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In your own house or two-level apartment you cannot do without a staircase structure, and screw models are currently very popular. Their selection in stores is quite varied. But if you wish, it is quite possible to make such a design with your own hands.
To do this, you must first make the correct calculation of the spiral staircases. How to do this yourself, we will consider in more detail in this article.
The undoubted advantages of this type of stairs include:
- Compactness– you can make a very small product that will take up a minimum of usable space in the room.
- Price– even ready-made options are affordable for most. And if you make the stairs yourself, it will cost even less.
- Aesthetics– almost any screw design attracts attention with its originality and beauty. You can make a highly artistic version from a variety of materials.
Some of the disadvantages worth noting are the following:
- Very compact models are inconvenient to climb and descend. This must be done very carefully due to the uneven width of the steps.
- It is often impossible to move large objects on these stairs.
- Independent production or installation of individual models is a rather difficult task.
The design of the spiral staircase consists of:
- Support elements;
- Step details;
- Fencing systems - this is not available on all models.
With all the variety of spiral staircase products, they can be classified according to several parameters:
- Type of support for the steps.
- Material of manufacture.
- Rotation angle.
The design and calculation of each type of spiral staircase will have its own characteristics.
Types of support
The supporting elements of screw products can be:
- Central pillar;
- Walls;
- Bowstrings;
- Stringers;
- Boltsy.
The most common option is the central support. Stringers and bolts are often used. Making your own support string is very difficult.
This requires special equipment and professional skills. For this reason, most will not be able to make this option with their own hands.
Materials for production
A wide variety of materials can be used for the manufacture of screw structures:
- – ordinary steel, stainless steel, aluminum, cast iron. Steel models are often made from forged metal.
- – the use of hardwood is preferable. This is especially true for supporting elements and steps of the stairs. The price of wooden products is usually the most affordable.
- – for the most part, such models are performed in private homes if there is sufficient free space.
- Glass– the designs are very aesthetic and original. This material is perfect for making a staircase a home decoration.
- Composite materials.
Combined models are widespread. The most common combination of wood and metal is used. But a combination of other materials is also possible.
Calculation of the entire structure
Before calculating the structure, you need to decide on the size of the future staircase. First of all, you need to find out what size opening can be made for it.
- The minimum opening in the interfloor ceiling is 140 cm, but the standard is 200 cm.
- If the structure will be used to move large items, then the opening diameter should be at least 220 cm.
- Very compact models, for example, for an attic or basement, require a minimum opening.
The size of the structure should be slightly smaller than the diameter of the opening in the interfloor ceiling. Next, you need to decide on the type of support and the main pair.
Height
The height of the product will be equal to the distance between the floors of the first and second floors. The distance between the turns of the screw must be greater than the height of the person, minimum 190 cm.
In this case, the rise will be safe and comfortable. Depending on the height, the angle of rotation of the structure is selected.
Support
A metal pipe or wooden pole is usually used as a central support. Such designs are very original. But the use of a stringer or bowstring is also common. Models with bolzas are very aesthetically pleasing.
- The diameter of the metal pipe can be at least 6 cm. The thickness of the walls of the metal support is at least 5 mm.
- A wooden pole is taken with a diameter of more than 15 cm.
- The thickness of a bowstring made from hardwood must be at least 4 cm. If pine or spruce are used, at least 6 cm.
At the same time, a combination of different types of support can also be done with your own hands.
steps
In order for movement on the stairs to be safe and quite comfortable, there are a number of requirements for the elements of the steps:
- Width– it must be at least 10 cm at a distance of 15 cm from the inner edge. In the middle of the step its width is taken to be more than 20 cm.
- Length– if the staircase is intended to be used as the main and only one in the house, then the minimum size will be 80 cm. When the structure is used as an additional one, or is intended to go up to the attic or down to the basement, then the length of the steps can be at least 55 cm.
Tip: wooden steps that are less than 100 cm in length can be made from durable wood using a frameless method.
- Thickness of each element made of wood, take at least 5 cm for a staircase height of up to 2 m, and 6 cm for a height of more than 2 m.
- Lifting height– the distance between adjacent steps is considered optimal if it is within 15 – 20 cm.
