The activity of all organs of the human body is regulated by the endocrine system. It controls all the most important processes: growth, metabolism, reproduction. Diseases of the endocrine system lead to disruption of many vital functions.

A disorder in the normal activity of one or more glands is called an endocrine disease.

to endocrine glands include:

• thyroid;
• parathyroid;
• thymus (thymus);
• pancreas;
• adrenal glands;
• epiphysis;
• hypothalamic-pituitary system;
• testes and ovaries (sex glands).

For hormonal problems indicates that a person has one or more of the following symptoms:

• excessive weight gain or loss;
• cardiopalmus;
• increased excitability, irritability;
• impaired concentration;
• weakness, drowsiness;
• constant thirst.

Thyroid diseases

Modern endocrinologists note a steady increase in the number of hormonal dysfunctions. Among them, the most common are thyroid diseases:

• hyperthyroidism;
• hypothyroidism;
• autoimmune thyroiditis;
• diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease);
• endemic and nodular goiter;
• thyroid cancer.

hyperthyroidism

A condition caused by hyperfunction of the thyroid gland and expressed by increased production of the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Read more about hyperthyroidism.

It manifests itself with the following symptoms:

• weight loss;
• temperature rise;
• emotional instability;
• tachycardia;
• an increase in the upper pressure with a simultaneous decrease in the lower pressure;
• ophthalmic problems (edema of the eyelids, displacement of the eyeballs, bifurcation of objects);
• general weakness;

The factors provoking the development of the disease, experts include genetic predisposition, female sex and disorders of the immune system.

Treatment is carried out medically and surgically. The optimal method is chosen by the treating endocrinologist, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient. To reduce the production of hormones, thyreostatic drugs are prescribed: thiamazole, methimazole, propylthiouracil.

In the absence of a positive result with conservative types of therapy, a decision is made on surgical intervention - removal of part of the thyroid gland.

Hypothyroidism

This is a pathology, expressed in insufficient production of hormones by the thyroid gland. Read more about hypothyroidism.

The disease leads to the following conditions:

• weaknesses;
• drowsiness;
• cold intolerance.

It is often detected late, because the symptoms of hypothyroidism are not pronounced and are mistakenly attributed by doctors to general fatigue or other diseases.

The final diagnosis is made by an endocrinologist based on the collected history, laboratory data (general, biochemical, hormonal blood tests). If necessary, a scintigraphy is prescribed. Depending on the causes of the disease, the disease is successfully treated:

• iodine preparations (iodide, betadine);
• hormonal drugs (euthyrox, levothyroxine).

In some cases, cardioprotectors, glycosides and neuroprotectors are additionally prescribed.

Diffuse toxic goiter

The most striking clinical manifestations of Basedow's disease include:

• bulging eyes;
• temperature rise;
• sweating;
• weight loss;
• heartbeat.

The development of goiter can provoke infectious diseases, craniocerebral trauma, psychological shocks. A large role is played by genetic predisposition in combination with certain environmental factors.

Goiter is treated with mercasolil and methylthiouacil for a long period - from 6 months to 2 years. The daily dose is 30–40 mg, potassium preparations, glucocorticoids, and sedatives are additionally prescribed.

Good results are shown by radioiodine therapy. In some cases, the patient is recommended surgical intervention.

Autoimmune thyroiditis

With progression, patients complain of:

• constant weakness;
• discomfort when swallowing;
• labored breathing.

The development of thyroiditis can provoke:

• the presence of a chronic infection in the body;
• environmental factors (increased content of iodine, fluorine, chlorine in the environment);
• radiation;
• systematic prolonged exposure to the sun.

The treatment is carried out with hormonal preparations (thyroidin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine), selenium is additionally indicated.

nodular goiter

This is a pathology of the thyroid gland, characterized by the occurrence of nodular neoplasms in it. Often reaches a significant size, turning into a noticeable cosmetic defect, and is accompanied by compression of the internal organs. More about nodular goiter.

The occurrence of goiter is facilitated by:

• iodine deficiency;
• hereditary factors;
• exposure to radioactive and toxic substances;
• transferred inflammatory diseases;
• the presence of a focus of chronic infections (for example, tonsillitis)

Currently, endocrinologists are of the opinion that with a normal hormonal background and uncomplicated breathing, specific treatment of nodular goiter is not required.

In the case of its rapid growth, hormones are prescribed, radioactive iodine treatment is carried out, or surgical intervention is recommended.

endemic goiter

Endemic goiter is a disease that is expressed in an enlarged thyroid gland. The cause of development is an acute iodine deficiency in the body. More about endemic goiter.

In addition to the lack of iodine, the development of the condition is facilitated by:

• genetic factors;
• water pollution with nitrates, urochrome, which prevents the normal absorption of iodine;
• deficiency of a number of trace elements: selenium, zinc, molybdenum, copper and excess calcium;
• the use of medicines.

At the initial stage, with a slight increase in goiter, it is recommended to take iodine-containing drugs and a special diet. When the hormonal background changes, appropriate hormonal therapy (euthyrox, thyrotomy) is prescribed.

thyroid cancer

In most cases, the initial stage is asymptomatic, later patients experience:

• nodular neoplasm and pain in the thyroid gland;
• enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes;
• weight loss;
• cough, hoarseness.

The final diagnosis is made on the basis of biopsy results, ultrasound and MRI data, as well as scintigraphy.

Diseases of the pancreas

The most common disorder is diabetes mellitus. According to statistics, 10% of the world's population suffers from it, and given its hidden forms, this value can reach 30%.

Diabetes

This pathology is different:

• the occurrence of violations of sexual and reproductive function;
• an increase in body weight;
• increased appetite;
• psycho-emotional disorders (insomnia, anxiety, depression).

The therapy is aimed at restoring the natural level of prolactin and is achieved by regular intake of dopamine agonists.

Acromegaly

It develops as a result of dysfunction of the anterior pituitary gland and is expressed by an excessive increase in the skull, hands, feet. The disease occurs after the completion of the growth of the body, it is characterized by a slow course and a long duration. Read more about acromegaly.

Usually accompanied by:

• mental disorder;
• sexual dysfunction.

Among the methods of treatment, the most effective is surgery on the pituitary gland.

Gigantism

A similar malfunction of the pituitary gland at an early age (9-13 years), leads to an abnormal increase in bones and organs. It may be accompanied by pathology of the development of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, gonads. More about gigantism.

diabetes insipidus

Diseases of the adrenal glands

Among the endocrine pathologies caused by impaired functioning of the adrenal glands, there are:

• adrenal insufficiency;
• hormonally active tumors of the adrenal glands;
• hyperaldosteronism.

