Design norms and rules. Fire protection systems

Typical questions and answers on SP5.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations are automatic. Design norms and rules»

Section 8

Question: The use of liquid nitrogen for extinguishing, including extinguishing peat fires.

Answer: Liquid (cryogenic) nitrogen is used for extinguishing with the help of special installations. In installations, liquid nitrogen is stored in an isothermal tank at a cryogenic temperature (minus 195 ºС) and, during extinguishing, is supplied to the room in a gaseous state. A gas (nitrogen) fire extinguishing vehicle AGT-4000 with a 4-ton supply of liquid nitrogen has been developed. The supply of liquid nitrogen is carried out in two modes (through the fire monitor and through the manual barrel). This vehicle allows you to extinguish fires in rooms up to 7000 m3 in chemical, fuel and energy industry facilities and other fire hazardous facilities.

A stationary installation of gas (liquid nitrogen) fire extinguishing "Kryoust-5000" designed for fire protection of premises with a volume of 2500 to 10000 m3 has been developed. The design of the plant allows nitrogen to be supplied to the room in the form of gas at a stable temperature from minus 150 to plus 20 ºС.

Using liquid nitrogen to extinguish peat fires is a difficult task. The difficulty lies in the fact that liquid nitrogen must be supplied through cryogenic pipelines over a relatively long distance. From an economic point of view, this extinguishing method is an expensive technological process and, because of this, it cannot be used.

Question: Application of GOTV Freon 114V2.

Answer: In accordance with the International Documents for the Protection of the Earth's Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Earth's Ozone Layer and a number of amendments to it) and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1000 dated December 19, 2000 "On specifying the time frame for the implementation of state regulation measures for the production of ozone-depleting substances in the Russian Federation, the production of Freon 114V2 has been discontinued.

In pursuance of International agreements and the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the use of freon 114B2 in newly designed installations and installations whose service life has expired is recognized as inappropriate.

As an exception, the use of freon 114V2 in AUGP is provided for fire protection of especially important (unique) objects, with the permission of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation.

For fire protection of objects with the presence of electronic equipment (telephone exchanges, server rooms, etc.), ozone-non-destructive freons 125 (C2 F5H) and 227 ea (C3F7H) are used.

Question: On the use of gas fire extinguishing agents.

Answer: Volumetric gas fire extinguishing systems are used for fire protection of objects with the presence of electronics (telephone nodes, server rooms, etc.), technological premises of gas pumping stations, premises with the presence of flammable liquids, museum and library storage facilities using automatic modular and centralized installations.

Gas extinguishing agents are used in the absence of people or after their evacuation. The installations must ensure a delay in the release of a gaseous fire extinguishing agent into the protected room during automatic and manual remote start for the time necessary to evacuate people from the room, but not less than 10 seconds from the moment the evacuation warning devices are turned on in the room.

pp. 12.1, 12.2
Question: What is the procedure for the duty personnel to act on the signals of fire automatics and where is it stated?

Answer: In accordance with the Decree of the GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION dated April 25, 2012 N 390 On the fire regime (as amended on December 24, 2018) section XVIII. Requirements for the instructions on fire safety measures in the premises of the personnel on duty must necessarily contain instructions that set out the procedure for the actions of employees in various situations, including in case of fire. Personal responsibility is established in job descriptions for personnel.

In accordance with SP5.13130.2009 clause 12.2.1, in a fire station room or other room with personnel on round-the-clock duty, transmission of all established signals about the operation of the fire automatics system, including a light signaling that automatic start is disabled with decoding in directions (zones) to make a decision on the actions of the personnel on duty.

For example, in the event of a failure of the technical means of the system, restoration must be carried out within the time defined in Appendix O, depending on the level of danger of the protected object. The actions of the personnel are carried out taking into account the safety requirements.

The actions of the personnel provide for the unconditional ensuring of the safety of people when using installations and substances that can cause damage to the health and life of people, as well as ensuring the regular operation of fire extinguishing installations.

In accordance with the set of rules SP5.13130.2009 clause 12.2.1, devices for shutting down and restoring the automatic start-up mode of installations can be placed:
a) in the premises of the duty post or other premises with personnel on duty around the clock;
b) at the entrances to the protected premises in the presence of protection against unauthorized access.

This provision provides for the personal responsibility of the appointed responsible persons in the event of the impact of GFES and fire factors on people.

Instructions on the actions of personnel should take into account the permanent, temporary presence of people in the protected room or their absence, the ratio of preparation times for the supply of GFFS, supply delays and inertia of the installation, the number of entrances, the nature of the work carried out in the protection room.

pp. 13.1, 13.2
Question: How is the need for “dedicated fire detection zones” determined?

Answer: In some cases, the premises, depending on the location and properties of the circulating combustible materials, should be divided into separate "dedicated" zones.

This is primarily due to the fact that the dynamics of fire development and its consequences in different zones can vary greatly. The technical means of detection and their placement must ensure the detection of a fire in the zone in the time necessary to complete the task of the goal.

A significant difference in different areas of the room may have interference similar to fire factors, and other influences that can cause false alarms of fire detectors. The choice of technical means of detection should be carried out taking into account the resistance to such influences.

In addition, when organizing “dedicated detection zones”, one can proceed from the predominant probability of fire in such areas of the room.

Section 13, 14, paras. 13.3.2, 13.3.3, 14.1-14.3
Question: The number and parameters of point fire detectors installed in the room, and the distance between them.

Answer: The number of point fire detectors installed in the room is determined by the need to solve two main tasks: ensuring high reliability of the fire alarm system and high reliability of the fire signal (low probability of generating a false alarm signal).

First of all, it is necessary to designate the functions performed by the fire alarm system, namely, whether the fire protection systems (fire extinguishing, warning, smoke removal, etc.) are triggered by the signal from the fire detectors, or the system only provides a fire alarm in the premises of the staff on duty .

