Who predicted the death of the prophetic Oleg 8 letters. Prophetic Oleg

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Prophetic Oleg is one of the most mysterious figures in Russian history. Who did he relate to Rurik, did he go to Constantinople, and, finally, what kind of his death “beyond the sea” do Russian chronicles mention - all these questions have yet to be answered.

Founder of the Old Russian state

Prince Oleg, who, being either a relative of Rurik (more precisely, the brother of his wife Efanda), or his governor, during his reign did much more to form the Old Russian state than its legendary founder. When Igor (Ryurik's son) was young, he captured Smolensk and Lyubech, deceived and killed the Kiev princes Askold and Dir, who had usurped power there. Under him, Kyiv became the new residence of the Old Russian state. Oleg's sovereignty was recognized by the Polans, Northerners, Drevlyans, Ilmen Slovenes, Krivichi, Vyatichi, Radimichi, Ulich and Tivertsy. Through his governors and local princes, he managed to lay the state administration of the young country.

His successes in foreign policy were also considerable. While fighting the Khazars, Oleg made the latter forget that for two centuries the Khazar Khaganate had been collecting tribute from the East Slavic lands. The great Tsargrad (Constantinople) bowed his head before his army, and Russian merchants received the unique right for that time of duty-free trade with Byzantium, and, if necessary, full provision of food and shipbuilders to repair their boats.

Given all the above merits, some historians tend to see the founder of the Old Russian state in Oleg, and not in his predecessor and the ancestor of the princely dynasty - Rurik. The conditional date of foundation, in this case, is considered to be 882, or rather the unification of Slavia (Novgorod) and Kuyaba (Kyiv).

The trip that wasn't there

Oleg's famous campaign against Constantinople deserves special mention, after which he received his historical nickname - "Prophetic". According to The Tale of Bygone Years, the prince equipped an army of 2,000 boats, 40 warriors each. The Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Philosopher, in fear of a numerous enemy, ordered the gates of the city to be closed, leaving the suburbs of Constantinople to be devastated.

However, Oleg went to the trick: “he ordered his soldiers to make wheels and put ships on wheels. And when a favorable wind blew, they raised sails in the field and went to the city. After that, supposedly scared to death, the Greeks offered peace and tribute to the conquerors. According to the peace treaty of 907, Russian merchants received the right to duty-free trade and other privileges.

Despite the fact that the mention of this campaign can be found in any manual on the history of medieval Russia, many historians consider it a legend. There is not a single mention of him by Byzantine authors, who described in detail similar raids in 860 and 941. The treaty of 907 itself also raises doubts, which, according to researchers, is a compilation of similar agreements from 911, when Oleg sent an embassy in order to confirm the peace.

Moreover, the description of the return of the Rus with rich booty: even the sails on their boats were made of golden silk, is compared with the return of the voivode Vladimir from Constantinople, and after the Norwegian king - Olaf Tryggvason, described in the Norwegian saga of the 12th century: “They say, after one great victory he turned home to Gardy (Rus); they sailed then with such great splendor and splendor that they had sails on their ships of precious materials, and so were their tents.

Was there a snake?

According to the legend described in The Tale of Bygone Years, the prince was predicted to die from his beloved horse. Oleg ordered to take him away and remembered the ominous prophecy only a few years later, when he died long ago. Laughing at the Magi, he wanted to look at the bones of the horse, and, standing with one foot on the skull, he said: “Should I be afraid of him?” At the same moment, a snake crawled out of the skull, fatally biting the prince.

Of course, this is just a legend, written down several centuries after Oleg's death. The legendary prince-governor - a legendary death. A similar technique, which was often used in other countries of medieval Europe, gave the historical figure even more importance in the eyes of posterity. Moreover, often different authors used the same story. So, in one Icelandic saga, the Viking Orvard Odd is told, who, even in his youth, was predicted to die from his horse. In order to prevent fate from happening, Odd killed the animal, threw it into a pit, and covered the corpse with stones. As a result, death in the face of a poisonous snake overtook him, like Oleg, on the grave of a dead horse: “And when they walked quickly, Odd hit his foot and bent down. “What was it, what did I hit my foot on?” He touched the point of the spear, and everyone saw that it was the skull of a horse, and immediately a snake flew out of it, rushed at Odd and stung him in the leg above the ankle. The poison immediately acted, the whole leg and thigh swelled up.