Adrenal insufficiency

Appears:

• pigmentation of the skin of a bronze hue;
• weakness;
• fainting;

Leads to water-salt imbalance and cardiac disorders, problems of the gastrointestinal tract, psycho-neurological disorders.

Hormonally active adrenal tumors

Experts distinguish 5 types of tumors:

• corticoestroma;
• corticosteroma;
• androsteroma;
• aldosteroma;
• pheochromocytoma.

The disease is diagnosed in the presence of a combination of symptoms that manifest paroxysmal:

• high blood pressure;
• muscle trembling;
• tachycardia;
• headache;
• profuse urination.

Depending on the type of tumor, experts recommend surgery or chemotherapy for the patient.

Hyperaldosteronism

At the initial stage, the pathology manifests itself:

• hypertension;
• weakness;
• cardiac disorders.

Then the patients are fixed:

• swelling;
• kidney failure;
• ophthalmic problems.

Patients are shown medical treatment. In addition to taking potassium-sparing diuretics, a low-salt diet and the inclusion of potassium-rich foods in the diet are prescribed.

Endocrine diseases are many and varied, and their course and symptoms are often unpredictable. We will talk about how to determine the disease of the endocrine organs and their specifics in this article.

Endocrine system performs the most important function - regulates the work of internal organs through the production of special substances - hormones.

Often in the operation of this large and important system failures occur and then there are endocrine diseases. What diseases of the endocrine system are, how they proceed and what consequences you will learn from this article.

Major diseases of the endocrine system, list

Hormones play a huge role- they affect the physical parameters of a person, his psycho-emotional state and physiological processes.

If the work of the endocrine system is disrupted for some reason, then there are pathological processes in which:

• disruption of hormone production
• hormones are produced in a reduced or increased amount
• the processes of transport or absorption of the hormone are disrupted
• an abnormal hormone is produced
• hormonal resistance develops

Endocrine system

Any such disruption of the endocrine system leads to the development of the disease. Identify the most common diseases of the endocrine system:

• Hypothyroidism- a disease caused by hypofunction of the thyroid gland, when an insufficient amount of hormones is produced. The disease is characterized by a slowdown in metabolic processes, which leads to a number of symptoms, which at the initial stage are attributed to ordinary fatigue. Women are more likely to suffer from hypothyroidism than men - in the fair sex, the disease is observed 19 times more often
• Diabetes- a disease that develops against the background of a complete or partial lack of insulin, which leads to a violation of metabolic processes. Fats, proteins and carbohydrates are poorly absorbed, incomplete breakdown of glucose occurs, which causes hyperglycemia. This leads to accompanying diabetes symptoms and complications.
• Goiter - violation of the production of thyroid hormones (its hypo- or hyperfunction), accompanied by dysplasia (an increase in size that is not associated with the occurrence of a tumor). The most common cause of goiter is a lack of iodine in the diet, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland.
• Thyrotoxicosis- hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Many organs and systems, due to an excess of thyroid hormones, change their work, which leads to a number of specific symptoms.
• Autoimmune thyroiditis- destructive changes in the tissues of the thyroid gland caused by a malfunction of the immune system, in which immune cells destroy thyroid cells, perceiving them as foreign agents
• Hypoparathyroidism- hypofunction of the parathyroid glands, which is expressed in the occurrence of seizures with convulsions
• hyperparathyroidism- Excessive production of parathyroid hormone, which is produced by the parathyroid glands. Accompanied by a violation of the metabolism of certain microelements
• Gigantism- excessive production of growth hormone, which leads to an increased, but proportional development of the body. In adults, the hyperfunction of this hormone provokes an increase in the size of certain parts of the body.

Video: Diseases of the endocrine system

Symptoms of endocrine diseases

The endocrine system includes all endocrine glands Therefore, endocrine diseases have a wide range of very different symptoms.

Some of the signs of these pathological conditions are often attributed to fatigue, stress, or overeating, while the disease begins to progress.

Most common symptoms of endocrine diseases:

• fatigue, muscle weakness
• a sharp change in weight (weight gain or weight loss with an unchanged diet)
• heart pain, palpitations
• fever, sweating
• unnatural excitability
• drowsiness
• frequent urination
• constant feeling of thirst
• high blood pressure accompanied by headaches
• memory impairment
• diarrhea

Endocrine diseases can masquerade as other diseases for a long time

Symptoms of endocrine diseases sometimes mixed- the patient may suspect a variety of ailments.

Only a professional approach to treatment and taking a blood test for hormones will help to dot the “i” and establish the correct cause of the ailment.

Risk factors for endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases may occur quite unexpectedly for the patient, but may be quite expected. So, there are certain groups of people who tend to to certain ailments of the endocrine system.

Specialists highlight such risk factors:

• Age - most often, malfunctions in the work of the endocrine glands affect people who have crossed the 40-year milestone
• hereditary predisposition - many diseases of the endocrine system are "transmitted" by inheritance, for example, diabetes mellitus is often observed in both parents and children
• Overweight - more than 80% of obese people face problems in the functioning of the endocrine glands
• Improper nutrition - an unbalanced diet leads to malfunctions of many organs and systems - endocrine is no exception
• Bad habits - it has been scientifically established that both alcohol and tobacco smoking negatively affect the functioning of the endocrine glands
• Reduced physical activity - people who move little, have a slow metabolism, overweight and poor blood supply to the endocrine glands, which affects their work

Obesity, malnutrition and low mobility can cause endocrine disruption

Thus, to the development of endocrine diseases many are predisposed. But, if nothing can be done about heredity and age, then all other factors can be easily changed and save your health.

Diagnosis of diseases of the endocrine system

Determine the presence of an endocrine disease can only endocrinologist, therefore, do not try to diagnose yourself, much less prescribe any treatment.

In determining the malfunction of the endocrine glands, effective are such diagnostic methods:

1. Visual inspection- already at the first appointment, the doctor can determine the presence of an endocrine disease by the external condition of the patient: this will be indicated by the condition of the skin, the proportionality of body parts, skin pigmentation in various places, enlargement of the thyroid gland, atypical hair growth
2. Palpation- if there are no visible signs of the disease, then the doctor will be able to determine the development of such a disease as goiter by probing the thyroid gland
3. Blood test for sugar and hormones is the most demonstrative diagnostic method. A change in the normal level of hormones in the blood will give the specialist reason to assume the presence of any disease, and the accompanying symptoms will help to establish the exact cause.

Palpation of the thyroid gland

In addition to the basic methods for diagnosing endocrine diseases, a doctor can also use additional ones such as:

• x-ray examination
• CT scan
• auscultation

What hereditary diseases of the endocrine system exist?

