To conceive a child, the maturation of the follicle in the ovary is necessary. If this one...
The drift of the first research expedition led by Ivan Papanin began in May 1937. 9 months of work, observations and research of the North Pole station ended when an ice floe collapsed in the Greenland Sea and scientists had to curtail their activities.
The entire Soviet Union watched the epic rescue of 4 Papaninites.
The expedition was preceded by a long 5-year preparation. Before that, none of the travelers and scientists tried to live on a drifting ice floe for so long. Scientists, knowing the direction of ice movement, could imagine their route, but none of them imagined how long the expedition would last and how it would end.
I.D. Papanin
The ideologist of this expedition was Otto Yulievich Schmidt. After Stalin's approval, he quickly found people for this project - all of them were not new to the Arctic campaigns. The efficient team consisted of 4 people: Ivan Papanin, Ernst Krenkel, Evgeny Fedorov and Pyotr Shirshov. The head of the expedition was Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin. Although he was born on the Black Sea coast in Sevastopol, he connected his life with the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Papanin was first sent to the Far North in 1925 to build a radio station in Yakutia. In 1931, he participated in the voyage of the Malygin icebreaker to the Franz Josef Land archipelago, a year later he returned to the archipelago as the head of a field radio station, and then created a scientific observatory and a radio center at Cape Chelyuskin.
P.P. Shirshov
Hydrobiologist and hydrologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov was also not new to Arctic expeditions. He graduated from the Odessa Institute of Public Education, was an employee of the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences, but he was attracted by travel, and in 1932 he was hired on an expedition to the icebreaker A. Sibiryakov", and a year later became a member of the tragic flight on the Chelyuskin.
E.K. Fedorov
The youngest member of the expedition was Evgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov. He graduated from Leningrad University in 1934 and devoted his life to geophysics and hydrometeorology. Fedorov was familiar with Ivan Papanin even before this expedition "North Pole-1". He worked as a magnetologist at the polar station in Tikhaya Bay at the FJL, and then at the observatory at Cape Chelyuskin, where Ivan Papanin was his boss. After these winterings, Fedorov was included in the team for drifting on an ice floe.
E.T. Krenkel
The virtuoso radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel in 1921 graduated from the courses of radiotelegraph operators. At the final exams, he showed such a high speed in Morse code that he was immediately sent to the Lyubertsy radio station. From 1924, Krenkel worked in the Arctic - first at Matochkin Shar, then at several more polar stations on Novaya and Severnaya Zemlya. In addition, he participated in expeditions on the "George Sedov" and "Sibiryakov" and in 1030 managed to set a world record by contacting the American Antarctic station from the Arctic.
Dog Cheerful
Another full member of the expedition is the dog Vesely. It was presented by the winterers of the island of Rudolf, from which the planes made a throw to the pole. He brightened up the monotonous life on the ice floe, and was the soul of the expedition. A thievish soul, because he never denied himself the pleasure of sneaking into a warehouse with food and stealing something edible on occasion. In addition to enlivening the atmosphere, Vesely's main duty was to warn of the approach of polar bears, which he did very well.
There was no doctor on the expedition. His duties were assigned to Shirshov.
When preparing the expedition, we tried to take into account everything that was possible - from the working conditions of the equipment to household trifles. The Papaninites were provided with a solid supply of provisions, a field laboratory, a windmill that generated energy, and a radio station for communication with the earth. However, the main feature of this expedition was that it was prepared on the basis of theoretical ideas about the conditions of stay on the ice floe. But without practice, it was difficult to imagine how the expedition might end and, most importantly, how scientists would have to be removed from the ice floe.
A tent served as a dwelling and camping laboratory for the duration of the drift. This structure was small - 4 x 2.5 m. It was insulated according to the principle of a down jacket: the frame was covered with 3 covers: the inner one was sewn from canvas, the middle one was made of silk stuffed with eiderdown, the outer one was made of thin black tarpaulin, soaked waterproof compound. Deer skins lay on the canvas floor of the tent as insulation.
