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Social status of a citizen
Definition 1
A citizen is a subject of administrative law that ensures his rights and freedoms. The fundamentals of the legal status of a citizen are enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
- life,
- education,
- work,
- medical service,
- property protection, etc.
Changing the social status of a citizen depends not on the individual, but on the will of the legislator.
The social status of a citizen is determined by various factors:
- family and kinship ties,
- nationality,
- citizenship,
- the authority of the individual,
- profession,
- property status,
- religion,
- successes and achievements, etc.
For example, the social status of citizen N can be determined as follows:
- demographic quality – male, 30 years old;
- political characteristics - member of the liberal democratic party;
- economic features – middle manager with above-average income;
- profession - merchandising specialist.
Each social status, as an element of the division of labor in society, includes a set of various rights and responsibilities. Rights indicate what a citizen can allow in relation to other people or in relation to himself. Responsibilities prescribe necessary actions: in the workplace, in relation to oneself, etc. Responsibilities limit the behavior of an individual to a certain framework; they are strictly defined and reflected in instructions, rules, regulations, etc.
The relationship between the social and legal status of a citizen
Definition 2
The legal status of a citizen is a collective category, representing the totality of all social connections of a citizen with the state, society, surrounding people, and the team.
The structure of the legal status of a citizen includes:
- rights,
- responsibilities,
- freedom,
- guarantees,
- legal liability.
The social status of a citizen (general or constitutional status) underlies the legal status and is its variety. This is the real position of a person in the system of social relations. Law consolidates the social status of a citizen and introduces it into the framework of legislation.
The legal and social status of a citizen are correlated as form and content.
The legal status of a citizen is a set of freedoms, responsibilities, rights, obligations recognized and guaranteed by the state; it legally secures the historically predetermined place in society of various social groups: employees, entrepreneurs, military personnel, employees, pensioners, etc.
The social status of a citizen is determined by the Constitution and does not depend on current circumstances (changes in marital status, career moves, changes in position, functions performed). It is the same and uniform for everyone, characterized by relative generality and stability.
The social status of a citizen cannot take into account all subjects of law, their differences, features, and specifics. It is the initial and basic one for all other statuses. By the social status of a citizen one can judge the social nature, character, and degree of democracy of a society.
Fundamentals of the legal status of a citizen
The basics of the legal status of a citizen include the following categories:
- citizenship – principle of equal citizenship, termination, acquisition;
- general legal capacity;
- principles of legal status - the fullness of the rights and freedoms of citizens, the inalienability of rights and freedoms, equality before the court and the law, directly applicable constitutional rights and freedoms;
- fundamental rights and freedoms – political, civil, economic, cultural, social;
- responsibilities - to defend the Fatherland, protect the environment and nature, pay established taxes and fees.
Are the following statements true (yes or no)?
1. Under conditions of full employment, the unemployment rate is zero.
2. The actual unemployment rate cannot be less than the natural one.
3. If actual output in the economy is greater than potential, then resources are at full employment levels.
4. The natural rate of unemployment is the amount of unemployment that cannot disappear on its own, even in the long term.
5. The natural rate of unemployment includes frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment.
6. If the unemployment rate is equal to the natural rate, the volumes of potential and actual GDP are equal.
7. If the unemployment rate in the economy is equal to its natural level, then employment is full.
8. The natural rate of unemployment cannot be changed by government policy.
9. An increase in unemployment benefits contributes to an increase in its level.
10. Frictional unemployment is not only obligatory, but also desirable for society.
11. The main reason for frictional unemployment is imperfect information.
12. Sectoral shifts in the economy can lead to an increase in the level of frictional unemployment.
13. All people who first appeared on the labor market belong to the category of frictional unemployed.
14. The reason for structural unemployment is the discrepancy between the structure of the labor force and the structure of jobs.
15. If actual GDP is equal to potential, then there is no structural unemployment in the country.
16. Cyclical unemployment occurs only when aggregate spending in the economy is insufficient.
17. During a downturn in the economy, cyclical unemployment is sure to occur, but frictional and structural unemployment may be absent.
18. The overall unemployment rate may be negative.
19. Cyclical unemployment can be negative.
20. Inflation means an increase in the prices of all goods and services produced in the economy.
21. If the inflation rate decreases, this means that the prices of all goods have decreased.
22. If the inflation rate decreased by 2%, then this is deflation.
23. In conditions when the potential and actual volumes of GDP are equal, an increase in aggregate expenditures leads to inflation.
24. The reason for high inflation is that countries that spend more money than they receive in tax revenues print too much money.
25. If the inflation rate is 150%, this means that the price level has increased by 1.5 times.
26. An increase in aggregate spending in an economy at its potential output level leads to demand inflation.
27. Inflation caused by increased military spending in an economy is an example of cost-push inflation.
28. An increase in the price level and an increase in output are the result of demand inflation.
29. The result of cost-push inflation is an increase in the price level and a decrease in output.
30. Rising prices for raw materials can cause both demand and cost inflation.
31. Increasing wages can cause both demand and cost inflation.
32. Stagflation is the result of a sharp reduction in aggregate spending.
33. Stagflation means an increase in the price level, while real output and employment can either rise or fall.
Examples of problem solving
Problem 1
Let the Phillips curve be given by the following equation: What must be the cyclical unemployment rate in the current year for the inflation rate to decrease by 6 percentage points compared to the previous year? If, in accordance with Okun's law, a deviation of unemployment from the natural rate by 1 percentage point corresponds to a change in the level of GDP by 2%, then what will be the coefficient of losses from the fight against inflation?
Solution
According to the Phillips curve, in order to reduce inflation, the unemployment rate must be higher than natural for a certain time. Let us rewrite the equation of the Phillips curve in such a way that on the left side we obtain the required value of the reduction in inflation: According to the condition, it is known that 
, or 6 percentage points, then:
hence the actual unemployment rate is u = 0.16.
As is known, cyclical unemployment is the difference between its actual and natural values. From the equation, it is clear that the natural rate of unemployment is 0.06, or 6%. This is the unemployment rate at which the actual value of the inflation rate coincides with the expected value, the latter in this case being equal to the inflation rate of the previous period, that is 
. Thus, cyclical unemployment is 10%, that is, (u – u*) = 0.16 – 0.06 = 0.1, or 10%.
According to the conditions of the problem, a deviation of the actual unemployment rate from the natural one by 1 percentage point corresponds to a change in GDP by 2%. In this case, the actual unemployment rate is 10 percentage points higher than the natural rate, therefore GDP should decrease by 20%. The loss ratio measures how much percent of annual GDP must be sacrificed to reduce inflation by 1 percentage point. Dividing the 20% decline in GDP by 6 percentage points of decline in inflation, we obtain a loss ratio of ≈ 3.3.
Problem 2
Suppose that a country produces and consumes three goods. The table shows data on the quantity and prices of each product for the reporting and base periods. Calculate the Paasche, Laspeyres and Fischer price indices, draw conclusions about the dynamics of inflation processes.
Table 31
| Product | Base year | Reporting year |
||
| price | quantity | price | quantity |
|
| Product A | 10 | 10 | 15 | 8 |
| Product B | 27 | 6 | 24 | 7 |
| Product B | 655 | 3 | 425 | 5 |
Solution
The Laspeyres price index is calculated using the formula:
where p i 0 and p i 1 are the prices of the i-th product in the base and reporting periods, q i 0 is the quantity of the i-th product in the base period.
According to the assignment:
The Paasche price index is defined as follows:
where p i 0 and p i 1 are the prices of the i-th product in the base and reporting period, q i 0 and q i 1 are the quantity of the i-th product in the base and reporting period.
According to the assignment:
The Laspeyres price index indicates a decrease in the price level by 30% in the reporting year compared to the base year, however, it does not take into account changes in the structure of goods produced and consumed, which leads to an overestimation of the increase in the cost of living. In turn, the Paasche index somewhat underestimates the increase in the price level (by convention, prices have already decreased by 32%). The Fisher index averages the results obtained:
Problem 3
The population is 100 million people, 24 million people are children under 16 years of age, as well as people in long-term isolation (in psychiatric hospitals, correctional institutions); 30 million people dropped out of the labor force; 4 million 600 thousand people are unemployed; 1 million people are part-time workers and looking for work. Using these statistics, calculate the size of the labor force and the unemployment rate.
Solution
Labor force = Total population – Number of disabled people (persons under 16 years of age and persons in institutional care) – Number of those who have left the labor force market = 100 million people. – 24 million people – 30 million people. = 46 million people
Unemployment rate = Number of unemployed / Number of labor force × 100% = 4.6 million people / 46 million people × 100% = 10%.
Data on part-time workers and job seekers are redundant for this purpose and should not be used in the calculations.
Problem 4
The natural unemployment rate this year is 6%, and the actual rate is 10%. Determine the relative gap between actual GDP and potential GDP, provided that the sensitivity coefficient of GDP to the dynamics of cyclical unemployment is equal to 2.
If actual output that year was $600 billion, what is the loss in GDP caused by cyclical unemployment?
Solution
1. The value of the relative deviation of real GDP from potential GDP can be found using Okun’s law:
where Y is the actual volume of output; Y * – potential output volume; β is the coefficient of sensitivity of GDP to the dynamics of cyclical unemployment (Ouken's coefficient); U – actual unemployment rate; U * – natural rate of unemployment.
Substituting these problems into the given model, we get:
This means that due to cyclical unemployment, actual output fell relative to potential by 8%.
