Interjections examples. Interjections in Russian

Interjections are peculiar signs that testify to certain feelings. What distinguishes them from significant parts of speech is that they express emotions and wills, but do not name them.

“Bah! All familiar faces! - exclaims Chatsky, seeing the whole society in full force. Interjection "Ba!" expresses the surprise of the hero who, after many years, finds the same people with the same views on life and with the same attitude.

Interjections - examples

Most often, interjections are morphologically invariable complexes of sounds, which are short cries (or screams) uttered by a person involuntarily: ah! Oh! about! eh! etc. It is the nature of these words that makes it possible to attribute their appearance in the speech of people to the earliest periods in the history of mankind, when our ancestors, having united in a certain team, decided to exchange opinions. Numerous studies by linguists also point to this.

So, Vinogradov V.V. in his fundamental work "Russian Language" claims that interjections, although they do not have the function of naming, have "a semantic content recognized by the collective." This means that a strictly defined meaning is assigned to each interjection in a given language community. Each interjection has its own lexical meaning, expresses a certain feeling or expression of will.

For example, the word "Shush!" expresses a prohibition, an order to stop something, but “wow!” - astonishment. In addition, the “antiquity” of the origin of interjections is also indicated by the fact that they are not included in the system of parts of speech and there are no syntactic connections with other words in sentences.

Tatyana ah! And he roar. (Pushkin "Eugene Onegin").

It is very interesting to trace the appearance of interjections in the works of ancient Russian literature: in the "Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh" there is a "Letter to Oleg Svyatoslavich", which begins with the words: "Oh, I, long-suffering and sad!" But this is the 11th century! In The Tale of the Assassination of Andrei Bogolyubsky, during the actual murder, Bogolyubsky, addressing his enemies, exclaims: “Oh, woe to you, dishonorable ones!...”. In "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (translated by D.S. Likhachev), both the author of the chronicle, Prince Igor, and Yaroslavna use the same interjection "Oh!" in various situations.

And Igor said to his squad:
“O my squad and brothers!
It's better to be killed ... "
O Boyan, nightingale of the old days!
O Russian land! You are already behind the hill! ..
Oh, to moan to the Russian Land,
Remembering the early days
And the first princes!

Yaroslavna cries early in Putivl on her visor, saying:

"O wind, wind! .."

Consequently, we are dealing with fairly ancient linguistic units, speaking of interjections, as ancient as the first chronicles in which interjections are used. Examples include the following.

1. By meaning, three main groups of interjections can be distinguished: emotional, imperative, interjections associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech. Let's consider them in accordance with this classification.

Emotional interjections express the speaker's emotional reaction to what is happening or to the speech of the interlocutors, his attitude to the perceived impressions and their assessment. In the story "Guys" by A.P. Chekhov: "My fathers!" Olga was amazed when they both entered the hut. This group of interjections is the most numerous, it is accessible even to the smallest (by height and age) native speakers. A child who has barely learned to pronounce sounds, with an unpleasant smell, will say: “Fu!”; when he feels pain, he will say: “Oh!”. The hero of the famous comedy "Diamond Arm" on a narrow street of the Turkish capital had to fall and say the password: "Damn it." This is also an emotional interjection. How often do we operate with such a phrase: “Pah, don’t jinx it!”, Where the word “pah” is an emotional interjection. This group of interjections is the most primitive language construction.

Imperative interjections express will, call or motivation to action. As a rule, this is an appeal to the interlocutor with a proposal to perform one or another action, used in the imperative mood:

Here, take this (gives a cap and a cane) - Khlestakov in N.V. Gogol's comedy "The Government Inspector".

Hush! Grandfather Grishak rapped. (Sholokhov M.A. "Quiet Flows the Don").

Only the call denotes the imperative interjection "Hey!". And the interjection “well” in combination with the accusative case of the pronoun you expresses neglect and the desire to get rid of something: “Well, him!”. Motivations of this type are used in relation to animals: kitty-kitty, chick-chick, atu, which indicates the primitiveness and some kind of primitiveness of interjections.

The third group of interjections associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech includes remarks containing generally accepted greetings, formulas of gratitude, apologies: thank you, hello, goodbye, sorry, etc.

"She ran to the gate
- Farewell! she shouted. (Chekhov "House with a mezzanine").