The Papanins recalled that it was very crowded inside and they were afraid to hurt anything (laboratory samples were also kept in the tent, raised from the depths of the Arctic Ocean and alcoholized in flasks).
I. Papanin preparing dinner
The requirements for the nutrition of polar explorers were quite strict - each day the diet of each had to consist of food with a calorie content of up to 7000 kcal. At the same time, the food had to be not only nutritious, but also contain a significant amount of vitamins - mainly vitamin C. Concentrated soup mixtures were specially developed to feed the expedition - a kind of current "bouillon cubes", only more healthy and rich. One pack of such a mixture was enough to cook a good soup for four members of the expedition. In addition to soups, it was possible to prepare porridge, compotes from such mixtures. Also, even cutlets were prepared in dry form for the expedition - in total, about 40 types of instant concentrates were developed - this required only boiling water, and all the food was ready in 2-5 minutes.
In addition to the usual dishes, completely new products with an interesting taste appeared in the diet of polar explorers: in particular, crackers, consisting of 23% meat and "salty chocolate with an admixture of meat and chicken powder." In addition to concentrates, the Papanin people had butter, cheese, and even sausage in their diet. The expedition members were also provided with vitamin tablets and sweets.
All dishes were made according to the principle that one item fits into another to save space. This subsequently began to be used by manufacturers of dishes not only expeditionary, but also ordinary, household.
Almost immediately after landing on the ice floe, work began. Petr Shirshov carried out depth measurements, took soil samples, water samples at different depths, determined its temperature, salinity, and oxygen content in it. All samples were immediately processed in the field laboratory. Evgeny Fedorov was responsible for meteorological observations. Atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative air humidity, wind direction and speed were measured. All information was transmitted by radio to Rudolf Island. These communication sessions were carried out 4 times a day.
For communication with the ground, the central radio laboratory in Leningrad manufactured two radio stations on special order - a powerful 80 watt and a 20 watt emergency one. The main power source for them was a windmill (besides it there was a hand-operated engine). All this equipment (its total weight was about 0.5 tons) was made under the personal supervision of Krenkel and the leadership of radio engineer N.N. Stromilova.
Difficulties began after the new year 1938. The ice floe drifted south and fell into bad weather. A crack appeared on it and its size rapidly decreased. However, the polar explorers tried to maintain peace of mind and observed the usual daily routine.
“In the tent, our nice old living tent, the kettle was boiling, supper was being prepared. Suddenly, in the midst of pleasant preparations, there was a sharp push and a creaking rustle. It seemed that silk or linen was being torn somewhere nearby, ”Krenkel recalled how the ice cracked.
“Dmitrich (Ivan Papanin) could not sleep. He smoked (the first sign of excitement) and busied himself with household chores. Sometimes he looked longingly at the loudspeaker suspended from the ceiling. When pushed, the loudspeaker swayed slightly and rattled. In the morning Papanin offered to play chess. They played thoughtfully, calmly, with full awareness of the importance of the work being done. And suddenly, through the roar of the wind, an unusual noise broke through again. The ice floe shook convulsively. We still decided not to stop the game,” he wrote about the moment when the ice floe cracked right under the tent.
Krenkel then quite casually transmitted Papanin's message on the radio: “As a result of a six-day storm at 8 o'clock in the morning on February 1, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe station, the field was torn apart by cracks from half a kilometer to five. We are on a fragment of a field 300 meters long and 200 meters wide (the initial size of the ice floe was approximately 2 X 5 km). Cut off two bases, also a technical warehouse with secondary property. Everything of value was saved from the fuel and utility depots. There was a crack under the living tent. We will move to the snow house. Coordinates will inform additionally today; If the connection is interrupted, please do not worry"
The ships "Taimyr" and "Murman" have already moved to the polar explorers, but it was not easy to get to the station due to the difficult ice conditions. The planes also could not take the polar explorers from the ice floe - the platform for their landing on the ice collapsed, and one plane sent from the ship itself got lost, and a rescue expedition was created to search for it. The ships were able to break through to the station only when a polynya formed, they received significant damage in the ice along the way.