2. To answer the question of the problem, it is necessary to find the economic potential Y * from the equation:
After algebraic transformations we have: Y * = 652.2 billion dollars. GDP losses caused by cyclical unemployment are: Y – Y * = 600 – 652.2 = – 52.2 billion dollars.
Problem 5
The annual inflation rate is 7%. In how many years will the inflation rate double?
Solution
To make the calculation, you must use the “rule of 70,” which allows (at an inflation rate of up to 30%) to determine the number of years required to double the inflation rate at a constant annual value. Based on this rule, you should divide the number 70 by the inflation rate as a percentage, that is, 70 / 7% = 10 years.
Tasks
1. The economy is described by the following data. The natural unemployment rate is 6%, the actual unemployment rate is 7.33%, and potential GDP increases by 3% per year. How quickly must actual output increase to ensure full employment of resources next year at the natural rate of unemployment? The sensitivity coefficient of GDP to the dynamics of cyclical unemployment is 3.
2. Over five years, the inflation rate was reduced by 5 percentage points. The accumulated cyclical unemployment rate during this time amounted to 10 percentage points. It is known that one percentage point of excess of the unemployment rate over the natural rate corresponds to a decrease in GDP by 3 percent. Calculate the coefficient of losses from fighting inflation (as the ratio of GDP losses and changes in the inflation rate).
3. The natural rate of unemployment in the economy is 6%. The actual unemployment rate over four years was 7.5%, 9.5%, 8.5%, 7.5%. Each percentage point that the actual unemployment rate exceeds its natural value corresponds to a three percent deviation downward from the potential level of GDP. During this period, inflation decreased by 6 percentage points. What is the loss rate from fighting inflation?
4. The loss coefficient from lower inflation is 4.5. One percentage point above the unemployment rate from its natural value means a loss of 2% of GDP. During the period under review, the accumulated cyclical unemployment rate was 9%. By how many percentage points was the inflation rate reduced during this period?
5. The Phillips curve equation is presented as: where u* = 5%, or 0.05; β = 0.4; π e = 8%, or 0.08; ε = 0. In order to combat inflation, the government decided to reduce aggregate demand by reducing government purchases. This policy led to an increase in the unemployment rate to 10%, or 0.1. What was the final inflation rate?
6. The consumer basket of an average urban family in the United States cost $14,000 in the base year, and the same basket in the reporting year already cost $21,000 (at current prices). The consumer basket of goods and services purchased in the reporting year cost $20,000 (in the prices of the reporting year), while the same basket in the prices of the base year cost $15,000. Calculate the consumer price index for the reporting year compared to the base year.
7. It is known that GDP in 1995 amounted to 1429 billion rubles. In 2000, the real volume of GDP in 1995 prices was equal to 1,547 billion rubles. Using the data presented in the table, calculate: a) price changes from 1995 to 2000; b) price changes from 1995 to 2002. and from 1995 to 2004; c) change in real GDP from 1995 to 2004.
Table 32
8. The consumer basket consists of 2 kg of flour and 4 kg of apples. Compared to the base year, the price of flour increased from 8 to 10 rubles. per kg, and the price of apples – from 15 to 20 rubles. per kg. Determine the consumer price index.
9. If the actual unemployment rate exceeds its natural rate by 3%, then what is the gap between real GDP and its potential level?
10. The population is 120 million people, including 70 million people are the economically active population, and 6.3 million people. - unemployed. Determine the unemployment rate.
11. The population is 90 million people, including the number of employed people - 57 million people, and the number of unemployed people - 3 million people. Find the unemployment rate.
12. Last year, the economy of a conditional country was characterized by the following parameters: potential GDP level - 4,125 million rubles; the actual level of GDP is 3,712.5 million rubles; the actual unemployment rate is 10%. Determine the natural rate of unemployment in the country if the Okun coefficient is 2.5%.
13. The actual volume of GDP in this year was equal to 2,000 million rubles, the potential volume of GDP was 2,300 million rubles. The natural rate of unemployment is 5%. Determine the actual unemployment rate for a given year if the Okun ratio is 2.5%.
14. In the economy of a hypothetical country, the natural unemployment rate is 5%, and the actual rate is 9%. This year, potential GDP is expected to grow by 8%. Determine by what percentage the actual volume of GDP must increase in order to ensure full employment of resources in a given year at the natural rate of unemployment (Oken's coefficient is 2.5).
15. Last year there were the following unemployment rates: frictional – 3%, structural – 3%, cyclical – 10%. The volume of nominal GDP amounted to 2,700 million rubles, the Okun coefficient was 2.5. Determine what the volume of GDP would be if unemployment did not exceed its natural level.
16. Suppose that the economy of a fictitious country is in a state of full employment. The potential and actual volumes of real GDP are 3,000 den. units with an unemployment rate of 6%. An economic downturn is expected this year with an estimated real GDP of 2,400 den. units Determine to what level the unemployment rate will increase next year in accordance with Okun's law (Ouken's coefficient is 2.5).
17. Calculate the consumer price index based on the table data:
Table 33
| Index | Product A | Product B | Product B | Product G |
| Physical volume consumption, thousand pcs. | 1 000 | 4 000 | 30 000 | 600 |
| Prices in the base year, rub. | 100 | 50 | 1 000 | 2 |
| Prices in the accounting year, rub. | 200 | 150 | 2 000 | 5 |
18. It is known that the volume of potential GDP, characterized by a 6% unemployment rate, is $5,000 billion. This year, the volume of real GDP was $4,500 billion. Next year, economic growth is predicted with a corresponding increase in the volume of real GDP to 4,750 billion dollars. Determine how the unemployment rate in the country will change in accordance with Okun's law (Ouken's coefficient - 2.5).
19. Suppose that a citizen has entered into an employment contract to perform a certain amount of work within a month with a total cost of 4,000 den. units Determine the absolute financial losses of a citizen due to the fact that with 50% inflation per month, payment for work performed is carried out not at the beginning, but at the end of the month.
20. House purchased in January 2007 for 2 thousand. units, was sold in January 2010 for 8.4 thousand den. units Inflation by year was: 2007 – 60%, 2008 – 50%, 2009 – 40%, 2010 – 30%. Estimate the seller's gain as a percentage as a result of the transaction.
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Tasks for independent work
Labor force and human capital. Unity and contradictions in formation and use.
Cyclicality in employment dynamics.
Labor market infrastructure.
Migration and emigration of labor resources.
Types of unemployment and their dependence on the dynamics of the social division of labor.
Methods of state regulation of employment in the Russian economy.
Social costs of anti-inflationary regulation and their minimization.
Inflation expectations in the economy.
Inflation and income management policy.
Methods for indexing household incomes in conditions of inflation.
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Topic 5. SOCIAL POLICY OF THE STATE
Theoretical basis for preparation
to the practical lesson
Social policy of the state in the context of the market mechanism of income generation.
Population income, its types and sources of formation. Nominal and real income. Functional and personal distribution of income.
Income differentiation: causes and factors. Measuring income differentiation and assessing its global trends.
Distribution of personal income. Personal income distribution. Reasons for income differentiation.
Socio-economic structure of society. Identification of income, property and social status of citizens.
Standard of living. System of indicators for assessing living standards and poverty. Socio-economic mobility and social progress. State income redistribution: concepts, goals and tools. Economic efficiency and equality, Alternative conceptual approaches to state income redistribution.
The system of social protection of the population of Russia in the transition period to a market economy: declarations, real content and consequences.
^
Basic concepts needed to study the topic
Social policy is aimed at solving the following tasks:
1) stabilization of living standards of the population and prevention of mass poverty;
2) curbing the growth of unemployment and material support for the unemployed, as well as training labor resources of a size and quality that meet the needs of social production;
3) maintaining a stable level of real income of the population through anti-inflationary measures and income indexation;
4) development of sectors of the social sphere (education, healthcare, housing, culture and art).
Social policy has a number of functions:
1) compensatory – aimed at eliminating external constraining conditions that do not allow the individual to be an active participant in the relations existing in society;
2) elective – aimed at determining the circumstances and properties of the individual himself, allowing him to be classified as needy;
3) cumulative - accumulates the social potential of the state, expressed in the dependence of individuals on the socio-political activities of the state.
The main principles of social policy are:
1) protecting the standard of living by introducing various forms of compensation for price increases and carrying out indexation;
2) providing assistance to the poorest families;
3) provision of assistance in case of unemployment;
4) ensuring social insurance policy, establishing a minimum wage for workers;
5) development of education, health protection, and the environment mainly at the expense of the state;
6) pursuing an active policy aimed at ensuring qualifications.
Test 1
1. Suppose that the state has decided to achieve complete equality in income. This suggests that:
a) the whole society will become richer;
b) economic efficiency will be significantly reduced;
c) there will be no need for any type of income tax;
D) both equality and economic efficiency will increase.
2. When the government makes transfers in kind, it:
a) transfers money directly to the recipient;
b) allows the recipient to reduce its tax obligations to the state;
c) transfers goods and services for which payment is not required;
d) makes transfers only to elderly and disabled people.
3. Which of the following is included in the functional distribution of income:
a) labor income in the form of wages;
b) capital income in the form of interest;
c) rental income of land;
d) profit.
4. The need for social policy is due to the fact that:
a) the market mechanism does not guarantee a minimum level of well-being for all citizens;
b) the state always has free financial resources to support the poorest segments of the population;
c) one of the requirements of international law is to support the poor;
d) political instability is often a consequence of social tension.
5. Of the following does not apply to the immediate objectives of social policy:
a) development of social infrastructure;
b) territorial planning;
c) creating conditions for comprehensive human development;
d) establishing tax rates on personal income.