Many endocrine diseases occur due to mutations in genes. Such a mutation becomes a hereditary factor that is passed down from generation to generation. Allocate such hereditary diseases of the endocrine system:

• Pituitary dwarfism- insufficient production of hormones by the pituitary gland, as a result of which dwarfism and insufficient sexual development develop
• Diabetes(both insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent)
• Adrenogenital syndrome- insufficient production of some corticosteroids and excessive production of others
• Hypothyroidism- if a woman during pregnancy does not control the level of thyroxin in hypothyroidism, then it can be transmitted to her child

If both parents have diabetes, the child's risk is 25%.

The listed diseases are optional. diagnosed immediately at birth. Some of them can manifest themselves throughout life and even in old age.

Children's diseases of the endocrine system

Endocrine organs of the child constitute a fragile system, which, under the influence of adverse factors, can fail.

Since the child's body grows and develops, the endocrine glands change with it, and negative influences from outside may not exert their influence for a long time due to specific mechanisms of endocrine compensation.

Compensation mechanisms protect the body up to a certain time and can be neutralized at any time, which will lead to to the development of endocrine disease.

Examination of a child by an endocrinologist

Children are most often diagnosed such endocrine diseases:

• Diabetes- the most common disease of the endocrine system in children. Of the 70 million people with diabetes worldwide, 10% are children
• Gigantism- non-standard indicators of the growth of the child or individual parts of the body, caused by the action of hormones. It is most pronounced in adolescence, but can make itself felt even earlier.
• brain gigantism- accelerated growth of the child during the first 4-5 years of life, caused by brain disorders
• Dwarfism- Slow growth of the child due to dysfunction of the pituitary gland. The main reasons for the failure of this part of the brain is heredity or the development of a tumor.
• Itsenko-Cushing's disease- pathology of the adrenal glands, in which there is an excessive production of active substances - glucocorticoids. The child develops obesity and high blood pressure.
• Hypothyroidism
• hyperthyroidism

Gigantism of the hands in a child

Treatment of endocrine diseases in children aimed at maintaining vital processes and functions, if the disease is incurable or to correct the condition.

Diseases of the endocrine system during pregnancy

Previously, it was believed that pregnancy and endocrine diseases are incompatible. Today, medicine has stepped forward and a woman with diabetes or hypothyroidism can become a mother if he takes care of his health and follows the instructions of doctors.

Pregnancy with hypothyroidism:

1. Before planning a pregnancy, a woman must enter a state of disease compensation
   2. When pregnancy has occurred, then, as directed by the doctor, it is necessary to increase the dose of levothyroxine, usually by 50% off regular
   3. An endocrinologist must monitor the condition of a woman throughout the entire period of pregnancy
   4. Iodine therapy is indicated

It is important to discuss with the doctor whether pregnancy is possible with an endocrine disease.

Pregnancy with diabetes:

1. Careful preconception preparation
   2. Achieve disease compensation
   3. Frequent control of insulin, constant correction of its doses
   4. Specialized assistance in childbirth

woman with diabetes should be aware of all the risks of pregnancy with such a complex disease.

Miscarriages often occur, the baby is stillborn, or after birth it needs special care in order to save a life. Don't forget also that diabetes is hereditary and there is a high probability that it will occur in your child.

Thyrotoxicosis and pregnancy:

A woman in position can continue thyrostatic treatment- it will not have a detrimental effect on the fetus. Mandatory monitoring of the condition by an endocrinologist and early registration.

Often, taking drugs to correct the work of the endocrine glands during pregnancy does not stop

Thyroid cancer during pregnancy:

With such a disease, it is imperative surgical intervention which is recommended for 20-24 weeks fetal development. If the tumor does not progress, then its removal can be carried out after childbirth.

Important: In case of serious endocrine diseases, it is necessary discuss the possibility of pregnancy with the attending physician.

If conception has already occurred, then it is necessary register as soon as possible to the antenatal clinic - this will help protect the life of the child and your health.

Tests for diseases of the endocrine system

• Endocrine diseases are diverse and very often their diagnosis is difficult.
• This is due to the fact that most of the endocrine glands, except for the thyroid and testicles, cannot be palpated or seen
• In addition, a blood test for hormones shows their concentration, but says nothing about their metabolism, which is extremely important to know for making a diagnosis.

To diagnose an endocrine disease, it is important to take a blood test.

For the diagnosis of endocrine diseases analyzes are carried out:

• radioimmunoassay
• for hormones (determination of the content of hormones in the blood)
• for sugar (blood, urine)
• glucose tolerance test

Remember that before passing any analysis, you must stick to certain rules which can be checked with a doctor. If they are not observed, the results of the analysis may be false.

Consequences of endocrine diseases

Hormones play an important regulatory role in the body and if their production is disrupted, this can lead to a variety of negative consequences for the body.

First of all, the work of many internal organs, metabolic processes, functions of the endocrine glands, there are somatic disorders and cosmetic defects.

At the slightest suspicion of an endocrine disease, consult a doctor

• People suffering from endocrine diseases sometimes become hostages of their condition. Constant use of drugs, hormones, maintenance therapy sometimes become lifelong
• In addition to the underlying disease, concomitant diseases often occur, which further worsen the well-being and condition of the patient.
• Endocrine diseases must be treated, if a cure is impossible, then correction is always possible and its relief with the help of various drugs
• Do not forget that their appointment is within the competence only endocrinologist and do not aggravate the situation by self-medication

Take care of your health!

Video: What endocrine diseases can cause infertility?

Endocrine system - a set of specific endocrine glands (endocrine glands) and endocrine cells.

It includes:

• pituitary;
• epiphysis (pineal gland);
• thyroid gland;
• parathyroid glands;
• adrenal glands;
• APUD-system, or diffuse system formed by hormonal cells scattered in various organs and tissues of the body - endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, producing gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin, etc.;
• interstitial cells of the kidneys, producing, for example, prostaglandin E 2 , erythropoietin, and similar endocrine cells of some other organs.

endocrine cell - a cell that synthesizes and secretes a hormone into the liquid media of the body - blood, lymph, intercellular fluid, cerebrospinal fluid.

Hormone - a biologically active substance that circulates in body fluids and has a specific effect on certain target cells.

The chemical structure of hormones is different. Most of them are peptides (proteins), steroid substances, amines, prostaglandins.

Hormone target cell - This is a cell that specifically interacts with a hormone with the help of a receptor and responds to this by changing its vital activity and function.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Violations of the activity of the endocrine glands manifest themselves in two main forms: hyperfunctions (redundant function) and hypofunction (insufficient function).

The main initial links in the pathogenesis of endocrine disorders can be centrogenous, primary glandular and postglandular disorders.

Centrogenic disorders are caused by a violation of the mechanisms of neurohumoral regulation of the endocrine glands at the level of the brain and the hypothalamic-pituitary complex. The causes of these disorders can be damage to the brain tissue as a result of hemorrhage, tumor growth, the action of toxins and infectious agents, prolonged stress reactions, psychosis, etc.