February 19 at 13:40 "Murman" and "Taimyr" moored to the ice field 1.5 km from the polar station. They took on board all the members of the expedition and their equipment. The last message of the expedition was as follows: “... At this hour we are leaving the ice floe at the coordinates 70 degrees 54 minutes north, 19 degrees 48 minutes wind and passing over 2500 km in 274 days of drift. Our radio station was the first to announce the news of the conquest of the North Pole, ensured reliable communication with the Motherland, and this telegram ends its work.” On February 21, the Papaninites switched to the Yermak icebreaker, which delivered them to Leningrad on March 16.
The scientific results obtained in a unique drift were presented to the General Meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences on March 6, 1938 and were highly appreciated by specialists. All members of the expedition were awarded academic degrees and titles of Heroes of the Soviet Union. Also, this title was awarded to pilots - A. D. Alekseev, P. G. Golovin, I. P. Mazuruk and M. I. Shevelev.
Thanks to this first expedition, the following ones became possible - in the 1950s, the North Pole-2 expedition followed, and soon such winterings became permanent. In 2015, the last expedition "North Pole" took place.
The mourning date of February 6, 1938 is remembered by many residents of Dolgoprudny and people interested in the history of airship building and aeronautics. On this day, on the Kola Peninsula near Kandalaksha, the airship "USSR V-6" crashed. Thirteen of the nineteen crew members were killed.
The flight of the USSR-B6 on February 5-6, 1938 is remembered not only in Dolgoprudny. Every year on February 6, commemorative rallies are held in Kandalaksha on Aeronauts Street. In the cities of Russia and Ukraine, streets are named after Gudovantsev, Ritsland, Lyanguzov, Gradusov.
Background. Expedition of Ivan Papanin
At the end of May 1937, an expedition of four people - hydrobiologist Pyotr Shirshov, magnetologist-astronomer Yevgeny Fedorov, radio operator Ernst Krenkel led by Ivan Papanin - landed on an ice floe near the North Pole and on June 6, 1937 a solemn meeting was held dedicated to the opening of the world's first Soviet polar drifting station "North Pole-1". It was planned that the station would operate on a drifting ice floe for a year.
Papanin's radiograms were printed in newspapers and broadcast on the radio. The Papanin expedition was another achievement of the Soviet government, so millions of Soviet people followed its work.
In front of the district committee
The map hung. There on the ice
In the morning in a nomadic circle
They stuck a small flag.
The hardships of life in polar conditions aroused empathy, and reports of success gave rise to pride in their country.
The expedition members made many discoveries in the field of oceanology, geophysics, marine biology, the results of their research were subsequently highly appreciated by specialists. Within nine months, the ice floe, on which the polar explorers' camp was located, sailed more than 2,000 kilometers to the south and was carried out into the Greenland Sea.
The size of the ice floe at first was 3 kilometers wide and 5 kilometers long, and 3 meters thick. However, in the winter of 1938, the ice floe began to rapidly decrease in size, crack and collapse. A desperate radiogram was sent by Papanin to the mainland on February 1: “As a result of a six-day storm at 8 am on February 1, the field was torn apart by cracks from half a kilometer to five in the station area. We are on a fragment of a field 300 meters long and 200 meters wide. Two bases were cut off, as well as a technical warehouse ... There was a crack under the living tent. We will move to the snow house. Coordinates will inform additionally today; If the connection is interrupted, please do not worry.
On February 2, a new radiogram arrived: “In the vicinity of the station, fragments of fields continue to break apart no more than 70 meters long. The crack is from 1 to 5 meters, the leads are up to 50. The ice floes move mutually. The ice is nine points to the horizon. It is not possible to land within sight. We live in a silk tent on an ice floe 50 by 30 meters. We put the second antenna mast for the time of communication on another ice floe.