- The screw design consists of winder steps that have a trapezoidal shape. Their width is uneven. For safety reasons, such structures are usually made without risers.
On the central support, the steps are most often attached overlapping each other. To ensure greater strength and reliability, bolt fastenings can be additionally installed along the outer edge of the consoles.
If you are calculating a metal spiral staircase, then it is better to provide wooden steps. This will significantly lighten the entire structure and make it more comfortable for movement.
Construction of a drawing
Instructions for calculation:
- First, you need to decide on the number of turns in the future flight. One turn is considered to be a complete rotation of the flight around an axis; it is designated “y” and is equal to 360°. Sometimes in calculations it is more convenient to use the dimensionless value of revolutions “n”.
- We calculate the circumference of the structure along the outer edge of the product using the formula: L = 2 π R * n. You can also apply the formula: L = 2 π R * (y/360).
- Since the calculation requires the length of the movement path “l”, instead of the radius of the structure along the edge we take the radius of the lifting path “r”. It will be approximately 2/3R. Therefore, the length of the line of movement will be: l = 2 π *2/3 R * n = 4 π R / 3 * n.
- The length of the step is denoted by “h”. It is equal to the difference between the radius of the structure R and the radius of the support pipe.
- By dividing the height of the staircase by the height between steps, you can get the number of necessary elements.
- The step angle is the angle between the radii of the staircase opening drawn along the edges of the consoles. It is designated “α” and is calculated by the formula: α = y / number of steps.
- The maximum width of the step will be along the outer edge. It is designated "W1". The width of the workpiece is designated “W2.” The width of the console along the line of movement is designated “W.”
- Calculation of the steps of a spiral staircase by width W1 = R * sinα.
- We calculate W = r * sin α = (2 R * sin α) / 3. If the result obtained is less than 20 cm, then it is necessary to change the number of steps or the lifting height. You can also change the design's rotation.
For specific conditions, calculating a spiral staircase with your own hands is not difficult. After receiving all the necessary data, you can complete the drawing.
Whatever model you choose for your home, you can do all the calculations yourself. A special calculator for calculating a spiral staircase will greatly facilitate this task. But it is easier to use if you understand the basics of such calculations well. More information on this topic can be obtained from the video in this article.
Private country houses and dachas in two or more floors- have long ceased to seem like a curiosity. This approach to planning their properties allows owners to achieve the maximum possible usable area of housing even on “modest” building plots. It is clear that both the design of a building with several levels and its construction become seriously more complicated. In particular, in addition to the usual architectural and interior elements typical of any house, it is necessary to think through the creation of interfloor transitions. Most often, stairs play this role. And if we consider the statistics of individual construction, then the undisputed “leaders” in popularity are
Nowadays, there is no shortage of ready-made staircase designs. You can also find special applications on the Internet that perform the necessary calculations. But it is quite possible to independently calculate the wooden staircase to the second floor. For many, this will be even more interesting and understandable, since during the calculation the owner of the house delves into many of the nuances of such a structure, trying them on for his property.
In this publication, let's go step by step through the stages of basic staircase calculations. You will see that everything is not so prohibitively complicated.
Basic structural elements of a wooden staircase
First of all, what are they like - wooden stairs?
- The simplest option is a single-flight straight staircase. Such designs are relatively simple to calculate and install, and are characterized by high reliability and ease of use.
A significant disadvantage of such a staircase is that it “eats up” a lot of usable space in the room. And a decrease in its size (meaning its projection onto the floor plane) leads to an increase in the steepness of the ascent and descent. Which, in turn, makes the flight of stairs inconvenient and even unsafe for movement, especially for children or for people with physical disabilities.
- If the space available in the room does not allow for a single-flight staircase, or it turns out to be too steep, it is divided into two or more flights, changing their direction to perpendicular or opposite.
It is clear that the total length of the marches, with the same height of ascent and its steepness, will not become less. But this approach allows, so to speak, to optimize the space. For example, flights of stairs are located in the corner part of the room along the walls, and it does not clutter the room. Or, a small separate room is allocated for the interfloor passage, turning it into a compact staircase with counter-arranged flights.