6. The concept of social infrastructure includes:
a) housing and communal services;
b) healthcare institutions;
c) firms providing consulting services to small businesses;
d) toll roads.
7. The development of the country’s human potential involves the following measures:
a) creating conditions for the realization of basic socio-economic human rights;
b) formation of economic incentives for the development of entrepreneurship;
c) increasing the level of education;
d) socialization and professional guidance of youth.
8. Currently in Russia social support is provided to the following categories of the population:
a) disabled people;
b) large families;
c) stateless persons;
d) scientists engaged in socially significant research.
9. The cost of living is intended to cover the following expenses:
a) payment of utilities;
b) sanatorium-resort treatment;
c) satisfying physiological nutritional needs;
d) training and advanced training.
10. The highest level of social protection of the population has been achieved in such countries as:
a) Norway, Sweden;
b) Sweden, USA, Canada;
c) France, Germany;
d) Great Britain, France.
11. The basic principles guaranteeing the right of every person to work in any state are:
a) equality of subjects in the labor market;
b) free choice of profession and area of employment;
c) legislative regulation of working conditions;
d) equality of all citizens before the law.
12. Currently in Russia it is established that the duration of working hours per week cannot exceed:
a) 36 hours;
b) 48 hours;
c) 40 hours;
d) 42 hours.
13. The right to annual paid leave arises for an employee after ___ months of work in the organization:
d) 6.
14. The main local regulatory act regulating labor law issues at an enterprise is:
a) Labor Code;
b) collective agreement;
c) internal labor regulations;
d) employment agreement.
15. In the international arena, issues of regulatory regulation and monitoring of compliance with citizens’ rights to work are dealt with by:
c) UNESCO;
go on.
16. The negative consequences of social policy include the following:
a) unemployment benefits delay the search for work and lead to an increase in the claims of the unemployed;
b) an unjustified increase in social spending leads to a state budget deficit;
c) reduction in real wages;
d) expansion of the shadow economy due to reluctance to pay wages in full and pay taxes on them.
17. Indicators that determine the degree of fair distribution of income are:
a) real total income and per capita income;
b) minimum consumer basket and minimum wage;
c) cost of living level and cost of living index;
d) decile coefficients, Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient.
18. The nature of income distribution over time is expressed using:
a) Gini coefficient;
b) Lorentz curve;
c) the level of well-being of the population;
a) change in the cost of living;
b) the dynamics of the cost of goods and services in the volume of their sales in the current period;
c) change in the cost of consumer goods in the volume of their sales in the base period;
d) transition from a minimum consumer basket to a rational one.
20. The Paasche index reveals the dynamics:
a) the cost of consumer goods in the volume of their sales in the base period;
b) changes in the structure of the consumer basket;
c) changes in the structure of expenses of the “average family”;
d) the cost of goods and services in the volume of their sales in the current period.
Test 2
1. Nominal wages are:
a) accrued wages;
b) wages minus taxes and other payments;
c) wages plus cash receipts from other sources;
d) all of the above.
2. Real wages are:
a) the number of goods and services purchased for nominal wages;
b) wages. Remaining after deducting taxes and other payments;
c) the amount of family expenses during the month;
d) all answers are correct.
3. The following data on price dynamics are available:
Table 34
Let us assume that the increase in the level of nominal wages for workers entering into employment contracts for a two-year period starting in 2009 is due to the relationship: ΔW / W = 0.1 (where W is the nominal wage). In this case, it can be argued that real wages:
a) will tend to decrease;
b) will remain unchanged;
c) will increase more significantly in 2010 than in 2009;
d) will increase more significantly in 2009 than in 2010.
4. Nominal incomes of the country's population increased by 50% over the year. If the price level over the same period increased by 25%, then the real incomes of the population:
a) increased by 20%;
b) decreased by 20%;
c) increased by 25%;
d) decreased by 25%.
5. The Lorenz curve can be used to measure:
a) changes in tax rates;
b) change in the level of wages;
c) changes in prices of production factors;
d) none of the above applies.
6. If the Lorenz curve is a 45º ray, the variables being compared at each point on the curve will be:
a) have the same values;
b) have negative values;
c) unequal values;
a) income inequality in society;
b) similarities between family incomes;
c) comparability of family incomes;
d) equality of income in society.
8. The standard of living is determined by:
a) current income, accumulated material property;
b) the number of social services provided free of charge;
c) a system of minimum consumer budgets - physiological, subsistence and social minimums;
d) all answers are correct.
9. The objects of social policy are:
A) living and working conditions of a person;
B) intergroup and interpersonal relations;
B) social structure;
D) all answers are correct.
10. Social policy is carried out by the state using various but interrelated mechanisms determined during its formation, namely:
1) legislative and regulatory framework;
2) tax levers and incentives;
3) administrative decisions;
4) financial and credit mechanism.
D) 1 – 4.
11. The set of long-term and medium-term goals for the development of society in the field of the level and quality of life of the population is:
A) social policy;
B) social strategy;
B) social tactics;
D) economic policy.
12. Absolute poverty is:
a) the level of per capita income in the household, at which the subsistence minimum or other indicator that is used to assess the standard of living is not achieved;
b) the level of per capita income in the household is insufficient according to the household’s own assessment;
c) the level of per capita income in the household is below the average for the region or other continuum that is used to calculate the average
D) all answers are correct.
13. The subsistence minimum for the Russian Federation as a whole is intended for:
a) assessing the standard of living of the population of the Russian Federation in the development and implementation of social policy and federal social programs;
b) justification for the minimum wage and minimum old-age pension established at the federal level, as well as for determining the amount of scholarships, benefits and other social benefits;
c) formation of the federal budget.
D) all answers are correct.
14. In general, for the Russian Federation and in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the cost of living is determined:
a) is established annually by the Government of the Russian Federation;
b) at least once every five years on the basis of methodological recommendations developed with the participation of all-Russian trade union associations, in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation;
c) quarterly based on the consumer basket and data from the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics on the level of consumer prices for food, non-food goods and services and expenses for mandatory payments and fees;
d) there is no correct answer.
15. The main areas of social protection of the population do not include:
A) social protection of children, childhood and adolescence;
B) social protection of pensioners;
C) social protection of disabled citizens;
D) social protection of the family.
16. Which of the following does not apply to the basic principles of developing state policy on the labor market in countries with market economies:
a) recognition of a person’s property right to his ability to perform productive and creative work;
b) the responsibility of the state for ensuring full employment of the population (providing everyone who wants to work with a job);
c) the availability of state guarantees in the field of promoting the employment of citizens and material support for persons recognized as unemployed in the prescribed manner;
D) all answers are correct.
17. The social policy budget is a complex formation and consists of:
a) consolidated state budget;
B) employer funds;
B) household budgets;
D) all answers are correct.
18. Model of state paternalism:
D) there is no correct answer.
19. Liberal model of social policy:
a) is focused on the state’s determination of qualitative (ideology) and quantitative (social sphere) parameters of all forms of relations in society without exception and the elimination of alternative types of these relations;
b) is based on the postulate of dividing members of society into economically strong and economically weak;
c) assumes that in cases of extreme (force majeure) situations due to natural (earthquakes, floods, etc.) or man-made causes (accidents, terrorist attacks, etc.), assistance from the state budget is provided to all households without exception, regardless of their income level.
D) there is no correct answer.
20. The economic effect of social policy is:
a) the ratio of the costs of social policy to the result (social effect) that was caused by these costs;
b) the difference between the result of social policy (social effect), expressed in monetary units, and the costs that ensured this result;
c) the difference between indicators characterizing the state of the social sphere for the final and initial (base) periods of time;
d) the ratio of the social effect of social policy to the indicator characterizing the state of the social sphere in the initial (base) period of time.
(see text in the previous edition)
1. Information about your income, property and property-related obligations, as well as information about the income, property and property-related obligations of your spouse and minor children must be submitted to the representative of the employer (employer):
1) citizens applying for civil service positions;
(see text in the previous edition)
1.1) citizens applying to fill positions of members of the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, positions in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation included in the list approved by the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
1.2) citizens applying for municipal service positions included in the lists
2) citizens applying for positions included in the lists established by regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation in state corporations, public law companies, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, and other organizations created Russian Federation on the basis of federal laws;
(see text in the previous edition)
2.1) citizens applying for positions of the Commissioner for the Rights of Consumers of Financial Services (hereinafter referred to as the Financial Commissioner), the head of the service for supporting the activities of the Financial Commissioner;
3) citizens applying to fill certain positions included in the lists established by federal government bodies, on the basis of an employment contract in organizations created to carry out the tasks assigned to federal government bodies;
3.1) citizens applying for positions of heads of state (municipal) institutions;
3.2) persons holding civil service positions included in the lists established by regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation;
(see text in the previous edition)
1.1. Citizens entering higher education institutions under the jurisdiction of the federal executive body in the field of security are required to provide information about their income, property and property-related obligations, as well as information about the income, property and property-related obligations of their spouses (spouses) and minor children in the manner established by the regulatory legal act of the federal executive body in the field of security.
1.2. Citizens called up for military service do not provide information about their income, property and property-related obligations, as well as information about the income, property and property-related obligations of their spouses and minor children.