2. The last group of interjections is of particular interest in connection with compliance and non-compliance with the norms of speech etiquette. In everyday life, in the school environment, in virtual communication and when using mobile communications, the norms of speech etiquette imperceptibly but surely change.
In order to prove this, I conducted a survey among my peers - ninth graders, in which 32 people participated.

To the first question of the questionnaire, “Do you often use interjections like “oh”, “hey”, “god”, “fu”, “damn it” and others in your speech?” the absolute number of respondents answered: "Often" (18 people - 56%);

The use of emotional interjections in the speech of my peers is associated with various school situations. So, I suggested that the guys beat the situation when they get a good grade - such a pleasant event! How do ninth graders react to it?

In the first place in terms of frequency of use is the interjection “Hurrah!”, It is used by 11 people (34%);

In second place is the English "yes!", This barbarism is very popular in expressing Russian emotions (4 people - 12%).

In third place - our native "wow!" (3 students - 9%).

But below the “prize pedestal” are the words “neshtyak”, “wow!”, About which Mikhail Zadornov speaks satirically. Quite often you can hear these words from the lips of students. I asked the English teacher what they meant, it turned out that this statement was with special consent.

The words “cool”, “cool”, “super”, which are heard, including from TV screens, are also included in the vocabulary of my peers. But this is already a tilt towards slang, I have a negative attitude towards such words.

But the answers to the next question give off our local flavor, such a typical Transbaikal word “but” sounds like a positive answer to any question.

Have you prepared your lessons?
- But…
- Have you cleaned the room?
- But…

12 people answer this way, although they know that in this case it is necessary to say “yes”; and "yes" and "but" - 3 people; only "yes" - 16 people.

The imperative interjection "hello!" (meaning "speak, I'm listening to you") is often used in oral speech, but many do not know how to write it: at my request, the guys had to write "hello": 9 people made mistakes (this is 28%). Therefore, one must be able not only to pronounce interjections, but also to write them correctly.

Of particular interest to me was the use by my peers of interjections associated with the use of etiquette in speech. These words, together with gestures, are a kind of windows through which we can not only hear each other, but also see. It is easy to see how difficult it is, energetically stamping your foot on the floor, to say affably “hello” or, waving your hand hopelessly, to say an enthusiastic “ah!”.

Thus, the researcher is also interested in gesture as a means of communication. Often, we can determine the mood of a person by the intonation of greeting.

So, coming to school in a good mood, our ninth-graders say "hello" - in 29 cases (out of 32), "where necessary, I definitely say" - 1 person, "rarely" - 2 people. In the same question, other interjections of this group were also mentioned: “thank you”, “goodbye”. As follows from our survey, the norms of speech etiquette are used by my peers to the fullest.

And one more, in my opinion, interesting fact - along with observing the norms of etiquette, the guys use the interjection "hey!" - 4 people without explanation of the situation; 7 people do not speak or rarely speak; but the majority (21 people! 66%) willingly describe situations when they use this interjection. “The interjection hey!, which we hear from a person who knows you, but does not want to call you by name, already sounds like an insult,” wrote theater theorist Kasatkin N.V. This is how this interjection is used, referring to their friends, relatives, acquaintances, who did not hear their name, 14 people. (Therefore, after processing the questionnaires, I had to explain to the guys that they were doing wrong). Turning to a stranger of their age, "hey" say 7 guys.

Thus, when conducting such a survey, I was able to make sure that live speech cannot be imagined without intonation. The role of intonation especially increases in interjection, devoid of lexical meaning.

F. Delsarte argued that in terms of richness of intonation, interjection occupies the first place among all parts of speech. It is precisely the underestimation of the role of intonation that explains the fact that for a long time interjections were mixed by some linguists with reflex cries (a reaction to pain, fear, surprise, etc.).

3. And the true treasury of interjections, in addition to live (everyday) speech, is, of course, literature. Works of art are replete with interjections, which are a fact of direct live communication and therefore short and concentrated. They give the characters' speech emotionality, naturalness and national flavor.

Even the great Cicero said: “Each movement of the soul has its natural expression in the voice ...” The space of interjections in the works of Gogol N.V., Tolstoy L.N., Chekhov A.P., Ostrovsky A.I., Gorky A. M. - do not count everyone.

I decided to analyze the use of interjections in a comedy that I recently studied and which I really liked - "Undergrowth" by D.I. Fonvizin.