- Stairs with two or more straight flights may also vary. And this difference lies in the features of ensuring a change in direction of movement. So, between the marches there can be a horizontal transition platform. Another option - the marches are connected by a curved section with a smooth change in direction, with steps of a characteristic trapezoidal shape. Such steps are called winder steps.
A staircase with a winder, of course, looks more elegant in the interior. And due to the fact that the rise does not “stop” anywhere, including at a turn, there is a gain in the overall dimensions of the structure. But a winder staircase is much more complicated in calculations, design and installation, and in operation it is not as convenient and safe as a similar one, but with a transition platform. So it’s better to weigh all its advantages and disadvantages in advance.
Prices for wooden stairs
wooden staircase
- The design allows you to place the interfloor passage literally “on the spot”. And one cannot but agree that such a staircase in the interior looks very vintage (pardon the pun). But, however, this is where its advantages are limited.
But she has more than enough shortcomings. The complexity of calculations and installation largely limits the possibilities for independent creativity - the construction of such structures is still the lot of professionals. Moreover, many models use curved, bent parts, which are completely impossible to produce on your own without special equipment and without knowledge of technology. From the point of view of convenience and safety of moving along spiral steps, the staircase generally loses to all its “brothers”. And one more thing - just imagine that you need to lift some large piece of furniture or household appliances to the second floor (or lower it down)!
- On the inside, the steps can be covered with riser panels (item 5). However, this element is not mandatory, and often risers are not installed either for the sake of giving the structure visual lightness, or so as not to create an obstacle for placing one’s foot (this is typical for stairs with a significantly steep rise).
To make risers, use a board with a thickness of at least 20 mm (30 mm is recommended). This part can be positioned and fastened in different ways, and this must be taken into account in advance, since its position often affects the “working” width of the tread.
The figure above, just as an example, shows two different principles for connecting treads to risers. It is quite obvious that on the left fragment the position of the riser does not affect the width of the step. But on the right, where the riser is installed in the selected grooves, you will have to make an adjustment to the width of the tread panel so that the calculated width of the step does not decrease.
Prices for stair steps
- The first stage of the lower flight (item 6) may be no different from all the others. But sometimes its configuration is varied (while trying not to change the height), made wider, with rounded edges, so as to make it easier to approach the flight of stairs from the left or right side. This step is called frieze.
- An important element of any wooden staircase is the design of the railing. This provides both security and an additional decorative “highlight” of the interfloor passage. The basis for installing the fence are powerful posts (item 7), which should be placed at the beginning and end of each flight. At the transition site, such a column becomes common to both marches. If the entrance to the staircase is made with a frieze, then the lower pillar can be shifted to the second or even third step.
Between the pillars, with equal spacing, which should not be more than 150÷180 mm, (item 8), forming a common balustrade. There are railings (handrails) (pos. 9) running from pillar to pillar, which rest on the upper ends of the balusters along the march.
As a rule, pillars and balusters are given a beautiful configuration - the parts are turned on a lathe. There is now no shortage of offers for such products, and it is quite possible to order a set from a carpentry workshop. The railings of the required cross-sectional shape will also be manufactured there. Some recommendations for the shapes and sizes of stair railing design parts are clearly shown in the diagram.
By the way, it is the position of the fencing system that determines the width of the flight of stairs - it is calculated between the wall and the handrails, or between the handrails on both sides. From the point of view of convenience, a flight of width from 900 to 1000 mm is considered optimal from the point of view of convenience for indoor stairs - not too wide so as not to “eat up” the space, and quite convenient for moving one person and carrying furnishings. However, the upper limit in width is not indicated anywhere - this is at the discretion of the owners. But the minimum size is strictly stipulated by fire safety rules. In any case, the staircase is considered as one of the escape routes, and its width cannot be less than 800 mm.
It is clear that staircase models can combine various elements, including those that were not shown in the proposed diagram. But since our article is intended for beginners (experienced craftsmen have long known all the intricacies of calculation and installation), it is better not to waste time, but to limit ourselves to analyzing the most available options.
The basic structure of the staircase is considered. You can choose the type of structure that is most appropriate for specific conditions and proceed to calculations.
