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In December 1966, an article by F.M. Burlatsky "On the construction of a developed socialist society". A new ideological concept was taking shape: the completion of the complete construction of socialism (which was announced at the 20th! Congress of the CPSU) marks a new a long period socialist development - the stage of developed socialism. The entry into communism was, as it were, postponed indefinitely. It was proclaimed that developed socialism is a natural and necessary step during which the advantages of the socialist system are fully realized. In 1967, Brezhnev himself spoke about the construction of developed socialism in the USSR in a speech on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of October revolution, and finally this conclusion was fixed at the XXIV Party Congress in 1971.
The concept of developed socialism was intended to solve a number of very difficult tasks. First, to "reconcile" the fundamental provisions of the Marxist-Leninist theory with the prevailing realities of socialism: the preservation of the class division of society, various forms property, commodity-money relations and, finally, the state itself with its bureaucracy. Secondly, to justify a move away from the previous ambitious projects (the Kosygin reform is one of them) towards a more calm, stable development. Thirdly, to instill in the minds of citizens that the reality surrounding them is a value in itself, which should bring satisfaction and inspire pride. All these ideas met the interests of the bureaucratic, primarily party, top. Their implementation gave it the right to consider its dominant position in Soviet society not only justified, but also legitimate. This removed political responsibility for the growth of negative trends that ultimately led to the "stagnation" of the 1970s and 1980s.
More on the topic of developed socialism:
- § 2. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE USSR AND THE SITUATION IN THE COUNTRY IN THE YEARS OF THE LATE "DEVELOPED SOCIALISM". 1977-1985
- § 5. Trends in the development of Soviet copyright in the period of completion of the construction of socialism and the gradual transition to communism
- Chapter III Methodology of Technological Determinism and Vulgar Evolutionism in Bourgeois Interpretations of the Present Stage of the Socio-Economic Development of Socialism
The concept of "developed socialism", contradictions in the development of artistic culture, Soviet sports, sprouts of "anti-system".
The concept of "developed socialism".
The change of course in October 1964 brought with it an ideological change. At first, Khrushchev's departure from democratic undertakings was explained by the need to combat his "subjectivism and voluntarism."
Very soon, a more detailed justification of the conservative domestic policy was required. They became the concept of "developed socialism" and the theory of the continuous aggravation of the ideological struggle between the socialist and capitalist systems as they move towards communism.
In Brezhnev's speech at the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution in 1967, for the first time, the conclusion was made about the construction of a "developed socialist society" in the USSR, which eventually took shape in a new holistic ideological concept of "developed socialism". It relied on the real fact of the creation in the USSR of the foundations of an industrial society. The concept included provisions on the complete, albeit relative, homogeneity of Soviet society; about the final solution of the national question; the absence of any real contradictions within society. Accordingly, it was assumed that it would develop without conflict. For the leadership of the CPSU, these views became the basis for a complacent perception of reality. The prospect of building communism in the USSR was transferred from a concrete historical plane (by 1980, as required by the program of the CPSU) to a theoretical one, pushing its implementation for a long time.
The more difficult the situation in the economy and society became, the louder the reports of labor successes and achievements sounded. Not surprisingly, the concept of "developed socialism" was later called the ideology of stagnation.
The thesis about the aggravation of the ideological struggle stemmed from Stalin's position on the aggravation of the class struggle as we move towards socialism, which "substantiated" in the 30s. the need for mass repression. Its updated version was supposed to explain to the public the persecution of dissidents as a fight against the subversive influence of the West, to justify prohibitions and restrictions in spiritual life.
From the speech of L. I. Brezhnev
We must always and everywhere... remain unshakably faithful to the principles of Marxism-Leninism, display a clear class, party approach to all social phenomena, resolutely rebuff imperialism on the ideological front, without making any concessions to bourgeois ideology.
