deposits.
Field gypsum and anhydrite are located in the sediments of the Permian and Triassic, as well as the upper Jurassic.
see also
Literature
Mountain Encyclopedic Dictionary, v. 3. / Ed. V. S. Beletsky. - Donetsk: Eastern Publishing House, 2004. - 752 p. ISBN 966-7804-78-X
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Minerals of Great Britain
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Minerals UK what, Minerals UK who, Minerals UK explanation
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About half of the area of the island of Great Britain is made up of separate parts of sedimentary basins: the southern part of England and Wales are included in the Paris basin, the central and northern parts of the country, together with southern Scotland, are in the North German basin. Oil is produced mainly in the fields of Central England and in small quantities in Dalkeith (southern Scotland).
Since 1919, when the field was discovered in Hardstofte (Derbyshire), England has produced annually from 1 to 3 thousand tons.
barrels of oil. Particularly vigorous measures to search for local oil resources were carried out in the early 30s of the current century, when geologists from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company began a systematic study of the prospects for oil potential. In 1934, the Oil Extraction Act was passed, which transferred the rights to extract oil to the state, as a result of which it became possible to obtain permits for the exploration of large areas on favorable terms, bypassing many private landowners, which was not the case before.
Search for new oil fields
The search for oil was carried out in a number of geological regions.
In the southern counties, which are part of the Parisian sedimentary basin, Mesozoic deposits were the object of the search. In central and northern England, as well as in the lowlands of Scotland, which form the northwestern extension of the North German Basin, the main part of which is located in Germany and the Netherlands, there were significant prospects for new discoveries.
Exploratory drilling in accordance with the new law began in 1935, primarily on some well-defined anticlines in the southern counties, but was unsuccessful.
Then they moved on to the study of Permian dolomitic limestones in North Yorkshire and the oil shale horizon in the calcareous sandstones of Scotland, and gas fields were discovered at Eslaby (Yorkshire) and near Dalkeith in Scotland. At the same time, geophysical studies were carried out in Nottingham and Lincolnshire, where the Carboniferous deposits are buried under discontinuously overlying Permian and Mesozoic strata, due to which the composition and structure of the Carboniferous deposits remained unclear.
In March 1939, a well was drilled in Ikring (Nottinghamshire). In June, drilling produced oil from coal sandstones at a depth of 575 meters with a flow rate of about 12 tons per day.
In the same year, in Formby (Lancashire), near Liverpool, where oil and gas seeps were noted in a peat bog, small oil inflows were obtained at a depth of 38 meters from Upper Triassic deposits covered by glacial deposits.
All these works are interesting to trace on the maps of Great Britain.
The outbreak of war in September 1939 forced measures to be taken to intensify searches in the Ikring area, not far from which new deposits were discovered: in Kelhem Hills (1941), Dukes Wood (1941) and Caunton (1943). ). All of these deposits are located in Nottinghamshire.
Later, extensive seismic and gravity exploration and other studies were carried out in the most promising areas of England, but they have not yet yielded positive results.
Oil production, which reached a maximum level of 839 thousand barrels in 1943, then began to slowly but steadily decline and in 1944 amounted to approximately 700 thousand barrels, in 1945 - 530 thousand, in 1946 - 410 thousand, in 1947 351 thousand and in 1948 - 323 thousand. Production for 1948 would have been much less if not for the successful use of secondary methods.
By the end of 1948, the total oil production in England amounted to 4,130,000 barrels, including 1,884,000 barrels at the Dukes-Wood field, 1,157,000 at Ikring, 858,000 at Kelham Hills, and 154,000 at Caunton. , Formby - 59 thousand, Dalkeith (Scotland) - 18 thousand and Hardstoft - 9.5 thousand.
All oil fields in England are developed by the Darcy Exploration Company, a subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, and only the Dalkeith field is developed by the Anglo-American Oil Company.
The latter conducted a gravity survey and seismic survey using the refracted wave method; it has permission to explore for oil in large areas. Prior to 1941, studies were also carried out by the Gulf Exploration Company and the Steel Brothers and Company.