The main stages of calculating a wooden staircase
Stairs can be classified as structures of increased complexity, however, for a real owner, nothing is impossible. The main thing is that the design being created is convenient and safe in everyday use, and is highly reliable and durable. Plus, no one, as a rule, ever discounts the aesthetic component, since the staircase should fit well into the intended interior.
And they begin the calculations by assessing the place where the stairs are supposed to be installed. The steepness of its rise directly depends on this.
Calculations basic general linear parameters of the staircase structure
Although the owner is free to “experiment” within his home, he will, one way or another, have to adhere to certain rules when creating a staircase design. And above all, this concerns the steepness of the flight of stairs, that is, the angle between the direction of ascent and the horizontal plane.
The staircase should be both convenient to use and safe. Therefore, there are certain limits to its steepness. So, the rise should not be too gentle - this is both inconvenient for a person and will take up too much space in the room. Staircases in residential buildings are not designed with a slope of less than 20 degrees, but it is still better to consider 24 degrees as the permissible lower limit of steepness, although this is also a bit too little.
The most optimal the range is considered to be approximately 27 to 33 degrees - such marches are the most comfortable and safe. But often in cramped conditions at home it is difficult to achieve such values, and stairs are made with a slope of up to 40 degrees. Well, the top one. The critical limit for a staircase in constant use to the second floor can be considered an angle of 45 degrees. But for individual family members, this bias is already becoming quite difficult to overcome.
It is clear that the flatter the staircase, the more space will be required for its installation. Therefore, it seems appropriate to take the first step to evaluate the steepness of the march and the size of the horizontal projection - how it will “fit” into the space of the room that can be allocated for its installation.
So, we consider the interdependence of the steepness of the stairs and the space required for its installation.
This dependence is expressed by the trigonometric relation:
D=H/tga
Below is an online calculator, which already includes this trigonometric function. And if you approach the calculation, with a known lifting height (and it is calculated “from floor to floor,” that is, taking into account the thickness of the ceiling), you can do it in two ways:
- It is planned to create a staircase with a precisely selected angle of flight steepness. The calculation will show how much space she will have to allocate in the room.
- The dimensions of the area for the stairs are strictly regulated - you need to determine what angle the flight will have and whether it falls within the acceptable range. For this calculation, you just need to vary the slope in the input field to achieve the required value of the projection length at the output - all this will take a few seconds.
If there is not enough space for a single-flight staircase (and this most often happens in a small private house), then it should be divided into two flights, as mentioned above. In this case, for each of the marches you can carry out your own calculation, changing the height of the transition platform. But at the same time, not forgetting that the slope angle must be maintained the same for all marches. This is a strict rule that cannot be broken!
Calculator for analyzing the relationship between the slope of a staircase and the size of its horizontal projection
The creation of a staircase is preceded by the project development stage. At the design stage, the engineer:
Of course, it is better to trust any work to professionals. But if you want to save 30-40% of the cost of the stairs, then the described work can be done yourself using special software.
Online 3D calculation designer
Anyone can design a 3D model of the staircase of their dreams. There are online services for this on the Internet.
They work quite simply. The user must set the following parameters:
- type of stairs;
- march length;
- width and height of the step;
- construction material.
Additionally, you can select the tinting color and decorative design of the structure from the list provided.
Similar programs can be found on the websites of staircase manufacturers. In this case, you can not only look at the staircase you created yourself, but also find out how much it will cost to manufacture it from a specific manufacturer.
DIY design - calculator program
Well, if you need to design a staircase from scratch, you will need a calculator program. Today there are programs that specialize in designing stairs. These include StairCon, Stair Designer, Compass/ND, Consultec Stairon.
With their help you can:
As a rule, in order to obtain a finished project, the following initial data is sufficient for the program:
- type of stairs;
- width and length of the opening;
- opening height;
- overlap thickness.
Construction calculator Zhitov
The described programs, of course, will facilitate the design task and allow you to save a considerable amount, but they themselves are not cheap.
As an alternative, you can use Zhitov’s construction calculator, which will help you calculate a wooden, metal or reinforced concrete staircase online.