To date, it has not been established who borrowed the original idea from whom. It is rather difficult to establish the exact date of the story of Oleg's death in The Tale of Bygone Years, since the annals have been rewritten more than once. It is only known that Orvard Odd, unlike Oleg, is a fictional hero of an adventure saga created on the basis of oral traditions later than the 13th century. Perhaps the sad death in the face of a snake is originally a Scandinavian story that came to Russia along with the Varangians and received its new incarnation in local legends about Oleg. Although, some researchers believe that the hero of the Scandinavian sagas Orvard Odd and Oleg are one and the same person.

Persian epic

The Tale of Bygone Years is not the only source for his biography. The first Novgorod chronicle, which, according to some researchers, is even older than the work of Nestor, calls Oleg a governor under the young prince Igor, who accompanied him on campaigns. At the same time, it was Prince Igor who dealt with Askold in Kyiv, and then undertook a campaign against Constantinople. But the most interesting thing is the end of the story. In addition to the generally accepted version with a snake bite, the chronicle mentions another version of Oleg's death - "beyond the sea."

More detailed information about the unknown, "overseas" campaign of Oleg, where he may have met his death, should be sought in the writings of the Arab author Al-Masudi, who reported on a Rus fleet of 500 ships that invaded the Kerch Strait approximately after 912. Al-Masudi mentions two great rulers of the Rus at the head - Al-dir and a certain Olvang. The latter is usually associated with Askold, but this name can equally well bear resemblance to Oleg, the winner of Askold and Dir.

The Khazar king, who was promised half of the booty for loyalty, allegedly allowed the Rus to pass through the Don to the Volga, and from there descend into the Caspian Sea. The ultimate goal of the Rus was Persia. The result of the campaign was the ruin of Persian Azerbaijan. Part of the booty, as it was supposed to be under the contract, was delivered to Khazaria. But the guards of the Khazar king, which consisted mainly of Muslim mercenaries, rebelled and demanded revenge for the death of fellow believers. The ruler did not argue with them, nor did he warn the Rus of the danger. They entered into an unequal battle, as a result of which about 30 thousand Slavs died, and the rest retreated up the Volga, where they were killed by the Bulgars.

Together with the army, their leader also died. Some historians believe that the “death across the sea” mentioned in the Novgorod version is a vague but true memory of the death of Oleg precisely in the Caspian campaign, and not in the territory of the Ladoga settlement from “from his horse”.

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8.2. The sorcerer's prediction to Oleg the "prophetic" and its ancient strategic political and historical meaning

8.2. The sorcerer's prediction to Oleg the "prophetic" and its ancient strategic political and historical meaning

As you know, after the calling of the Varangian brothers led by Rurik (in 862) to reign in Veliky Novgorod, after the death of Rurik, for some time, the guardian of his heir, the young prince Igor, was Oleg, who was given the nickname "Prophetic" in history. And historians recognize Oleg's special contribution to the formation of statehood in Russia as a system of managing the affairs of society on a professional basis in general and locally - "elitist" statehood.

But along with the recognition of Oleg's contribution, the chronicles report that a certain sorcerer predicted his death from his horse specifically. After listening to the prediction, Oleg (who did not turn out to be prophetic in relation to this prediction) ordered to change the horse, and graze his former horse, take care of him and not bother him with work. The order of the prince-regent was carried out. And after some time, Oleg was informed that his horse was dead. Oleg laughed at both the prediction and the sorcerer. And after some time, Oleg decided to look at the bones of the horse, perhaps because some memories associated with the horse were significant to him. The remains of the horse lying in the field were shown to Oleg, and when the prince leaned his foot on the horse's skull, a snake crawled out of the skull, which bit Oleg, as a result of which he died.

In the 19th century, A.S. Pushkin gave this episode of ancient history almost nationwide fame by writing the poem “The Song of the Prophetic Oleg” (1822), which for more than a century has been included in all school textbooks of the Russian language and literature.

And when the teacher explains to the student the meaning of the word "prophetic", many students ask themselves a question, the meaning of which can be expressed in words: But how did the “prophetic” Oleg get into this self-destruction algorithm?

Neither historians nor literary critics give an answer to this PRINCIPAL question.