Academician Otto Yulievich Schmidt, head of the Main Northern Sea Route, said that the icebreakers Murman, Taimyr and Yermak would participate in the rescue operation, which begins on February 3.
"USSR V-6". Rescuers and victims
In the 1930s, the Soviet government began the intensive development of the airship fleet. The plans included, among other things, the creation of intercity air cargo and passenger traffic. The first experimental route was to be the Moscow-Novosibirsk route, for the development of which the crew of the airship "USSR-V6" was preparing. The opening of communication between the capital and Siberia was scheduled for the spring of 1938.
By the beginning of February, in the village of Dirigiblestroy - that was the name of Dolgoprudny then - everything was ready for the first flight. Just at that moment, a message was received that Papanin's expedition needed help. In this regard, the dirigibles turned to the Kremlin with a request to conduct a training flight Moscow - Petrozavodsk - Murmansk - Moscow. In the event of satisfactory flight results, the USSR-B6 could be used to evacuate Papanin's expedition from the ice floe.
Such a proposal was logical: it would take icebreakers to get to the drifting station for a long time, and the planes could not land on the ice floe due to a break in the ice. The airship in such a situation seemed to be an ideal vehicle. The Zeppelin doesn't need a landing pad, it could just hover over an ice floe to get people up into the gondola with a winch.
For the rescue operation, the airshipmen assembled a crew of the squadron's most experienced specialists - nineteen people, led by twenty-nine-year-old Knight of the Order of the Red Star Nikolai Gudovantsev. The crew is experienced, but quite young - the average age of the flight participants was about 30 years.
On February 5, 1938, at 19:35, the airship "USSR-B6" took off from the airfield in the working settlement of Dirigiblestroy. On the afternoon of February 6, in difficult weather conditions, the airship flew almost blindly over Petrozavodsk and Kemyu. To orient one had to go down to a height of 300-450 meters. In the afternoon, visibility improved, a tailwind blew, the airship reached a speed of about 100 km per hour. However, after some time, the aircraft again fell into a low cloud cover, visibility deteriorated sharply, it began to get dark, and it began to snow. At first we went at an altitude of 300-350 meters, but then we climbed to 450 meters. The crew flew on 10-page maps compiled according to data from the beginning of the century, on which the high mountains in the Kandalaksha region were not marked. The trajectory of the aircraft in some places passed over the railway tracks. The railroad workers even laid out bonfires along the track to make it easier for airship operators to navigate. But the fires were noticed by the command of the airship too late.
The last radiogram of the airship was received at 18:56 in the area of Zhemchuzhnaya station, 39 kilometers from Kandalaksha.
Suddenly, the navigator Myachkov sharply cried out: "Mountain!" But the airship did not manage to gain altitude and change the trajectory. The ship touched the crowns of trees and crashed into a mountain. The wreckage of the airship fell on the slope of the Neblo Mountain, 18 kilometers west of the White Sea station. The fire started.
The flight engineer K. Novikov, a crew member, recalls: “A few seconds before the crash, Comrade Pochekin heard the voice of the navigator: “Mountain!” This was followed by the first blow. In the aft gondola, I watched the machine from my chair with my back to the bow of the ship. On the first impact, I was thrown out of my chair and hit my head on a water radiator. In the next instant, the second impact threw me chest-first into the engine. The light in the gondola went out. Feeling the need to turn off the engine, he groped for the switch. At that moment, the third blow followed, and my back, and then my head hit the engine. Trying to rest my hands on something hard, I felt pain in my left hand: apparently, I cut it on something sharp. Then came a moment of calm. The gondola stopped shaking. I'm trying to navigate. I'm looking for a door on the left, but I can't find it. The heated lid of the gondola burns the head. I bend over. I see snow and the burning shell of the airship. With my bare hands I lift the burning matter, squeeze through to the waist, then rest with my hands and pull the stuck leg. Finally freed. My hair and clothes are on fire. I burrow into the snow. I can’t get up and decide to roll away from the burning airship.”
