Mountain ash nevezhinskaya: varieties, planting, cultivation and application. Rowan: not a berry, but an apple The best rowan tincture recipe - cooking

Informational article about mountain ash nevezhinsky, its differences from mountain ash. Description of the plant, varieties, and care. The use of rowan fruits in folk medicine and cooking. Bright red brushes of mountain ash serve as a source of inspiration for poets and artists. And the Nezhin mountain ash also has its own history and its own secret. It is connected with the history and world popularity of Smirnov vodkas and tinctures.

Historical background on how Nevezhinskaya mountain ash became Nezhinskaya, description of the plant, variety

Back in the middle of the XIX century, the former serf Peter Smirnov, having received his freedom, arrived in Moscow from the Yaroslavl province with his father and brother. It happened in 1858. And already in 1860 he opened his first establishment, where he successfully sold wine. Three years later, the former serf becomes a merchant of the third guild and opens a vodka factory. Things are going so well that Smirnovskaya vodka becomes the winner of international exhibitions and receives worldwide recognition by 1876.

In 1889, at the world exhibition, a drink produced under the name "Nezhinskaya" received a gold medal. The product impressed the judges not only with a very nice bottle, with an elongated neck and a base in the form of a pleated skirt, but also with an unusual taste. There was no bitterness and astringency in the rowan drink at all.

Competitors added sugar to mountain ash, but they could not get the desired taste. And the secret was that since childhood, Peter Smirnov was familiar with a very sweet and large mountain ash from the village. Nevezhin, which was in the Vladimir province. Where half a ton of delicious berries was collected for the Smirnovsky plant. Initially, the drink was planned to be called Nevezhinskaya Rowan.

But so that competitors did not guess where the raw materials for the next masterpiece of P. Smirnov were collected, the drink was called "Nezhinskaya mountain ash", and a whole box of high-quality drink was presented to the King of Spain. Indeed, at first glance, the Nevezhinsky mountain ash does not differ from the ordinary mountain ash. In fact, the plant is a kind of mountain ash, and got its name from the place of growth.

This is a deciduous tree with openwork, unpaired foliage, dense corymbs of white inflorescences. However, the fruits of Nevezhinsky mountain ash are large, by the time of ripening they do not have a bitter taste. At present, the following Nevezhinsky mountain ash has been bred and successfully grown:

1. Cubic or Nevezhinsk cubic with elongated orange-red fruits, juicy and very sweet fruits, ripen by September 15.
2. Yellow - its characteristics are similar to Kubova, but the color of the berries is yellow-orange.
3. Red - the fruits are larger and sweeter than the previous variety, the color of the fruits is scarlet.

It remains to be learned how to grow sweet and tasty nevezhinskaya mountain ash in the garden.

How to plant and grow rowan nevezhinskaya on the site

planting material

To plant rowan nevezhinskaya in the garden, planting material is needed. Here you can either buy a ready-made seedling from a trusted manufacturer, or you need to already have an adult tree and get layering from it. For this, a branch is bent down in autumn or spring. After that, it is pinned to the soil, sprinkled with earth. A year later, the bush is separated from the mother plant and grown in the same place for another year. After that, the plant is dug up and transplanted to a new place.

Important! To get a good harvest, it is advisable to plant two varieties of Nevezhinskaya mountain ash. In extreme cases, you can plant mountain ash as a pollinator. For reproduction, you can try to root, but you should not propagate these plants with seeds, new plants may not inherit the qualities of the mother tree.

Landing and care

Video about the benefits of mountain ash:

For Nevezhinsky mountain ash, a well-lit place with fertile loamy soil is suitable. Do not plant it on acidic, clayey, swampy and sandy lands. The planting hole is dug depending on the size of the seedling and its roots. Usually enough 60 cm by 60 cm or a little more.

At the bottom of the pit, garden soil mixed with humus is poured. Set the seedling at the bottom of the pit, cover the roots with soil. Compact the soil around the stem, water and mulch. In the future, the young bush should be watered regularly, and the soil should be loosened and mulched. In subsequent years, the plant needs top dressing.

They can be carried out with diluted slurry. In spring and autumn, thinning and sanitary pruning is needed.

In all other respects, Nevezhinskaya is an unpretentious plant, with high frost resistance. She can be a long-liver in the garden. The disadvantage of Nevezhinsky mountain ash is that their fruits are very fond of birds. Perhaps, in order to preserve the crop, for the ripening period, you will need to drive away the birds manually or use a special device - a repeller.

The use of mountain ash

Growing nevezhinsky mountain ash on the site, do not forget about its useful and medicinal properties. First of all, mountain ash is a source of vitamin C. And in the leaves of the mountain ash it is slightly more than in the fruits. They also contain carotenoids, organic acids. Organic food colorings are obtained from rowan berries.

Decoctions and tea from dried rowan fruits are excellent vitamin drinks. They are recommended for vitamin C deficiency and scurvy. According to the content of provitamin A, rowan fruits are richer than green onions and are equivalent to fruits. By the amount of iron, apples are three times superior. You can drink juice or decoctions from rowan fruits with:

• high blood pressure
• dysentery
• diabetes
• metabolic disorders

A good result can be obtained by using a decoction of berries to relieve swelling and stop bleeding. In cooking, the fruits of mountain ash nevezhinsky are used to produce marshmallows, jam, and fillings for pies.

Who has not known the original taste of rowan berries in his lifetime? Everyone at least once, yes, has tasted these small reddening fruits, which after the first frosts become sweeter and decorate with their tassels an elegant tree all winter long. "Nevezhinskaya" is one of the most famous varieties of mountain ash, and even those who do not know its name have seen the trees themselves many times in their lives. Meanwhile, this plant has one significant advantage - there is no bitterness in its berries, they are sweeter than those of the mountain ash that grows in the forest. But this is not the only advantage of the variety.

Variety Description

Rowan Nevezhinskaya was named so thanks to the village of Nevezhino, in the Vladimir region. It has been cultivated there as a horticultural crop for more than a hundred years. In fact, this is a clone of mountain ash, created exclusively through the efforts of mother nature. Given the unpretentiousness of the plant, it is easy to understand why it is so common in our country. For unknown reasons, mountain ash received its second name - Nezhinskaya, which can also be found in the everyday life of many gardeners. However, the original name should still be used.