In reality, this prediction was an expression of the activity of one of the priests of ancient Russia, who was the bearer of the human type of mental structure. The historical episode, of which the sorcerer's prediction to Oleg is a part, is the case when the great is expressed in the small, to use the terminology of the Hermetists.

Oleg - received the nickname "prophetic" not without reason, that is, he really foresaw something in the future, but he was - DEMONIC-prophetic, those. lived and acted on the basis of the demonic type of mental structure . It was precisely because of his demonism that he did not take the sorcerer's prediction as a warning, but laughed at him, but nevertheless, out of superstition, he decided to take measures to avoid the realization of the prediction in life, instead of rethinking his past deeds and intentions for the future and change yourself.

It was precisely because of this that he could not get out of the self-destruction algorithm in which he lived and what the sorcerer directly pointed out to him, as a result of which the prediction regarding him personally and was automatically fulfilled. Another demon, V.S. Vysotsky, also did not understand this algorithm and its moral and ethical conditionality, and therefore, having distorted Pushkin's plot, he ridiculed Oleg as well, and mocked the sorcerer in one of his songs. But in the circles of the demonic “elite” of the Soviet stagnant society, with his song, he activated the algorithm of its self-destruction and pumped it up energetically, for which, in general, one can say thanks to him.

But to understand the non-personal aspect of this prediction - programs for the further development of Russia, - it must be remembered that in the allegories of the crowd-“elitist” culture, power is likened to a rider, and the rest of society is like a horse. Since we are not talking about power in general, but about “elitist” power, acting on the basis of the “right of force”, then in this system of metaphors, the “elite” is the horseman, and the rest of the crowd is the horse. It is this meaning that all equestrian statues of rulers around the world express.

Accordingly, on a scale not personal (in it, the prediction of the sorcerer has long been fulfilled), but on the scale of the history of society - the prediction of the sorcerer to Oleg can be expressed not allegorically, but directly like this: Oleg, the "elite" in Russia, whose power you initiated, will die from the crowd, over which she tries to dominate.

And the real fulfillment of the prophecy in relation to Oleg personally revealed some of the sorcerer's silences, which can be expressed as follows: The crowd will also go into historical non-existence (the horse, having finished his life, died when Oleg was still in good health), but the “elite” will not be killed by the crowd, as such, but by some kind of poisonous “snake”.

The last circumstance also needs to reveal its symbolism: The snake devouring its tail is one of the main symbols of Freemasonry. In the case under consideration, it crawls out of the intellectually dead head of the crowd, i.e. from the "elite" itself, which claims to be the head of the people in the crowd-"elitist" culture.

And this Judeo-Masonic "snake" has bitten the Russian "elite" more than once throughout history. If we do not go into the behind-the-scenes background of the turmoil of the beginning of the 17th century, but only touch on the last two centuries, then:

Half of the Decembrists involved in the case were Freemasons - representatives of the self-satisfied and arrogant ruling "elite".

The “elitist”-Masonic conspiracy plunged the Russian Empire into the First World War of the 20th century, during which the sabotage of the Freemasonry “elite” created the prerequisites for the Purim-February coup d’état of 1917.

All but one of the members of the Provisional Government of the first composition, which came to state power as a result of this coup, were Freemasons.

But there was also a conspiracy within a conspiracy, as a result of which the bourgeois-Masonic regime was replaced by a Marxist-Masonic one, which embodied the architecture of the structure of the system of Masonic lodges into the structure of the party-state apparatus of power in the USSR.

The USSR collapsed with the assistance of the Freemasonry and Freemason (on the basis of common morals and worldview) "elite" of Soviet society.

Post-Soviet Russia is going through a protracted and unsolvable crisis within the framework of the biblical concept of the inability to organize state administration and the life of society in accordance with common Western Masonic standards.

Is this not proof that the Jewish Masonic "snake" is biting its own tail?

But the people are not the common people + the "elite" (according to the organization of their collective psyche, the "elite" is also a crowd, but more lured than the common people). The people are citizens in Nekrasov's sense, united by the common ideals of civilization building.

The sorcerer, having issued a prediction to the “prophetic” Oleg, thereby launched an algorithm for the social development of Russia - embracing in relation to the prediction that was issued personally to Oleg the “prophetic” as one of the leaders and founders of the “elite”, who claimed their exclusive power over society. And this algorithm, localized within the primordial civilization of Russia, had and has support from Above in the global algorithm of the development of the current civilization of mankind.