The consequences of damage to the brain and the hypothalamic-pituitary system are a violation of the formation of neurohormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary hormones, as well as disorders of the functions of the endocrine glands, the activity of which is regulated by these hormones. So, for example, neuropsychic trauma can lead to disruption of the central nervous system, which leads to excessive thyroid function and the development of thyrotoxicosis.

Primary glandular disorders are caused by disorders in the biosynthesis or release of hormones by peripheral endocrine glands as a result of a decrease or increase in the mass of the gland and, accordingly, the level of the hormone in the blood.

The causes of these disorders can be tumors of the endocrine glands, as a result of which an excessive amount of the hormone is synthesized, atrophy of the glandular tissue, including age-related involution, which is accompanied by a decrease in hormonal influences, as well as a deficiency of hormone synthesis substrates, such as iodine, which is required for the formation of thyroid hormones, or insufficient levels of hormone biosynthesis.

Primary glandular feedback disorders can affect the function of the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamic-pituitary system. So, a decrease in thyroid function (for example, hereditary hypothyroidism) leads to disruption of the central nervous system and the development of dementia (thyroid cretinism).

Post glandular disorders caused by violations transport hormones of their reception, i.e., a violation of the interaction of the hormone with a specific receptor of the cell and tissue, and meta6ism hormones, which is a violation of their biochemical reactions, interactions and destruction.

DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

DISEASES OF THE HYPOPHYSIS

Pituitary - an endocrine organ that connects the nervous and endocrine systems, ensuring the unity of the neurohumoral regulation of the body.

The pituitary gland consists of the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis.

The main functions of the pituitary gland.

Adenohypophysis produces hormones:

• follitropin (previously called follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH);
• lutropin (formerly luteinizing hormone, LH);
• prolactin (formerly luteomammatropic hormone, LTH);
• corticotropin (formerly adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH);
• thyrotropin (formerly thyroid-stimulating hormone. TSH) and a number of other hormones.

neurohypophysis releases two hormones into the blood: antidiuretic and oxytocin.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or arginine-vasopressin, enhances water reabsorption in the renal tubules, and in high concentrations causes contraction of glomerular arterioles and an increase in blood pressure in them.

Oxytocin regulates physiological processes in the female reproductive system, increases the contractile function of the pregnant uterus.

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERFUNCTION OF THE ADENOGYPOPHISIS

Hyperpituitarism - an excess of the content or effects of one or more hormones of the adenohypophysis.

The reasons. In most cases, hyperpituitarism is the result of a tumor of the adenohypophysis or its damage during intoxications and infections.

Hypophyar gigantism manifested by an excessive increase in growth and internal organs. At the same time, height is usually higher than 200 cm in men and 190 cm in women, the size and mass of internal organs do not correspond to the size of the body, more often the organs are also enlarged, less often they are relatively reduced compared to significant growth.

Rice. 76. Acromegaly. On the right - healthy, on the left - a patient with acromegaly.

In this regard, the development of functional insufficiency of the heart and liver is possible. As a rule, hyperglycemia is observed, often diabetes mellitus; there is an underdevelopment of the genital organs (hypogenitalism). often infertility; mental disorders - emotional instability, irritability, sleep disturbances, decreased mental performance, psychasthenia.

Acromegaly - a disease in which the size of individual parts of the body disproportionately increases (more often - hands, feet), facial features become rough due to an increase in the lower jaw, nose, superciliary arches, cheekbones (Fig. 76).

These changes are combined with violations of the body's vital functions and the gradual development of multiple organ failure.

Syndrome of precocious puberty - a condition characterized by accelerated development of the gonads, the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, in some cases - the onset of puberty in girls up to 8 years old, in boys up to 9 years old, which, however, is accompanied by mental underdevelopment.

Pituitary hypercortisolism (Itsenko-Cushing's disease) occurs with excessive production of corticotropin, which leads to hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex. Clinically, Itsenko-Cushing's disease is manifested by obesity, trophic changes in the skin, arterial hypertension, the development of cardiomyopathy, osteoporosis, sexual dysfunction, skin hyperpigmentation, and mental disorders.

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOFUNCTION OF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

hypopituitarism - deficiency of pituitary hormones.

The reasons.

Hypofunction of the adenohypophysis can develop after meningitis or encephalitis, circulatory disorders in the pituitary gland (thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage), traumatic brain injury with damage to the base of the skull, and also as a result of protein starvation.

Hypofunction of the adenohypophysis may present with pituitary cachexia, pituitary dwarfism, and pituitary hypogonadism.

Pituitary cachexia develops with total hypofunction of the adenohypophysis, manifested by a decrease in the formation of almost all hormones, which leads to disruption of all types of metabolism and progressive exhaustion.

Pituitary dwarfism , or pituitary nanism , develops in case of somatotropin deficiency and is characterized by a progressive lag in growth and body weight (by the time the body is formed, growth usually does not exceed 110 cm in women and 130 cm in men), an senile appearance of the face (wrinkles, dry and flabby skin), underdevelopment of the genital glands and secondary sexual characteristics in combination with primary infertility. Intelligence in most cases is not impaired, but signs of a decrease in mental performance and memory are often revealed.

Pituitary hypogonadism develops with a lack of sex hormones due to hypofunction of the adenohypophysis. It shows up:

• at husband's- eunuchoidism, which is characterized by underdevelopment of the testicles and external genital organs, mild secondary sexual characteristics, high (effeminate) voice timbre, infertility, development of an effeminate figure, obesity;
• among women- female infantilism, accompanied by underdevelopment of the mammary glands, late onset of menstruation, menstrual irregularities up to amenorrhea, infertility, asthenic physique, emotional instability.

Hypofunction of the neurohypophysis may occur as a result of the development of a tumor in it, inflammatory processes, injuries, which is manifested diabetes insipidus due to a decrease in the formation of ADH. This disease is characterized by the release of a large amount of urine (from 4 to 40 l / day) with its low relative density. The loss of water and an increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma are accompanied by indomitable thirst ( polydipsia), due to which patients drink large amounts of water.

ADDRENAL DISEASES

The adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands located at the upper poles of the kidneys and consisting of a cortex (cortex) and a medulla.

Main functions of the adrenal glands.

Three groups of steroid hormones are synthesized in the adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex steroids.