The rowan Nevezhinskaya tree can grow up to 10 meters in height, and its crown, when pruned correctly, takes on a pyramidal shape.

The tree can grow up to ten meters. The shape of the crown depends on the lighting conditions. So, in the shade, it can take the form of a pyramid, however, having received the necessary light in the right amount, it transforms into a spherical one. At the same time, the fruits, previously growing only on the periphery, will also appear in the depths of the crown itself. The color of the bark is different from the usual gray-brown - it is darker and more brownish. The tree lives 30 years or more (there are also hundred-year-old mountain ash).

The berries of the Nevezhinsky mountain ash are larger than those of the ordinary, collected in large clusters

The leaves are large, pinnate. The flowers are inconspicuous and are collected in inflorescences-shields, which reach 10 cm in diameter and exude a strong and rather unusual aroma. The fruits of mountain ash are spherical, shaped like an apple, bright red or with an orange tint. Each of them can reach up to one and a half centimeters in diameter. Rowan blossoms occur in late May - early June, and the crop is harvested in September - October.

Flowering of mountain ash Nevezhinskaya occurs at the end of May - beginning of June

It should be noted that Nevezhinskaya is rather a collective name, since as a result of folk selection such varieties as Nevezhinskaya cube, Nevezhinskaya yellow and Nevezhinskaya red were born.

1. Nevezhinskaya cube - the most common variety of the whole trinity. The fruits are red with an orange tint, five-sided, elongated. The taste of the pulp is sweet with a slight sourness, very pleasant. Seeds are small, light brown.
2. Nevezhinskaya yellow - not so common. With large rounded and ribbed fruits of yellow-orange color. The pulp is inferior in juiciness to Cuba.
3. Nevezhinskaya red - has large bright red berries. Of all the trinity, the pulp is the sweetest.

It is worth noting that the size and weight of the berries in all three varieties almost do not differ. Nevezhinskaya red has the largest fruits.

In terms of their useful properties, rowan berries are simply unique - they are a real storehouse of vitamins and microelements.

Rowan berries are just a storehouse of healthy trace elements and vitamins

Table: composition and energy value of red rowan berries

Fiber and pectin are those substances that allow you to remove various toxic substances and even radionuclides from the body. The bark and leaves of the tree contain phytoncide. That is why mountain ash is a good neighbor for potatoes, protecting it from late blight. It's no secret that the potato harvest put into storage is sprinkled with rowan leaves. But it is quite surprising that freshly cut branches placed in a jug of marsh water make it usable after 2-3 hours.

Photo gallery of varieties of mountain ash Nevezhinskaya

Mountain ash varieties Nevezhinskaya cube Mountain ash varieties Nevezhinskaya yellow Mountain ash varieties Nevezhinskaya red

Advantages and disadvantages

It seems that it makes no sense to mention once again the content of useful trace elements in rowan berries. It remains to be noted that tinctures and decoctions are made on them, jams are prepared, dried for the winter and simply consumed fresh. In addition, the fruits of mountain ash are used as a prophylactic and for the treatment of beriberi, hypertension, anemia, exhaustion and atherosclerosis. Rowan jam is used for colds, lung diseases and rheumatism, as well as constipation.

The average yield from one Nevezhinskaya mountain ash tree is 35 kg, but this is far from the limit.

The unpretentiousness of mountain ash, or rather, the unique frost resistance allows it to easily settle even in those regions where many fruit and berry plants are not available. The aerial part is able to withstand frosts down to -50 degrees, and the roots survive the freezing of the soil at a depth of 40 cm to a temperature of -14 degrees. Flowers are not afraid of frosts down to -2.5 degrees, so the likelihood of a bountiful harvest during return cold weather increases.

Rowan is very decorative during flowering, when covered with white fragrant caps that attract pollinating insects.

Rowan early fruiting is good: the first harvest can be obtained already in the fourth year of the tree's life. Add here the annual fruiting, combined with high yields - it is quite possible to collect up to 40 kg from one plant. There are cases when up to 100 kg were collected from a tree over the age of 35 years. Of course, without proper care, it will be more difficult to count on such indicators.

The decorative qualities of mountain ash are beyond doubt, and landscape designers often use it in their work.

It is difficult to find shortcomings in Nevezhinskaya mountain ash. Unless its vulnerability to shaded places - there it slows down in development and does not bring a harvest. But this shortcoming is easy to fix by simply planting a tree in a well-lit place.

Self-fertility can be noted - when self-pollinated, mountain ash will not set fruits, so plant other varieties nearby (Kubovaya, Yellow and Red). The ideal is to have 3 - 4 trees on the site (this will significantly increase the yield), but if it is small, it is possible to graft several varieties into the crown of one tree.

Plant rowan in an open sunny place - the Nevezhinskaya variety is very photophilous, and at the same time it will shade other plantings and close them from cold winds

Planting and reproduction

It is best to plant mountain ash on the northern or eastern sides of the site in order to cover it with more heat-loving plants from cold winds. Rowan itself, with all its frost resistance, easily tolerates drafts. However, it should not obscure other plantings.

Rowan is undemanding to soil types, but light and medium loams are best suited for it. Between the trees maintain a distance of 4 - 5 meters.

Landing is carried out in autumn during mass leaf fall or in spring - before the buds swell. In the second case, the landing pit has been prepared since autumn. It should be 100 cm in diameter and 70 cm deep. Before planting, a nutrient mixture is laid at the bottom of the pit, consisting of 500 g of superphosphate, 100 g of potassium salt and 10–12 kg of humus, which is covered with roots. You can add 400 g of ash. The root neck of the seedling can be deepened by 5 cm, while the tree will not be damaged - this is what mountain ash differs from many fruit and berry plants. After planting, the tree is watered abundantly and the trunk circle is mulched with humus or peat.

Rowan planted on the site repels many pests and diseases, so potatoes are often planted next to it to avoid phytophthora

It is possible to reproduce mountain ash by grafting or budding.