Imperial Chemical Industries currently has an exploration permit for 437.7 sq. km in Yorkshire, where the company expects to receive gas to meet local needs.
As a result of the research carried out, very valuable information was obtained about the mineral resources of England, not related to oil; the effort put in has paid off.
Confirmation is the discovery of a new coal basin north, east and southeast of Lincoln, as well as promising prospects for discovering new hard coal deposits elsewhere.
In addition, potash deposits of Permian age have been found in North Yorkshire, which, however, as it turned out, are at a considerable depth. These studies were ultimately a significant contribution to geological science.
UK oil production
own production covered only 0.1% of the country's needs, and the throughput of oil refineries - a little more than one third. Large oil refineries are located in the ports, with plants located in the western part of the island having a large throughput. The refineries to be built on the Lower Thames and the Firth of Forth will be the largest in the country. The output of petroleum products, planned for 1952-1953, exceeds the average pre-war level by a little more than 6.5 times.
Only the oil shale deposits in Scotland have been exploited on an industrial scale.
These deposits extend about 24 km from the lower Firth of Forth (Midlothian) to West Lothian (Linlithgow); the oil-rich layers occupy an area of approximately 194 sq. km. km. Shale oil production began in 1851, seven years before the first well was drilled in the United States.
The deposits of oil shale in Scotland are confined to a sequence of calcareous sandstones of the Lower Carboniferous age, occurring between the ancient Devonian red sandstones and limestones of the Carboniferous.
The stratum has a thickness of approximately 1500 meters and in a number of places comes to the surface, which facilitates the mining of oil shale over a vast area. Shale layers have a thickness of several centimeters to 4.5 meters; working layers - from 1.2 to 3.6 meters.
The yield of oil is between 60 and 150 liters per ton and contains on average about 2% sulfur by weight. Oil is processed into gasoline, kerosene, gasoline, diesel fuel, light lubricating oil, paraffin, fuel oil and coke. Oil is especially suitable for the production of diesel fuel, the yield of which is 50% by volume.
In 1946, about 1.33 million
minerals of england
tons of oil shale. Shale by-products and waste were well used; the latter were mixed with lime, and bricks were made from them. Oil shale reserves are estimated at 480-880 million years. Significant oil shale deposits in Dorsetshire (southwest England) and Norfolk (East England) contain such a high percentage of sulfur that their development is unprofitable, although some deposits have been developed for a long time for solid fuels.
Elsewhere in the UK, oil shale is only marginally developed.
Natural resources and features of the UK economy
ü The area of Great Britain is 242 thousand km2.
a parliamentary monarchy
a unitary state
ü Provinces of Great Britain: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
ü There are colonies like Gibraltar, Fr. maine etc. Antilles (total 13 territories)
extremely beneficial; located on islands with a heavily indented coastline,
2. at an extremely busy crossroads of maritime trade routes.
At present, an underwater railway tunnel has been laid under the English Channel from Great Britain to the mainland. Those. despite its separation from the mainland, the country is not isolated.
Natural resources.
Mineral resources :
Previously, Great Britain was the largest coal power (in connection with which it was in it that the industrial revolution took place); had very large coal basins (Welsh, Scottish, Yorkshire, etc.). Currently, these basins are severely depleted and are not being developed as actively.
189 billion tons of explored coal
2. There are reserves of tin ores in West Wales;
3. in the North Sea - salt reserves.
4. Produces oil (2 billion tons) and gas (2 trillion m3) from the North Sea basin
5. Iron ore - 4.6 billion tons, the main deposit is North Hamptonshire, mining has been largely stopped and the industry uses rich imports.
Agro-climatic resources :
1. maritime climate,
The sum of active temperatures is 2000-2300 degrees,
4. excess moisture
Hydropower resources : The UK has very rich water and hydropower resources (especially its northern territories).
At the same time, water supply is insufficient (<5 тыс. м3 на душу населения)
Land resources : there are very few arable fields (0.1 ha per capita), as well as forests (0.03 ha per capita), but there are a lot of meadows (more than 50%).