• Glucocorticoids affect carbohydrate metabolism, have an anti-inflammatory effect and reduce the activity of the immune system.
• Mineralocorticoids (in humans, mainly aldosterone) regulate the exchange of electrolytes, primarily sodium and potassium ions.
• sex steroids (androgens and estrogens) determine the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and also stimulate the synthesis of nucleic acids and protein.
• Diseases caused by hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex (hypercorticism), are associated with an increase in the content of corticosteroids in the blood and is manifested by hyperaldosteronism and Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome.
• Hyperaldosteronism usually associated with the development of aldosteroma - a tumor of the adrenal cortex. Plasma sodium retention and hypernatremia are characteristic. Blood pressure rises, cardiac arrhythmias appear.
• Itsenko-Cushing syndrome develops, as a rule, with a tumor of the adrenal cortex, which is accompanied by an excess of glucocorticoids. Obesity with deposition of fat on the face, neck, in the area of ​​the upper shoulder girdle is characteristic. Patients have elevated blood pressure and blood glucose levels, often elevated body temperature. Due to the suppression of the immune system, resistance to infections decreases. In boys, the development of secondary sexual characteristics is accelerated and does not correspond to age, but primary sexual characteristics and behavior lag behind in development. Girls have features of a male physique.

Diseases caused by hypofunction of the adrenal cortex, or adrenal insufficiency. Depending on the extent of damage to the adrenal glands, 2 types of adrenal insufficiency are distinguished: total and partial.

Total adrenal insufficiency due to deficiency of all hormones of the adrenal cortex - glucomineralocorticoids and androgenic steroids. At the same time, there is a normal level of catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla.

Partial adrenal insufficiency - insufficiency of any one class of hormones of the adrenal cortex, most often - mineral or glucocorticoids.

Depending on the nature of the course, acute and chronic total insufficiency of the adrenal cortex is distinguished.

Acute total insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.

Her the reasons:

• Cessation of the introduction of corticosteroids into the body after their long-term use for therapeutic purposes. The resulting state is referred to as corticosteroid withdrawal syndrome or iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency. It is caused by prolonged inhibition of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system and atrophy of the adrenal cortex.
• Damage to the cortex of both adrenal glands, for example, when falling from a great height, bilateral hemorrhage in its tissue with thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, lightning-fast sepsis.
• Removal of the adrenal gland affected by a hormone-producing tumor. However, insufficiency develops only with hypo- or atrophy of the cortical substance of the second adrenal gland.

Manifestations:

• acute hypotension;
• increasing circulatory failure due to acute heart failure, decreased muscle tone of arterial vessels, decreased mass of circulating blood due to its deposition. As a rule, acute severe circulatory failure is the cause of death of most patients.

Chronic total insufficiency of the adrenal cortex (Adcison's disease).

Basic cause is the destruction of the tissue of the adrenal cortex as a result of immune autoaggression, tuberculous lesions, tumor metastases, amyloidosis.

Manifestations

• muscle weakness, fatigue;
• arterial hypotension;
• polyuria;
• hypohydration of the body and hemoconcentration as a result of a decrease in the volume of fluid in the vascular bed, leading to hypovolemia;
• hypoglycemia;
• hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes due to increased secretion of ACTH and melanocyte-stimulating hormone by the adenohypophysis, since both hormones stimulate the formation of melanin. Characteristic of primary adrenal insufficiency, in which the pituitary gland is not affected.

Diseases caused by hyperfunction of the adrenal medulla.

The reasons: tumors from chromaffin cells of the medulla - benign (pheochromocytomas) and less often malignant (pheochromoblastomas). Pheochromocytomas produce an excess of catecholamines, mainly norepinephrine.

Manifestations of hypercatecholaminemia:

• arterial hypertension;
• acute hypotensive reactions with short-term loss of consciousness as a result of cerebral ischemia (fainting), developing against the background of arterial hypertension, pallor, sweating, muscle weakness, fatigue;
• catecholamine hypertensive crises - periods of significant increase in blood pressure (systolic up to 200 mm Hg and above);
• heart rhythm disturbances in the form of sinus tachycardia and extrasystole;
• hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.

Insufficiency of the level or effects of adrenal catecholamines as an independent form of pathology is not observed, which is due to the pairing of the adrenal glands and their high compensatory-adaptive capabilities.

THYROID DISEASES

The thyroid gland is a component of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid gland system. The thyroid parenchyma consists of three types of cells: A-, B- and C-cells.

• A-cells, or follicular, produce iodine-containing hormones. They make up the majority of the mass of the gland.
• B cells produce biogenic amines (eg serotonin).
• C-cells synthesize the hormone calcitonin and some other peptides.

The structural unit of the thyroid gland is the follicle - a cavity lined with A- and C-cells and filled with colloid.

The thyroid gland produces iodine-containing and peptide hormones that regulate the physical, mental and sexual development of the body.

Peptide hormones(calcitonin, katacalcin, etc.) are synthesized by C-cells. An increase in the content of calcitonin in the blood occurs with tumors of the thyroid gland and with renal failure, accompanied by a violation of calcium reabsorption in the tubules of the kidneys.

Rice. 77. Goiter.

Numerous diseases of the thyroid gland, characterized by a change in the level or effects of iodine-containing hormones, are combined into two groups: hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

Hyperthyroidism , or thyrotoxicosis, characterized by an excess of the effects of iodine-containing hormones in the body. With the development of hypothyroidism, there is a lack of effects of these hormones.

Diseases of the thyroid gland, accompanied by hyperthyroidism.

These diseases occur when the activity of the gland itself is disturbed or as a result of a disorder in the functions of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. The most important among these diseases are goiter (struma) and tumors.

Goiter (struma) is a nodular or diffuse growth of thyroid tissue (Fig. 77).

Types of goiter.

By prevalence:

• endemic goiter, the cause of which is a lack of iodine in water and food in some regions (in our country, a number of regions of the Urals and Siberia);
• sporadic goiter occurring in residents of non-endemic areas.

By morphology:

• diffuse goiter. characterized by uniform growth of gland tissue;
• nodular goiter, in which the growing tissue of the gland forms dense nodular formations of various sizes;
• colloid goiter, which is characterized by the accumulation of colloid in the follicles;
• parenchymal goiter, which is characterized by the growth of the epithelium of the follicles in the almost complete absence of colloid.

Diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease) accounts for more than 80% of cases of hyperthyroidism. It usually occurs after 20-50 years. women get sick 5-7 times more often than men.

The reasons:

• hereditary predisposition;
• repetitive mental trauma (stress) that causes the activation of the hypothalamus and sympathetic-adrenal system, which leads to an intensive production of thyroid hormones.

Pathogenesis.