The multi-valued interjection "ah" adorns almost every page of the comedy. Upon learning that Mitrofan “got bored” until the morning, Prostakova, blinded by maternal love, exclaims: “Ah, Mother of God!”. And during the lesson, when Mitrofan insults Tsyfirkin, Prostakova remarks: “Oh, Lord, my God!”. In the mouth of this "despicable fury", a man without soul and heart, these interjections sound blasphemous.

Having learned that the serf girl fell ill and is lying, the same Prostakova conveys her indignation with the same interjection: “Lies! Oh, she's a beast!" Rushing at Mitrofan as a rival in acquiring Sophia's capital, his uncle Skotinin growls: "Oh, you damned pig!" The interjection "ah", as old as the world, in this context, conveying all the indignation of Skotinin, gives his phrase a completely bestial connotation.

Interjection "Oh! Oh! Oh!" and “ouch! ouch! ouch! flashes in the speech of the foreigner Vralman, who is not strong in Russian.

The outdated interjection “ba” is pronounced by Skotinin quite often: “Ba! What does this one mean here?”, “Bah! Ba! Ba! Do I have enough lights?” In the mouth of the arrogant and arrogant Skotinin, this word sounds, denoting bewilderment, with a touch of sarcasm on the part of the author.

Mitrofan, as befits a minion who is allowed everything, often uses imperative interjections that contain the command: “Well! And then what?" - Mitrofan answers his mother, who asks him to study "at least for appearances." In the speech of Sophia, Starodum, Pravdin, Milon, the interjection “a” is often found in different meanings: “Ah! you are already here, my friend of the heart!” - says Starodum, seeing Sophia, who is waiting for him. And the interjection expresses the joy of meeting. Having received a letter from Count Chestan, Starodum again pronounces the interjection "a" in the sense of "I wonder what he writes." In a dialogue with Pravdin, he says: “Oh, what a great soul you need to be in the state ...”, conveying wisdom in understanding the role of the king to improve the lives of his subjects with this interjection.

We managed to count 102 interjections in a comedy that is so small in volume. In general, in the Russian language, interjections make up a large and very rich - in terms of the range of sensations, experiences, volitional impulses, moods they express - a layer of words.

According to the "Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language", in the modern Russian language there are 341 interjections - more than prepositions (141), conjunctions (110), particles (149). It is necessary to skillfully use this intonation richness, because interjection can not only be heard, but also ... seen.

So, in the picture of Petrov V.G. “Hunters at rest”, an attentive person can hear the intonations of the drawn people, even guess the interjections they use, expressing the surprise of the young hunter; distrust, skepticism, irony of the mean; enthusiastic, boastful exclamations of a hunter - an old man.

In the same way, the paintings of Repin, Kramskoy, Surikov and other masters of the brush show us certain life situations.

An amazing part of speech is an interjection, if you can even draw it. And even in the artificial language of the future Esperanto there are interjections - they are not superfluous in the lexicon of an educated person: bonan tagon! (good afternoon!), bonan vesperon (good evening!), bonvenon! (welcome!), bonvolu (please!) All people at all times in everyday life, on the stage, at school and in the army, in a large audience and in private will use interjections. After all, they are part of our lives. And it is impossible to exist without interjections.

Petrukhina Oksana Vladimirovna,
Visitors Tatyana Pavlovna

Literature:

1. Vartanyan E.A. "Journey into the Word", M., 1980.
2. Gvozdev A.N. "Modern Russian literary language", M., "Enlightenment", 1973.
3. Izbornik "Tales of Ancient Russia", M., "Fiction", 1986.
4. Sereda E.V. Article "Ah, intonation!", Journal "Russian literature" 6, 2006.
5. "Modern Russian literary language" edited by Lekant P.A., M., "Higher School", 1982.
6. Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N. "Modern Russian language", part 2, M., "Enlightenment", 1987.

Interjection is an important part of the Russian language. It is interjections that in many ways make speech richer, more expressive and richer - they allow you to convey emotions, feelings, make descriptions more vivid and lively. The very definition of interjections sounds exactly like this - these are words and expressions that help express emotions, feelings and expressions of will, while not defining them.

Interjections are neither independent nor functional parts of speech and remain an isolated group. However, they can be classified according to several criteria.