The design of a single-flight staircase begins with the program requesting the following data:
- desired step sizes;
- dimensions of the protrusion on the steps;
- opening dimensions;
- minimum stringer width;
- the position of the initial step in relation to the floor level of the 2nd floor;
- direction of rise.
Based on this data, the program draws a drawing indicating the main dimensions of the structure and the angles of the steps in relation to the string, with markings of the main dimensions of the steps.
It should be noted that design in the program is carried out taking into account ergonomic requirements. According to which, the slope of the stairs should be 30-40, the height of the step should be no more than 25 cm, and the depth of the step should be 28-31 cm.
Well, if you want to take a creative approach to the process of creating a staircase for your own home, then you can, armed with a calculator, pencil and paper, carry out the calculations and drawings yourself.
How to calculate the stairs correctly
Screw metal
The design of a spiral staircase begins with measurements of the height of the room (H) and the size of the opening (D 1). The height of the room is measured from the finished floor level of the lower floor to the floor level of the upper floor. The size of the opening determines what diameter (D 2) the staircase can be installed.
The diameter of the stairs is taken to be slightly smaller than the opening. To make climbing the stairs comfortable and safe, the diameter is 1500-2000 mm.
Having determined the diameter, find the length of the step (D 3): D 3 = D 1 /2-d, where
d is the internal diameter. It is taken taking into account the diameter of the support post. Typically this value is 100-200 mm.
For further calculations, it is necessary to determine the angle of rotation of the stairs. If the entrance and exit from the stairs are on the same line, then the rotation of the stairs is 360 0.
At the next stage, the length of the march is determined using the formula: L = 2πR, R = D 2 /2. Since you need to determine the length of the march along the ascent line, and it retreats from the edge of the room by 2/3, the formula takes the form: L = 2*2/3πR.
Knowing the length of the march and choosing the tread depth (h 1), you can calculate the number of steps (n): n= L/ h 1. In this case, the optimal tread depth is 25-27 cm. If the calculation results in an odd number, then it is rounded. As a rule, the level of the upper step coincides with the floor of the upper floor, so it is not taken into account in the calculation.
If you divide the height of the room by the number of steps, you will find out its height. The normal height of the steps is 17-18 cm. If the height is greater, then it is necessary to increase the number of steps.
To make sure that the staircase fully complies with ergonomic standards, it is necessary to calculate the depth of the tread along the line of movement and along the outer edge. To do this, you need to divide the length of the march by the number of steps. The resulting tread depth along the movement line should be 20-25 cm, and along the outer edge - 30-35 cm. The tread depth inside the march can be calculated or taken as 100-200 mm.
Based on these calculations, a drawing of a spiral staircase is constructed and the required amount of materials is calculated.
How to correctly calculate a wooden staircase to the second floor
With a rotation of 90 0
Before starting the calculation, measure the height from the floor of the first floor to the floor of the second floor and the dimensions of the opening in which the staircase will be installed.
And the width of the step (b) should be within 27-30 cm. You can check how comfortable the staircase is after calculations by multiplying the height of the steps by two and adding the width. The resulting value should be in the range of 600-650 mm. Using the same formula, you can calculate the width of the step using the formula: b=650-a*2
In order to avoid resting your head on the ceiling while climbing the stairs, it is necessary to maintain the clearance height within the range of 1900-2000 mm. You can understand whether the designed structure meets this requirement by performing the following calculations:
- Subtract 70 cm from the length of the opening and divide by the width of the steps. The resulting number is the number of steps located above the opening.
- Multiply the value from the first point by the height of the step.
- Subtract the value obtained in the second paragraph from the floor height. This number will be equal to the height of the clearance.
If the number is less than normal, you can do the following:
- increase the opening;
- reduce the number of steps, thereby increasing their height.
If it is impossible to increase the opening, and reducing the steps will lead to the fact that the slope of the stairs and the height of the steps will not correspond to the norm, it is better to design the stairs with a turn of 90 0.
This design consists of two flights located in relation to each other at an angle of 90 0. This allows you to fit the staircase even into a room with a small area and a small opening.
The marches can be connected to each other by a platform or winder steps. The first option is much more convenient, and the calculation in this case is not much different from what has already been described. The main task is to determine at what height from the floor level it is necessary to arrange an intermediate platform.