Firstly, at the very beginning of the crisis of Russia, the original Koran was sent down to the people of another region of the Earth, the sociology of which is identical to the principles of organizing the self-government of society in the Russian multinational civilization.

Secondly, already during the crisis of Russia, some of the peoples who were to enter its composition in the future history converted to Islam, as a result of which the Koran became the property of the culture of the Russian multinational civilization. And the Koran has everything so that thinking and conscientious people can launch an alternative globalization project to the biblical one - the project of building a civilization of humanity.

In addition, and - this is the main thing - throughout the history of overcoming the crisis by Russia, its priests lived among the people, did not degrade into healers, continued to be active, conceptually powerful and worked on the algorithm for transforming Russia from the original into the future multinational Russia global.

Their life position was expressed by A.S. Pushkin with the words “Songs about the “prophetic” Oleg”, which in essence is a “Song-hint about the Holy Russian priesthood”:

Magi are not afraid of mighty lords,

And they do not need a princely gift,

Truthful and free is their prophetic language

And friendly with the Will of Heaven

If we understand what conceptual power is, then we can see that the recognition of this fact is also evidenced in the “elitist” culture of the Russian Empire. One of the aphorisms of the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky - the end of the 19th century - reads: "In Russia, the center is on the periphery": i.e. the capital is de jure in some circumstances less powerful than a commoner from the periphery . This remark is about the preservation of conceptual power among the people in Russia more than a millennium after the issuance of the prediction to Oleg the “prophetic”.

In the twentieth century, this was expressed in the phenomenon of Bolshevism and the conceptual power of I.V. Stalin, as well as many ordinary party and non-party Bolsheviks. And the very fact that you are reading this text in Russian and the Concept of public security as a whole is also expressed in modern Russian is another confirmation that the sorcerer's prediction to Oleg the "prophetic" is not empty words, and not a groundless fairy tale.

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One of the founders of the Old Russian state is considered to be Prince Oleg, nicknamed for the ability to foresee the future, Prophetic. Until now, it is not completely clear whether he really existed or whether he is a literary character who combined the features of historical prototypes - Oleg (the Kiev prince, mentioned by the agreement between Russia and Byzantium from 911 and Oleg, a contemporary of Igor Rurikovich. In addition, Lavrentievskaya the chronicle reports that Oleg died in 912 and was buried in the city of Kyiv on Mount Shchekovitsa.At the same time, according to the Novgorod chronicle, this sad event occurred in 922 and Oleg was buried in the city of Ladoga.

But the confusion is connected not only with the life of Prince Oleg, but also with the circumstances of his death.

Magi prediction.

According to the classical legend, the Magi warned Oleg that he would die from his beloved horse. From that moment on, the prince stopped riding him, but ordered to feed him with selected grain. Four years after the prediction, Oleg, who returned from a military campaign, remembered his favorite and wanted to see him. Upon learning that the horse had died, Oleg, laughing at the Magi, wanted to see his bones. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin remarkably told about what happened next:

The prince quietly stepped on the horse's skull
And he said: “Sleep, lonely friend!
Your old master has outlived you:
At the funeral feast, already close,
It's not you who will stain the feather grass under the ax
And drink my ashes with hot blood!

So that's where my death lurked!
The bone threatened me with death!”
From the dead head the coffin serpent
Meanwhile, hersing crawled out;
Like a black ribbon wrapped around the legs:
And suddenly the stung prince cried out.

"Song of the Prophetic Oleg"

No doubt, the legend is beautiful and instructive, in the sense that the Magi must be obeyed, but, at the same time, it is completely unreliable.

And the point is not even that snakes do not have the habit of stinging with their sharp forked sting at the end (this is a delusion), as Pushkin wrote, but simply and without fanfare they bite with poisonous teeth. And it's not that in order for a snake to bite a person, the latter still needs to try. And not that it is not clear why Oleg needed to step on the horse's skull with his foot? Some strange expression of respect for an old fighting friend.

Parting.

But let's assume that's exactly what happened. And the prince was still bitten by a snake. It is logical to assume that it was a viper, since neither a cobra, nor an efa, nor a rattlesnake, nor the most deadly snake in the world, the black mamba, is found in our area. And here new questions arise. It is completely incomprehensible how, in such a miraculous way, an ordinary viper could bite through a boot made of rough leather? But even if this did happen, why did Oleg die after all? The bite of vipers is fatal for pregnant women and children, but not for a healthy and strong warrior, which was the prince.