Basic and additional types of classification of interjections

First of all, interjection words are usually divided into non-derivatives and derivatives. What does this mean?

• Derivatives of interjections are formed from other parts of speech, they are modified forms of some words. For example, interjections “completely”, “please say”, “let it be to you”, “fathers” can be attributed to them.
• Non-derivative interjections were originally formed on their own and are not associated with any parts of speech - for example, these are “oh” and “ay”, “oh” and “ah”, “a” and “well”.

It is also customary to subdivide interjections in accordance with their composition into simple, complex and compound. It is very easy to understand the meaning:

• simple ones are more like sounds and consist of only one word - “oh”, “ah”, “God”;
• complex ones are represented by several repeated words - “oh-oh”, “well-well”, “ah-ah”;
• components include several different words at once and in fact are whole expressions - “damn it”, “wow”, “please tell me”.

Another classification of interjections subdivides them according to their meaning in speech.

• Emotional interjections - such as "ah", "cheers", "oh", "what a horror" - are needed to express certain feelings and emotions.
• Incentive interjections offer to perform some kind of action - for example, “stop”, “have mercy”, “scat”, and so on.
• Etiquette interjection words are used in speech to express gratitude, for greetings and goodbyes, requests - for example, "hello" and "salute", "merci" and "thank you" and the like.

For derivative interjections, a separate classification can be distinguished according to parts of speech - depending on the word due to which they are formed. There are interjections pronouns and nouns, verbs, interjections from conjunctions, adverbs and particles.

The peculiarity of interjections is that they are not members of the sentence, and there are no test questions for them. These words are needed solely in order to emotionally express any feelings.

Interjection- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings, moods and impulses. Interjections do not refer to either independent or auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections are a feature of colloquial style; in works of art they are used in dialogues.

Groups of interjections by meaning

Interjections are non-derivative (uh, uh, uh, uh etc.) and derivatives derived from independent parts of speech ( Drop it! Fathers! Horror! Guard! and etc.).

Interjection do not change and are not members of the proposal . But sometimes the interjection is used in the meaning of an independent part of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence. Here came the "ay" in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - “ay” is equal in meaning to the noun “shout”, is the subject. Tatyana ah! and he roar . (A. Pushkin) - the interjection "ah" is used in the meaning of the verb "gasped", is a predicate.

You have to differentiate!

From interjections it is necessary to distinguish onomatopoeic words. They transmit various sounds of animate and inanimate nature: a person ( hee hee, ha ha ), animals ( meow meow, crow ), items ( tick-tock, ding-ding, clap, boom-boom ). Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words do not express emotions, feelings, motives. Onomatopoeic words usually consist of one syllable (bool, woof, cap) or repeating syllables (bul-bul, woof-woof, cap-cap - are written with a hyphen).

Words of other parts of speech are formed from onomatopoeic words: meow, meow, gurgle, gurgle, giggle, giggle, etc. In a sentence, onomatopoeic words, like interjections, can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech and be members of a sentence. The whole capital shuddered, and the girl hee hee hee yes ha ha ha (A. Pushkin) - “hee-hee-hee” and “ha-ha-ha” are equal in meaning to the verbs “laughed, laughed”, are predicates.

Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, with a heavy sigh, people say “wow, well ... what have I done?”, thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said just by the intonation of the voice: whether it was a “message” (insult or anger) or just a playful saying (friendly greeting).

In linguistics, interjections, unlike spontaneous cries, are conventional means, that is, those that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs proper. For example, like no other linguistic interjection signs are associated with gestures. So, the Russian interjection "Na!" only makes sense when accompanied by a gesture, and some West African languages ​​have an interjection that is spoken at the same time as a welcoming hug.

see also

Notes

Links

• Russian grammar. Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
• I. A. Sharonov. Back to interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Classification of interjections on the basis of modality expression.
• E. V. Sereda. Finish the paragraph: Interjections in youth colloquial speech.
• E. V. Sereda. Etiquette interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Unresolved problems in the study of interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Punctuation marks for interjections and interjection formations.
• E. V. Sereda. Morphology of the modern Russian language. Place of interjections in the system of parts of speech.
• I. A. Sharonov. Distinguishing between emotional interjections and modal particles.

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In the 18th century, the French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau said, "To exist is to feel." The language has special words that express a variety of feelings. These are interjections. In the lesson, you will learn all about interjection as a special part of speech. You will also learn how interjections are written and what punctuation marks are isolated.