1. Rowan ordinary is used as a rootstock. The best time for budding is July and early August. For her take a sleeping eye.
2. The grafting is carried out in the second half of July, because it is at this time that it is easy to separate the bark from the rootstock, and the buds of the scion are already well developed and mature.

Budding is one of the ways to propagate mountain ash

You can also apply vaccinations for the bark - before the start of sap flow, as well as lateral grafting of the cutting when cutting into wood. To do this, take a seedling at the age of two - three years with a stem 8 - 10 cm in diameter, planted in a permanent place. In this case, the vaccination is carried out the next year.

plant care

Mountain ash will grow and develop properly with systematic feeding, pruning, tillage and the fight against diseases and pests.

Watering and loosening

The land next to the trees must be kept clean from weeds and loosened periodically. In order for the mountain ash to grow better in adulthood, after planting for two to three years, it must be dug around the perimeter of the trunk circle with a diameter of 3 meters. Digging depth - two shovel bayonets.

Remember, your task is not to damage the roots, but to feed them. During this process, compost or any other plant residues are introduced into the ground. In the first two years, it is advisable to grow onions, lettuce, dill or garlic in this place, and then perennial herbaceous plants. So there will be a turfing of the area adjacent to the mountain ash. Subsequently, when its roots penetrate this zone, the earth will already be supplied with all the necessary nutrients, and besides, it will easily pass water and air.

The first loosening of the soil is carried out in early spring, and after it another 4-5 times during the season. Be sure to do this immediately after harvesting, and then mulch with peat or compost.

Mountain ash is undemanding to moisture, but it also does not tolerate drought well - the number of fruits is reduced, and their quality is deteriorating. To avoid this, in the dry season, be sure to water the tree at the beginning of the growing season, two to three weeks before harvest and the same period after harvest. One plant takes 2-3 buckets, water is poured into a groove, which is dug around the trunk. The drier the earth and the older the tree, the more water goes to it.

Rowan hibernates in winter without shelter due to its amazing frost resistance

Mountain ash winters in the middle zone of the country perfectly, without requiring shelter. Generative buds, like the vegetative buds of mountain ash, have less frost resistance, but return frosts are easily tolerated.

Top dressing and fertilizer

Systematic top dressing allows you to get a bigger harvest. In the spring of each year, humus (5-8 kg) and ammonium nitrate (50 g) are added to the near-stem circle for digging. Also, every year at the beginning of summer, a solution of fresh mullein is poured, diluted in 10 liters of water in a ratio of 1:5. You can replace it with bird droppings, but a 1:10 ratio will already apply to it. At the end of summer, half a liter of wood ash and 100 g of superphosphate are also added every season. This is done after the harvest.

pruning

Pruning can be done 4-5 years after planting. During all this time, the tree is not touched at all, and it manages to form an arbitrary crown instead of a pyramidal one. At this point, they begin to form it.

We take the central conductor to the side branch, and cut out the shoots at the age of two to three years. We remove the semi-skeletal branch to the ring, shorten the annual shoots by a third so that the rapid growth of new ones begins.

Rowan pruning in the third year after planting

In May, the skeletal branches will need to be bent to the ground with the help of stretch marks. We tie the twine to the middle of the branch, after placing a piece of some matter under it, and fix the other end on a peg. It is important to tie exactly the middle of the branches, and not their tops, otherwise tops will begin to grow on the folds, which will need to be disposed of. We keep the tree in this position until autumn, after which we untie all the ropes.

New growths are cut off in the spring, as well as shoots directed upwards on the central conductor, as well as vertical tops - all this makes it possible to restrain the growth of mountain ash. In the future, it will be necessary to remove the branches growing under each other, as well as inside the crown, thickening it. In autumn, preventive sanitary pruning is carried out, the purpose of which is to remove damaged and dry branches.

Pest control

Among the rowan pests it is worth noting:

• rowan moth,
• red-winged hawthorn elephant,
• rowan mite.

The rowan moth damages the berries, making small moves in them, which is why the fruits begin to taste bitter, becoming covered with dark spots. As a preventive measure, they dig up the soil under the trees (but not deep and carefully, trying not to damage the high-lying roots of mountain ash), fallen leaves, which may contain cocoons, are collected and burned, and the bark is cleaned of lichens and various growths.

Against the rowan moth, the means used when the apple codling moth appears are good. This is a decoction of tansy (300 g of plants per 10 liters of water - infused before fermentation and diluted with water twice), which is used first after flowering, and then another 3-4 times with an interval of 5-6 days. The drug entobacterin is also quite good (50 - 100 g per 10 liters of water - enough for one hundred square meters), which is especially successfully used at an air temperature of 20 - 25 degrees and above. The first spraying is carried out a week after flowering, the second and third with a difference of 15 days.

Rowan moth spoils berries, laying small passages in them

The red-winged hawthorn elephant, which gnaws the stalks, may be to blame for the drying out of the fruits. In the fight against it, the soil around the mountain ash is loosened in the fall, and it is also treated with Decis (1 g per 10 l) and Fufanon (10 ml per 10 l - 2-5 liters per tree, depending on age).

The female hawthorn elephant gnaws the stalks, as a result of which the berries begin to dry

Rowan gall mite especially often annoys mountain ash, destroying flower buds and reducing yields.. In order to cope with it, fallen leaves are raked and destroyed, and in the period between the appearance of leaves and flowering, they are treated with colloidal sulfur (100 g per 10 l).

Rowan gall mite eats flower buds and damages future crops

Periodic cases of attack by green apple and rowan aphids, which suck vital juices from trees, can also be noted. You can find it by curled up and drying out leaves at the ends of young shoots. At the first appearance of a pest, one of the insecticides to choose from is used - Decis (1 g per 10 l), Actellik (2 ml per 2 l - 1.5 l of solution per 10 sq. M.) or Karate (5 ml per 10 l) .

Diseases

Among the diseases on mountain ash are noted:

• rust,
• leaf spot,
• moniliosis,
• powdery mildew,
• anthracnose.

Rust is the most frequent guest on the mountain ash and brings significant harm to the tree. It damages the leaves and appears as yellow-orange spots on the outside of the leaf. Especially often rust visits mountain ash in those areas where juniper grows, which serves as a place for one of the intermediate stages of the development of the disease.