2. The procedure for submitting information on income, property and property-related obligations specified in Part 1 of this article is established by federal laws, other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and regulatory acts
(see text in the previous edition)
3. Information on income, property and property-related liabilities, presented in accordance with parts 1 and 1.1 of this article, refers to restricted information. Information on income, property and liabilities of a property nature, submitted by a citizen in accordance with Part 1 or 1.1 of this article, in the event that this citizen does not enter the state or municipal service, work in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, a state corporation, a public law company, Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, other organization created by the Russian Federation on the basis of federal law, to work in an organization created to fulfill the tasks assigned to federal government bodies, as a financial commissioner, manager services for supporting the activities of the financial commissioner, for the position of head of a state (municipal) institution or for training in an educational organization of higher education, which is under the jurisdiction of the federal executive body in the field of security, cannot be used in the future and are subject to destruction. Information on income, property and property-related obligations, presented in accordance with parts 1 and 1.1 of this article, classified by federal law as information constituting a state secret, is subject to protection in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on state secrets.
(see text in the previous edition)
4. It is not permitted to use information on income, property and property-related obligations submitted by a citizen, employee or worker in accordance with parts 1 and 1.1 of this article to establish or determine his solvency and the solvency of his spouse and minor children, for collection in direct or indirect form of donations (contributions) to the funds of public associations or religious or other organizations, as well as in favor of individuals.
(see text in the previous edition)
5. Persons guilty of disclosing information about income, property and property-related obligations represented by a citizen, employee or worker in accordance with parts 1 and 1.1 of this article, or using this information for purposes not provided for by federal laws, are liable in in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
(see text in the previous edition)
6. Information on income, property and liabilities of a property nature, submitted by persons holding positions specified in paragraphs 1.1 - 3.2 of part 1 of this article, is posted on the Internet information and telecommunications network on the official websites of federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, state corporations, public law companies, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, and other organizations created by the Russian Federation on the basis of federal laws, on the official website of the financial ombudsman and are provided for publication to the media in the manner determined by regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, regulatory acts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
(see text in the previous edition)
7. Verification of the accuracy and completeness of information on income, property and property-related liabilities submitted in accordance with parts 1 and 1.1 of this article, with the exception of information submitted by citizens applying for positions of heads of state (municipal) institutions, and persons replacing these positions are carried out by decision of a representative of the employer (manager) or a person to whom such powers are granted by the representative of the employer (manager), in the manner established by the President of the Russian Federation, independently or by sending a request to the federal executive authorities authorized to carry out operational investigative activities , about the data they have on income, property and property-related obligations of citizens or persons specified in parts 1 and 1.1 of this article, spouses and minor children of these citizens or persons.
(see text in the previous edition)
7.1. Verification of the accuracy and completeness of information on income, property and property-related liabilities submitted by citizens applying for positions of heads of state (municipal) institutions, and by persons filling these positions, is carried out by decision of the founder or a person to whom such powers are granted by the founder, in in the manner established by regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. Powers to send requests to the prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation, other federal state bodies, state bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, territorial bodies of federal executive authorities, local government bodies, public associations and other organizations in order to verify the accuracy and completeness of information on income, property and the property obligations of these persons are determined by the President of the Russian Federation.
8. Failure by a citizen to submit an application when entering a state or municipal service, to work for the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, a state corporation, a public law company, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, or another organization created by the Russian Federation Federation on the basis of federal law, to work in an organization created to carry out the tasks assigned to federal government bodies, as a financial commissioner, head of the financial commissioner support service, for the post of head of a state (municipal) institution, the representative of the employer (employer) information about his income, property and property-related obligations, as well as income, property and property-related obligations of one’s spouse and minor children, or the submission of knowingly false or incomplete information is grounds for refusal to admit the said citizen to the state or municipal service, work for the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, a state corporation, a public law company, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, another organization created by the Russian Federation on the basis of federal law, to work for an organization created for fulfillment of tasks assigned to federal government bodies, for the position of financial commissioner, head of the service for supporting the activities of the financial commissioner, for the position of head of a state (municipal) institution.
(see text in the previous edition)
9. Failure by a citizen or person specified in part 1 of this article to fulfill the obligations provided for in part 1 of this article is an offense entailing his dismissal from the position he is filling, including from the positions of financial ombudsman, head of the service for supporting the activities of the financial ombudsman, his dismissal from state or municipal service, from work in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, a state corporation, a public law company, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, or another organization created by the Russian Federation on the basis of federal law, dismissal from work in an organization created to carry out tasks assigned to federal government bodies, as well as in a state (municipal) institution.
(see text in the previous edition)
Classical and neoclassical models of the relationship between the economy and the state. Relative independence of the state in a market economy. Objective necessity and goals of state regulation.
Functional economic systems are objects of state regulation: supporting macroeconomic balance and investment activity, suppressing unfair competition, solving general social issues. The role of the state in the implementation of scientific, technical, structural, social and regional policies.
Stimulating scientific and technological progress, sectoral structure of economic growth, supporting small and medium-sized businesses.
The main economic functions of the government: providing legal protection for the effective functioning of markets, redistributing income and wealth, adjusting the distribution of resources, stabilizing the economy, anti-monopoly policy, ensuring sustainable monetary circulation, foreign economic activity.
Methods and basic instruments of state regulation. Direct and indirect methods: Government orders, budget subsidies, subsidies, income regulation, foreign economic regulation. National and indicative planning is one of the methods of regulating the economy. Macromarketing.
Principles of government intervention in the economy. Features and main directions of state regulation of the transition economy of Russia.
Terms and concepts.
Models of relationships between the economy and the state. Functional economic systems. Functions of government. Methods and tools of state regulation. Indicative planning of economic growth.
- Indirect methods of regulating economic processes.
- Economic boundaries of government intervention in the system of regulating market relations.
- Experience of state regulation of economic and social processes in developed countries of the world.
- State regulation of prices, tariffs and incomes.
- Experience in centralized and indicative planning of economic growth in Japan, Canada, France, South Korea, China and other countries.
- Possibilities and scope of regulation of the development of a transition economy.
- The objective need for state intervention in economic processes.
- The main directions of the state's influence on the economy.
- Mechanisms of state regulation.
- Main directions of state socio-economic policy.
Tests.
- The need for state regulation of the economy is justified by representatives of such areas of economic theory as:
B). neoclassical;
IN). Keynesian;
G). all answers are correct.
- J.M. Keynes justified the need for state regulation of the economy by the fact that:
B). in a market economy, macroeconomic equilibrium is established when resources are underutilized;
IN). the market system generates a number of processes assessed as market “errors”;
G). all answers are incorrect.
- Market “mistakes” include processes such as:
B). side effects from resource spillover;
IN). uneven distribution of personal income;
G). all answers are correct.
- The functions of the state in a market economy do not include:
B). maintaining a competitive environment;
IN). setting prices for private sector products;
G). countercyclical regulation of the economy.
- The state can directly influence such parts of total expenditures as:
B). household expenses;
IN). volume of imported goods and services;
G). the amount of government purchases of goods and services.
- Public goods are:
B). which are produced at enterprises in the public sector of the economy;
IN). which are consumed by state enterprises and organizations;
G). all answers are incorrect.
- Unevenness in the distribution of personal income is typical only for:
B). command-administrative economy;
IN). traditional economy;
G). all answers are correct.
- The fiscal policy pursued by government authorities influences:
B). only for households;
IN). only for enterprises and households;
G). for all macroeconomic entities.
- The monetary policy pursued by the state:
B). does not depend on countercyclical regulation of the economy;
IN). depends on fiscal policy and all other government regulatory influences on the economy;
G). all answers are incorrect.
- The role of the state in countries with economies in transition:
B). decreases;
IN). remains unchanged;
G). all answers are incorrect.
Topic 24. Total income of the population and social policy of the state.
Social policy of the state in the context of the market mechanism of income generation.
Population income, its types and sources of formation. Nominal and real income. Functional and personal distribution of income. Alternative economic theories of sources of formation and dynamics of income.
Income differentiation: causes and factors. Measuring income differentiation and assessing its global trends. Distribution of personal income. Personal income distribution. Reasons for income differentiation.
Socio-economic structure of society. Identification of income, property and social status of citizens.
Standard of living. System of indicators for assessing living standards and poverty. Socio-economic mobility and social progress. State redistribution of income; concepts, goals and tools. Economic efficiency and equality. Alternative conceptual approaches to state income redistribution.
The system of social protection of the population of Russia in the transition period to a market economy: declarations, real content and consequences.
Terms and concepts.
Nominal and real income. The amount of labor income. Functional distribution of income. Personal income distribution. Wealth and prosperity. Income differentiation. Property differentiation. Standard of living. Poverty. Conceptual approaches to government redistribution of income. State indexation of income.
The effect of income redistribution. Social protection system. Lorenz curve. Welfare Economics.
Topics of tests (seminar classes).
- Main trends in the formation and distribution of personal income of the population and the evolution of the social structure of society.
- Poverty alleviation programs in different countries.
- Distribution of income between families. Poverty and wealth line.
- Absolute and relative poverty, physical poverty.
- Genesis and evolution of the social protection system.
- Household as an object of economic and social policy.
- The Lorenz curve as a measure of the degree of unevenness of income distribution.
- Economic efficiency and equality.
- “New Russians” and “new poor” in Russia.
- The concept of a socially oriented market. Development and implications of application in different countries.
Tests.
- Which statement about poverty is incorrect:
B). the basis for classifying a person as poor is the average per capita family income;
IN). most of the poor in Russia are from a national minority;
G). Quantitative poverty thresholds change over time.
- Which of the income redistribution measures traditionally taken by the government to reduce poverty:
B) income indexation;
IN). wage freeze;
G). progressive taxation.
- Low personal income exists because:
B). taxes are too high;
IN). employees do not want to work;
G). the economy is in decline.