Only six crew members escaped from the wreckage. The fourth assistant commander Viktor Pochekin, flight mechanics Alexei Burmakin and Konstantin Novikov were injured (Novikov was seriously injured), and ship engineer Vladimir Ustinovich, flight mechanic Dmitry Matyunin and radio engineer Ariy Vorobyov remained unharmed. Killed - 13 people.
Nord is raging. Yesterday Moscow
Sent an airship. Never mind!
On the radio through the howl of a blizzard
Words barely reach.
Nord is raging. Radiator in the corner
Hoarse, covers the whole world:
He rakes like ashes
Cooled and empty ether.
Where is the airship? Trouble struck...
Nord is raging. Two hundred miles
An explosion was heard. Go there now
An emergency squad has been sent.
K. Simonov "Murmansk Diaries"
Local residents recalled that just before the disaster they heard a strong rumble. Then the noise of the engines subsided abruptly. On the morning of February 7, a group of skiers led by forester Nikitin approached Neblo-mountain, which was located in the 91st quarter of the Prolivsky lumber station. They provided first aid, called in reindeer teams to transport the surviving crew members to the nearest loggers' barracks. Then the airships were sent to the Straits station, from where they were transported by rail to Kandalaksha.
On February 12, 1938, 13 crew members of the USSR-B6 airship were buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. Nikolai Gudovantsev - first commander of the USSR-B6 airship, Ivan Pankov - second commander, Sergey Demin - first assistant commander, Vladimir Lyanguzov - second assistant commander, Taras Kulagin - third assistant commander, Alexei Ritslyand - first navigator, Georgy Myachkov - second navigator , Nikolai Konyashin - senior flight mechanic, Konstantin Shmelkov - first flight mechanic, Mikhail Nikitin - flight mechanic, Nikolai Kondrashev - flight mechanic, Vasili Chernov - flight radio operator, David Gradus - flight forecaster.
The youngest of the dead crew members, flight radio operator Vasily Chernov, was 25 years old, the oldest, flight mechanic Konstantin Shmelkov, was 35 years old.
All-Russian geographical dictation of 2016, which took place on November 20, 2016. These are dictation questions. Try to answer.
1. What is the name of an imaginary line on the surface of the globe that connects the North and South Poles at the shortest distance?
2. What is the name of the interface between warm and cold air masses in the lower part of the atmosphere?
3. What is the name of a city located near a larger city and gravitating towards it in economic and cultural terms?
4. What is the name of the part of the river valley that is flooded during floods or during floods?
5. Indicate the combination of natural zones and soils characteristic of the territory of the Central Federal District (it is enough to indicate the letter):
A) forest-steppe - red soils;
B) northern taiga - brown soils;
C) mixed forests - soddy-podzolic soils.
6. Select from the list the object with the lowest water salinity (it is enough to indicate the letter):
A) Sivash Bay;
B) the White Sea;
B) the Gulf of Finland;
D) the Black Sea.
7. What does this symbol mean on topographic maps?
8. Arrange the mountain systems in descending order of their maximum absolute height (fill in the numbers):
1) Altai; 2) Caucasus; 3) Sikhote-Alin; 4) Khibiny.
9. The name of this people of Russia is translated as “real person”, and the outdated name is Samoyeds. The number in Russia is about 45 thousand people, most of them live along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr. The main occupations are reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting. The name of the people is present in the names of two subjects of the Russian Federation. Name the people.
10. This folk craft bears the name of a village in the Moscow region, where it originated at the beginning of the 19th century. Traditional handicrafts are metal trays painted with oil paints, usually with a pattern of a flower bouquet. Name the industry.
11. What is the name of solid atmospheric precipitation that forms on the surface of the earth and plants at negative soil temperatures, cloudy skies and light winds?