To cope with it, the mountain ash must be isolated from juniper plantings (if, of course, there is one), cut out the affected branches and spray with 1% Bordeaux liquid (100 g of copper sulfate, 150 g of lime per 10 liters of water) 2-3 times a day. during the season. The procedure begins at the end of May, and the subsequent ones are carried out at intervals of 20 to 25 days.

Rust is a common mountain ash disease, especially if juniper grows nearby

Leaf spot is caused by different fungi, so the signs of damage to it may vary. These can be small brown or ash-gray spots with a dark border (with phyllostictosis). Regardless of the type of spotting, old leaves are collected and destroyed, and the tree is sprayed with 1% Bordeaux liquid.

Various types of spotting are caused by fungi that are removed with Bordeaux mixture.

Moniliosis or fruit rot is especially dangerous during a long rainy period with low temperatures. Moniliosis is especially noticeable when the leaves, along with the shoots, turn brown and dry, looking as if burned. Fruit rot causes the berries to rot right on the tree, covering them with multiple whitish-cream lumps. If the weather is dry, the development of the disease stops, but only until the next rains. In the process of combating the disease, the drug Hom is used (40 g per 10 l). Processing with the same 1% Bordeaux liquid also helps.

Leaves and young shoots can be affected by powdery mildew, which initially looks like a white coating, and then coarsens and turns into dark spots. Warm and humid weather only increases the spread of the disease. In order to prevent the spread of the disease, fallen leaves are collected and burned, and during the growing season they are powdered with a mixture of ground sulfur and lime in a ratio of 2: 1. One square meter takes 0.3 g of the mixture.

Anthracnose on mountain ash is also not uncommon. Because of it, brown-black spots appear on the berries, on which pads with fungus spores are noted. In this case, the affected berries must be immediately removed and burned, and the tree should be treated with an invaluable 1% Bordeaux liquid (in fact, this is a universal solution for any fungal diseases).

Anthracnose can lead not only to the death of the crop, but also to the entire tree.

Harvesting

In early September, the berries begin to ripen, they can be eaten fresh and frozen for the winter. Due to its density, the harvest retains its best taste for a long time. Suffice it to say that without freezing and generally refrigerated, the shelf life will be about two months. At the same time, neither microbes nor bacteria can settle on the berries. But if you decide to create a stock for a longer period, the collected fruits will have to be frozen. To do this, they are washed, allowed to dry and laid out in plastic bags, after which they are tightly closed and placed in the freezer. Frozen rowan is stored for two years. It is also possible to dry or even wither the berries - this is an excellent and healthy delicacy, which will also be stored for a long time.

Pastila with a unique taste is made from rowan berries

Tinctures and decoctions are made from freshly picked berries, juice is squeezed out, fruit drinks, syrups and compotes are prepared, candied and even marshmallows are made, which have an original taste.

If for some reason you picked berries after the first frost, try to use them as soon as possible, because the crop touched by frost loses its ability to last for a long time.

It turns out that mountain ash was widely used in the economy of our ancestors. From the trunks of mountain ash, strong braids and cuttings were made, rowan shafts were considered the strongest. Rowan bark and leaves were used to prevent and treat scurvy, dysentery, hay fever, and staphylococcal infections. Decoctions and infusions in folk medicine were used to treat hypertension, bile and urolithiasis, and diabetes. The substances contained in the mountain ash have a pronounced hemostatic and capillary-strengthening property - for which this plant was especially revered by the female sex. In the people, the mountain ash is generally considered a female tree. The bark, fruits and leaves of mountain ash contain B vitamins, ascorbic acid, rutin, carotene, pectins, flavinoids, trace elements, sugars, alcohols, essential oils and tannins.

The fruits of mountain ash - bitter and tart in taste, according to the apt remark of I.V. Michurin, were a reliable insurance base in the event of a crop failure of traditional horticultural crops.

Rowan, indeed, as it is sung in a well-known folk song, was traditionally planted “at the tyna” - along the fences and hedges along the periphery of the garden plot. She created a light shadow, covering the cucumber beds - in the bright sun, the skin of cucumbers becomes bitter; due to the shallow location of the roots, it retained soil moisture; birds willingly nested in its branches, protecting the crop from insect pests.

It has long been noted that nightshade crops (, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants), planted in the vicinity of mountain ash, were not affected by late blight. But why is the mountain ash “thin” and “leaning”, that is, weeping?

For a typical mountain ash, this is uncharacteristic. Normally, mountain ash is a tree usually 6-10 meters high with a more or less vertically growing crown in dense plantings, which can be moderately wide in the open.

The bending of the branches is observed when the fruits ripen, and even then it is insignificant, since the wood of the mountain ash is strong and elastic, and the total mass of the fruits is not enough for the branches to droop greatly.

This means that the poet was not inspired by the ordinary mountain ash, or rather, not quite ordinary.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the peasant Shchelkunov from the village of Nevezhino, Yuryev-Polsky district, Vladimir province, found a mountain ash with very large and not bitter fruits in the forest. He transferred this tree to himself, and in the village, as a rule, for one, then for everyone - the plant was quickly propagated by cuttings. Later, the peasant Mitrofanov from the same village began to constantly sell seedlings of this mountain ash in the market. And Vladimir peasants in search of work (more often as seasonal shepherds), who went to neighboring provinces (Ivanovo, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Ryazan), spread the news about the sweet mountain ash, and then spread the seedlings. It is not surprising that this rowan began to be called "Nevezhinskaya".

Botanists would call Nevezhinsky mountain ash a form, and gardeners call it a clone, that is, not a selectively bred variety, but vegetatively propagated from a single copy. This mountain ash is resistant to frost, is not demanding on the quality of the soil, and tolerates strong sunlight well. In the process of growth, the plants take the form of small trees with a wide spreading crown. In autumn, under the weight of fruits, thin branches arcuately bend almost to the ground. Therefore, singing the mountain ash, the Russian poet Ivan Surikov most likely looked at Nevezhinskaya, growing magnificently on the Ryazan sandy loam.