Both ideological innovations were also reflected in the Constitution of 1977. However, people's lives looked less and less like life under "developed socialism." The introduction in the regions of card distribution of products, the decline in living standards required "clarifications" in the ideology. In 1982, the new head of the party and state, Yu.V. Andropov put forward the idea of "improving developed socialism" and announced that this would be a very long historical period.
Contradictions in the development of artistic culture.
Initially, the Brezhnev leadership announced the continuation of the "golden mean" line in the field of artistic culture, developed under Khrushchev. This meant the rejection of two extremes - slander, on the one hand, and varnishing of reality, on the other. This position was also voiced in the report to the XXIII Congress of the CPSU (1966). However, in the speeches of the leaders of regional party organizations, demands were put forward "to give a resolute rebuff to the attacks of the falsifiers of history" (they were understood as critics of Stalinism).
Accusing the leadership of the party of "insufficient party demands on the selection and publication of works of literature, art and cinema", they urged not to print those works that "distort our reality, preach pessimism, skepticism and decadence." As an example, the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" was named.
From a letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU from the children of communists repressed by Stalin. 1967
The revival of the past jeopardizes the ideas of communism, discredits our system, elevates the death of millions of innocent people into a pattern. Any attempt to whitewash the terrible deeds of Stalin conceals the danger of repeating the terrible tragedy of our Party, our entire people and the communist movement as a whole.
At the direction of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the “production” theme was approved in the literature. In the works devoted to these problems, all conflicts were successfully resolved after the intervention of party workers, and the shortcomings were attributed to the costs of education.
Since the mid 70s. the practice of state orders for the production of films, writing scripts, novels and plays began to be actively introduced. In party instances, not only their number and topics were determined in advance (primacy was given to historical-revolutionary, military-patriotic and production problems), but also the performers of certain roles. This approach very soon led to stagnation in artistic culture.
Since the second half of the 60s. increased ideological control over the means mass media, cultural institutions. Increasingly, the publication of artistic and journalistic works, the release of ready-made films, the performance of certain musical works, and the organization of art exhibitions were prohibited. Theatrical productions (even of the classical repertoire) were produced only with the approval of special commissions. At the meetings held by ideological workers, accusations of “small topics”, “naturalistic everyday life of petty passions”, “sensationalism”, “pseudo-innovation”, “imitation of bourgeois art”, etc., sounded again.
The "Iron Curtain" descended again, depriving Soviet people the opportunity to read books and watch films by a number of foreign authors. This was sometimes explained not even by the content of the works themselves, but by the political position of their creators, who spoke negatively about certain actions of the Soviet leadership.
Cultural figures who did not accept the rules of the game and came up with their own assessments, judgments, doubts, most often left the USSR or were deprived of the opportunity to work with full dedication. In the 70s - early 80s. writers V. Aksenov, A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Maksimov, V. Nekrasov, V. Voinovich, poet I. Brodsky, film director A. Tarkovsky, theater director Y. Lyubimov, cellist M. Rostropovich, Opera singer G. Vishnevskaya, poet and performer A. Galich and others.
Representatives of rural prose (F. Abramov, V. Astafiev, V. Belov, V. Rasputin, B. Mozhaev, V. Shukshin) objectively opposed the official ideology, showing the consequences of continuous collectivization for the destinies of the Russian village. B. Vasiliev, Yu. Trifonov, Yu. Bondarev wrote about the problems of morality.
Directors G. Tovstonogov, A. Efros, M. Zakharov, O. Efremov, G. Volchek, T. Abuladze, A. German, A. Askoldov and others offered their own view on the meaning of life and the role of the intelligentsia.
A specific feature of the culture of the 60-70s. There was a so-called "tape recorder revolution". Recordings of uncontrollable songs and satirical speeches became widespread. Recognized leaders there were V. Vysotsky, A. Galich, Y. Kim, B. Okudzhava, M. Zhvanetsky and others. The concerts of A. Raikin, who satirically scourged the vices of society, were always sold out.