12. Name the natural zone of Russia where oak and hazel grow, oriole and wild boar live.
13. Arrange the settlements in the direction from north to south (put in the letters):
A) Vologda; B) Salekhard; B) Khabarovsk; Novosibirsk city.
14. Name the archipelago, which is the northernmost island territory of Russia.
15. Select from the list a city where the sun can sometimes be seen at midnight (just specify a letter):
A) Syktyvkar; B) Murmansk; B) Omsk; D) Tomsk.
16. The Novgorod Kremlin and the Church of Peter and Paul on Sinichya Gora are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The distance between them in a straight line is 1.5 kilometers. What will it be equal to on a map at a scale of 1:50,000? Give your answer in centimeters.
17. Select from the list the subject of the Russian Federation, a significant part of which is located in the subarctic climate (it is enough to indicate the letter):
A) the Republic of Karelia;
B) Republic of Tatarstan;
C) Tyumen region;
D) Perm region.
18. Name the tributary of the Ob River, which crosses two state borders before entering the territory of Russia.
19. Indicate in which city from the list sunrise occurs earlier than others (it is enough to indicate the letter):
A) Yakutsk;
B) Okhotsk;
B) Khanty-Mansiysk;
D) Veliky Ustyug.
20. Name the subject of the Russian Federation in which the time differs from Kamchatka by 10 hours.
21. Select a river from the list, the lower reaches of which are shown on a satellite image (it is enough to indicate the letter):
A) Volga;
B) Lena;
B) Selenga;
D) Yenisei.
22. Name the Hero City of Russia, one of the largest ports of the Black Sea, located on the shores of the Tsemesskaya Bay.
23. Name the sea washing the coast of Russia, which is characterized by the highest tides. The sea is rich in fish, seafood and hydrocarbons. Previously, it was called Kamchatka. In its southern part there are the Odessa Bay and the Gulf of Patience.
24. Select a pair of objects from the list that are not geographically related to each other (just specify a letter):
A) Lake Taimyr - the Taimyr Peninsula;
B) Bering Island - Bering Sea;
C) Bely Island - White Sea;
D) the Kamchatka River - the Kamchatka Peninsula.
25. Name the city, the ancient capital of North-Eastern Russia, at present - the regional center on the Klyazma River, which is part of the Golden Ring of Russia tourist route.
26. What natural area does Vasily Dokuchaev write about:
“... it seems so densely occupied by some plant that nothing else, apparently, can fit here: either it is covered with purple spots - anemones have bloomed, then whole meadows take on a blue azure color - these are forget-me-nots; at other times you can find large areas completely covered with fragrant thyme ... ".
27. Find out the city described in the poem by Alexander the North:
This city in five centuries
Standing on the edge of the coast
The border of snow, eternal ice,
The capital of rivers, forests, swamps.
Standing on a centuries-old path
Nobody can get around.
All ships met here
That from the White Sea they went to people.
Met Norwegians and Slavs,
Met the Dutch, the British
The Varangians went to the last battle
And the Swedes are beaten astern.
By the age-old by this river
Pomors built the city ...
28.“The great strategist moved at a shooting pace along the mountain road leading around Mashuk to the place of the duel between Lermontov and Martynov, past sanatoriums and rest houses. Overtaken by buses and two-horse carriages, Ostap went to Proval” (Ilya Ilf and Evgeny Petrov).
The landmark of which city is considered to be the failure mentioned in the excerpt?
29. Name the territory described in the story of Konstantin Paustovsky:
“This region lies ... between Vladimir and Ryazan, not far from Moscow, and is one of the few surviving forest islands, the remnant of the “great belt of coniferous forests.” In ... the region you can see forest lakes with dark water, vast swamps covered with alder and aspen".
30. Name the expedition that took place in 1937-1938, in which Ivan Papanin, Evgeny Fedorov, Ernst Krenkel and Pyotr Shirshov, depicted on a postage stamp, became famous.