The initial link in pathogenesis is an inherited genetic defect in lymphocytes, which causes the synthesis of a large number of “autoaggressive” immunoglobulins by plasma cells. The peculiarity of these immunoglobulins is the ability to specifically interact with receptors for TSH on the A-cells of the epithelium of the follicles, stimulate the formation and incretion of triiodothyronine into the blood, an excess of which causes hyperthyroidism or even thyrotoxicosis. The more autoaggressive immunoglobulins in the blood, the more severe is thyrotoxicosis, characterized by a significant change in metabolism: an increase in the level of oxidative processes, basal metabolism and body temperature, which leads to a sharp increase in the body's sensitivity to hypoxia. The breakdown of glycogen, proteins and fats increases, hyperglycemia occurs, and water metabolism is disturbed.

Morphology.

Goiter is usually diffuse, sometimes nodular. Histologically, it is characterized by papillary growths of the epithelium of the follicles and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the stroma. There is very little colloid in the follicles.

Due to a violation of water metabolism in the heart muscle, vacuolar degeneration develops, the heart increases in size; in the liver there is a serous edema and subsequently - sclerosis; frequent dystrophic changes in the nervous tissue, including the brain (thyrotoxic encephalitis). Disturbances in the activity of the nervous system and muscles are due to the emerging ATP deficiency, depletion of muscle glycogen stores and other metabolic disorders.

clinical picture.

Patients develop a characteristic triad - goiter, bulging eyes (exophthalmos) and tachycardia. Patients lose weight, they are easily excitable, restless; characterized by rapid mood swings, fussiness, fatigue, trembling fingers, increased reflexes. Tachycardia is associated with activation of the sympathetic-adrenal system. Patients have shortness of breath, increased systolic blood pressure, polyuria.

Hypothyroid conditions (hypothyroidism) characterized by insufficient effects of iodine-containing hormones in the body. They occur in 0.5-1% of the population, including newborns.

The reasons.

Various etiological factors can cause hypothyroidism, acting either directly on the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamic centers, or by reducing the sensitivity of target cells to thyroid hormones.

Cretinism and myxedema are among the most common diseases based on hypothyroidism.

Cretinism - a form of hypothyroidism observed in newborns and in early childhood.

Pathogenesis The disease is associated with a deficiency of the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine.

Main manifestations: lag of young children in physical and mental development. Patients have dwarf growth, coarse facial features, due to soft tissue swelling; a large tongue that often does not fit in the mouth; wide flat "square" nose with retraction of its back: eyes far apart from each other; a large belly, often with the presence of an umbilical hernia, which indicates weakness of the muscles.

Myxedema - a severe form of hypothyroidism, which develops, as a rule, in adults, as well as in older children.

A characteristic sign of myxedema is swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, in which, after pressing on the tissue, a fossa (mucosal edema) does not form.

Cause myxedema is the insufficiency of the effects of thyroid hormones as a result of a primary lesion of the thyroid gland (in 90% of cases), less often - a secondary one (trauma, surgical removal of most of the gland, inflammation, administration of drugs that disrupt the synthesis of hormones, iodine deficiency, etc.), as well as dysfunction of the adenohypophysis and hypothalamus.

Pathogenesis.

The essence of the mucous edema characteristic of the disease consists in the accumulation of water not only in the extracellular, but also in the intracellular environment due to changes in the properties of skin proteins and subcutaneous fatty tissue. With a lack of thyroid hormones, proteins are converted into a mucin-like substance with high hydrophilicity. The development of edema is promoted by water retention in the body due to increased reabsorption in the renal tubules with a lack of thyroid hormones.

Patients have reduced heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Oxidative processes are weakened, basal metabolism and body temperature are lowered. The breakdown of glycogen, proteins and fats is reduced; hypoglycemia is noted in the blood. The development of atherosclerosis and coronary insufficiency increases and accelerates due to the weakening of the breakdown of fats, especially cholesterol.

clinical picture.

Characteristic appearance and behavior of the patient: puffy face, dry, cold to the touch skin, swollen eyelids, narrowed palpebral fissures. Typical lethargy, apathy, drowsiness, lack of interest in the environment, weakening of memory. Muscle tone is reduced, reflexes are weakened, patients quickly get tired. All these changes are associated with the weakening of excitatory processes in the central nervous system and metabolic disorders.

Exodus. The outcome of myxedema, extremely severe, often fatal, is hypothyroid, or myxedematous coma. It can be the end stage of any type of hypothyroidism when it is inadequately treated or in untreated patients.

DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS

The pancreas performs, in addition to excretory, an important endocrine function that ensures the normal course of metabolism in tissues. Hormone produced in a-cells of the pancreas glucagon, and in p-cells of the islet apparatus - insulin.

• Insulin is intensively produced with an increase in the level of glucose in the blood, it increases the utilization of glucose by tissues and at the same time increases the supply of energy sources in the form of glycogen and fats. Insulin provides an active process of transport of glucose from the extracellular environment into the cell. In the cell itself, it increases the activity of the important hexokinase enzyme, as a result of which glucose-6-phosphate is formed from glucose. It is in this form that glucose enters into various metabolic transformations in the cell. Insulin stimulates the synthesis of glycogen and inhibits its breakdown, increasing the supply of glycogen in tissues, primarily in the liver and muscles.
• Glucagon belongs to the group of contrainsular hormones: it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen, inhibits its synthesis and causes hyperglycemia.

Diseases accompanied by hyperfunction of the islet apparatus of the pancreas

An increase in the level of insulin in the body occurs with a hormone-producing tumor of the β-cells of the pancreas - insuloma; with an overdose of insulin used to treat diabetes; with some brain tumors. This state manifests itself hypoglycemia, up to development hypoglycemic coma.

Allocate absolute and relative insufficiency of the islet apparatus. In absolute insufficiency, the pancreas produces little or no insulin. There is a deficiency of this hormone in the body. With relative insufficiency, the amount of insulin produced is normal.

Diabetes - a chronic disease caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency, leading to disruption of all types of metabolism (primarily carbohydrate, manifested in hyperglycemia ), vascular damage ( angiopathy), nervous system ( neuropathy) and pathological changes in various organs and tissues.

More than 200 million people suffer from diabetes mellitus in the world, and there is a constant trend of increasing incidence by 6-10%, especially in industrialized countries. In Russia, over the past 15 years, the number of patients with diabetes has doubled and in some regions it reaches 4% of the total population, and among people over 70 years old it even exceeds 10%.

Classification of diabetes.

• Type I diabetes - insulin dependent, develops mainly in children and adolescents (juvenile diabetes) and is caused by the death of p-cells of the islets of Langerhans.
• Type II diabetes - insulin-independent, develops in adults, more often after 40 years, and is caused by insufficient function of β-cells. and insulin resistance (resistance to insulin) tissues.