First, they calculate how many steps are needed for the upper flight, located between the platform and the second floor. To do this, the required clearance height (2000 mm) is divided by the accepted step height (15-18 cm). The resulting number is rounded to whole numbers and reduced by one (since the upper frieze step coincides with the floor level).
To find out at what height the platform will be, the height of the steps is multiplied by their number and this number is subtracted from the height of the floor.
The number of steps for the lower flight is calculated in the same way. In this case, the landing is considered a step in the calculation. The width and length of the platform are taken equal to the width of the stairs.
With a 180 0 turn and a platform - drawings
It is customary to install a two-flight staircase with a turn of 180° when the floor height is more than 3 m.
For convenience, the calculation is performed simultaneously with the construction of the drawing on graph paper. First, the staircase is drawn.
Knowing the width of the staircase, calculate the width of the flight. To do this, subtract the gap value (100 mm) from the width of the staircase and divide the value by two.
Well, to find out what height is allocated to each flight, the height of the floor is divided by two.
Further calculation involves calculating the number of steps. To do this, again, it is enough to divide the height of the march by the height of the step.
Well, in order to determine what the length of the march will be and to construct its horizontal projection on the plan, you need to multiply the number of steps by the width.
The resulting dimensions are transferred to the plan. And then they draw a section of the staircase.
Having the drawings in hand, it will not be difficult to break down the structure in the house.
Online designer of 3D calculations, designing stairs with your own hands - calculator program, Zhitov, how to correctly calculate a screw, metal, wooden staircase to the second floor with a turn of 90, 180 and a landing - formulas, drawings
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A spiral staircase is usually installed in cases where it is necessary to save space or complement the interior. Perfect for a cottage or private home as a staircase to the second floor, attic or attic. Can be collected in the smallest areas. It is inferior in compactness only to a folding ladder.
The design of spiral staircases is not very practical. It is difficult to carry bulky items onto the 2nd floor and you are unlikely to miss a person walking towards you, unless, of course, it is a monolithic concrete structure. You should also be aware of the difficulties that pensioners or small children face when climbing a steep flight.
A spiral staircase can be either wooden or metal. Very often these materials are combined to combine the best qualities of each of them.
If you have weighed all the pros and cons and decided to do it, you first need to calculate the steps of the stairs.
Dimensions of the spiral staircase to the second floor of the house
- H – the height of the stairs is the sum of the distance to the ceiling and the thickness of the ceiling;
- Н 1 – distance between turns;
- h – step height;
- h 1 – depth of step or tread;
- R – outer radius;
- R 1 – radius of the main lift line;
- r – radius of the internal support.
Considering that the safety of the structure comes first and following the requirements of GOST, SNiP and other standards, it is necessary to take into account the restrictions on the parameters and dimensions of the steps:
- the distance between the turns of H 1 should be no less than the height of the person, otherwise you will hit your head on the step above you. Recommended value – at least 2 m;
- it must be remembered that the movement is carried out mainly along the lifting line, spaced from the outer edge of the step by approximately a third of its radius. In this place, the depth of the tread should be the most convenient - from 20 to 30 cm;
- the width of the step near the central support should not be less than 10 cm;
- For safety reasons, the diameter of the spiral staircase must be either at least three meters, or the installation of railings is mandatory. The height of the handrail is 90 - 100 cm.
- To save space, risers are often not used, but the distance between steps must be within safe standards, that is, from 12 to 22 cm.
How to calculate a spiral staircase - calculation of a flight of stairs
The design of a spiral staircase requires careful design. Only if the calculations are correct will the product be safe, convenient and attractive in appearance. For convenience, you can draw up a diagram with dimensions and use it to calculate the stairs for your home.
First, it is necessary to determine the area of the site on which the product will be located, since the minimum dimensions and calculation of the turning staircase as a whole depend on this. Next, measure the distance between the floors of the first and second floors, as well as the thickness of the ceiling, that is, the height of the stairs. Decide where you will have the entrance and where the exit is - the angle at which the flight of stairs twists will depend on this.