If the function of the system is only to signal a fire, then it can be assumed that the negative consequences of generating a false alarm are negligible. Based on this premise, in rooms whose area does not exceed the area protected by one detector (according to tables 13.3, 13.5), to improve the reliability of the system, two detectors are installed, switched on according to the OR logic circuit (a fire signal is generated when any one of two installed detectors). In this case, in case of uncontrolled failure of one of the detectors, the fire detection function will be performed by the second one. If the detector is capable of testing itself and transmitting information about its malfunction to the control panel (meets the requirements of clause 13.3.3 b), c)), then one detector can be installed in the room. In large rooms, detectors are installed at a standard distance.

Similarly, for flame detectors, each point of the protected premises must be controlled by two detectors connected according to the OR logic scheme (a technical error was made in paragraph 13.8. logic circuit "OR"), or one detector that meets the requirements of clause 13.3.3 b), c).

If it is necessary to generate a control signal for a fire protection system, then when designing, the design organization must determine whether this signal will be generated from one detector, which is acceptable for the systems listed in clause 14.2, or whether the signal will be generated according to clause 14.1, i.e. e. when two detectors are triggered (logical "AND").

The use of the "AND" logical scheme makes it possible to increase the reliability of the formation of a fire signal, since a false operation of one detector will not cause the formation of a control signal. This algorithm is required to control fire extinguishing and warning systems of the 5th type. To control other systems, you can get by with an alarm signal from one detector, but only if the false activation of these systems does not lead to a decrease in the level of people's safety and / or unacceptable material losses. The rationale for such a decision should be displayed in the explanatory note to the project. In this case, it is necessary to apply technical solutions to improve the reliability of the formation of a fire signal. Such solutions may include the use of so-called "intelligent" detectors that provide an analysis of the physical characteristics of fire factors and (or) the dynamics of their change, providing information about their critical state (dustiness, pollution), the use of the function of re-requesting the state of detectors, taking measures to eliminate (reduction) of the impact on the detector of factors similar to fire factors and capable of causing a false alarm.

If during the design it was decided to generate control signals for fire protection systems from one detector, then the requirements for the number and arrangement of detectors coincide with the above requirements for systems that perform only the signaling function. The requirements of clause 14.3 do not apply.

If the control signal of the fire protection system is generated from two detectors, switched on, in accordance with clause 14.1, according to the logical scheme "AND", then the requirements of clause 14.3 come into force. The need to increase the number of detectors to three, or even four, in rooms with a smaller area controlled by one detector, follows from the high reliability of the system in order to maintain its performance in the event of an uncontrolled failure of one detector. When using detectors with a self-test function and transmitting information about their malfunction to the control panel (meets the requirements of clause 13.3.3 b), c)) two detectors necessary for the implementation of the "AND" function can be installed in the room, but on condition that the operability of the system is maintained by the timely replacement of the failed detector.

In large rooms, in order to save the time of generating a fire signal from two detectors, switched on according to the “AND” logical scheme, the detectors are installed at a distance of no more than half of the standard one, so that the fire factors reach and trigger two detectors in a timely manner. This requirement applies to detectors located along the walls and to detectors along one of the axes of the ceiling (at the choice of the designer). The distance between the detectors and the wall remains standard.

Annex A
Question: Please clarify whether a one-story warehouse building of the IV degree of fire resistance of category B in terms of fire hazard is subject to AUPT and AUPS equipment.

Answer: According to Table A.1 of Annex A, one-story warehouse buildings of category B for fire hazard with a height of less than 30 m without storage on racks with a height of 5.5 m or more are generally not subject to protection by AUPT and AUPS.

At the same time, the premises that are part of the warehouse building should be equipped with AUPT and AUPS in accordance with the requirements of Table A.3 of Appendix A, depending on their area and category for explosion and fire hazard.

At the same time, according to clause A.5 of Appendix A, if the area of ​​​​the premises to be equipped with AUPT is 40% or more of the total floor area of ​​the building, the equipment of the building as a whole AUPT should be provided, with the exception of the premises listed in clause A.4 applications A.

Question: Is it required to equip an attic with AUPS in a public building?

Answer: According to the experts of the Institute, on the basis of the requirements of clause A.4 and clause 9 of Table A.1 of Appendix A of SP5.13130.2009, the attic in a public building is subject to protection by APS.

Appendix R.
Question: What measures should be mandatory when implementing the recommendations of Appendix R.

Answer: Ensuring the minimum probability of false formation of a control signal for automatic fire protection systems is one of the important tasks of fire automation systems. This probability is inextricably linked with the probability of a false fire alarm being generated by a fire detector (PI) and a control panel (RCD).

One of such technical solutions is the use of equipment (PI, PPKP), which allows to analyze not only the absolute values ​​of the controlled environmental parameters, but also the dynamics of their change. Even more effective is the use of PIs that track the relationship of two or more environmental parameters that change during a fire.

A common cause of false positives of PIs is dusting of the smoke chamber of optoelectronic smoke PIs, contamination of optics in flame PIs and linear smoke PIs, malfunction of electronic circuits, etc. The PIs have the functions of monitoring their technical condition and transmitting information about a malfunction (dustiness, pollution) on the control panel allows the facility personnel to timely perform the necessary measures for the maintenance or replacement of the PI, thereby preventing false alarms. Identification of a failed (requiring service) transmitter should be carried out by indicating a fault signal on the control panel and accompanied by either an indication of the transmitter address, or a change in the operation mode of the detector indicator (for a non-address transmitter).

False alarm may be the result of electromagnetic interference on detectors, wires and cables of fire alarm loops. Improving noise immunity can be realized by using twisted pair, shielded wires. In this case, the shielding elements must be grounded at points with equal potentials to exclude currents in the shielding braids. It is advisable to lay wires and place PI and PPKP at a distance from sources of electromagnetic interference.