- Determine the change in real income if there is an increase of 1.5 times per year against the background of inflation of 50% per year:
B). grew up;
IN). fell;
G). cannot be determined.
- The ratio of the shares of wages and profits in national income shows:
B). the importance of the trade union movement in the growth of wages;
IN). distribution of income between various factors of production;
G). trends in entrepreneurship development.
- Name the main factors determining income differentiation in modern Russia:
B). the level of education;
IN). monopoly position in the market;
G). restraining the growth of wages in the public sector.
- Transfer payments are:
B). one of the forms of wages;
IN). payments that are unilateral in nature in the current period;
G). natural gratuitous benefits.
- Government income policy in countries with market economies is aimed at:
B). maintaining equal levels of wages in various sectors of the economy;
IN). limiting the growth of personal income;
G). redistribution of income through the system of taxes and social transfers.
- The decrease in the degree of inequality in the distribution of personal income is reflected in the Lorenz curve:
B). moving the actual distribution curve down;
IN). approaching the actual distribution curve to the bisector;
G). coincidence of the actual distribution curve with the bisector.
- The nature of income distribution over time is expressed using:
B). Lorenz curve;
IN). level of well-being of the population;
G). Laffer curve.
Topic 25. World economy and the dynamics of its evolution. Integration processes in the world economy.
Stages of formation and main features of the world economy. Growing economic interdependence. Internationalization of material and spiritual production. The role of scientific and technological progress and transnational capital in the internationalization of the economy, strengthening economic interdependence. International migration of labor and capital.
World trade. The concept of the world market. International division of labor, the concept of comparative advantage. Comparative advantages of countries in international trade. International trade and problems of macroeconomic equilibrium. Foreign trade multiplier. Trade balance. Trade deficit: causes and ways to overcome. World prices and comparative costs. Interaction of world and national markets. Protectionism. Free trade and tariffs, quotas, licenses. Export promotion. International economic organizations. Regional markets of Europe, America, European-Asian market. Problems of more active inclusion of the Russian economy in the world market.
The theory of comparative advantage of foreign trade by D. Ricardo. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory of foreign trade and the possibility of its use. Efficiency of foreign trade relations.
Terms and concepts.
Trade policy. The theory of absolute advantage. The theory of comparative advantage. Excess and scarce factors of production. Equilibrium price on the world market. Rate. Production and consumer effects of tariffs. Dumping. Export subsidies. Countervailing duties. Non-tariff barriers. Protectionism. Customs unions. Transnational corporations. Theories of comparative advantage in foreign trade. External debt.
Topics of tests (seminar classes).
- Main features and conditions for the formation of the world economy.
- Dynamics of economic interdependence of global economic entities.
- The international division of labor is a factor in the integration of national entities into the world economy.
- Regional markets of the modern world economy.
- Modern aspects of human capital migration.
- Changes in foreign trade in modern Russia.
- Forms of international economic relations.
- Advantages of the world market: comparative advantages (comparison of absolute and relative production costs); comparison of production factors and international specialization of countries (V. Leontiev’s paradox); economies of scale and competitive advantages of countries.
- The concept of openness of the national economy. Openness indicators.
- Foreign economic policy: quotas, dumping, protectionism. Interstate regulation of economic relations.
Tests.
- The international division of labor is based on the principle:
B). territorial isolation;
IN). technical and technological community;
G). natural division of labor.
- The formation and development of the world market is associated with all of the following, except:
B). development of industrialization;
IN). development of transport and communication systems;
G). autarky of national economies.
- Internationalization of production is a process of economic relationships between countries based on:
B). differences in natural and climatic conditions;
IN). specialization and cooperation of production;
G). overcoming economic dependence by countries.
- The principle of specialization of countries within the framework of international exchange based on comparison of “absolute costs” was formulated:
B). A. Smith;
IN). D. Ricardo;
G). J.Mill.
- The principle of "comparative costs" was first formulated:
B). J.Millem;
IN). D. Ricardo;
G). K. Marx.
- Foreign trade turnover is determined by:
B). adding exports to GDP;
IN). summing up export and import values;
G). subtracting the value of imports from the volume of exports.
7. Currently, world trade is dominated by:
A). foodstuffs;
B). manufacturing products;
IN). raw materials;
G). patents, licenses, “experience and knowledge”, engineering services.
- With a positive foreign trade balance, private private enterprises:
B). remains unchanged;
B) shrinks.
- The policy of protectionism is aimed at:
B). protection of domestic production from foreign competitors;
IN). reduction in domestic exports;
G). restrictions on the import of foreign capital.
- Transnational corporations are characterized by:
B). international economic activities;
IN). national origin of capital and international nature of its activities;
G). multinational capital and the international nature of its activities.
Topic 26. International monetary and financial system
Currency concept. The role of currency in international trade. Balance of payments and its structure. Foreign exchange market: essence, main features. Currency quote. Demand for currency, demand factors. Currency supply, its factors. Exchange rate. Fixed and floating rates. Evolution of the monetary system. Gold standard. Bretton Woods system. Currency convertibility. Modern monetary system. Operations in the Eurocurrency markets. International Monetary Fund and its functions. Forms of international payments: national currencies, special drawing rights (SDR). World gold market. Gold auctions. Factors influencing the price of gold. Currency problems of the Russian Federation in the context of the transition to market relations and the development of the process of entering the world economy.
Terms and concepts.
Currency market. Currency supply and demand. Nominal (exchange) exchange rate. Fixed exchange rate. Flexible exchange rate. Gold standard. Appreciation and depreciation of currency. Devaluation. Revaluation. Currency intervention. Purchasing power parity. Currency control. Open economy model.
Topics of tests (seminar classes).
- The concept of regulation of the balance of payments and exchange rate.
- Currency restrictions and their impact on the exchange rate.
- The mechanism of foreign exchange interventions.
- World gold market. Gold auctions.
- Operations in the Eurocurrency markets.
- Ways to achieve currency convertibility.
- Forms of international payments.
- Problems of mutual settlements among CIS countries.
- Analysis of Russia's balance of payments.
- Economic security of Russia.
Tests.
- Gold parity is:
B). gold coin;
IN). price scale;
G). ratio of national currencies based on their gold content.
- Currency parity expresses:
B). the ratio between national currencies established by law;
IN). the ratio of national currencies in accordance with their gold content;
G). purchasing power of a currency.
- The exchange rate is characterized by:
B). gold content of the monetary unit;
IN). the ratio of national currencies in accordance with their gold content;
G). the ratio of national currencies established by a strong-willed decision.
- The currency cross rate is determined based on:
B). gold parity of other currencies;
IN). exchange rates of other countries;
G). currency parity.
- The forward rate provides for the transaction:
B). based on the current exchange rate;
IN). associated with the spot rate in the future;
G). not related to hedging or speculation.
- The demonetization of gold began with the following decision:
B). Jamaica Conference;
IN). Genoa Conference;
- Trade balance:
B). includes the balance of payments;
IN). has no relation to the balance of payments;
G). does not include re-export.
8. Balance of payments:
A). is an integral part of the trade balance;
B). includes the trade balance;
IN). does not include income and expenses from foreign exchange and credit operations;
G). is not connected with the interbank foreign exchange market.
9. The weakening of the national currency and the depreciation of its exchange rate is caused by:
A). positive balance of payments;
B). positive trade balance;
IN). negative balance of trade and payments;
G). lowering the level of taxation.
10.Fixed exchange rate is maintained:
A). government budget policy;
B). currency interventions of the Central Bank;
IN). foreign economic policy of the government;
G). balanced trade balance.
State educational institution
higher professional education in the Moscow region
"International University of Nature, Society and Man "Dubna"
(University "Dubna")
Faculty of Economics and Management
Department of Economics
I APPROVED
Vice Rector for Academic Affairs
S.V. Morzhukhina "_"_20
Discipline program Macroeconomics Direction of training 080500 Business informatics Training profile Electronic business Graduate qualification (degree) Bachelor Form of study Full-time Dubna, 2011
The program is compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education, taking into account the recommendations and ProOp of Higher Professional Education in the direction of training - 080500 “Business Informatics” profile “Electronic Business”.
The program was considered at a meeting of the Department of Economics (name of the department) Minutes of the meeting No. _ dated "" 20
Head of the department/prof. S.A. Panov/ (signature) (full name)
AGREED
director of the SAU Institute _ /prof. E.N. Cheremisina/ (signature) (full name) Date "" _ 20Reviewer: _ (academic degree, academic title, place of work, position) // (signature) (full name) Date "" _ 20
Head of the library system _ / V.G. Cherepanova/ (signature) (full name) Date "" _ 20
1. Goals of mastering the discipline The goal of the discipline “Macroeconomics” is to train specialists with the knowledge and skills of analyzing macroeconomic processes and phenomena as a determining exogenous factor in the development of a company or markets for individual goods, based on the requirements of Russian and international standards.
Objectives of the discipline:
familiarize students with the main macroeconomic goals;
create an idea of the essence of the system of national accounts and how to use it;
create an idea of the cyclical nature of the functioning of a market economy and show its impact on the dynamics of economic growth and the state of employment;
explain the nature of inflation and the objective nature of unemployment, as well as their impact on the social and economic development of the country and region.
reproduce a complete picture of long-term equilibrium, taking into account the impact of monetary, financial and investment-innovation complexes of the national economy;
assess the degree of effectiveness of monetary policy and its impact on the economy;
discuss criteria for the effectiveness of government regulation from the point of view of socio-economic and environmental well-being.