When all preliminary measurements have been made, it is necessary to determine the number of steps. Let's assume that we need to calculate a spiral staircase with a radius of 1 m, a height of 3 m and a twist angle of 360° (the entrance to the staircase is located strictly under the exit).
R = 1000 mm, H = 3000 mm, ω = 360°;
To do this, we find the march length (L) along the main ascent line. It will be equal to 2πR 1, with R 1 = 2/3 R, since this line retreats from the outer edge of the stairs by approximately a third of the radius. Substituting our values into the formula:
L = 2πR 1 = 4/3πR = 4/3 * 3.14 * 1000 = 4190 mm(all calculations are carried out in millimeters).
It turns out that the circumference (L) is 4.19 m. Now we divide the resulting number by the depth of the tread (h 1), for example, 25 cm.
n = L / h 1 = 4190 / 250 = 16.796
Rounding the answer, it turns out that we should have 17 steps. Considering that the latter coincides with the floor of the second floor, we reduce the total number of steps by one. That is, for one turn we need 16 steps.
We will take the depth of the tread at the central support as 10 cm (minimum value), and calculate the external depth using the formula:
h 1 ext = L in / n, Where
L in = 2πR = 2 * 3.14 * 1000 = 6280 mm substitute into the initial formula
h 1 ext = 7536 / 17 = 0.369 m = 369 mm— tread depth at the outer edge (shown in the photo).
The height of the riser is determined by dividing the total height of the staircase (H) by the number of steps:
h = H / n = 3000 / 17 = 176 mm
You can slightly adjust the size of the steps, while observing the standard formula - 2h + h 1 = 60..65 cm- the sum of the depth and double the height of the step should be approximately 60 - 65 cm. Let's try to increase the height of the riser to 19 cm and check it against the standards:
2 * 190 + 250 = 630 mm- satisfactory
Since risers, as a rule, are not used in structures of this form, you can slightly increase the distance between the steps and thereby make small adjustments to the dimensions of the stairs.
To better understand the material, watch the video on how to calculate a ladder:
Calculation of the staircase landing and the height of the staircase passage
Particular attention should be paid to calculating the site on the second floor. In the case of a 360° turn of the march, the beginning is located directly below this platform (exit). When climbing each step, the distance to it decreases by the height of the step, that is, by 19 cm (in our case). Having overcome 4 steps, the loss of height will be about 76 cm. Taking into account the thickness of the ceiling (h p), about 2 meters remain in reserve. That is, the width of the landing may well be equal to the width of 4 steps, but no more. After all, if you increase it to five steps, then the distance to the ceiling will be less than 2 meters. In this case, a tall person will cling to his head, which is unacceptable.
H 1 = H - 4h - h p = 300 - 76 - 20 = 204 cm- satisfactory
H 1 = H - 5h - h p = 300 - 95 - 20 = 185 cm- not suitable
Designing a spiral staircase - diagrams and drawings
Designing spiral staircases can also be done through special programs. This method is more labor-intensive and not everyone wants to figure it out and model it themselves.
Computer calculation of stairs, as a rule, is needed for large-scale construction and is not at all necessary when constructing a home-made structure. The video will explain how to make a 3D model of a staircase.
Conclusion
The design of a spiral staircase must be thought out to the smallest detail, then the product will be convenient and safe. It is not recommended to make steps of different sizes. Ascent and descent should under no circumstances create a feeling of discomfort. The materials of parts and assemblies must be durable and fully comply with the loads that the structure will experience. That is, you need to correctly calculate the parameters of the stairs.
Spiral staircases deservedly attract the attention of private homeowners. This beautiful design will add solidity and attractiveness to any home. The technology for making a spiral staircase with your own hands is quite simple. Taking into account the availability in our time of a variety of building materials, any owner with some knowledge of carpentry can make such a staircase. The only point that causes difficulty in creating this original interior element is determining the correct dimensions of the spiral staircase when making drawings. In this article we will tell you how to calculate a spiral staircase for your home in a quick and practical way.