An important role in reducing the probability of false alarms is played by design decisions that determine the location of the PI, as well as the requirements for their maintenance. So, when using flame detectors, it is important to choose the right type of PI and their location in order to exclude the effects of "glare" and background illumination, leading to false operation of these detectors. Reducing the probability of false alarms of smoke PIs from dust exposure can be achieved by their more frequent cleaning (purging) during maintenance.

The choice of certain options for protection against false positives is determined during design, depending on the fire hazard of the facility, operating conditions and tasks solved using fire automation systems.

The number of point fire detectors installed in the room is determined by the need to solve two main tasks: ensuring high reliability of the fire alarm system and high reliability of the fire signal (low probability of generating a false alarm signal).

First of all, it is necessary to designate the functions performed by the fire alarm system, namely, whether the fire protection systems (fire extinguishing, warning, smoke removal, etc.) are triggered by the signal from the fire detectors, or the system only provides a fire alarm in the premises of the staff on duty .

If the function of the system is only to signal a fire, then it can be assumed that the negative consequences of generating a false alarm are negligible. Based on this premise, in rooms whose area does not exceed the area protected by one detector (according to tables 13.3, 13.5), to improve the reliability of the system, two detectors are installed, switched on according to the OR logic circuit (a fire signal is generated when any one of two installed detectors). In this case, in case of uncontrolled failure of one of the detectors, the fire detection function will be performed by the second one. If the detector is capable of testing itself and transmitting information about its malfunction to the control panel (meets the requirements of clause 13.3.3 b), c)), then one detector can be installed in the room. In large rooms, detectors are installed at a standard distance .

Similarly, for flame detectors, each point of the protected premises must be controlled by two detectors connected according to the OR logic scheme (a technical error was made in paragraph 13.8. logic circuit "OR"), or one detector that meets the requirements of clause 13.3.3 b), c).

If it is necessary to generate a control signal for a fire protection system, then when designing, the design organization must determine whether this signal will be generated from one detector, which is acceptable for the systems listed in clause 14.2, or whether the signal will be generated according to clause 14.1, i.e. e. when two detectors are triggered (logical "AND").

The use of the "AND" logical scheme makes it possible to increase the reliability of the formation of a fire signal, since a false operation of one detector will not cause the formation of a control signal. This algorithm is required to control fire extinguishing and warning systems of the 5th type. To control other systems, you can get by with an alarm signal from one detector, but only if the false activation of these systems does not lead to a decrease in the level of people's safety and / or unacceptable material losses. The rationale for such a decision should be displayed in the explanatory note to the project. In this case, it is necessary to apply technical solutions to improve the reliability of the formation of a fire signal. Such solutions may include the use of so-called "intelligent" detectors that provide an analysis of the physical characteristics of fire factors and (or) the dynamics of their change, providing information about their critical state (dustiness, pollution), the use of the function of re-requesting the state of detectors, taking measures to eliminate (reduction) of the impact on the detector of factors similar to fire factors and capable of causing a false alarm.

If during the design it was decided to generate control signals for fire protection systems from one detector, then the requirements for the number and arrangement of detectors coincide with the above requirements for systems that perform only the signaling function. The requirements of clause 14.3 do not apply.

If the control signal of the fire protection system is generated from two detectors, switched on, in accordance with clause 14.1, according to the logical scheme "AND", then the requirements of clause 14.3 come into force. The need to increase the number of detectors to three, or even four, in rooms with a smaller area controlled by one detector, follows from the high reliability of the system in order to maintain its performance in the event of an uncontrolled failure of one detector. When using detectors with a self-test function and transmitting information about their malfunction to the control panel (meets the requirements of clause 13.3.3 b), c)) two detectors necessary for the implementation of the "AND" function can be installed in the room, but on condition that the operability of the system is maintained by the timely replacement of the failed detector.

In large rooms, in order to save the time of generating a fire signal from two detectors, switched on according to the “AND” logical scheme, the detectors are installed at a distance of no more than half of the standard one, so that the fire factors reach and trigger two detectors in a timely manner. This requirement applies to detectors located along the walls and to detectors along one of the axes of the ceiling (at the choice of the designer). The distance between the detectors and the wall remains standard.

In accordance with the International Documents for the Protection of the Earth's Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Earth's Ozone Layer and a number of amendments to it) and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1000 dated December 19, 2000 "On specifying the time frame for the implementation of state regulation measures for the production of ozone-depleting substances in the Russian Federation, the production of Freon 114V2 has been discontinued.

In pursuance of International agreements and the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the use of freon 114B2 in newly designed installations and installations whose service life has expired is recognized as inappropriate.

As an exception, the use of freon 114V2 in AUGP is provided for fire protection of especially important (unique) objects, with the permission of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation.

For fire protection of objects with the presence of electronic equipment (telephone exchanges, server rooms, etc.), ozone-non-destructive freons 125 (C2 F5H) and 227 ea (C3F7H) are used.

This year, FGBU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia actively amended SP 5.13130.2009, dividing it into several separate sets of rules. On this occasion, we decided to collect for you a special selection of all projects of SP 5.13130 ​​with changes in 2018. Be careful, they don't work yet!

JV “Fire protection systems. Automatic fire extinguishing installations. Design norms and rules»

According to the draft version, changes to SP 5.13130 ​​have occurred in terms of automatic fire extinguishing installations.

The new version of the draft set of rules is aimed at a more detailed presentation of fire safety requirements, the elimination of discrepancies and the inclusion of fire safety requirements from SNiPs and requirements excluded from the Federal Law "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements".

The development of a new version of the draft set of rules will make it possible to more accurately interpret the fire safety requirements for objects of protection set forth in Articles 42, 45, 46, 54, 83, 84, 91, 103, 104, 111-116 of the Federal Law "Technical Regulations on the Requirements fire safety".

This project amends SP 5.13130.2009 in terms of fire alarm systems and control equipment for fire extinguishing installations.