In appearance, the Nevezhinsky mountain ash is similar to the ordinary one. Unless her bark can be a little redder. But a huge difference between the ordinary and Nevezhinsky mountain ash is observed in the quality of the fruits. If the former fruits lose their bitterness and become edible only after freezing, then in the latter they are almost devoid of bitterness even in an unripe state. The fruits of ordinary mountain ash are 0.5-0.6 cm in diameter, they contain up to 5-8% sugars, 1.63-2.74% malic acid, 0.8-1 mg / kg of provitamin A (carotene) and 100 mg / kg of vitamin C. Nevezhinsky rowan fruits are much larger, they contain sugars - 8-10.5%, malic acid - 1.5-2.5%, pectin - 0.3-0.6%, up to 0, 3% of various tannins (primarily tannins), up to 150 mg/kg of vitamin C and 1-1.2 mg/kg of carotene. According to the content of vitamin C in fruits, Nevezhinskaya mountain ash can be compared with blackcurrant, and there is even more ascorbic acid in the leaves of mountain ash than in fruits.

I.V. Michurin attached great importance to the “sweet mountain ash”. He and his followers, selecting natural forms, as well as crossing ordinary mountain ash with hawthorn, chokeberry, apple, pear and medlar, brought out several large-fruited varieties with increased juiciness and minimal bitterness. On the basis of Nevezhinsky mountain ash, the varieties "Kubovaya", "Red" and "Yellow" were obtained. They gradually replaced the initial pure Nevezhinsky form, but the quality of the fruits did not deteriorate. Currently, under the name "Nevezhinskaya mountain ash", they often offer the variety "Kubovaya" - with ruby ​​​​berries or "Red" - with scarlet berries.

From the natural forms of mountain ash, the varieties "Businka" and "Juicy" were selected, which have the largest scarlet berries weighing up to 2.4 g. When they were hybridized with the "Kubovaya" variety, two very close varieties with bright orange fruits were obtained - "Daughter of Kubova" and "Solar", currently considered as synonyms.

In addition, the "Pomegranate" variety obtained by crossing ordinary mountain ash with hawthorn, the "Burka" variety obtained by crossing ordinary mountain ash with alpine chokeberry, and the "Titan" variety obtained by crossing ordinary mountain ash with pear are popular. Other varieties are less popular, although they have high dessert qualities. Unfortunately, some varieties of the Michurin selection are considered lost, in particular, the Likernaya variety, obtained by hybridizing mountain ash with common chokeberry, which has large juicy maroon berries with a high content of sugars.

Varietal mountain ash goes on sale either in the form of cuttings, seedlings, or in the form of grafts on ordinary mountain ash. Grafts or seedlings with a closed root system, that is, in pots, are planted throughout the warm season, covering them from excessive sun and ensuring sufficient watering. Young plants with an open root system are planted in the ground in the spring after the melt waters melt or in the fall before frost. If they want to get the harvest declared in the variety description - 80-100 (-150) kg of berries from a tree, then they dig quite large pits - 60-60-50 cm, or even more, and clog them with rotted manure or compost in half with garden soil. Plants, especially grafted ones, favor a slight deepening of the root collar by 5-8 cm.

But more often, mountain ash is planted not as a fruit plant, but as an ornamental plant. Therefore, the holes are made small. Fertilize plants as the tree grows and develops. To do this, at intervals of 2-3 years, an annular groove is broken around the stem in the projection of the crown to a depth of 20 cm, where the same fertile mixture of manure or compost with garden soil is laid.

Young plants begin to bear fruit already in the 3rd year, and from five-year-old trees you can even collect a bucket or more of berries.

Rowan ordinary - benefits and cultivation

Preparation of a collection of red rowan

As medicinal preparations for mountain ash and its varieties, young bark, leaves, buds and fruits are used. Young thin branches are cut into pieces of 1 cm and dried. Together with branches or separately, buds are harvested. The leaves are especially rich in vitamin C. They are cut green and dried. An infusion is prepared from leaves, twigs and buds.

The collection is poured with warm or hot water. You should not boil. Sometimes they insist on collecting alcohol for the preparation of hemostatic lotions and warming compresses.

The valuable property of mountain ash is reflected in one of its ancient folk names. The etymology of the actual name "rowan" means food for hazel grouse. The folk names "mountain ash", "yarobina", "gorobina" have the same roots as the folk names of hazel grouses, black grouse and capercaillie, but the popular name "freckle" is out of this series. V. Dal, pointing to the synonymy of the words mountain ash, gap, freckle, notes that the word spring is very old, has an Indo-Aryan basis and means not only the season, but also purification, rejuvenation, decoration. "Spring" means to clean. The fact is that the acids contained in the mountain ash contributed to skin whitening, and copper and bronze, pewter and silver utensils were cleaned with gruel from its leaves and fruits. Clusters of freckles were hung in attics, in the hallways and in the corners of the huts. It was believed that they drove away evil winter spirits that caused illnesses, purified the air, saved from fumes, and called for spring.

How to make rowanberry jam:

So, we are preparing mountain ash jam: the end of September is the time for harvesting the fruits of varietal mountain ash. Now for some reason there is an opinion that they are either dried or insisted on alcohol. Although they make excellent jelly and mousses from the fruits of mountain ash, they squeeze the juice. But, in my opinion, the most successful preparation of mountain ash for the winter is jam.

The fruits are cut in clusters, sorted, separated from the branches, wrinkled or dried berries are removed. Be sure to rinse thoroughly. Evaporation (blanching) in a small amount of water softens the berries: when cooked, they do not wrinkle much, and the taste becomes soft. Sugar is put at the rate of 1-1.5 kg per 1 kg of berries, boiled for 2-3 hours over low heat with constant stirring. Bringing to a strong boil is undesirable. Since the berries are juicy, the hot syrup does not thicken much, but acquires a ruby ​​​​color and has a sweet and sour taste with some bitterness. Subsequently, the juice may thicken, depending on the amount of pectin contained in the berries.

The finished jam is poured into sterile jars and hermetically sealed with lids.

When using jam, it should be borne in mind that it contains a large amount of substances that lower blood pressure, vitamins and trace elements, so you should not eat it in huge doses. The daily norm for an adult is 2-3 tablespoons.