All this testified to the confrontation between two trends in national culture - the official-protective one, which carried out the social order of the authorities, and the democratic one, which prepared the prerequisites for the spiritual renewal of society.
The powerful material and technical base of sports created in previous years made it possible for Soviet athletes to achieve new world successes. At the Munich Olympics (1972), freestyle wrestler A. Medved became the Olympic champion for the third time, and the basketball team defeated the recognized masters - the US team. The victory of the Soviet team in the first hockey super series with the Canadian team became legendary, inscribed in the history of Soviet sports the names of coaches V. Bobrov, A. Tarasov, goalkeeper V. Tretiak, hockey players V. Kharlamov, A. Maltsev, B. Mikhailov, A. Ragulin, A. Yakushev, V. Starshinov, other outstanding masters.
The popularization of figure skating was facilitated by the skill of the first Soviet world champions in pair skating L. Belousova and O. Protopopov, multiple world champions and Olympic Games I. Rodnina and A. Zaitsev, L. Pakhomova and A. Gorshkov. During these years the Soviet chess school produced world chess champions T. Petrosyan, B. Spassky, A. Karpov, G. Kasparov.
The decision of the IOC to hold the 1980 Olympics in Moscow was a recognition of the contribution of Soviet athletes to world sports. Despite the decision of the United States and several other countries to boycott the Moscow Olympics due to the introduction of Soviet troops to Afghanistan, she went through high level and brought many victories to our compatriots. Three gold medals were won by the outstanding swimmer V. Salnikov, recognized as one of the three best swimmers of the 20th century. By the mid 80s. more than 3 thousand stadiums, 60 thousand gyms, 1200 swimming pools operated in the country. All this created conditions not only for the training of a significant number of athletes, but also for the mass sports movement.
Sprouts of "anti-system".
The emergence of passive and then active opposition to the authorities became inevitable. Already by the mid-60s. a dissident movement arose, which included human rights, national liberation, religious organizations and movements.
In 1965, writers A. Sinyavsky and Yu. Daniel were arrested and sentenced to 7 years in camps and 5 years in exile for publishing their works abroad. In 1967 poet Y. Galanskov and publicist A. Ginzburg were arrested. In 1969, the first open public association in the USSR was created - the Initiative Group for the Protection of Human Rights in the USSR (N. Gorbanevskaya, S. Kovalev, JI. Plyushch, P. Yakir and others). Academician D. Sakharov became the recognized spiritual leader of the human rights movement. In 1976, a group to promote the implementation of the Helsinki Accords in the USSR was set up in Moscow, headed by Yu. Orlov. (In 1977, he, like other leaders of similar groups in the USSR, was arrested.) In late 1979 and early 1980, almost all leaders and active participants not only in the human rights movement, but also in national and religious organizations were arrested and exiled. For the first time in many years, dissent touched the army. In 1969, the underground "Union of Struggle for Democratic Rights" created by officers of the Baltic Fleet, which advocated the democratization of society, was uncovered and destroyed.
In 1975, captain of the 3rd rank Sablin, the commander of the large anti-submarine ship Watchtower (also from the Baltic Fleet), arrested the commander and took the ship to neutral waters to address the country's leadership with a revolutionary appeal. It said: “Citizens, the Fatherland is in danger! It is undermined by embezzlement and demagogy, window dressing and lies...” The military planes lifted into the air stopped the Watchdog. Sablin was court martialed and shot. All this testified to the deepening contradictions between the government and society.
On the one hand, this is an important concept of the theory of Marxism-Leninism, developed by the collective efforts of the CPSU, the communist and workers' parties of the fraternal socialist countries. On the other hand, it is a characteristic of the stage in the formation of socialism that has already been reached in the Soviet Union and the construction of which continues in a number of other countries.
Lenin was the first to raise the question of possible stages in the development of socialism. He concluded that in its movement towards communism, a socialist society would go through a series of stages. Lenin believed that the creation of a "developed socialist society", "complete socialism", "complete socialism", "integral socialism" would become possible only after the strengthening and consolidation of victorious socialism.