It is interesting that there is an Icelandic saga very much reminiscent of the myth of the death of the Prophetic Oleg. It is about the Viking Orvar Odd. The sorceress predicted his death from a horse, for which he was beaten to the point of blood. So that the prediction would not come true, Odd and his friend Asmund killed the horse, threw the corpse into the pit and filled it with stones. The saga goes on to tell of Odd's death:

“And as they walked quickly, Odd hit his foot and bent down. “What was it, what did I hit my foot on?” He touched the point of the spear, and everyone saw that it was the skull of a horse, and immediately a snake flew out of it, rushed at Odd and stung him in the leg above the ankle. The poison immediately worked, the whole leg and thigh swelled up. Odd was so weakened by this bite that they had to help him go to the shore, and when he arrived there, he said: “You should now go and cut down a stone coffin for me, and let someone stay here to sit beside me and write down that story. which I will lay down about my deeds and life.

Death by horse.

It is still not known exactly whether the saga of Orvar Odd caused the legend of the death of the Prophetic Oleg from a snakebite, or vice versa. But we can definitely say that the cause of the death of the prince was different. Different researchers give different reasons, among which the most popular version is that Oleg was poisoned and murdered by his own vigilantes. We are once again convinced how far from reality the legends known to all of us since childhood can be.

For modern equestrians, a horse is, first of all, a beloved pet, a faithful companion or partner in the sports arena. However, over the entire centuries-old history of the relationship between man and horse, our four-legged companions directly or indirectly sent many people to the next world, among whom were very famous personalities. Horses don't want to kill riders and almost never do it on purpose, but facts remain facts. We bring to your attention ten great people who died from their odd-toed ungulates

in the far Middle Ages.

Oleg, Grand Duke of Kyiv

The leader in our top ten, of course, is the famous Prophetic Oleg. This is the only one of the presented characters who did not die as a result of a fall from a horse.

According to legend, the Magi predicted death from their beloved horse for the son of Rurik and the first prince of Kiev. Oleg listened to the advice and sent the horse away, saying: “So I will never sit on this horse and see him.” Oleg ordered to feed the horse with selected grain, groom and cherish, but not let him down. Four years later, the prince returned to Kyiv after the Greek campaign and decided to find out about the fate of his pet. He called the groom and asked: “Where is the horse that I put to feed and take care of?” The groom replied: "He is dead." Oleg laughed at the prediction and decided to personally see the bones. When the prince arrived at the place where the bare horse bones and skull lay, he got off the horse and stepped on the skull with his foot, saying with a laugh: “Should I accept death from this skull?” But then a snake crawled out of the skull and bit Oleg in the leg, which made him sick and died. In the Tale of Bygone Years, the chronicler wrote: “All people mourned him with a great cry, and they carried him and buried him on a mountain called Shchekovitsa. There is his grave to this day, it is reputed to be Oleg's grave. And all the years of his reign were thirty and three.

Genghis Khan

One of the most cruel conquerors in the history of mankind - Genghis Khan - according to legend was born, "squeezing a clotted blood clot in his right hand." He conquered China and Tibet, the states of Central Asia, reached the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Perhaps the Mongol ruler would have subjugated the whole world if not for the horse. There are several versions of the death of Genghis Khan. According to one of them, one day while hunting, he fell off his horse and was badly hurt. By evening, the emperor began to have a strong fever, he fell ill for a whole year and, as it is said in the Mongolian chronicle, "ascended to heaven in the year of the Pig" on August 25, 1227.

Frederick I Barbarossa

Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Frederick I, nicknamed Barbarossa (“red-bearded”) because of his red beard, withstood numerous enemies, but fell victim to an accident. In 1187, the Kingdom of Jerusalem was again captured by Muslims, and almost all European monarchs responded to the call of Pope Clement III to start another crusade. The English, French and Normans, led by Richard the Lionheart and Philip II, went to Palestine by sea, while Barbarossa and his army set out by land. Further, the opinions of historians differ: according to one version, while crossing the mountain river Selif, the emperor’s horse stumbled, he fell into the water and, being dressed in heavy armor, choked before the knights managed to pull him out. According to another version, Barbarossa wanted to avoid climbing to the top of the mountain, because there was an unusually strong heat, so he tried to shorten the path across the river. The horse threw the commander, he fell into the water, but died due to a heart attack from sudden hypothermia. So, thanks to the horse, Palestine at that time remained unconquered.