Rowan syrup can be used to make liqueurs, ratafia and liqueurs. In this case, there may be a slight loss of pectin flakes.

Summarizing the above, we conclude:

• Young trees of mountain ash are usually planted near fences.
• Rowan intermediate is planted as an ornamental plant - its fruits ripen late and are usually not eaten.
• A 5-year-old young tree of the Nevezhinsky mountain ash of the Kubovaya variety already produces 4-5 kg ​​of berries. Strong, thin and flexible branches, under the weight of fruits, bend almost to the ground.
• The fruits of the Nevezhinsky mountain ash are larger than those of the ordinary, very juicy and do not have strong bitterness. In Variety "Pomegranate" obtained by crossing mountain ash with hawthorn. In shape, it looks like an ordinary mountain ash - the branches are elastic, slightly bending. A five-year-old tree yields 1.5-3 kg.
• The fruits of the Pomegranate variety are similar to the fruits of the Nevezhinsky mountain ash, but larger, less juicy and almost devoid of bitterness.
• Ripe fruits of Nevezhinsky mountain ash have a dark ruby ​​color. They are cut along with twigs in the last decade of September. And Primary selection is carried out when cutting fruits - only mature and large ones are selected. Since the fruits are juicy, they are carefully placed in a basket. Fruits with rotten lesions, dry or unripe, are also cut and disposed of.

Rowan is very beautiful both in spring during flowering and in autumn, when clusters of berries light up with bright orange colors. Rowan berries contain many vitamins, a huge amount of calcium, phosphorus and other elements. Well, who has not dreamed of such a beauty in his backyard? In the meantime, growing it is quite simple.

cultivation

Mountain ash is very undemanding to planting conditions, but will prefer loose, fertilized and moderately moist soil. She also likes well-lit places, but she will also survive partial shade. Unless in the shade the mountain ash will grow frail, so it’s better to choose a place closer to the sun. The plant is frost-resistant, therefore, regardless of the geographical location of the cottage, it will definitely grow. The only thing to consider is the size: the mountain ash grows up to 10 m in height, so it is better to plant it on the edge of the plot so that it does not obscure other plants.

For planting, it is best to choose seeds. For about six months, they must first be soaked for 4 hours, and then placed in a mixture of sand and sawdust for several months, while not forgetting to water. In the spring, transplant the seeds into small pots with earth, and the seedlings should be planted on the site in the fall. For planting plants in the ground, the ground should be dug up in advance and fertilized with manure. Dig holes about 0.5 m deep. If you are going to plant several plants, then there should be a distance of at least 4-5 m between them so that adult plants do not interfere with each other.

The first two years, mountain ash requires almost no maintenance. Prune the branches in early spring (especially the central shoot).

You need to feed the plant 3 times: in spring before flowering, in mid-summer and in autumn after picking berries. For this purpose, 15 g of phosphorus, 10 g of nitrogen and 10 g of potash fertilizers should be mixed per tree. Distribute the resulting mixture evenly around the trunk circle, dropping it with earth. Then be sure to water the plant.

Since the mountain ash loves loose soil, during the season you need to periodically dig and loosen the ground around the tree. Rowan will bloom in May, but give fruits only in the fall. However, you should not expect that in the very first year the tree will delight you with berries - the fruits will appear only after 5-7 years. Berries should be harvested in the fall, preferably after the first frost, then excess bitterness will disappear from them. The fruits must be de-twigs and either frozen or dried in an oven at around 60°C.

Rowan: benefits

Rowan has general strengthening, antimicrobial, astringent, urinary and choleretic properties. It improves the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, removes excess cholesterol and copes with various types of pain.

Fresh rowan berries are useful as a vitamin remedy for low stomach acidity, and they also successfully fight headaches.

To increase immunity, and also as a general tonic, pour 100 g of rowan berries with 2 cups of boiling water, put on fire and cook for 10-15 minutes. Then let cool, strain and take 0.5 cup 3 times a day.

For the treatment of oral problems and as a choleretic agent, take freshly squeezed rowan juice 25 ml 3 times a day. To get rid of inflammatory diseases of the throat, rinse it 3 times a day with a mixture of 25 ml of rowan juice and 0.5 cups of warm water. And if you lubricate the warts with fresh rowan juice several times a day, you can get rid of them.

: Rowan Kene - planting and ...: A quick-growing walnut variety - ...

Forest rowan is an exceptionally useful plant. And the honey plant, and her wood is beautiful, and feeds the birds in winter, and she is good-looking.

One trouble: its fruits, although healing, are bitter. That is why they are considered of little value. But this is if you take a wild bird, an ordinary mountain ash.

Varietal - a completely different matter. It's about her.

Our common, ubiquitous red rowan belongs to the large botanical genus Sorbus. In turn, almost all modern cultivars trace their pedigree from this plant.

Rather, from its two varieties-sortotypes: Moravian (Central Europe) and Nevezhinskaya (Eastern Europe).

Moravian rowan discovered in the Czech Republic in the 19th century and named after the region where it was found - Moravia. Its sweet fruits, 1 cm in diameter, made this variety interesting for breeders.

From it came, for example, the varieties Edulis, Bissneri and Concentra.

From two varieties-sortotypes of mountain ash - Moravian and Nevezhinsky - almost all modern cultivars trace their genealogy

Nevezhinsky clone was also found by chance - in a forest near the village of Nevezhino, Vladimir Region. Sweet, completely without bitterness, the fruits conquered the local peasants, who quickly figured out how to breed this mountain ash and sell seedlings to their neighbors.

And this also happened in the 19th century. So, almost simultaneously, in the two ends of Europe, nature gave man a sweet mountain ash instead of a bitter one.

Sometimes Nevezhinsky mountain ash is called "Nezhinsky". Everyone was confused by the wine merchant Fyodor Smirnov, who in the old days sold tincture on its fruits. Not wanting to reveal the secrets of the recipe to competitors, he deliberately threw out one syllable and called his product “Nezhinskaya”.

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin was very interested in breeding varietal mountain ash. Many of the varieties he created today are either lost, or pollinated and lost their original characteristics, or are stored only in scientific collections. But those that have survived often become the basis for modern breeding work.

