INSTRUCTIONS AND PROPHECIES OF THE Blessed MOTHER ALIPIA GOLOSEEVSKY, Kyiv...
Particular interest in the problem of stress resistance and the emergence of stress is due to the recent expansion of the sphere of activity of a modern person, often taking place in quite extreme conditions and accompanied by a constant increase in mental and mental stress and a decrease in the share of physical labor.
Created by scientific and technological progress and civilization, hypokinesia (limitation of motor activity) and hypodynamia (reduction of power loads) not only negatively affect the respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal system, metabolism, but also certainly lead to a decrease in the body's reactivity and, as a result - development of stress.
General the concept of stress means a strong adverse and negative effect on the body, as well as the psychological and physiological reaction of a person of various kinds to the action of an aggressor (stressor).
Morphologically and functionally stress is accompanied general adaptation syndrome, which has certain stages:
- alarm reaction - the general resistance of the body decreases (“shock”), after which defense mechanisms are activated;
- stage of resistance (resistance) - based on the stress of functioning of all systems, the maximum adaptation of the body to new conditions is achieved;
- the period of exhaustion is manifested by the insolvency of protective mechanisms, as a result of which the violation of the interaction and coordination of vital functions increases.
One of the criteria for the severity of stress is the severity of the signs (symptoms) of this condition, namely:
- physiological manifestations - migraine (headaches), periodic increase in blood pressure, pain in the chest, heart, lower back or back, redness of the skin, atopic dermatitis, eczema, other skin diseases, development of stomach ulcers;
- psychological reactions - loss of appetite, irritability, decreased interest in what is happening, inability to concentrate, increased excitability, expectation of pain or possible troubles, depression.
Stress can be caused individual factors related to events in personal life, work, emergencies. In this case, the body reacts with the same biochemical changes aimed at repaying the tension that has arisen.
The main systems that implement stressful changes in the body are the pituitary-hypothalamic-adrenal and sympathoadrenal systems, which are under the control of the higher parts of the brain and hypothalamus, the intensive functioning of which is accompanied by the release of various hormonal substances called stress hormones. They, by mobilizing the physical resources of the body, help him cope with the super-task that has arisen, which led to stress.
The main stress hormones and their features
During a period of stress in the body, the level of activity of its functional systems changes - cardiovascular, immune, genitourinary, digestive, etc. Therefore, stress hormones play a major role in maintaining this new status. The adrenal glands are the most active endocrine glands.
The adrenal cortex secretes into the blood four major groups of steroid stress hormones:
- glucocorticoids (corticosterone, cortisol) - the hormone cortisol is produced in emergency or stressful situations, with a lack of nutrition and strong physical exertion. Once released, cortisol has a lasting effect, but persistently elevated levels can lead to memory impairment and depression. Cortisol reaches its maximum content in the blood serum in the morning and lower at night. High levels of cortisol are produced during chronic overexertion, which can cause cravings for sugary or fatty foods. By its action, cortisol signals the body about the need to “deposit fat” in order to create an energy reserve in the “fight against the enemy”. Cortisol is undoubtedly one of the most important hormones, but under chronic stress, such a hormone is produced in much larger quantities than is necessary and that is when it becomes harmful. This hormone in excess can have a number of adverse effects: high blood pressure, decreased immunity, increased abdominal fat, decreased muscle tissue, and hyperglycemia. This usually leads to big problems with high cholesterol levels, diabetes, heart attack or stroke. Therefore, cortisol has also received the nickname "hormone of death";
- mineralocorticides ( aldosterone) - a hormone necessary for the normal functioning of the kidneys, promote reabsorption (reabsorption), which leads to water retention in the body and the appearance of numerous edema;
- androgens(sex hormone, estrogen) - the higher the level of estrogen in a person's blood, the more resistant he is to pain. This is due to an increase in the pain threshold;
- catecholamines ( adrenalin, norepinephrine, dopamine) - belong to the hormones of the adrenal medulla and are biologically active substances. Of these, norepinephrine and adrenaline are produced not only by nerve tissues, but also by the medulla. Their effects in the human body are somewhat different, since in humans epinephrine is about 80%, and norepinephrine is only 20%. Adrenaline has a powerful and intense effect, but wears off quickly compared to cortisol, so adrenaline is often involved in severe short-term anxiety and panic situations. Adrenaline in the blood increases already in the first moments of exposure to a stressor and, according to many scientists, can contribute to the development of cancer.
In addition to the adrenal glands, the stress hormone that increases metabolism, accelerates chemical reactions and creates increased alertness is also produced by the thyroid gland (thyroxine, triiodothyronine) and the anterior pituitary gland (prolactin, growth hormone, ACTH, follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone).
Of great importance, especially for the female body, is the hormone prolactin, which supports the corpus luteum and controls the formation of progesterone. Under stress, it is prolactin that has the strongest effect on the metabolism and mechanisms of water regulation in the body. In a state of depression, prolactin is produced uncontrollably and can lead to disastrous consequences, especially in cases where there is a predisposition in the body for the development of cancer cells. Prolactin is a mobile hormone, since its concentration is easy to influence. At the same time, prolactin, the formation of which is pulsatile and increases during sleep, may depend on the intake of certain medications (opioid analgesics, antidepressants, cocaine, estrogens, etc.) or oral contraceptives. Prolactin plays a special role in the production of milk in the mother during lactation. To keep prolactin normal, it is important to observe the regime of rest and work, as well as avoid stress or try to form a healthy and correct reaction to stressful situations.