William I the Conqueror

The Duke of Normandy and later the King of England, William the Conqueror, founded a single English kingdom, created an army and navy, conducted the first land census, began building stone fortresses (among them the famous Tower) and “Frenchized” the English language. Ironically, it was not numerous wars that brought death to the king, but his own horse. When William arrived in Normandy at the end of 1086, after the siege, he ordered the burning of the city of Mantes. Driving through the conflagration, the royal horse stepped on hot coals, rolled over and wounded Wilhelm in the stomach (the saddle horn damaged the abdominal cavity). Over the next six months, the conqueror slowly died, suffering from severe pains caused by festering wounds. As a result, the king died at the age of 60 in the monastery of Saint-Gervais.

Geoffrey II Plantagenet

Geoffrey II Plantagenet was proclaimed Duke of Brittany, conquered by his father. Geoffrey would have been heir to the English throne in the reign of Henry II if Richard the Lionheart had died, but since Geoffrey predeceased Henry II, the throne passed to Richard. The duke wrote poetry, patronized the troubadours at his court in Rennes and, like all knights, adored tournaments. It was they who killed him: according to the most common version, Geoffrey died at a jousting tournament in Paris under the hooves of his horse on August 19, 1186.

Alexander III, King of Scotland

Alexander III became king of Scotland at the age of eight. As befits all monarchs, he fought wars and entered into marriages, but most of all he was worried about the question of succession to the throne. Alexander's first wife died after giving birth to three children, but they all died. Then the king married again, but the dreams of an heir still did not come true. During a night journey to his queen, Alexander separated from the guides, in the dark his horse stumbled, and the 44-year-old king died by falling on sharp rocks. Since Alexander never left heirs, John Balliol became king of Scotland, recognizing the sovereignty of England, which caused a three-hundred-year war for the independence of Scotland. Thus, if not for this accident and the king would have remained alive, everything could have turned out completely differently.

Isabella of Aragon

The nineteenth queen of France, Isabella of Aragon, was the fourth daughter of King James I of Aragon the Conqueror and his second wife, Yolande of Hungary. On May 28, 1262, Isabella married the heir to the French throne, Philip, and subsequently bore him four sons. Being a brave woman, she dared to accompany her husband on the Eighth Crusade to Tunisia, despite the fact that she was expecting a child. On the way back, Isabella fell off her horse, causing premature birth and the death of the fifth son of the royal couple. Seventeen days later, Isabella herself died. Philip moved the remains of his wife and child to Paris, where they were buried with full honors in the Abbey of Saint-Denis.

King Roderich

Roderic, king of the Visigoths, who ruled in 709-711, fought both the Basques and the Arabs, but the battle of Guadaleta became decisive. The armies of the king and the Arab commander Tarik, who was trying to take possession of Spain, met on the banks of the Guadalete River near Jerez de la Frontera. According to legend, the battle lasted eight days. Roderich retreated and drowned, falling from his horse while fleeing the battlefield, crossing the river. The Muslims found only his white horse with a brocade saddle adorned with rubies and emeralds, which got stuck in a quagmire. A boot was found in the stirrup, but the body of the king himself was never found. With the death of Roderic, the organized resistance of the Visigoths was broken, and the Moors established control over most of the Iberian Peninsula.

King Fulk of Jerusalem also did not escape the sad fate of being thrown by a horse. In 1143, the king and his wife were on vacation on the Mediterranean coast and went hunting. During the pursuit of the beast, the king's horse stumbled, fell, and the wooden saddle hit Fulk on the head. A contemporary describes this episode as follows: “And his brains gushed out of his ears and nostrils.” Fulk, however, did not die immediately, having lain unconscious for three days. The king was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem.

Some impressionable individuals, after reading this collection, may think before getting into the saddle. However, do not be afraid - for the early Middle Ages, horseback riding was commonplace, but medicine and safety equipment were clearly “limping”. Nevertheless, these unknown horses played a significant role in history, changing the fate of entire states. Who knows what the world would be like now if one fine day one of the monarchs refrained from getting into the saddle.

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