From a strictly scientific point of view, calling rowan fruits "berries" is incorrect. The correct word is "apple". Fruits of the same type are formed by quince, apple and pear.

Titanium

This variety is one of the surviving Michurin creations.. It was created by complex crossing of mountain ash, pear and red-leaved apple tree.

Its characteristics:

1. Medium-sized tree (up to 5 meters) with a rounded sparse crown. The shoots are straight, the color of the bark is dull brown.
2. The leaves are glossy, dark green.
3. Inflorescences-shields of medium diameter, the color of the petals is white.
4. The fruits are slightly ribbed, rounded, weighing 1.2 grams. The skin is dark red, waxy. The pulp is yellow, sweet-sour, tart. The use is universal.

Variety Titan is frost- and drought-resistant, not affected by diseases.

Bead

Variety created candidate of agricultural sciences Tatyana Kirillovna Poplavskaya. Fanatically devoted to science, in the 70s of the XX century she was actively engaged in the search for and restoration of the lost Michurin varieties of mountain ash.

Bead - one of the first varieties that do not have a hint of astringency. It is a product of free pollination of Nevezhinsky mountain ash.

Characteristics and description of the variety:

1. A plant of restrained growth, 3 meters high. Shoots gray-brown, straight. According to various sources, it begins to bear fruit at 3 or 5 years of age.
2. The leaves are light green, toothed.
3. Inflorescences are large, with white flowers.
4. Fruits of the correct rounded shape, with red skin, weighing 1.2-1.9 grams. The flesh is creamy in color, with a hint of cranberry flavor, but without a strong acid. The purpose is universal. They ripen early, by the end of August.

Particularly valuable qualities of the variety- high resistance to extreme frosts, drought, diseases. The yield is high.

Liquor Michurina

One of the Michurin varieties, lost and restored. It has much in common with one of its "parents" - black chokeberry.

Characteristics of the garden variety of mountain ash:

1. Srednerosly plant, about 5 meters, with a sparse oval crown. Sometimes found in shrub form. Gives strong annual growth (up to 30 cm).
2. The leaves are dark green, alternate, pinnate.
3. Beautiful dense inflorescences with a corymb diameter of 10 cm. The color of the petals is white-pink.
4. The fruits are dark purple, almost black, weighing 1 g, ripen in September, stored for a month. The taste is reminiscent of chokeberry - sweet, slightly astringent. Purpose - for the manufacture of liqueur-type wines, jams.

Variety benefits: high winter hardiness and moderate drought resistance. Flaw: fruits can be affected by rot.

Ruby

The Michurin variety was also lost, but found, propagated and transferred for variety testing by T.K. Poplavskaya. Like all old Michurin forms, this type of mountain ash has a slight astringency in taste.

Its characteristics:

1. A low tree, 3 meters in height, with a drooping crown. Skeletal branches are located almost at right angles, shoots are straight, with light brown covers.
2. The leaves are light green, with a finely serrated edge and a pubescent petiole.
3. The shield is not wide, the flowers are small, pinkish-white.
4. The fruits are rounded flattened, weighing 1.3 g. Ruby skin, yellow flesh. The taste is sweet and sour, slightly tart. The purpose of the fruits is for processing into juices, jellies, wines, liqueurs, kissels. Suitable for drying.

The plant is resistant to low temperatures.

The fruits of mountain ash of the Ruby variety can replace raisins after drying. To do this, you need to place them in a gauze bag and hang for a while by the battery.

Scarlet large

Variety bred by the Central Genetic Laboratory. Michurin (today the All-Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Breeding of Fruit Plants). An interesting, very spectacular plant, with really large fruits for red-fruited mountain ash.

Variety characteristics:

1. The height of the tree is 5 meters. Crown of medium density, broad pyramidal shape. Slightly pubescent straight shoots with gray-brown bark and many large lentils.
2. The leaves are dark green, with broadly lanceolate plates, shiny.
3. Broad corymbs with many flowers.
4. Fruits from 1.7 to 2.5 grams, slightly ribbed, juicy. The skin is scarlet, the taste is spicy, somewhat sour than other varieties, without bitterness. Appointment canteen and technical.

The variety is able to tolerate extreme frosts down to -50⁰С. Resistant to diseases and pests.

White, yellow and orange decorative varieties

In addition to the red and chokeberry familiar to the eye, the efforts of breeders varieties with yellow, orange and even white fruits have been bred able to decorate any garden.

For example, variety Yellow with thin flexible branches, which, with a plentiful harvest, bend to the ground. Rowan kvass, original fillings for pies, jams are obtained from its fruits.

Of the orange-fruited ones, it is very decorative. variety Ogonyok- one of the most heat-resistant and drought-resistant. As it ripens, it changes the color of the apples from yellow to fiery orange.

Rowan Daughter Cubovoy - a new variety, bred by spontaneous hybridization of Nevezhinsky Kubova. The fruits of this tree also have a bright orange color in the ripeness phase, and their taste is juicy, bright, sour-sweet, without a hint of bitterness or astringency.

Kubova herself also has orange fruits, but the yield is not so high. Kubovaya is a derivative form from Nevezhinsky mountain ash, created by folk selection. Its apples are slightly elongated, five-sided, with a very pleasant taste.

But white-fruited mountain ash, unfortunately, is not suitable for food. For example, Kene or White Swan varieties have very bitter fruits. However, their compactness and high decorativeness allows you to create an interesting play of colors among other mountain ash.

Combining in plantings, for example, high Scarlet large, delicate Yellow and miniature White Swan, you can get a combination of utility and beauty.

All varietal mountain ash is self-sterile. To get a quality harvest from them, you need to plant several different varieties side by side or graft them into the crown of one tree.

One of the trees that grows almost everywhere is mountain ash, so it can often be found in garden plots, in forest and meadow areas. There are quite a few different types of this fruit crop, among which the Nevezhinsky mountain ash, which is a subspecies of the common mountain ash, deserves special attention.

general characteristics

In the 19th century, Peter Smirnov, who received his freedom, his father and brother, having returned to Moscow, opened their own business, starting to sell wine. A few years later, a small enterprise has already become a vodka factory, whose products in 1876 were given worldwide recognition. During the world exhibition of 1889, the drink with the name "Nezhinskaya mountain ash" was given first place. The judges appreciated not only the original design of the bottle, but also the taste of the drink itself, which was distinguished by the absence of astringency and bitterness.