In connection with the entry into force on 01.01.2020 TR EAEU 023/2017 Technical Regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union "On the requirements for fire safety and fire extinguishing equipment", the draft set of rules takes into account future requirements for technical equipment (instruments, detectors, etc.). ). In this regard, it is advisable to introduce the developed set of rules no earlier than 01/01/2020.

JV “Fire protection systems. List of buildings, structures, premises and equipment to be protected by automatic fire extinguishing installations and fire alarm systems. Design norms and rules»

The draft set of rules was developed to replace Annex A of SP 5.13130.2009.

As part of the work on the draft set of rules, some provisions of Annex A of SP 5.13130.2009 were clarified and finalized, and a number of new protection objects were added - both buildings and premises. At the same time, the protection of some objects by fire automatics systems was considered inappropriate.

Zaitsev Alexander Vadimovich, scientific editor of the journal "Security Algorithm"

On August 10, 2015, a message appeared on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia: “By the decision of the Expert Commission for the examination of the sets of rules of the EMERCOM of Russia in connection with the need to update and improve on numerous suggestions and comments, as well as in connection with the emergence of new technologies and fire protection equipment, draft SP 5.13130 ​​has been returned to the stage of the first edition and is undergoing the public discussion procedure again.” And this is after in 2013, at the end of the research project “SP 5”, an attempt was already made to present to the public an updated version of SP 5.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations are automatic. Norms and rules of design». True, then the matter did not reach the public, they were hacked to death and hidden from the eyes of this public. Now we are offered almost the same thing, only under a new name - “Fire protection systems. Fire alarm systems and automatic fire extinguishing installations. Norms and rules of design».

And here I could not restrain myself and decided to express my attitude to such rule-making in an expanded form. I want to note right away that this material is not about document errors, although there are a lot of them, even if we consider only the fire alarm section. We will not receive the document, so necessary for daily work, until we decide on its tasks and structure.

WHAT DOES FEDERAL LAW No. 123-FZ REQUIRE FROM FIRE ALARMS?

I'll start with the federal law dated July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical regulations on fire safety requirements." He is the starting point. And it is quite natural, first of all, to decide what the law requires in terms of automatic fire alarm installations (AUPS) and fire alarm systems (SPS). Fire protection systems must have:

■ reliability and resistance to fire hazards during the time required to achieve fire safety goals (clause 3, article 51).

AUPS should provide:

■ automatic fire detection within the time required to turn on fire warning systems (clause 1, article 54);

■ automatic fire detection, supply of control signals to the technical means of warning people about a fire and managing the evacuation of people, control devices for fire extinguishing installations, technical means of controlling the smoke protection system, engineering and technological equipment (clause 4, article 83);

■ automatic informing of the personnel on duty about the occurrence of a malfunction of communication lines between individual technical means that are part of the installations (clause 5, article 83);

■ supply of light and sound signals about the occurrence of a fire to the receiving and control device in the premises of the personnel on duty or to special remote warning devices, and in buildings of functional fire hazard classes F1.1, F1.2, F4.1, F4.2 - with duplication of these signals to the control panel of the fire department without the participation of the employees of the facility and / or the organization broadcasting this signal.

Fire detectors must:

■ be located in the protected room in such a way as to ensure timely fire detection at any point of this room (clause 8, article 83).

AUPS technical means should:

■ ensure electrical and information compatibility with each other, as well as with other technical means interacting with them (clause 1, article 103);

■ be resistant to electromagnetic interference with the maximum allowable level values ​​typical for the protected object (clause 5, article 103);

■ ensure electrical safety. Cable lines and electrical wiring of fire detection systems, warning and control of people evacuation in case of fire, emergency lighting on evacuation routes, emergency ventilation and smoke protection, automatic fire extinguishing, internal fire water supply, elevators for transporting fire departments in buildings and structures should:

■ remain operational in a fire for the time necessary to perform their functions and evacuate people to a safe area (clause 2, article 82).

The communication lines between the technical means of the AUPS should:

■ remain operational in a fire for the time necessary to perform their functions and evacuate people to a safe area (clause 2, article 103).

AUPS fire equipment control devices must provide:

■ the principle of control in accordance with the type of controlled equipment and the requirements of a particular facility (clause 3, article 103, oddly enough, this requirement is in the requirements for AUPS).

The automatic drive of actuators and devices of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation systems of buildings and structures should:

■ be carried out when automatic fire extinguishing installations and / or fire alarms are triggered (clause 7, article 85, this once again confirms that fire control devices for actuators belong to AUPS).

Those. all components of the AUPS are subject to specific requirements for the purpose. These requirements are of an exclusively generalized nature without disclosing the mechanisms for their implementation. It would seem that what is easier is to take these requirements and consistently, step by step, reveal and specify them.

These are the main tasks facing developers of fire alarm requirements. In order, what is achieved by:

■ reliability of fire detection;

■ timeliness of fire detection;

■ resistance of AUPS and SPS to external environmental influences;

■ control over the current state of the APS and SPS by the duty personnel;

■ interaction of AUPS and SPS with other fire protection subsystems;

■ safety of people from electric shock.

Instead, in the new draft set of rules SP 5.13130, we again see a set of disparate rules: how and in what quantity to place fire detectors (PIs), lay fire alarm loops and connect them to control panels. And all this without any indication of the tasks to be solved. This is very reminiscent of a rather complicated recipe for making Christmas pudding.

What will the inspector be like? Having found a discrepancy at the facility with the set of rules SP 5.13130, it is necessary to link it to the requirements of Federal Law No. 123 in order to substantiate your claims in the courts. In this edition, as in the previous one, it will be very difficult to find such a binding.

In the GOSTs of the Soviet period, it was described how to make the same bicycle. Several wheel sizes were standardized, and, consequently, the spokes for them, the size of the steering wheel and seat, the diameter of the frame pipes, etc. In modern Russia, a completely new approach to national standards has been adopted. Now the requirements for the final product are written in national standards, and not how to make it. And then, for the most part, in terms of ensuring human security in various areas. There is compliance with the requirements - good, no - not subject to commissioning or further use. This is how all other types of regulatory documents should be.