Marine biological resources : especially abundant in northern territorial waters.
Population.
The total population of the UK is about 60 million.
ü English - 80%
ü Scots - 15%
All others - 5%
1. They profess Christianity
2. Low natural growth
3. Population aging
4. 240 people/km2 density
5. Urbanization 90%
6. 8 urban agglomerations with a population of more than 1 million people, of which the largest is London, where 12 million
Employment :
ü Service sector – 80%
ü Industry - 18%
ü S/S - 1% of the economically active population
Economy and industry.
development of science-intensive industries,
2. stimulation of foreign investments.
3. GDP per capita = 35 thousand
4. Total GDP in 2nd place in Europe after Germany
5. Today, the most important industries in the UK are the electronics, pharmaceuticals, oil and gas, and printing industries.
fuel and energy complex: The fuel and energy complex occupies an important place in the country's economy.
In terms of fuel resources, the UK ranks first in Europe. The largest oil and gas reserves are located on the shelf of the North Sea. In terms of gas production, the UK ranks 4th in the world; in oil production - 9th place (half of this oil is exported).
Coal is not being exploited as actively; over the past 6 years, the development of coal has decreased by 25% (now it is mainly imported).
ü 60% of electricity is produced by thermal power plants
ü 30% - NPP
ü 10% - HPP
Ferrous metallurgy: Gradually, the need for resources in the iron and steel industry is decreasing (thanks to new, less resource-intensive technologies).
As a rule, imported resources are used, in connection with which the industry has moved to port areas. The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy: Port Talbot, Redcar, Sheffield.
Non-ferrous metallurgy: Represented by the production of secondary metal, with the exception of aluminum and tin; the aluminum industry is developed (using 100% imported raw materials).
A large percentage of non-ferrous metals are mined as a result of the processing of scrap metal. Industry centers: South Wales, Greater London, West Mowland.
Chemical industry.
Develops quite successfully; is mainly export oriented. The main raw materials are refined products. Progressive construction materials are being produced, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemistry are developing (while the development of conventional chemistry, on the contrary, has slowed down).
502: Bad Gateway
The chemical industry gravitates towards either oil and gas processing or consumer areas (Greater London, Southampton, Lancashire, Scotland).
mechanical engineering: In the first place is electronic engineering (leader - London); the aerospace industry and instrument making are developing (the leader is London); the role of the shipbuilding industry is declining (center - Glasgow).
The factor of knowledge intensity and qualified labor resources is becoming increasingly important. The Birmingham area is a leader in the development of the machine tool and automotive industries. Manchester area - textile engineering. A key role in the development of engineering industries is played by foreign investment (primarily the United States, Japan and Germany).
Textile industry : The share of the textile industry (especially the cotton and wool industries) is quite low; in general, the process of its movement to other regions of the globe (SE Asia, SE Europe) is underway.
Centers: Lancashire, Yorkshire, Northern Ireland.
S/X :
1. One of the most productive in the world.
2. Agricultural land covers up to 70% of the territory (most of which are meadows and pastures).
3. Livestock breeding is dominated by cattle breeding; in crop production - grain and fodder crops (north - oats; rye, potatoes, barley, wheat).
4. The main agricultural regions are East and South East England.
5. Self-sufficient in food by 80%
First place in the number of sheep
7. Dairy farming is widespread
Transport : Up to 90% of cargo turnover falls on the marine fleet. The largest ports are London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Southampton, Redcar, etc. The largest airport is Heathrow (also one of the largest in Europe). Road transport predominates in domestic transport. Railway transport accounts for no more than 10% of freight and passenger traffic.
Foreign economic relations.
The most important form is the export of capital (in terms of direct investment, it ranks third in the world after the USA and Japan).
Previously, capital was primarily invested in raw materials, later - in industry, today - in the service sector.
The UK accounts for 6% of world trade. In imports, the share of raw materials and foodstuffs decreased, but the share of finished products increased. In exports, the share of finished products is 80%. More than 50% of UK trade is with EU countries, up to 20% with the US, and less than 1% with Russia.
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