Competitors mixed mountain ash with sugar and other ingredients, but they failed to achieve such success, and all because Peter used a special type of mountain ash that grew in the village of Nevezhino. In her honor, they wanted to name the same drink, but so that the rivals did not find out about the place where the tree grew, it received a slightly different name - Nezhinskaya mountain ash.

The peculiarities of this rowan are that its fruits, unlike other varieties, are larger and do not have a bitter aftertaste after full ripening.

Nevezhinsky mountain ash is quite unpretentious. It has high frost resistance, so the tree grows even where most fruit and berry plants do not exist. The outer shoots of the tree can withstand up to -50 ° C, and the roots at a depth of 0.4 m to -14 ° C, however, this variety of mountain ash does not like shade.

There are 3 varieties of this tree.

1. Kubovaya has fruits of an elongated shape, the ripening of which ends by mid-September. They are quite juicy, their color is usually red-orange.
2. Yellow is distinguished by a lighter shade of berries, which is close to light orange. The fruits of the tree are medium in size and quite sweet.
3. Red has bright scarlet fruits of a larger size than yellow and vat.

plant description

Such a tree can reach a height of 10 m. Depending on the illumination, the crown will have a spherical or pyramidal shape. The bark of this rowan has a brown tint.

The leaves of Nevezhinskaya mountain ash are quite large, and the flowers that form inflorescences, on the contrary, are more inconspicuous. Their diameter is not more than 10 cm.

Features of the fetus

The fruits of the tree are shaped like sweet, very small apples, up to 1.5 cm in diameter. Usually their color is red or orange-red. They contain many vitamins and useful microelements:

• vitamins P, E, C, PP;
• pectin;
• cellulose;
• potassium;
• iron;
• phosphorus, etc.

Due to such a rich content of elements, mountain ash is often used to make jams, decoctions and various tinctures.

cultivation

To grow rowan on your site, you need to choose a place that is constantly illuminated by the sun. It is important to make sure that the chosen soil is loamy and not waterlogged, clayey or acidic.

You can buy a seedling ready-made or get layering from an already adult plant. In the second case, with the advent of autumn, you need to bend the branch and be sure to pin it to the ground, digging a little. A year later, it is necessary to disconnect the bush from the mother tree and grow it for about a year.

Landing Features

Planting a tree is quite simple:

• dig a hole about 60 × 60 cm in size, this is enough for planting an average seedling;
• at the bottom of such a hole, you need to place garden soil and add humus to it;
• place the seedling at the bottom of the pit so that it is convenient to cover its roots with soil when planting;
• compact the earth around the tree trunk.

How to care

After planting, the mountain ash Nevezhinskaya needs special care. The ground around the tree needs to be mulched. Watering should be regular, as well as loosening the soil. Be sure to feed the plant with slurry.

With the advent of the spring and autumn seasons, sanitary pruning should be carried out for mountain ash. This is an essential part of care.

Diseases and the fight against them

Rowan Nevezhinskaya can be prone to various diseases:

• anthracnose;
• spotting on the leaves;
• powdery mildew;
• moniliosis.

One of the most dangerous and common is rust that damages the leaves. They appear orange-yellow spots. To eliminate this problem, the mountain ash must be isolated from the area in which the juniper grows. This plant contributes to the active development of the disease (this step is performed if there is a juniper near the tree).

Be sure to cut off any diseased branches. Then you need to spray the tree with Bordeaux mixture (1%). It is prepared by mixing 150 g of lime and 100 g of copper sulfate in water, with a volume of 10 liters. It is necessary to process a tree at least 2-3 times a season. It is best to start treatment in May, and repeat courses after 20-25 days. This method will also help eliminate leaf spot.

With moniliosis, the leaves look as if they were burned, and the berries begin to rot. To eliminate the disease, the drug "Hom" is suitable (40 g per 10 liters of water is enough). Bordeaux liquid can also be used.

Powdery mildew or white coating on berries and leaves, turning into dark spots, is removed by another method. First you will need to collect all the fallen leaves and burn them to prevent the spread of the disease. With the onset of the growing season, it is important to process a mixture of lime and ground sulfur (1: 2).

Anthracnose appears as black-brown spots, in which fungal spores are also visible. To overcome it, you need to collect all the damaged fruits from the mountain ash and burn them. The tree needs care with Bordeaux mixture.

Pests and methods of dealing with them

There are several pests that can be dangerous for mountain ash:

• rowan mite;
• rowan moth;
• red-winged hawthorn elephant.

The mite usually infects flower buds and is the cause of lower yields. To combat it, you need to collect and burn all the fallen leaves, use colloidal sulfur in the interval between the ripening of the leaves and the beginning of flowering. Sulfur is diluted in a ratio of 100 g per 10 liters of water.

Rowan moth spoils the berries, as a result of which they become bitter and spotty. To eliminate it, you need a decoction of tansy. For 10 liters of water, 300 g of these plants will be enough. It is necessary to insist them until the moment of fermentation and dilute them with water by half. You need to apply it after flowering, and then several more times with an interval of about a week.

The red-winged elephant spoils the stalks, because of which the fruits begin to dry. To remove it, it is necessary to loosen the ground around the tree with the onset of autumn and be sure to treat it with special preparations. One of them is Decis. It is diluted in a ratio of 1 g per 10 liters of water. Fufanon is another product that is mixed with water in a ratio of 10 g per 10 l of water.

Prevention of diseases and pests

To avoid problems with pests and diseases, it is necessary to regularly carefully dig the soil around the mountain ash. This must be done so that the roots remain intact. The bark of the tree must be constantly cleaned of all kinds of growths and lichens. It is better to collect and burn fallen leaves; some types of pests can lay their larvae in them.

Conclusion

Rowan Nevezhinskaya is an unpretentious plant that can easily become a long-liver in any garden. It will not only perfectly complement the site, but also give a lot of useful fruits from which you can cook different dishes. Without proper care, a rich harvest and just a beautiful tree will be spoiled.