1. Meridian. 2. Atmospheric front (front of occlusion). 3. Satellite city, 4. Floodplain, 5. V, 6. V, 7. Shrub, 8) 2.1, 3, 4. 9). Nenets, 10. Zhostovo painting, 11. Hoarfrost 12. Mixed and broad-leaved forests. 13. B, A, D, C. 14 . Franz Josef Lands. 15. B, 16. 3 cm, 17. C, 18. Irtysh, 19. B, 20. Kaliningrad region, 21. C, 22. Novorossiysk, 23. Okhotsk. 24. V, 25. Vladimir, 26. Steppe, 27. Arkhangelsk, 28. Pyatigorsk, 29. Meshchera, 30. North Pole 1.
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On November 26, 1894, one of the main explorers of the Arctic, a pioneer in the study and development of the North Pole, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, was born. He lived a fairly long life - 91 years. Papanin passed away on January 30, 1986, exactly 30 years ago. Over the years of his life, Ivan Papanin was awarded many awards, including twice becoming a Hero of the Soviet Union, and he was also awarded nine Orders of Lenin at once. In addition, he had the rank of rear admiral and a doctorate in geography. He became widely known as early as 1937, when he led an expedition to the North Pole. For 274 days, four fearless workers of the SP-1 station drifted on an ice floe and monitored the Earth's magnetic field, as well as the processes that took place in the atmosphere of the Arctic Ocean.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born in Sevastopol. His father was a sailor in the port, so the boy's whole life was near the sea, as a teenager he began to work, finishing only 4 grades of elementary school. Already in 1908, he went to work at the Sevastopol plant for the manufacture of navigation instruments. On this occasion, he later remarks in Chekhov's words: "As a child, I did not have a childhood." In 1912, Papanin, as one of the best employees of the enterprise, was transferred to a shipyard in Reval (today Tallinn), and in 1914 he was called up for military service. At the same time, Ivan Papanin ended up in the Crimea again, as he was sent to serve in the Black Sea Fleet. In 1918-1920 he took part in the Civil War in Ukraine and Crimea (organization of insurgent detachments and sabotage). Since 1920, he was the commissar of operational management under the commander of the naval forces and the forces of the Southwestern Front. Since November 1920, he served as the commandant of the Crimean Cheka, worked as an investigator. In 1921 he was transferred to work in Kharkov as a military commandant of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee, after which from July 1921 to March 1922 he worked as secretary of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Chernomorsky.
Two years later, a promotion followed, and he was transferred to Moscow, where the young security officer dealt with postal issues, and later headed the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Guards. His work in Yakutia was also connected with communication, where he supervised the construction of radio stations. While still in the capital, in 1923-1925 he managed to study at the Higher Communications Courses, and it was after their graduation that he went to Yakutia.
The activities of Ivan Papanin in 1932-1935 were also associated with being on the very edge of the earth. In 1932-1933, he was the head of the Tikhaya Bay polar station, which was located on Franz Josef Land, and in 1934-1935 he worked at the station, which was located on Cape Chelyuskin. That is, he had to work in very harsh conditions. However, it was then that Papanin, most likely, finally and irrevocably fell in love with the Arctic.
Later, even more difficult tests awaited Ivan Dmitrievich. In 1937-1938, something happened that made Papanin famous in our country and the world. He headed the world's first drifting station "North Pole". The scientific results that were obtained in a unique drift were presented by him to the General Meeting of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on March 6, 1938 and were highly appreciated by specialists. The work of the drifting station really made it possible to collect a lot of important and new information about the harsh Arctic region. For selfless work in the difficult conditions of the Arctic, all members of this famous expedition were presented with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. At the same time, Papanin, together with the radio operator of the station, Krenkel, received a doctorate in geographical sciences.