The reasons diseases: hereditary inferiority of β-cells of the islets, often also sclerotic changes in the pancreas that develop as a person ages, sometimes - mental trauma. The development of diabetes can contribute to excessive consumption of carbohydrates. Change can be significant antigenic properties insulin at its normal physiological activity. In this case, antibodies are formed in the body that bind insulin and prevent its entry into the tissue. An increase in insulin inactivation under the influence of the enzyme may be important. insulinase, which is activated by the growth hormone of the pituitary gland.

Diabetes mellitus can occur with a significant increase in hormones that reduce the action of insulin and cause hyperglycemia. With a prolonged excess of contra-insular hormones, relative insulin deficiency can turn into absolute deficiency due to the depletion of β-cells of the islet apparatus under the influence of hyperglycemia.

Pathogenesis. Characteristic of diabetes mellitus is an increase in blood glucose (hyperglycemia), which can reach up to 22 mmol / l or more at a rate of 4.2-6.4 mmol / l.

Hyperglycemia is caused by a violation of the supply of glucose to cells, a weakening of its use by tissues, a decrease in synthesis and an increase in the breakdown of glycogen and an increase in the synthesis of glucose from proteins and fats. Under normal conditions, complete reabsorption of glucose into the blood occurs in the renal tubules. The maximum concentration of glucose in blood plasma and primary urine, at which it is completely reabsorbed, is 10.0-11.1 mmol / l. Above this level (the elimination threshold for glucose), the excess is excreted in the urine. This phenomenon is called "glucosuria". Glucosuria is associated not only with hyperglycemia, but also with a decrease in the renal excretion threshold, since the process of glucose reabsorption can occur normally only when it is converted into glucose-6-phosphate in the epithelium of the renal tubules. In diabetes, this process is disrupted. In connection with the increased breakdown of fats, keto acids are formed; when they accumulate in the blood, patients develop hyperketonemia. Characteristic of diabetes is also an increase in blood cholesterol levels.

Hyperglycemia leads to an increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma, which in turn causes the loss of water by the tissues (dehydration); this is accompanied by thirst, increased water intake and consequently polyuria. An increase in the level of glucose in the secondary urine and its osmotic pressure reduces the reabsorption of water in the tubules, as a result of which diuresis increases. Hyperketonemia contributes to the occurrence of acidosis and causes intoxication of the body.

pathological anatomy.

Morphological changes in diabetes mellitus are presented quite clearly. The pancreas is somewhat reduced in size, sclerosed. Part of the insular apparatus atrophies and scleroses, the remaining islets undergo hypertrophy.

Vascular pathology is associated with a violation of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. develop in large arteries atherosclerotic changes, and in the vessels of the microvasculature, damage to their basement membranes, proliferation of the endothelium and perithelium occur. All these changes end with sclerosis of the vessels of the entire microcirculatory bed - microangiopathy. It leads to damage to the brain, digestive tract, retina, peripheral nervous system. Microangiopathy causes the most profound changes in the kidneys. Due to damage to the basement membranes and increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries, fibrin falls out on the capillary loops, which leads to glomerular hyalinosis. Developing diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Clinically, it is characterized by proteinuria and edema, arterial hypertension. The liver in diabetes mellitus is enlarged in size, there is no glycogen in hepatocytes, their fatty degeneration develops. Lipid infiltration is also noted in the spleen and lymph nodes.

Variants of the course and complications of diabetes mellitus.

In people of different ages, diabetes mellitus has its own characteristics and proceeds in different ways. In young people the disease is characterized by a malignant course, old people- relatively benign. Diabetes causes a variety of complications. Development of a diabetic coma is possible. Diabetic glomerulosclerosis complicates diabetes by the development of uremia. As a result of macroangiopathy, thrombosis of the vessels of the extremities and gangrene can occur. Decreased body resistance often manifested by activation of a purulent infection in the form of boils, pyoderma, pneumonia, and sometimes sepsis. These complications of diabetes are the most common causes of death in patients.

Endocrine diseases are accompanied by a disorder in the normal functioning of the endocrine glands. They secrete hormones that affect the body and control the work of all organs and systems. Endocrine disruption is characterized by dysfunction, hyper- or hypofunction. The most important components of this system are the pituitary, pineal, pancreas, thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands. In women, they also include the ovaries, in men - the testicles.

The causes of endocrine pathologies that are formed against the background of a lack of certain hormones are as follows:

• damage to the endocrine glands due to infectious diseases (for example, with tuberculosis);
• congenital pathologies that cause hypoplasia (underdevelopment). As a result, such endocrine glands are not able to produce enough of the necessary substances;
• hemorrhage in the tissue or, conversely, insufficient blood supply to the organs responsible for the production of hormones;
• inflammatory processes that affect the failure of the endocrine system;
• the presence of autoimmune lesions;
• tumors of the endocrine glands;
• nutritional problems, when the body does not receive enough substances necessary for the production of certain hormones;
• negative impact of toxic substances, radiation;
• iatrogenic causes and others.

Why do diseases caused by excessive production of hormones appear?

Causes of endocrine pathology, which causes excessive production of any hormones:

• excessive stimulation of the endocrine glands, which is caused by natural factors or any pathologies, including congenital ones;
• the production of hormonal substances by tissues that in an ordinary person are not responsible for this;
• the formation of hormones in the periphery from their precursors, which are present in human blood. For example, adipose tissue is capable of producing estrogen;
• iatrogenic causes.

Why do pathologies of a different nature occur?

The latest report of foreign scientists contains information that diseases of the endocrine system often occur against the background of a violation of the transport of hormones or with their abnormal metabolism. Most often, the causes of this phenomenon are liver pathologies, pregnancy and others.

Also often there are hormonal diseases that are caused by a mutation in the genes. In this case, the production of abnormal hormones that are unusual for the human body is observed. This condition is quite rare.

Also, in some cases, human endocrine diseases are observed, which are associated with hormone resistance. The cause of this phenomenon is considered to be a hereditary factor. In this condition, pathologies of hormonal receptors are observed. Active substances produced by the endocrine glands in the right amount are not able to get to the right parts of the body, where they should perform their function.

Diseases of the endocrine system are often characterized by a wide range of associated disorders. Failures during the work of the body occur due to the fact that hormones affect many functions of various organs and systems. Their excess or lack in any case negatively affects a person.

Symptoms of endocrine disorders are:

• loss or, conversely, excessive weight gain;
• uncharacteristic for a person interruptions in the work of the heart;
• causeless increase in heart rate;
• fever and constant feeling of heat;
• increased sweating;
• chronic diarrhea;
• increased excitability;
• the appearance of headaches, which are most often caused by high blood pressure;
• severe weakness, muscle adynamia;
• inability to focus on one thing;
• drowsiness;
• pain in the limbs, cramps;
• significant memory impairment;
• inexplicable thirst;
• increased urination, and others.

Specific signs that indicate the presence of a certain endocrine disease associated with hormones indicate an excess or vice versa - their deficiency.