RULES AND THEIR PLACE IN PRACTICE

The very concept of "rule" is deeply rooted in the philosophy of life of an individual or a community of individuals. Any rules are executed by people on a voluntary basis, on the basis of understanding and perception of the correctness of their actions. Here is such a tautology.

There are rules of conduct in society, rules of etiquette, rules of behavior on the water, rules of the road, etc. There are also unwritten rules. In different countries, all of them can fundamentally differ in their essence and content. There are simply no universal rules.

The rules are aimed either at creating a comfortable living environment, incl. ensuring the necessary security in all areas of human activity, or on other specific tasks related to the performance or implementation of certain processes.

But the rules cannot be without exceptions, and how much it is permissible to deviate from the rules is determined by the requirements for the final result of the activity. Sometimes these requirements are more important than the rules themselves.

But before formulating certain rules, it is necessary to develop evaluation criteria and / or the procedure for developing these rules. An upper level of rules must be generated to create a lower level of rules. Neglect of the upper level or its absence will not allow you to create a lower level of rules that is really feasible in life. And this turned out to be the main problem of the work of the team of authors of the FGBU VNIIPO EMERCOM of the Russian Federation on the set of rules SP 5.13130.

In our case, the highest level of rules should be Federal Law No. 123. After all, the main tasks are formulated in it. The second level should be a document describing the requirements for the final product, for example, in our case, for a fire alarm. But as a guide to the labyrinths between the tasks and the specific requirements for the final result, there should be rules describing how to do this. These rules will act as recommendations that can be followed or not, if there is a justification for that. And since the requirements for the result are laid down in the first two upper levels, there is no contradiction in this.

CODE OF RULES SP 5.13130: ORIGIN AND CONTRADICTIONS

The structure and principle of building a set of rules SP 5.13130 ​​“Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations are automatic. Design Codes and Rules” only on the first page looks modern, but the essence of this document has not changed over the past 30 years. The roots of this document lie in the "Instructions for the design of fire extinguishing installations" CH75-76. If we take his follower SNiP 2.04.09-84 "Fire automation of buildings and structures", then he and his further followers NPB 88-2001 and the draft new edition of SP 5.13130 ​​are absolutely similar.

Would you like an example please. SNiP 2.04.09-84 has the following requirement:

“4.23. In justified cases, it is allowed to install control and reception devices in rooms without personnel on round-the-clock duty while ensuring the transmission of fire and malfunction notifications to the fire station or other premises with personnel on round-the-clock duty, and ensuring control of communication channels.

We had the same in the interim regulatory document NPB 88-2001 “Fire extinguishing and alarm installations. Norms and rules of design».

In the draft SP 5.13130 ​​submitted for re-discussion, we again find:

“14.14.7. In justified cases, it is allowed to install these devices in rooms without personnel on round-the-clock duty, while ensuring separate transmission of notifications about a fire, malfunction, condition of technical equipment to a room with personnel on round-the-clock duty, and ensuring control of notification transmission channels.

And here comes the contradiction. Article 46 of the Federal Law No. 123 provides a list of technical means of fire automatics. And it has a component - a system for transmitting notifications. The components of these systems both transmit the mentioned signals from the control panel and output them to their indicators, and, most importantly, control the notification transmission channel. And the requirements for them are in GOST R 53325-2012. You don't have to invent anything. But the authors of the code of laws do not read ... And such examples with the wording "a cart and a small cart" outdated for 30 years.

It has come to the point that the very name of SP 5.13130 ​​in its discussed edition will contradict the law that gave rise to it. The law spells out the term "automatic fire alarm installations (AUPS)". And in the set of rules - "fire alarm systems (TPS)", which, according to the same law, are defined only as a combination of several such installations. All requirements in the law, as I showed a little earlier, are prescribed for AUPS, and not for SPS. What is easier - to indicate in the introduction that the requirements for fire alarm systems and the automatic fire alarm installations included in them are identical, and the issue would be closed. Here it is, the legal purity of our fire safety standards. And most importantly, the tasks in Federal Law No. 123 generally "remained behind the scenes." And this I will try to show with a few examples.

It is unlikely that anyone remembers where the requirements for the organization of fire alarm control zones appeared in our standards (now this is clause 13.2.1 in SP5.13130.2009).

Even in the “Manual to the rules for the production and acceptance of work. Installations of security, fire and security-fire alarm systems ”of 1983, it was provided that:

“For administrative buildings (premises), it is allowed to block up to ten fire alarms with one fire alarm loop, and if there is a remote alarm from each premises, up to 20 premises with a common corridor or adjacent ones.”

It was then only about the use of thermal IP, there were no others yet. And about the maximum savings, both the technical means of fire alarms themselves, and cable products. At one time, this made it possible to equip a fairly large administrative facility with just one single-loop receiving and control device of the UATS-1-1 type.

Subsequently, in SNiP 2.04.09-84 the situation changes somewhat:

“With automatic fire detectors of one fire alarm loop, it is allowed to control up to ten in public, residential and auxiliary buildings, and with a remote light alarm from automatic fire detectors and installing it above the entrance to a controlled room - up to twenty adjacent or isolated rooms located on one floor and having access to a common corridor (room).

By this time, smoke fire detectors had already appeared, and therefore the scope of this norm was expanded in terms of the purpose of the premises.

And in NPB 88-2001, the concept of “control zone” also appears:

“12.13. It is allowed to equip a control zone with one fire alarm loop with fire detectors that do not have an address, including:

Premises located on no more than 2 interconnected floors, with a total area of ​​\u200b\u200bpremises of 300 m2 or less;

Up to ten isolated and adjacent premises with a total area of ​​not more than 1600 m2, located on one floor of the building, while the isolated premises must have access to a common corridor, hall, lobby, etc.;

Up to twenty isolated and adjacent rooms with a total area of ​​not more than 1600 m2, located on one floor of the building, while the isolated rooms must have access to a common corridor, hall, lobby, etc., if there is a remote light alarm about the operation of fire detectors above the entrance to each controlled area.