The first after the victory of the socialist revolution of 1917 was the transitional stage from capitalism to socialism. In the second half of the 1930s, a socialist society was basically built in the Soviet Union. In 1959, the CPSU concluded that socialism in the USSR had won a complete and final victory - not only internal, but also external sources of danger for the restoration of capitalism had been eliminated. From this moment begins the formation of a mature, or developed, socialist society.
The conclusion that such a society had been built in the USSR was first made by the party in 1967, during the days of the 50th anniversary of the socialist revolution of 1917. Theoretically, it was substantiated that developed socialism is a necessary, natural and historically long stage of social development.
Unlike the initial stages, developed socialism functions on its own, socialist basis. At the same time, in a developed socialist society, the economic and other laws of socialism receive full scope for their operation, the advantages of the socialist way of life, its humane essence are revealed and realized to the greatest extent. A developed socialist society is characterized not only by high maturity public system in general and all its aspects - economic, social, political and spiritual, but also more and more commensurate development of these sides, their more and more optimal interaction.
Developed socialism has a number of characteristic features. This is a society in which mighty productive forces, advanced science and culture have been created, in which the people's well-being is constantly growing. This is a society in which, on the basis of the rapprochement of all classes and social strata, the actual equality of all nations and nationalities inhabiting the country, their fraternal cooperation, a new historical community of people has developed - the Soviet people. This is a society, the law of life of which is the concern of all for the welfare of each and the concern of each for the welfare of all.
It is at this stage in the development of socialist society that the prerequisites are created, the conditions are being prepared for its gradual development into a classless, communist society.
Unfortunately, in reality, the construction of a society of developed socialism did not happen. Reality is sometimes diametrically opposed to theory. Therefore, the successor L.I. Brezhnev, Andropov, already in 1982, announced that developed socialism would be improved, but this process is lengthy, and it will take a long historical period. As history has shown, the theory turned out to be erroneous, and instead of developed socialism and communism, Russia received the “wild capitalism” of the dashing 90s, and then the pseudo-democratic society of today. Therefore, in the period when the term “developed socialism” appeared, it could be treated as a future reality. Now this is a clear utopia!
The socio-political development of the USSR until the mid-1980s was determined by two political concepts - developed socialism and the Soviet people as a new historical community. The growing influence on the development of Soviet society, internal and foreign policy The dissident movement also began to provide the country.
At the turn of the 1960s and 1970s, a change in program milestones took place: the concept of the full-scale construction of communism laid down in the third program of the party was replaced by the concept of developed socialism. Thus, the CPSU actually renounced the solemn promise given at the 22nd Party Congress that "the present generation of Soviet people will live under communism." The main revisionists of the former general course were the leaders of the party - L.I. Brezhnev, M.A. Suslov, Yu.V. Andropov. In their policy, they were guided by the principle: "movement is everything, the ultimate goal is nothing." New political concept was closer to life, it was created taking into account the growing military spending to achieve and then maintain military-strategic parity with the United States and strengthen the borders with China.
The concept was first made public in the report "Fifty Years of the Great Victories of Socialism", with which the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Brezhnev spoke at a joint solemn meeting of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses on November 3, 1967. In 1971 , at the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, it was proclaimed the highest stage in the development of Marxism-Leninism. Yu.V. Andropov, in an article devoted to the teachings of K. Marx and the problems of building socialism in the USSR, published in 1983 on the occasion of the 165th anniversary of the birth of the founder of Marxism. In the second half of the 1980s, the period of domination of this concept was named by M.S. Gorbachev "period of stagnation".
The essence of the concept was that on the way to communism, the stage of developed socialism is inevitable, at which it reaches its integrity, i.e. a harmonious combination of all spheres and relations - production, socio-political, moral and legal, material and ideological. Andropov specified that this stage would be long, and the USSR was only at its beginning. The integrity of socialism was supposed to be achieved through its improvement.