In late 1939 - early 1940, Ivan Papanin successfully organized an expedition to rescue from ice captivity after an 812-day drift of the Georgy Sedov icebreaker. For a successful expedition to rescue the icebreaker, Ivan Dmitrievich was presented for the second time to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. It is worth noting that from 1939 to 1946 he headed the Main Northern Sea Route. Papanin held the post of head of the Glavsevmorput and the authorized representative of the State Defense Committee for transportation in the North throughout the Second World War. His work as head of the Main Northern Sea Route was also important in the pre-war years, as it allowed solving many problems with the transportation of goods along the NSR. The first years in this high post, he paid great attention to the construction of powerful icebreakers in the country, the development of Arctic navigation. During the war years, he successfully organized the reception and transportation to the front of military cargo that came to the USSR by sea from the USA and Great Britain, for which in 1943 he received the rank of Rear Admiral.
In the post-war years, Papanin gradually moved away from practice. He retired in 1949 due to heart disease (he had angina pectoris). At the same time, he did not give up engaging in theoretical scientific activity. From 1949 to 1951 he was deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions. Starting from 1951 and until the end of his life, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanov headed the department of marine expeditionary work at the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In parallel with this, since 1965 he was also the director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences, located in the village of Borok. He was also chairman of the Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the Soviet Union.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin died on January 30, 1986 from chronic heart failure at a rather advanced age - 91 years old. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery. During his life, he managed to become an honorary citizen of four cities at once - his native Sevastopol, as well as Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Lipetsk, and even one region - Yaroslavl. A cape located on Taimyr, mountains in Antarctica and the Pacific Ocean, as well as an island in the Sea of Azov were named after him. Also, streets in a number of cities of the Soviet Union were named after Papanin.
Interesting biography facts
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin is an academician without education. At one time, he did not even receive a secondary education, the boy studied in elementary school for only 4 years. The plant became a real "school of life" for the famous polar explorer. Only while working in the People's Commissariat of Communications, Papanin graduated from the Higher Communications Courses. At the same time, the lack of education did not prevent him from becoming a doctor of science in 1938; he received this degree for the results achieved as part of the work of the SP-1 station. In the future, he was able to become an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions and director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Not everyone can achieve such success with proper education. The same can be said about his military rank. Papanin became Rear Admiral in 1943. Prior to that, he was only an ordinary sailor during the First World War and had no special military education.
Polar explorer №1
The work of the first Soviet drifting station "SP-1" (North Pole-1) marked the beginning of a systematic study of the high-latitude regions of the polar basin in the interests of navigation, hydrology and meteorology. The drift of the station, which began on June 6, 1937, lasted 9 months (274 days) and ended on February 16, 1938 in the Greenland Sea. During this time, the ice floe on which the station was located swam 2100 kilometers. The participants of this polar expedition, in incredibly difficult working conditions, managed to collect and systematize unique material about the nature of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean. Leader Ivan Papanin, radio operator Ernst Krenkel, meteorologist and geophysicist Yevgeny Fedotov, and hydrobiologist and oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov took part in this expedition.
Perhaps no event between the two world wars attracted so much public attention as the drift of the "Papanin Four" in the Arctic. Initially, they drifted on a huge ice floe, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich reached several square kilometers. However, by the time the expedition ended, the size of the ice floe no longer exceeded the size of a volleyball court. At that moment, the whole world followed the fate of the Soviet polar explorers, wishing them only one thing - to return from this expedition alive.
"Papanintsy"
The feat of the four "Papanins" was immortalized in the Soviet Union in different ways. So in 1938, a series of postage stamps, which was dedicated to the SP-1 expedition, saw the light of day. In the same year, the book Life on the Ice Floe was published, authored by Papanin himself. In addition, for several years, all Soviet boys played "papanits" and conquered the North Pole, which was reflected in the literature of those years (for example, in Valentin Kataev's "Flower-Semitsvetik", 1940). In 1995, a commemorative coin of 25 rubles was issued in Russia, which was dedicated to the work of the SP-1 expedition.
Based on materials from open sources.