2. The place of the discipline in the structure of undergraduate education The discipline “Macroeconomics” belongs to the basic part disciplines of the Humanitarian, social and economic cycle (B1.B.9).
The program consists of ten sections:
Theoretical foundations of state activity Macroeconomic indicators Equilibrium of aggregate demand and aggregate supply (ADAS model) Macroeconomic instability: unemployment and inflation State financial policy Monetary policy Macroeconomic equilibrium in the commodity and money markets (IS-LM model).
Social policy of the state Economic growth and cyclicality of economic development.
Stabilization policy of the state The discipline “Macroeconomics” is read in the fourth semester and ends with a test.
List of disciplines indicating the sections (topics) that students need to master to study the discipline “Macroeconomics”:
Mathematical analysis (1st semester) Enterprise architecture (2nd semester) Studying the discipline “Macroeconomics” provides the basis for studying both subsequent courses in the “Electronic Business” profile:
Workshop in economics (3, 4 semesters) Financial management (5 semester) Modeling of business processes (5 semester) 3. Student competencies formed as a result of mastering the discipline “Macroeconomics”.
The process of studying the discipline is aimed at developing the following competencies:
has a culture of thinking, is capable of generalization, analysis, perception of information, setting a goal and choosing ways to achieve it (OK-1) is able to understand the driving forces and patterns of the historical process; events and processes of economic history; the place and role of his country in the history of mankind and in the modern world (OK-3) is able to analyze socially significant problems and processes occurring in society, and predict their possible development in the future (OK-4) is able to construct logically correctly, reasonedly and clearly oral and written speech (OK-6) professional activities for theoretical and experimental research (PC-19) tools for processing, analyzing and systematizing information on the research topic (PC-20) knowledge:
Learning outcome competence Educational technology Type of control macroeconomic OK - concepts and models of modern economy at the PC - macro level macroeconomic OK - indicators and principles of their PC - state policy PC - skills:
Learning outcome competence Educational technology Type of control categorical apparatus OK - tools for analyzing PC - external and internal factors influencing the national economy of the economy at the macro level PC - develop the main OK - directions for solving OK - macroeconomic PC - application:
Learning outcome competence Educational technology Type of control of macroeconomic PC-research work OK-macroeconomic PC-agents (consumers, producers, resource owners and the state).
macroeconomic PC - using modern tools 4. Structure and content of the discipline “Macroeconomics”
The total labor intensity of the discipline is 2 credit units of 72 hours, of which 34 hours of classroom work and 38 hours of independent work.
Total labor intensity Classroom lessons:
Practical exercises (PL) Laboratory work (LR) Independent work:
Coursework Calculation and graphic work Type of intermediate 4.1. Structure of teaching the discipline Theoretical foundations of state transformation Macroeconomic Features of the macroeconomic approach to the study of economic processes and phenomena Gross indicators of aggregate demand and supply (model The concept of aggregate demand, its structure Macroeconomic Macroeconomic instability:
unemployment and Financial policy Finance of society, ensuring economic growth State Fiscal policy of the state Monetary Money as a special financial means in Macroeconomic equilibrium in the money market Macroeconomic commodity and money markets (ISLM model) Macroeconomic equilibrium in commodity and money markets (IS-LM model) Social policy Social policy of the state Economic growth and Economic growth is the general result of the functioning of the national Cyclicality as a form of economic response to nonequilibrium deviations State stabilization policy that determines the need for state regulation “Stagflation trap” in Russia, its institutional and structural factors 4.2. Contents of the sections of the discipline Section 1. Theoretical foundations of the activities of the state that determine its place in the society of the 21st century. Economic functions of the state. Stages of evolution of the economic role of the state. The state as an institution of political power (N. Machiavelli). The state as a “night watchman”. The state as an institution of macroeconomic regulation. "Social State". "Effective State". National security of the country.
transformational economy. Social efficiency. Adaptive efficiency. Factors influencing the effectiveness of government regulation.
Target function. Preferences. J. Tinbergen's inequality. Time factor (lag effect). Flaws (misfires) of the state as its inability to ensure efficient distribution of resources and compliance of socio-economic policies with macroeconomic policies in the context of ensuring economic security - the monetarist model; neoclassical synthesis).
Section 2. Macroeconomic indicators Features of the macroeconomic approach to the study of economic processes and phenomena. Aggregated values. Economically equilibrium functioning of the national economy. Flows and stocks. Circular flow model in the national economy. Aggregate indicators that allow you to study macroeconomic relationships and development trends. System of National Accounts.
Gross indicators. Gross national and gross domestic product.
Components of GDP by value and material content.
Structure of GDP of the USA and Russia. Net national product and national income.
Changes in the structure of Russia's national income. Methodology for calculating GDP and ND.
Nominal and real indicators. Purchasing power parity. Russia's place in international economic comparisons (IMF and OECD). Household concept. Household income in the Russian Federation. Features of Russia's transition to the system of national accounts. Maximum permissible values of macroeconomic indicators of economic security.
Section 3. Equilibrium of aggregate demand and aggregate supply (ADAS model) The concept of aggregate demand, its structure. Non-price factors of aggregate demand. Aggregate supply and its determinants. Classical and Keynesian models of aggregate supply. The concept of rigidity and flexibility of aggregate supply. Short-run equilibrium in the AD-AS model. Long-run equilibrium in the AD-AS model. “Shocks” of supply and demand, state stabilization policy.
Components of aggregate demand. The simplest consumption function. Marginal propensity to consume. Average propensity to consume. The simplest savings function. Marginal propensity to save. Average propensity to save.
Factors determining the dynamics of consumption and savings. Investments: definition and main types. Autonomous and incentivized investments. Factors determining the dynamics of investment. Investment instability. Actual and planned expenses.
Innovation and investment activity in Russia and ensuring economic security in the real sector of the economy. The multiplier model and the significance of its dynamics in determining the volume of investment and the volume of national production.
Features of the animation-acceleration mechanism in Russia. Recessionary and inflationary gaps in macroeconomics. The paradox of thrift.
Section 4. Macroeconomic instability: unemployment and inflation The concept of employment. Full and part-time employment. Causes of unemployment (Pigou, Keynes, Phillips). Open and hidden unemployment. Types of unemployment: frictional, structural, cyclical, hidden. The concept of natural unemployment. Unemployment rate. Socio-economic consequences of unemployment. Okun's Law.
Features of unemployment in Russia. Labor market stabilization: Keynesian and monetary recipes. The essence of inflation. Inflation, its types and causes. Demand inflation and cost inflation. Unevenness of the inflation process. Inflation rates. Inflation associated with recession (stagflation). Spiral: salary – price.
Economic and social consequences of inflation. Inflation expectations:
adaptive and rational. Inflation in Russia in the 1990s. Money circulation is the circulatory system of the economy. Stable price level. Monetization rate.
The relationship between unemployment, wages and inflation. Phillips curve.
Section 5. Financial policy of the state Finance of society, essence and role in ensuring economic growth.
Subjects of financial relations: economic entities, population, state.
State financial policy is a set of government measures to optimize the use of centralized monetary resources. Control and distribution functions of financial policy.
national income. Budget functions. Budget system. Budget revenues and expenses, their structure and role in economic growth. Budget deficits and financing of budget deficits. Deficits (surpluses) of the state budget of the Russian Federation.
Taxes as an economic basis and an instrument of financial policy. Types of taxes.
Laffer curve. Tax policy in the transition economy of Russia. Tax multiplier.
Fiscal policy of the state and its role in state regulation of economic processes. Government spending and aggregate demand.
Government expenditure multiplier. Discretionary and automatic types of fiscal policy. System of built-in economic stabilizers. Features of the implementation of fiscal policy in the post-socialist economy of Russia.
Public debt and its causes. Internal and external public debt.
The problem of public debt in the Russian Federation.
Section 6. Monetary policy Money as a special financial instrument in the economy. Money supply, its structure and measurement. Monetary aggregates. The size of the money supply in the USA and Russia. The speed of circulation of money, its dependence on the market situation. Quantity theory of money.
I. Fisher's equation of exchange. Cambridge Office. Autonomy of the money supply.
Macroeconomic equilibrium in the money market. Demand and supply of money, their dependence on economic conditions. Money market in Russia. Money multiplier.
Main instruments of monetary policy: open market operations;
mandatory reserve ratio, discount rate. Selective control in monetary regulation.
The impact of the money supply on the volume of national production and the ratio of accrued and paid wages. “Liquidity trap” and the effect of “real cash balances”.
Monetary policy in modern Russia (Anti-inflationary course of the Bank of Russia).
Section 7. Macroeconomic equilibrium in the commodity and money markets (IS-LM model).
IS curve (investment-savings). LM curve (liquidity preference for money). Basic equations of the IS-LM model. External and internal variables of the model.
The relative effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies.
Fiscal and monetary expansion. Displacement effect.
Sensitivity of economic variables. Conditions for short-term equilibrium in the IS-LM model. Long-run equilibrium in the IS-LM model. Fiscal policy when changing the price level. Monetary policy when price levels change.
The concept of money neutrality.
Section 8. Social policy of the state Social policy of the state in the conditions of the market mechanism of income generation. Income of the population, their types and sources of formation.
Nominal and real income. Functional and personal distribution of income. Alternative economic theories of sources of formation and dynamics of income. Differentiation of income: causes and factors. Measuring income differentiation and assessing their global trends. Socio-economic structure of society. Identification of income, property and social status of citizens.
Standard of living. System of indicators for assessing living standards and poverty. State income redistribution: concepts, goals and tools. Economic efficiency and equality. Alternative conceptual approaches to state redistribution of income. The system of social protection of the population of Russia in a transition economy: declarations, real content and consequences. Social security in Russia.