Theme: Interjections

Lesson: Interjection as a part of speech. Hyphen in interjections

Interjection- a special part of speech that is not included in either independent or official parts of speech, which expresses various feelings, impulses, but does not name them.

For example: oh, ah, hooray, ba, my God, etc.

Features of interjections:

are not grammatically related to other words;

Do not answer questions

do not change;

are not members of the proposal;

Unlike service parts of speech, interjections do not serve to connect words in a sentence, nor to connect parts of a sentence.

By origin, interjections are divided into non-derivative and derivative

· Non-derivative interjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech and usually consist of one, two or three sounds: ah, oh, uh, ah, oh, eh, wow, alas. Compound interjections like ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh etc.

· Derived interjections formed from words of other parts of speech:

a) verbs ( hello, goodbye, think);

b) nouns ( fathers, guards, lord);

c) adverbs ( pretty, full);

d) pronouns ( the same).

Derived interjections also include words of foreign origin ( hello, bravo, bis, kaput).

According to the structure of the interjection can be:

· simple, that is, consist of one word (a, oh, oh, alas);

· complex, i.e. formed by combining two or three interjections ( ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh, father-lights);

· constituent, that is, consist of two or more words (alas and ah; that's the same; here you are; here you are).

Types of interjections by meaning:

· emotional interjections express, but do not name feelings, moods (joy, fear, doubt, surprise, etc.): oh, oh-oh-oh, alas, my God, fathers, these are the times, thank God, no matter how, fu and etc.;

interjections that express call to action, commands, orders: well, hey, guard, kitty-kitty, out, shoo, march, whoa, come on, shh, ay;

· etiquette interjections are the formulas of speech etiquette: hello, hello, thank you, please, excuse me, all the best.

Interjections adjoin, but do not include words denoting instantaneous actions ( bang, clap, slap, etc.), as well as words imitating various sounds and voices of animals and birds ( tra-ta-ta; boom Boom Boom; Meow meow; Woof woof; ha-ha-ha, etc.).

Interjections are used in colloquial speech and in artistic style to express the author's emotions or convey the mood of the hero of the work.

Sometimes interjections pass into the category of independent parts of speech, while they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a member of a sentence.

For example: Far away it roared Hurrah».

Fee - Alas And Oh.

Homework

Exercises #415-418. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.

Task number 1. Read. Pay attention to the intonation with which interjections are pronounced. Write down the sentences in the following sequence: 1) sentences with emotional interjections; 2) sentences with incentive interjections. Specify shades of emotions and motives.

1. Ah! Cursed Cupid! And they hear, they don't want to understand... 2. Well! Guilty! What a hook I gave. 3. Oh, the human race! it fell into oblivion that everyone himself must climb there, into that little chest, where he neither stands nor sits. 4. Sorry; I was in a hurry to see you sooner, I did not stop by home. Farewell! I'll be back in an hour... 5. Ah! Alexander Andreich, please, sit down. 6. Oh, Alexander Andreevich, it's bad, brother! 7. Hey, tie a knot for memory; I asked to be silent... 8. Women shouted: hurrah! and threw caps into the air! 9. Ah! My God! Fell, killed! 10. Tightened the reins. Well, what a miserable rider. 11. Ah! Evil tongues are worse than a gun. 12. Hey! Filka, Fomka, well, tricky! 13. Eh! Brother! It was a glorious life back then. 14. Hello, Chatsky, brother! 15. Well, I dispersed the cloud. 16. Wow! I definitely got rid of the noose: after all, your father is crazy ... (A. Griboyedov)

Task number 2. In the examples from A. S. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit", highlight the words, phrases and sentences that act as interjections.

1.God is with you, I remain again with my riddle. 2. Pardon me, we are not guys: why are the opinions of strangers only holy? 3. Prince Pyotr Ilyich, princess, my God! 4. And a present for me, God bless him! 5. "I've done it." - "Good! I plugged my ears." 6. And the ladies? .. God grant patience - after all, I myself was married.

Didactic materials. Section "Interjection"

Didactic materials. Section "Onomatopoeic words"

3. Culture of writing ().

The culture of writing. Interjection.

Interjection. Encyclopedia Around the World.

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours, 8th ed. – M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.