It is unlikely that these sizes of areas have introduced any changes in the practice of applying this norm. But a lot of work has been done, there is something to be proud of.

Approximately the same requirement for the ability to control a fire alarm with one loop of fire alarms with fire-broadcasters that do not have an address is provided for in the draft SP 5.13130. Why this happened, how it is determined, no one can say. There is such a norm, born 35 years ago, which has undergone several changes along the way, but no longer has any basis. The authors of fire regulations have enough other concerns. It's like rolling a snowball, in which the original task is completely forgotten. If we are trying in this way to solve the issues of survivability of fire alarm systems, then why are we talking only about threshold loops with conventional detectors. During this time, addressable and addressable analog systems have taken their due place, but for some reason they are not subject to restrictions in terms of the same survivability. And all because the zoning of AUPS is not yet perceived as one of the components of the struggle for their survivability, as it was done from the very beginning in the foreign rationing system, from which the mentioned figures were taken. This once again shows that the authors of the document are not trying to solve the problems. It's time to bake Easter cakes, and not make adjustments to the existing recipe for making Christmas pudding.

And what about another attempt to introduce stupidity into SP 5.13130, which can confuse any competent specialist:

“14.1.1. The choice of the type of automatic fire detectors is recommended to be made in accordance with their sensitivity to test sources in accordance with GOST R 53325.

Test foci for all types of IP, with the exception of special additional test foci for aspiration, are the same. And the task of any IP is to pass these tests. And no one will find specific numerical indicators of this sensitivity to test fires anywhere, so that one particular detector can be compared with another and some kind of choice can be made. Apparently, this was done only in order not to make serious changes to the source text from NPB 88-2001:

“12.1. The choice of the type of point smoke detector is recommended to be made in accordance with its ability to detect various types of smoke, which can be determined in accordance with GOST R 50898.

But even in the edition of NPB 88-2001 it was already unprofessional. A smoke detector must detect all types of smoke, otherwise it cannot be called a smoke detector. It is necessary to solve the problem of reliable and timely detection of a fire from a completely different perspective, and not try to replace one stupidity with another. It would be good, first of all, to determine such characteristics of the system as the timeliness and reliability of fire detection, how they are determined, achieved and how to normalize them. And only after that give any recommendations.

In my opinion, without a clear understanding of the meaning of these characteristics, it is impossible to talk about the effectiveness of the fire alarm itself, and this requires serious study and discussion.

And here, in the draft of the new edition of SP 5.13130, there is also a new somersault - attempts were made to give some preferences to gas firefighters and broadcasters, with whom they had finally decided for ten years abroad, and not in their favor.

All the above examples are the results of unsystematic work. The lack of requirements for the main characteristics of the AUPS is replaced by a chaotic set of private design rules.

The set of rules SP 5.13130 ​​is a lower level regulatory document. And sooner or later it will be necessary to develop a national standard instead. But with SP 5.13130 ​​in its current edition, this is not even worth talking about.

SOME EXCURSION TO INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

The European standard EN 54-14 "Requirements for planning, design, installation, operation and maintenance" states right in the introduction:

"one. Application area

This standard sets out mandatory requirements for the use of automatic fire alarm systems, i.e. detection and/or notification in the event of a fire. The standard addresses the planning and design of fire alarm systems, their installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance procedures.

Note the term "requirements" used. And these requirements apply specifically to the final product - fire alarms.

There is no need to separate design, installation, operation and maintenance under different regulations. Note that in our country, no documents have yet been created either for the installation, or for the operation and maintenance of fire alarms. Requirements for fire alarms at all stages of the life cycle must remain unchanged. And now it is simply impossible to make claims for the non-compliance of the operated fire alarm with the existing requirements on the basis of the existing regulatory documents. One was designed, it was already mounted differently, and in the course of several years of operation and maintenance, a third appeared. And this question in EN 54-14 was closed forever.

And now, for example, one more of the general provisions from EN 54-14:

“6.4.1. Fire detectors: General

When choosing the type of detectors, the following factors should be considered:

Type of materials on the protected object and their combustibility;

The size and location of the premises (especially the height of the ceiling);

Availability of ventilation and heating;

environmental conditions in the premises;

The probability of false positives;

Normative acts. The selected type of fire detectors should, taking into account the environmental conditions in the places where they are planned to be installed, ensure the earliest possible guaranteed fire detection and transmission of a fire alarm signal. There are no types of detectors that are suitable for use in all conditions. Ultimately, this choice depends on the specific conditions.

And only after that, specific instructions are given on the use of each type of IP, which are also available to some extent in our SP 5.13130.

However, there are also fundamental differences. One of the factors influencing the choice of IP, as can be seen from the above list, is the probability of false positives. And this concept found a place in EN 54-14:

“4.5. False alarm

False alarms and the resulting system disruption are a serious problem and can cause a real fire alarm to be ignored. Therefore, those responsible for planning, installing and operating the system must pay close attention to avoiding false alarms.”

So in many national standards, which are sometimes more stringent than the pan-European ones, for more than ten years they have been normalizing the magnitude of the probability of false positives. Here it is, the approach of real experts in their field.

And in our country at this time, the authors of the norms prefer not to give direct answers to questions from many years of everyday practice. Or maybe they specifically do it so that you can constantly communicate with the people with the help of letters of explanation and letters of "happiness".

What is worth only one requirement below in the draft SP 5.13130:

“18.5. The required probability of failure-free operation of technical means, adopted in accordance with the risk calculation method depending on the fire hazard of the object, is provided by the reliability parameters of the technical means of a particular system during functional checks during operation, with a calculated frequency in accordance with the Comments to ".