Section 9. Economic growth and cyclical economic development.
Economic growth is the general result of the functioning of the national economy. Goals, efficiency and quality of economic growth. Extensive and intensive types of economic growth. Direct and indirect factors of economic growth. Basic models of equilibrium economic growth. Solow model (model description, impact of changes in the saving rate, comparison of steady states, “golden rule of savings”, calculation of sources of economic growth). Model E.
Domara; Model by R. Harrod; Model AK; Lucas model; Romer's model. Economic growth rate.
Cyclicity as a form of reaction of the economy to nonequilibrium deviations, a method of balancing the structure and growth rates, an impulse to master technical progress, the basis for updating the economic system. “Cornerstones” of the theories of cycles and crises (Tugan-Baranovsky, Spiethof, Cassel, Robertson, Wicksell, Keynes, Schumpeter, etc.). Classic business cycle, its phases, characteristic features. Cycles of the 20th century Reasons for cyclicity. The crisis is a consequence of disequilibrium, structural breakdown, and errors in government regulation. Features of the economic crisis in Russia in the 1990s. The nature of the current global crisis. Assessment of real and potential threats of the crisis to the economic security of Russia. Forecast scenarios for the development of the Russian economy from the perspective of ensuring national economic security.
Section 10. Stabilization policy of the state Factors determining the need for state regulation of the economy. Factors associated with resolving problems in the market sector of the economy and smoothing out the negative effects of the market mechanism. Factors ensuring economic stability. Factors associated with solving social problems. The nature of macroeconomic policy (anti-inflationary and anti-crisis). Goals and effectiveness of stabilization policy.
“Stagflation trap” in Russia, its institutional and structural factors. A policy of actively stimulating aggregate demand with simultaneous anti-inflationary protection. The economics of the resource curse. Increasing symptoms of the “Dutch disease” in the Russian economy. Structural policy and its role in ensuring sustainable economic development.
5. Educational technologies 5.1. Standard educational technology self-training. Analysis of specific problem situations is provided, each student receives a topic for an essay.
Teaching methods during lecture classes include the use of multimedia information presentation tools (presentations, videos, diagrams, illustrations).
The result of studying the discipline is passing the test.
5.2. Interactive educational technologies used in classroom lessons During classes active and interactive forms of classes are used (30% of classroom classes):
Testing 6. Assessment tools for ongoing monitoring of progress, intermediate certification based on the results of mastering the discipline and educational and methodological support for students’ independent work 6.1. Assessment tools for ongoing monitoring of progress, intermediate certification based on the results of mastering the discipline 6.2. Test questions for discipline 1. “Fiasco” of the market and the need for government regulation.
2. Cost-effective state.
3. Transformation of state functions in the post-socialist economy. "Misfires"
government regulation.
4. Keynesian concept of government regulation.
5. Basic premises and content of monetarism.
6. Goals and objectives of macroeconomic policy in the context of ensuring the economic security of the country.
7. Macroeconomic indicators and analysis of social reproduction.
8. Gross national product (GNP) as the basis of the system of national accounts 9. Methods for calculating GNP.
10. History of national accounting. Features of the transition to SNA in Russia.
11. Final products and added value.
13. Aggregate demand. Price and non-price factors. Aggregate demand curve and its 14. Aggregate supply in the short, medium and long term. Price and non-price factors. Aggregate supply curve, its features. Shift in supply curve.
15. The relationship between aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Equilibrium options in the AD-AS model.
16. Average and marginal propensity to consume. Average and marginal propensity to save. Investment multiplier.
17. Keynesian model of macroeconomic equilibrium “total income and total expenses.”
18. Fluctuations in macroeconomic equilibrium: inflationary and recessionary gaps.
19. Regulation of macroeconomic equilibrium. The paradox of thrift.
20. The concept of employment and unemployment. Forms and types of unemployment.
21. Socio-economic consequences of unemployment. Okun's Law. 3.
Stabilization of the labor market: Keynesian and monetary recipes 22. Features of unemployment in Russia.
23. Concept, types and mechanism of inflation.
24. Measuring inflation.
25. Socio-economic consequences of inflation.
26. Inflation expectations: adaptive and rational.
27. The relationship between inflation and unemployment. Phillips curve.
28. State financial system: concept and structure.
29. State budget and its structure.
30. Budget deficit, its types and methods of covering. Budget surplus.
31. The problem of public debt in the Russian economy. Public debt management.
32. Types of fiscal policy and their specifics.
33. Policy of built-in stabilizers and mechanisms for its implementation.
34. The main problems of discretionary fiscal policy.
35. Government expenditure multiplier and tax multiplier:
impact on the national economy.
36. Money and its functions.
37. Money supply, its measurement. Basic aggregates of the money supply.
38. Money market. Institutional structure of the money market. Borrower and lender.
39. Amount of money in circulation. Demand for money and its determining factors.
Change in money supply.
40. Money multiplier.
41. Objectives and instruments of monetary policy.
42. Transmission mechanism of monetary policy.
43. Conditions for joint equilibrium in the markets of goods, money and capital.
44. Behavior of the IS-LM model when external parameters change.
45. Relationship between the AD-AS and IS-LM models.
46. Income as a fundamental factor shaping well-being. Types of income in the modern economy.
47. Causes, measurement and consequences of income differentiation.
48. Living wage in the welfare assessment system.
49. Income redistribution and social justice.
50. The concepts of standard of living and quality of life, features of the relationship.
51. System of indicators for assessing the standard of living, quality of life, poverty.
52. System of social protection of the population of Russia.
53. Social policy and economic development. Social security in 54. The concept of economic growth in modern science. Extensive and intensive economic growth.
55. Model of economic growth R. Solow.
56. Keynesian models of economic growth.
57. Economic growth and economic development: problems and contradictions.
58. The cyclical nature of economic development and its causes. Types of cycles.
59. Industrial cycle. Cycle phases and economic conditions.
60. Types of crises: cyclical, intermediate, partial, sectoral, structural, global. Specifics of the modern economic crisis.
61. The reasons for the emergence of the “stagflation trap” in Russia in the 1990s.
62. Set of goals of stabilization policy.
6.3. Examples of test tasks in discipline 1. GNP in 2008 amounted to 35 billion den. units, the natural unemployment rate is 6%, and the actual unemployment rate is 8%. What volume of products in monetary terms is underproduced in the country with the Okun coefficient equal to 2.5?
where Y is actual GNP;
Y* – potential GNP;
– empirical coefficient of sensitivity of GNP to changes in cyclical unemployment (Ouken’s coefficient);
U – actual unemployment rate;
U* is the natural rate of unemployment.
From the formula we express Y*–Y (underproduction of GNP):
Y*–Y=2.5(0.08–0.06)35 (billion monetary units); Y*–Y=2.5(0.02)35 (billion monetary units);
Y*–Y=1.75 (billion monetary units).
Answer. The economy has underproduced 1.75 billion dollars. units
2. Determine the rate of economic growth based on the data presented in the table.
Year Decision. The rate of economic growth is determined by the formula where Y1 is real GNP in the initial period;
Y2 – real GNP in the final period.
To find real GNP, use the formula where Yн is nominal GNP.
Answer. Y% = 0.76%.
3. The postulates of monetarism include the following statement:
a) gold is the main form of wealth;
b) insignificant participation of the state in regulating the economy is sufficient;
c) the postulates of the classical school are untenable;
d) active government intervention in the economy is required.
4. The extensive type of economic growth is based on:
a) improvement of production technology;
b) quantitative growth in the production of goods and services;
c) qualitative growth of production factors;
d) involvement of additional economic resources in production.
5. The natural rate of unemployment is equal to the sum:
a) structural and cyclical unemployment;
b) cyclical and hidden unemployment;
c) structural and frictional unemployment;
d) hidden and frictional unemployment.
6. When calculating the Hermann Paasche index, use:
a) consumer price index;
b) prices in the current and base year;
c) Irving Fisher index;
d) only the price of the product in the current year.
7. The concept of a “welfare state” is based on all the principles presented, except... a) coordinated macroeconomic policy in order to achieve stability;
b) the market itself cannot lead to a uniform distribution of income;
c) the state expresses the interests of the ruling (economically) class;
d) the economy should be mixed, and not just private capitalist.
8. Negative externalities will be caused by:
a) vaccination of the population;
b) construction of a railway to a remote area of the region;
c) emissions from a chemical plant;
d) implementation of a city greening program.
6.4. Subjects of abstracts 1. The state as a “night watchman”.
2. Social state.
3. Methodological problems of SNA.
4. Net economic welfare.
5. Features of Russia’s transition to the SNA.
6. Qualitative indicators in assessing the country's development results.
7. Assessment of the scale of the shadow sector in Russia.
8. The main causes of the investment crisis in Russia 9. The main directions of investment in Russia 10. Geography of investment investments across the territory of the Russian Federation 11. Structural dynamics of savings of the population in the post-socialist period 12. Investment program of the Republic of Mordovia 13. Tax policy in the transition economy of Russia.
14. Features of the implementation of fiscal policy in Russia.
15. Features of the Russian money market 16. Functions of commercial banks in the context of changes in the Russian economic situation in the 1990s.
17. Central bank and commercial banks in a transition economy.
18. The influence of the institutional environment on the choice of instruments of monetary regulation.
19. Main trends in the formation and distribution of personal income of the population and the evolution of the social structure of society.
20. The problem of poverty in Russia.
21. “New Russians” and “new poor” in Russia.