Formation of financial capital
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archaeological finds
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Results of economic development
Falling pace economic growth began in the 9th Five-Year Plan (1971-1975). For 15 years (1970-1985) growth rates fell to the level of economic stagnation (stagnation), contradictions acquired pre-crisis forms. As for the 11th Five-Year Plan, it was not fulfilled in any of the main indicators. In the history of the state five-year...
Socialism as one of the steps on the path to communism was considered by the movement even at the dawn of its inception, in the distant 11th century. It was assumed that socialism, as one of the socio-economic formations, would go through two phases: simple socialism and its highest form, developed socialism. The embodiment of this theory was carried out in the USSR in the course of the life and development of the Soviet state. There were also countries of the European socialist camp, however, their leaders did not set themselves such tasks.
Historical digression
The fact that developed socialism is advancing in the Soviet Union, the citizens of the country learned in 1967, when the fiftieth anniversary of the victory was solemnly celebrated. This term sounded in the solemn Leonid Brezhnev. At the same time, the concept of developed socialism was also formulated - a number of theoretical propositions that, as it were, found concrete confirmation in the surrounding reality. What are these provisions?
Theoretical justification
- First of all, according to the authors of the concept, the necessary material and technical base was created in the Soviet Union. "Industrial society" - so it was customary to talk about the Soviet people. The socio-economic situation of the people improved, well-being grew, the possibility of satisfying the material and spiritual needs and demands of both society as a whole and its individual representatives increased.
- It was believed that by the seventies Soviet society It was a single cohesive mass, in which there are no and cannot be any conflicts, which also confirmed the opinion - yes, developed socialism is in full swing across the country. Even from time to time aggravated on the outskirts of the country, it was considered in principle resolved and settled - after all, under socialism there can be no conflicts on a national basis!
- The constitution of developed socialism was supposed to reflect the improvement in the position of citizens, to consolidate their basic rights and obligations.
- The concept of developed socialism also included extensive ideological work. The role of consciousness, scientific and technological progress, the growth and expansion of many forms and spheres of production, and the effectiveness of capital investments are also growing. There is an increase in the well-being of the people.
- Developed socialism presupposes such changes in the economic and production process as the division of the entire sphere of manufactured products into two types - the production of means of production and the production of consumer goods. The production base itself must be re-equipped in accordance with the new requirements of scientific and technical discoveries and achievements.
- Developed socialism was also characterized by a new agrarian policy. Soviet Union- the country is not only industrial, but also agricultural, agrarian. Therefore, the authors of the concept pointed out that it was necessary to strengthen the collective farms and state farms, in every possible way to promote the rise Agriculture, hold the village. What has already been achieved in this area speaks of great success, but we need to act more actively, more decisively, more purposefully, then the effect will be more tangible and significant.
- The building of developed socialism is impossible without a fundamentally new way of life based on renewed positions more in line with the historical moment. The production sphere should be aimed at the full satisfaction of the material needs and demands of the citizens of the country. The spiritual and moral needs of the people, the formation of high spirituality and morality, the free, comprehensive, harmonious development of each member of society cannot remain without a solution. These components were indispensable for the formation of developed socialism, and what had not yet been completed, implemented, had to be realized as soon as possible.
results
Unfortunately, in reality, the construction of socialism did not happen. Reality is sometimes diametrically opposed to theory. Therefore, the successor L.I. Brezhnev, Yu.V. Andropov, already in 1982, announced that developed socialism would be improved, but this process is lengthy, and it will take a long historical period. As history has shown, the theory turned out to be erroneous, and instead of developed socialism and communism, Russia received the “wild capitalism” of the dashing 90s, and then the pseudo-democratic society of today. Therefore, in the period when the term “developed socialism” appeared, it could be treated as a future reality. Now this is a clear utopia!