That is, before developing working documentation for a fire alarm and determining the required value of the probability of failure-free operation, it is necessary to carry out a functional test during the operation of this particular fire alarm at this particular facility with a certain frequency. Do you think someone will be guided by this when designing? And then why write such a rule?

PROPOSALS FOR THE FORMATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE ALARMS

In order to have a causal relationship between the requirements for fire alarms between the Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" and the new regulatory document, it is proposed to state it in the following form.

List the tasks to be solved in the same sequence as I did at the very beginning of this article: the reliability of fire detection, the timeliness of fire detection, the stability of AUPS and SPS to external environmental influences, monitoring the current state of AUPS and SPS by the duty personnel, the interaction of AUPS and ATP with other fire protection subsystems, the safety of people from electric shock, and only after that disclose each component.

Approximately it could look like this: 1. The reliability of fire detection is ensured by:

■ choice of IP type;

■ formation of fire alarm control zones;

■ fire decision-making algorithm;

■ protection against false positives.

1.1. IP type selection:

1.1.1. EITI allows...

1.1.2. IPT allows...

1.1.3. IPDL allow...

1.1.4. IPDA allow.

1.2. Formation of fire alarm control zones:

Why are they formed, what restrictions are imposed on them?

1.3. Algorithms for making a decision about a fire that increase reliability:

1.3.1. . "Fire 1". "Fire 2".

1.3.2. ... "Attention" ... "Fire". 1.4. Protection against false positives:

1.4.1. The use of combined IP ...

1.4.2. The use of multi-criteria IP ... (only first you need to understand what it is).

1.4.3. The use of power supply with protection against particles that are not products of combustion...

1.4.4. The degree of rigidity of technical means of fire automatics to electromagnetic influences.

2. The timeliness of fire detection is ensured by:

2.1. Thermal IPs should be placed in such and such a way.

2.2. Smoke point IP to place...

2.3. Manual fire detectors should be placed.

3. The stability of AUPS and SPS to external influences is achieved:

■ selection of the appropriate topology for building an installation or fire alarm system;

■ resistance to external mechanical influences;

■ resistance to electromagnetic interference;

■ stability of communication lines in fire conditions;

■ redundancy of power sources and power lines.

3.1. Choice of structure topology.

3.2. Resistance to external mechanical influences:

3.2.1. Devices should be placed...

3.2.2. Lines of communication should be laid.

3.3. Stability of communication lines in fire conditions.

3.4. Immunity to electromagnetic interference.

3.5. Power requirements.

4. Visualization of the current state of AUPS and SPS is provided by:

4.1. Personnel on duty must have continuous visual and sound control.

4.2. Personnel on duty must have access to the necessary information...

4.3. Duty personnel must have access to the controls for prompt intervention.

5. Interaction of AUPS with other fire protection subsystems:

5.1. The management of AUPT and SOUE type 5 should be carried out.

5.2. Management of SOUE 1-4 types should be carried out.

5.3. Smoke ventilation must be controlled.

5.4. Fire signals from objects of fire category F1.1, F1.2, F4.1, and F4.2 must be duplicated ...

5.5. Fire signals from facilities that do not have round-the-clock fire posts must be transmitted ...

5.6. Compatibility of various technical means of fire automatics with each other.

6. Ensuring the safety of people from electric shock is ensured by:

6.1. Grounding...

6.2. Protection of controls from accidental access must be ensured.

This, of course, is not a dogma, it can be considered as one of the proposals for the structure of the new document.

As soon as the requirements already available in SP 5.13130 ​​are placed in the proposed places, it will become clear whether they are enough to solve the tasks ahead or not. Requirements will appear that have not found a place in this structure. In this case, you will have to evaluate their need. It is quite possible that some of the provisions or rules would make sense to concentrate in some recommendations, which may be non-binding in nature.

I can say that in the process of working on such a structure of a fundamentally new document, many new problems will arise. For example, how to correlate the necessary reliability of fire detection and the timeliness of detection. If increased timeliness of detection is required, then two IPs located in the same room must be switched on according to the “OR” scheme, otherwise one IP is enough, if, at the same time, some other boundary conditions are met. And, if increased reliability is required to the detriment of the timeliness of detection, then these two IPs will have to be included according to the “AND” scheme. Who should make such a decision and in what case?

A LITTLE ABOUT PAINFUL

Immediately I would like to recall the issue of electrical and information compatibility of various technical means of fire automatics with each other. In order to minimize the cost of technical means of fire automatics, a decision is often made to use one unit from one manufacturer, another unit from a second manufacturer. And the third from the third. Those. there is a crossing between hedgehogs and snakes. The draft of the new edition states that for this they must be compatible with each other. Only now there is nothing about who should check and evaluate this compatibility. If we are talking about products of one manufacturer, then this is checked in the process of certification tests by specially trained experts.

But the right to combine components of devices from different manufacturers is given to anyone. Miracles, and nothing more. To my corresponding question to the authors of such a norm, I was given the answer that “experienced specialists” are doing this. Then why in the set of rules for these "experienced specialists" so many small and detailed features are indicated for laying fire alarm loops and other small things. Why transfer so much paper to this? If necessary, they will sort it out. This is the approach of the authors to their own regulatory documents.

And I also want to return to the place of fire control devices, which I have already mentioned twice here. If we take the codes of practice for related fire protection systems (for warning people about a fire, smoke protection, internal fire water supply, elevators, etc.), then they only deal with the procedure for using the final actuating devices (sirens, fans, actuators, valves, etc.). It is understood that the signals to them come from installations or fire alarm systems, but nothing is written about the use of fire control devices to control these actuators. Thus, for many years now, a whole link in the form of control devices has fallen out of the norms. Everyone knows about this, but so far all the authors of fire safety standards carefully bypass this topic, each nodding at the law of the Federal Law No. 123. Only here, according to the law, in clause 3. Art. 103 and in paragraph 3. Art. 103 these control devices, strange as it may seem, belong to the fire alarm. Perhaps this is not so bad. Only then should they be taken into account in the relevant requirements. There should be no white spots in fire safety.