Diagnosis of violations

To determine a specific endocrine disorder, some studies are carried out to determine the amount and type of missing hormones:

• radioimmunological study using iodine 131. Diagnostics are being carried out, which allows you to determine the presence of pathologies in the thyroid gland. This happens on the basis of how intensively some area absorbs iodine particles;
• x-ray study. Helps to determine the presence of any changes in the bone tissue, which is typical for certain diseases;
• computer and magnetic resonance imaging. Aimed at complex diagnostics of endocrine glands;
• ultrasound diagnostics. The state of some glands is determined - the thyroid, ovaries, adrenal glands;
• blood test. Determines the concentration of hormones, the amount of sugar in the blood and other indicators that are important for setting a specific indicator.

Disease prevention

To prevent the development of diseases associated with the endocrine system, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

• balanced diet. The intake of a sufficient amount of useful substances into the body helps to prevent the appearance of serious pathologies of different localization;
• struggle with extra pounds. Obesity causes many disorders, which can be eliminated only after losing weight;
• exclusion of the negative impact on the body of toxic substances, radiation;
• timely visit to the doctor. Having identified the first signs of any disease, a person should go to a specialized specialist (endocrinologist). In the initial stages, most diseases respond well to treatment.

Common diseases associated with pituitary dysfunction

Endocrine diseases that are associated with disruption of the pituitary gland:

• pituitary gigantism. The main manifestation is the excessive growth of a person, which can exceed 2 m. An increase in the size of internal organs is observed. Against this background, other disorders arise - disruption of the heart, liver, diabetes mellitus, underdevelopment of the genital organs and others;
• acromegaly. There is an incorrect (disproportionate) growth of body parts;

• precocious puberty syndrome. Characterized by the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics at an early age (8-9 years), but the lack of appropriate psycho-emotional development;
• Itsenko-Cushing's disease. Appears against the background of excessive production of corticotropin, hyperfunction of the adrenal glands. Manifested by obesity, trophic processes on the skin, increased blood pressure, sexual dysfunction, mental disorders;

• pituitary cachexia. There is an acute dysfunction of the adenohypophysis, leading to a serious disruption of all types of metabolism in the body and subsequent exhaustion;
• pituitary dwarfism. It is observed with a decrease in the production of somatotropin. Such a person has short stature, dry, flabby, wrinkled skin, sexual dysfunction;

• pituitary hypogonadism. Dysfunction of the endocrine system is caused by insufficient production of sex hormones in both sexes. There is a loss of reproductive function, development of the body according to the type of the opposite sex and other disorders;
• diabetes insipidus. It is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of urine (from 4 to 40 liters per day), which leads to dehydration, unbearable thirst.

Pathologies of the adrenal glands

Endocrine diseases associated with disruption of the normal functioning of the adrenal glands:

• Addison's disease. Accompanied by a total lack of hormones produced by the adrenal glands. As a result, the activity of many organs and systems is disrupted, which is manifested by arterial hypotension, polyuria, muscle weakness, skin hyperpigmentation and other signs;
• primary hyperaldosteronism. There is an increased production of aldosterone. Against the background of such a violation, serious pathologies arise - hypernatremia, hypokalemia, alkalosis, hypertension, edema, muscle weakness, impaired renal function, and others;
• hormonally active tumors of the adrenal glands. Characterized by the appearance of neoplasms (benign and malignant), which cause disturbances in the production of certain hormones.

Thyroid dysfunction

Endocrine diseases affecting the thyroid gland:.

Other endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases that are associated with the pancreas, ovaries:

• diabetes. A disease that is accompanied by a deficiency of insulin (pancreatic hormone);
• exhausted ovary syndrome. Characterized by early menopause;
• resistant ovary syndrome. It is characterized by insensitivity of the organs of the reproductive system to gonadotropic stimulation, secondary amenorrhea after the age of 35;
• polycystic ovary syndrome. It is accompanied by a violation of the ovaries due to the formation of multiple cysts, dysfunction of the pancreas, adrenal glands, pituitary gland;
• premenstrual syndrome. It occurs due to various reasons and is manifested by different symptoms a few days before menstruation.

The human endocrine system includes many elements that work as a single complex. Male and female organisms are equally susceptible to diseases in this area. Medical students have been studying this issue for years. To do this, they use many sources of information, after which they draw up a communication plan, according to which they make reports and scientific articles.

Bibliography

1. A guide for emergency physicians. help. Edited by V.A. Mikhailovich, A.G. Miroshnichenko. 3rd edition. St. Petersburg, 2005.
2. Anosova L. N., Zefirova G. S., Krakov V. A. Brief endocrinology. – M.: Medicine, 1971.
3. Ovchinnikov Yu.A., Bioorganic chemistry // Peptide hormones. - 1987. - p.274.
4. Biochemistry: Textbook for universities / ed. E. S. Severina, M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2003. - 779 p.;

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The field of study of endocrinology is the medical aspects of the structure and functioning of the endocrine glands (or endocrine glands), the study of the biologically highly active substances produced by them - hormones and their effects on the body, as well as diseases arising from the disruption of the activity of these glands or the production of hormones. Endocrinology is the most is closely connected with almost all areas of clinical medicine, since hormones control the most important processes occurring in the body: growth, maturation, reproduction, metabolism, proper functioning of organs and systems.

Modern trends in endocrinology are neuroendocrinology, which studies the relationship between the nervous and endocrine regulation of the body, and gynecological endocrinology, which deals with the correction of hormonal disorders in the female body.

The endocrine system combines anatomically unrelated endocrine glands: pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, thymus gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads. Most diseases of the endocrine glands cause severe violations of vital functions, not excluding death, if you do not consult an endocrinologist in time.

The most urgent problems of modern endocrinology are the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases (diffuse toxic goiter, thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, thyroid cysts), diabetes mellitus, diseases of the hypothalamic-pituitary system (

Contacting an endocrinologist is necessary if:

• close relatives have any endocrine pathology: diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, etc.
• you are overweight
• you have symptoms: increased heart rate, sweating or dry skin, fatigue or irritability, thirst and increased urination, discoloration of the skin, etc.
• the child has a delay in mental, physical, sexual development
• disturbed menstrual function
• you are planning a pregnancy or have problems with its onset
• you already have an endocrine disease and require observation and treatment.

For the diagnosis of endocrine pathology, a comprehensive examination is used, including the study of the patient's history, tests for the content of various hormones, ultrasound of the glands, magnetic resonance imaging. Based on the data obtained, the issue of further conservative or surgical treatment is decided.

The treatment of endocrine diseases is aimed at correcting hormonal disorders, achieving a stable remission of the pathological process and restoring the patient's normal quality of life.