Basic parameters of the staircase: calculating the steps
The first thing you should start with when calculating a spiral staircase is the correct calculation of the size of the steps of the structure. To do this, you need to navigate the symbols of the parameters presented below:
- H – height of the structure. It is determined by the sum of the distance from the floor to the ceiling, taking into account their thickness;
- H1 – interturn distance;
- h – height of steps;
- h1 – tread;
- R – outer radius of the step;
- R1 – radius at the point of the main line of descent and ascent.
These notations will be used later in calculations and drawings. It must be remembered that designing spiral staircases is not an amateur activity. Their parameters, such as diameter, width or the already mentioned dimensions of the steps, must clearly fit into existing GOSTs and SNiP standards. Compliance with all requirements for the size of steps and their other parameters will ensure the safety and strength of the staircase structure. Therefore, when making drawings of steps, the following points are always taken into account:
Subtleties of design: how to calculate a flight of stairs
Calculating a spiral staircase is a procedure that requires perseverance. Only 100% correct calculations will turn your idea into a beautiful and safe design. For convenient work on the spiral staircase project, it is advisable to draw up a preliminary diagram with its dimensions, and then carry out all the calculations based on it. In carrying out such work, special construction calculators can be a good assistant - programs that allow you to efficiently carry out all the calculations of a spiral staircase, even online. They are easy to use, have an intuitive interface and will make working on your project a real pleasure.
If online programs are not available to you, you can purchase a disk with such licensed software. This profitable purchase will allow you to use a computer to create high-quality drawings of building structures according to the specified parameters of width, height, diameter and other indicators, which are entered into special program windows.
The calculation of a flight of stairs should begin with calculating the area of the area allocated for the arrangement of the interfloor structure. This important indicator is the main one for determining the minimum diameter of a spiral staircase, as well as further calculations of the dimensions of the structure.
After this, you should proceed to determining the height of the interior element (H). To do this, as already indicated in the table, measure the distance from the flooring of the first floor to the second, taking into account the thickness of the ceiling. Here you should also decide on the entry and exit points, which will allow you to determine in the drawing the angle at which the flight of stairs will twist.
Having completed these preliminary measurements, the number of steps should be calculated. For example, we use the conditional calculation of a spiral staircase with a diameter of 2000 mm (radius - 1000 mm), a height of 3500 mm and a vertical twist angle of 360 degrees. We get: R = 1000; N = 3500; ω =360°.
It is important to note that all measurements and calculations of parameters for drawings using formulas are carried out exclusively in millimeters!
The calculation algorithm is as follows:
Based on the fact that risers are usually not used in screw structures, you can adjust the distance between steps to increase the spacing. During the adjustment, you should check that the results obtained correspond to the reference dimensions, according to which twice the height of the step plus its depth should fit into the range from 60 to 65 cm.
We calculate the diameter of the stairs and the width of the landing
At this stage everything is quite simple. The diameter should always be slightly smaller than the opening of the spiral staircase. The exception is when balusters are installed along the outer edge of the steps. In this case, the width of the staircase opening may coincide with the diameter of the structure.
For example calculations, let's take the diameter as 220 cm and reduce it to 200 cm (220-20 = 200), taking into account only the part of the tread intended for walking. In this case, the length of the step will be equal to the radius: 200/2 = 100 cm. In this case, the width of the spiral staircase will be 1/2 less than the thickness of the support beam, but this will not affect the calculations.
The width of the upper platform is calculated by calculating the loss of height when moving along the steps. In the case of our staircase with a flight turn of 360 degrees, when climbing one step, the distance to the landing will decrease by 22 cm. Having risen 5 steps, the loss of height will be about 110 cm. If we take into account the thickness of the ceiling (hp = 20 cm), then There is still more than 2 meters left. Thus, the width of the upper platform can be within the width of 5 steps. If it is increased to 6, then the two-meter margin will disappear, and the head of the climber will cling to the upper structures.
To check your calculations, you can use the formula:
- H1 = H-5h-hp = 350-110-20 = 220 cm (good result).
By substituting your options into this formula, you can calculate the most suitable sizes.
As you can see, accurate calculation of all parameters of spiral staircases for further production of drawings is a painstaking task, but not difficult and interesting. Using the acquired skills or resorting to help, you can easily prepare a high-quality project and bring it to life.