CONCLUSION OR CONCLUSION

If work is not carried out on a radical revision of the principle of construction and content of the set of rules SP 5.13130, then it will not be necessary to talk about its problem-free application in practice. Further rolling of the snowball will not give results, everyone has long understood this. For more than 30 years of his "improvement" too much has changed. Without identifying the tasks facing this document, we will never achieve their implementation, and it will remain a kind of cookbook with a very complex and contradictory recipe. We hope that the employees of the Federal State Budgetary Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia will find a solution to this problem, otherwise the public will have to be involved.

SP 5.13130.2013 Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations are automatic. Design norms and rules

1. 1 area of ​​use
2. 2. Regulatory references
3. 3. Terms, definitions, designations and abbreviations
4. 4. Abbreviations
5. 5. General provisions
6. 6. Water and foam fire extinguishing installations
7. 7. Fire extinguishing installations with high expansion foam
8. 8. Robotic fire extinguishing systems
9. 9. Gas fire extinguishing installations
10. 10. Powder fire extinguishing installations of modular type
11. 11. Aerosol fire extinguishing installations
12. 12. Autonomous fire extinguishing installations
13. 13. Control equipment for fire extinguishing installations
14. 14. Fire alarm systems
15. 15. Interrelation of fire alarm systems with other systems and engineering equipment of objects
16. 16. Power supply of fire alarm systems and fire extinguishing installations
17. 17. Protective grounding and zeroing. Safety requirements
18. 18. General provisions taken into account when choosing technical means of fire automatics
19. Appendix A List of buildings, structures, premises and equipment to be protected by automatic fire extinguishing installations and automatic fire alarms
20. Appendix B Groups of premises (industries and technological processes) according to the degree of fire hazard, depending on their functional purpose and fire load of combustible materials
21. Appendix B Method for calculating the parameters of AFS during surface fire extinguishing with water and low expansion foam
22. Appendix D Method for calculating the parameters of fire extinguishing installations with high-expansion foam
23. Appendix D. Initial data for calculating the mass of gaseous fire extinguishing agents
24. Appendix E Method for calculating the mass of a gas fire extinguishing agent for gas fire extinguishing installations when extinguishing by volumetric method
25. Annex G. Technique for hydraulic calculation of low pressure carbon dioxide fire extinguishing installations
26. Appendix H Method for calculating the area of ​​the opening for relieving excess pressure in rooms protected by gas fire extinguishing installations
27. Appendix I. General provisions for the calculation of powder fire extinguishing installations of a modular type
28. Appendix K. Method for calculating automatic aerosol fire extinguishing installations
29. Annex L. Method for calculating overpressure when supplying fire-extinguishing aerosol to a room
30. Application M. The choice of types of fire detectors depending on the purpose of the protected premises and the type of fire load
31. Annex H. Places of installation of manual fire detectors depending on the purpose of buildings and premises
32. Appendix O. Determination of the set time for the detection of a malfunction and its elimination
33. Annex P. Distances from the upper overlap point to the measuring element of the detector
34. Appendix R. Methods for improving the reliability of a fire signal
35. Appendix C. The use of fire detectors in the equipment of automatic fire alarms in residential buildings
36. Bibliography

FOREWORD

The goals and principles of standardization in the Russian Federation are established by the Federal Law of December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ "On Technical Regulation", and the development rules - by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2008 No. 858 "On the Procedure for the Development and Approval of Codes of Rules ".

The application of SP 5.13130.2013 "Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations. Design norms and rules" ensures compliance with the requirements for the design of automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm installations for buildings and structures for various purposes, including those built in areas with special climatic and natural conditions established by the Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements".

Information about the set of rules SP 5.13130.2013 "Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations. Design standards and rules":

• DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Federal State Budgetary Institution "All-Russian Order of the Badge of Honor" Research Institute of Fire Defense" (FGBU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia)
• APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Order of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (EMERCOM of Russia)
• REGISTERED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
• IN REPLACEMENT

1 AREA OF USE

1.1 SP 5.13130.2013 "Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations. Design norms and rules" establishes norms and rules for the design of automatic fire extinguishing and alarm installations.

1.2 SP 5.13130.2013 "Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations. Design norms and rules" applies to the design of automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm installations for buildings and structures for various purposes, including those built in areas with special climatic and natural conditions. The list of buildings, structures, premises and equipment to be protected by automatic fire extinguishing installations and automatic fire alarms is given in Appendix A.

1.3 SP 5.13130.2013 "Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations. Design norms and rules" does not apply to the design of automatic fire extinguishing installations:

• buildings and structures designed according to special standards;
• technological installations located outside buildings;
• warehouse buildings with mobile racks;
• warehouse buildings for storing products in aerosol packaging;
• warehouse buildings with a cargo storage height of more than 5.5 m;
• cable structures;
• reservoirs of petroleum products.

1.4 SP 5.13130.2013 "Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations. Design norms and rules" does not apply to the design of fire extinguishing installations for extinguishing class D fires (according to GOST 27331), as well as chemically active substances and materials, including:

• reacting with a fire extinguishing agent with an explosion (organoaluminum compounds, alkali metals, etc.);
• decomposing when interacting with a fire extinguishing agent with the release of combustible gases (organolithium compounds, lead azide, aluminum, zinc, magnesium hydrides, etc.);
• interacting with a fire extinguishing agent with a strong exothermic effect (sulfuric acid, titanium chloride, thermite, etc.);
• spontaneously combustible substances (sodium hydrosulfite, etc.).

1.5 SP 5.13130.2013 "Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations. Design norms and rules" can be used in the development of special specifications for the design of automatic fire extinguishing and alarm installations.

Other documents