22. The concept of a socially oriented market.
23. Economic efficiency and equality.
24. The most sustainable types of economic growth.
25. Contradictions of economic growth.
26. Economic growth, resource conservation and ecology.
27. Problems of ensuring economic growth in the Russian economy.
28. The need and possibility of transition to innovative economic growth 29. Experience of state regulation of economic and social processes in developed countries of the world.
30. Possibilities and scope of regulation of the development of a transition economy.
6.5. List of questions to be tested:
1. Macroeconomics as a science. Macroeconomics and economic policy.
2. The role of the state in the modern economy.
3. Cyclicality of economic development 4. Economic growth.
5. Macroeconomic instability: unemployment and inflation.
6. Development of macroeconomic theory as a reflection of the objective process of development of the economic system.
7. “Fiasco” of the market, “misfire” of the state. Forms and methods of government regulation in a mixed economy.
8. Modification of state functions in a transition economy. Transformation costs.
9. Factors influencing the effectiveness of government regulation in a transition economy.
10. Ensuring macroeconomic stabilization as the main task of the state’s economic policy. Macroeconomic identities.
11. “Reaganomics” and its results.
12. Economic reforms of the government of M. Thatcher.
13. Macroeconomic regulation and system of national accounts.
14. Gross national product is the basis of the system of national accounts.
15. Modern system of national accounts.
16. Indicators characterizing employment and unemployment in macroeconomics.
17. Criteria and indicators of inflation processes in macroeconomics.
18. Aggregate demand. Non-price factors of aggregate demand. Consequences of a shift in the aggregate demand curve.
19. Aggregate supply model. Non-price factors of aggregate supply.
Consequences of a shift in the aggregate supply curve.
20. Equilibrium output in the Keynesian model.
21. Equilibrium production volume in the classical model.
22. Model of a deficit economy. Specifics of the dynamics of aggregate demand and aggregate supply in a transition economy, or about the “Gaidar phenomenon” and the “Abalkin paradox”.
23. Consumption and savings in macroeconomics. Factors influencing consumption and savings.
24. Consumer spending and savings in the context of Russian economic reform.
25. Essence, structure and instability of investments. Investment demand curve.
26. The multiplier effect and the paradox of frugality.
27. Investment climate and investment activity of the region in the context of Russian economic reform.
28. The principle of comparing costs and production volume. The "withdrawal-injection" method.
29. Lack of balance and inventory. Recessionary and inflationary gaps.
30. General characteristics of fiscal policy.
31. The mechanism of discretionary fiscal policy.
32. Government spending and the government spending multiplier.
33. The tax system as an instrument of government regulation.
34. Taxes of the Russian Federation during the transition to the market.
35. Non-discretionary fiscal policy: built-in stabilizers.
36. Main problems of fiscal policy.
37. Budget deficit and the factors that determine it.
38. Basic concepts of budget deficit.
39. Deficit financing of government activities.
40. Public debt: essence, causes and ways to overcome.
41. Budgetary and tax policy of Russia in the conditions of the emergence of a market economy.
42. Features of Russian inflation.
43. Money supply. Features of Russian monetary aggregates.
44. Demand for money (business, speculative and general).
45. The supply of money determined by law and the general supply of money.
46. The mechanism and tools of the Central Bank’s influence on the supply of money in the economy.
47. Objectives and effectiveness of monetary policy.
48. Monetary policy and the equilibrium volume of national production (Hicks-Hansen analytical scheme).
49. “Liquidity trap” and “the effect of real cash balances.”
50. Monetary policy in the transition economy of Russia.
51. Standard of living and poverty in macroeconomics.
52. Social policy of the state.
53. Transformational decline.
54. Causes of the investment crisis in modern Russia.
55. “Stagnation trap” as a distinctive feature of the modern model of Russian reproduction.
56. Increasing macroeconomic imbalance in a transition economy.
57. Crisis and socio-economic cost of reform in modern Russia 58. Inflation (stagflation) in a transition economy.
59. The influence of the political factor on the protracted nature of the “stagnation trap”.
60. The problem of employment in the stagflationary economy of Russia.
61. Features of anti-inflationary policy in Russia.
62. Anti-crisis policy of the state.
63. Anti-crisis policy with anti-inflation protection.
64. Qualitative economic growth: content, factors and the need to ensure it in Russia.
In the process of independent work, students practice theoretical principles presented in lectures and consider additional questions within the framework of each topic.
To successfully master the discipline, you must attend all classes, complete all the teacher’s assignments, and study all the proposed teaching materials in the discipline.
The form of final certification is a pass. Students who have reported on all types of work (intermediate tests, abstract) are allowed to take the test. Testing can be carried out in the traditional form or in the form of testing.
independent work, defending an essay, attending all classes, which is admission to taking a test on theoretical issues.
The results of attendance and academic performance are recorded at intermediate control points (8, 12, 16 weeks of study) using three values:
“0” – the student has low attendance and academic performance (missed a lot, did not submit a single assignment);
“1” – the student has average attendance and has not passed all assignments;
“2” – the student has 90-100% attendance and completion of assignments.
The resulting grade for the discipline (passing the test) is formed as follows:
“failed” – the student did not pass all assignments and did not answer the questions;
Supervision of student work by the teacher is carried out in the following forms:
- requirement to take notes, training in note-taking;
- control over implementation: viewing notes - during the lecture, after the lecture;
Using attention management techniques: control questions, rhetorical questions, varying intonation, other oratorical techniques;
Using reinforcement techniques: repeating the main points and conclusions using different formulations, asking questions to the audience to check their attention.
The form of testing students' knowledge (the degree of mastery of competencies) based on the results of independent and practical work includes control of the student's direct participation in the work.
7. Educational, methodological and information support of the discipline 7.1. Recommended literature a) basic literature 1. Kormishkina, L.A. Macroeconomics (economic policy) for statisticians:
studies, manual / L. A. Kormishkina, E. D. Kormishkin, V. A. Gorin. - 2nd ed., rev.
and additional - Saransk: Mordov Publishing House. University, 2008. - 248 p.
2. Kormishkina, L. A. Fundamentals of macroeconomics (economic policy): textbook, manual / L. A. Kormishkina, E. D. Kormishkin. - Saransk: Mordov Publishing House. University, Microeconomics. Macroeconomics. Fundamentals of the National Economy: textbook, manual / Ed. A. V. Sidorovich, Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov. - M.: Publishing house “Business and Service”, 2007.-1035 p.
4. Course of economic theory: textbook / ed. M. N. Chepurina, E. A. Kiseleva.
5th ed., add. and processed - Kirov: 2006. - 832 p.
5. Macroeconomics: elect. educational method, complex / L. A. Kormishkina, E. D.
Kormishkin, V. A. Gorin. - Saransk: Mordov. state univ., 2006. - No. 0320700135.
6. Economic theory: textbook / Ed. A. I. Arkhipova, S. S. Ilyina. - M.:
TK Welby, Prospekt publishing house. 2006. - 608 p.
7. Economic theory: textbook / Ed. A. I. Vidyapina, A. I. Dobrynina, G. P.
Zhuravleva, L. S. Tarasevich. - M.: INFRA-M, 2005. - 454 p.
b) additional literature 1. Golovnin M. Theoretical approaches to conducting monetary policy in the context of financial globalization // Questions of Economics. 2009. No. 4.
2. Gurvich E., Vakulenko E., Krivenko P. Cyclical properties of budget policy in oil-producing countries // Questions of Economics. 2009. No. 2.
3. Guriev S., Plekhanov A., Sonin K. Economic mechanism of the raw materials development model // Questions of Economics. 2010. No. 3.
4. Institute of Contemporary Development. The economic crisis in Russia: an expert view // Questions of Economics. 2009. No. 4.
5. Keynes J. M. Economic opportunities for our grandchildren // Questions of Economics.
6. Kormishkina L.A. Formation of a model of endogenous high-quality economic development: theory, methodology, practice / L.A. Kormishkina, E.D. Kormishkin, V.A. Gorin and others - Saransk: Mordov Publishing House. University, 2009. - 196 p.
7. Mau V. Economic policy of 2009: between crisis and modernization // Questions of Economics. 2010. No. 2.
8. Mankiw N. G. Macroeconomist as a scientist and engineer // Questions of Economics.
9. Polterovich V. Hypothesis about the innovation pause and modernization strategy // Questions of Economics. 2009. No. 6.
10. Senchagov V. Does the 2010 budget contribute to the modernization of the Russian economy?
// Economic Issues. 2010. No. 2.
11. Yusim V. The root cause of world crises // Economic Issues. 2009. No. 1.
7.2. Software and Internet resources a) software and Internet resources 1. Rosstat - www.gks.ru 2. Bank of Russia - www.cbr.ru 3. International Monetary Fund - www.imf.org 4. World Bank - www .worldbank.org 5. Rosbusinessconsulting - www.rbc.ru 6. International Labor Organization - www.ilo.org 8. Logistics support for discipline.
specialized educational furniture and educational equipment, as well as multimedia equipment for demonstrating presentations during lectures. To organize independent work for students, a computer lab with workstations that provide Internet access is required.
The implementation of the curriculum is ensured by each student's access to information resources - the institute's library collection and Internet network resources. To use ICT in the educational process, it is necessary to have software that allows you to search for information on the Internet, systematize, analyze and present information, and export information to digital media.
The program is compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education, taking into account recommendations and vocational educational programs for higher professional education in the direction and profile of training 080500 Business Informatics.
Reviewer: _/ _/ (academic degree, academic title, full name, place of work, position)
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