All these stress hormones (especially cortisol, prolactin and adrenaline) prepare the body to the emergence of difficult situations through certain mechanisms, including increasing blood sugar or blood pressure to provide fuel to the muscles and brain. Thus, causing feelings of panic and fear, as well as making a person ready to confront any threat or run away from it.
How stress hormones affect the body
In response to a stressful situation, a state of confusion and anxiety arises in the human body, which are preparations for action. Information about possible anxiety enters the brain, where it is recorded as nerve impulses, and then transmitted through the nerve endings to the appropriate organs. As a result, a huge amount of stress hormones are released into the blood, which are carried through the vessels of the whole body.
With physical stress, predominantly norepinephrine is released, and with mental stress (rage, fear, anxiety) - most often adrenaline. Both hormones have a certain effect, which is as follows:
- norepinephrine causes increase in diastolic and systolic pressure without accelerating heart rate, increases the intensity of heart contractions, inhibits diuresis, due to narrowing of the vessels of the kidneys, retains sodium ions in the blood, reduces the secretory activity of the stomach, increases salivation, and also helps to relax the smooth muscles of the intestine;
- adrenalin is an antidiuretic and has antispasmodic and bronchodilator action. Unlike other hormones, adrenaline can cause pupil dilation and changes in carbon metabolism. Adrenaline by its influence reflexively reduces the amplitude and frequency of respiration, the release of potassium and sodium ions in the urine, relaxes the walls of organs, inhibits digestive secretion and motor activity of the stomach, and also increases the contractility of the skeletal muscles. Adrenaline is considered one of the most active natural stimulants of all body systems.
Cortisol and corticosterone affect body systems by:
- conversion of amino acids into glucose in the muscles in order to provide the body with additional energy and relieve tension;
- regulation of blood pressure and insulin metabolism;
- control of blood sugar balance;
- anti-inflammatory effects due to a decrease in the permeability of the vascular walls, inhibition of inflammatory mediators and inhibition of other mechanisms that cause inflammatory reactions;
- immunoregulatory effects - cortisol inhibits the activity of lymphocytes and allergens.
In parallel with this, the hormone cortisol can adversely affect the functioning of the brain as a whole, destroying the neurons located in the hippocampus.
An important role is also played by prolactin, which has metabolic and anabolic effects, affecting metabolic processes and accelerating protein synthesis. In addition, prolactin has an immunoregulatory effect, can affect behavioral responses and is involved in the regulation of water-salt metabolism and mental functions. By its influence, prolactin is closely related to the female reproductive panel.
Stress hormones are secreted not only during periods of adverse conditions or situations. In the normal state, they are a necessary component of endocrine regulation. However, their concentration in the blood during stress exposure increases many times over. At the same time, muscles are activated, and instant breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins occurs.
Stress can be due to various reasons. These can be personal problems (breaking up with a loved one, trouble with children, illness), or external circumstances, such as losing a job. In such a situation, various biochemical processes take place in the human body, which can have a negative impact on health if their exposure continues for a long period of time. To neutralize the effects of stress, almost all systems of the human body are involved, but the endocrine system plays the greatest role. It is in the process of its work that various stress hormones are released.
The role of adrenaline in stress
Understanding which hormones are produced first, it should be noted that these are adrenaline and norepinephrine. They are involved in the regulation of body processes at times of peak nervous stress. They are responsible for triggering built-in mechanisms that adapt the body to a state of stress. They are released into the blood by the adrenal glands. The level of adrenaline rises sharply at the moment of experiencing anxiety, in conditions of shock, or when a person experiences fear. Entering the circulatory system and spreading throughout the body, adrenaline leads to a rapid heartbeat, the pupils become dilated in a person. At the same time, it must be taken into account that its long-term impact on human systems leads to the depletion of protective forces.
The release of norepinephrine is accompanied by a sharp increase in blood pressure. This stress hormone is also released at the time of increased nervous stress or when a person is in shock. From a psychological point of view, adrenaline is considered the hormone of fear, and norepinephrine is considered the hormone of rage. Having different effects on the body, both hormones make its systems work almost to the limit of what is possible and, thus, on the one hand, protect the body from stress, and on the other hand, help a person get out of a difficult situation. If the production of these hormones is impaired, a person's behavior in a stressful situation may be inadequate.
Mechanism of action of cortisol
Another stress hormone called cortisol and stress are almost inseparable. A sharp increase in the level of the hormone is observed precisely at the moments of peak physical or emotional stress. This is a kind of protective reaction of the body. Influencing the nervous system in a certain way, this hormone prompts the brain to look for the best way out of the situation, it maximizes its activity. If muscle effort is required to get out of a difficult situation, then cortisol can give them an unexpected boost. It is the action of this hormone that explains the sharp increase in speed and the ability to climb trees in hunters who were running away from a bear. Or a sharp surge of strength in mothers who were forced to protect their children.
The action of cortisol is that the body finds sources of fast energy, which is glucose or muscles. Therefore, prolonged stress and, accordingly, maintaining a high level of cortisol for a long time can lead to muscle breakdown (after all, they cannot constantly supply a person with energy) and weight gain. The body requires the restoration of glucose reserves, and the person begins to increase the consumption of sweets, which leads to an increase in body weight.
Effects of cortisol on the body
In the normal state, the stress hormone cortisol is not only not harmful, but also beneficial for the normal functioning of human vital systems. Thanks to him, the sugar balance is regulated, normal metabolism is ensured, insulin production in the right volumes and stable breakdown of glucose is ensured. Under conditions of stress, there is a sharp increase in cortisol levels. As described above, the short-term effect of peak hormone production is even beneficial, but when stressed for a long time, it is harmful.
A constant increase in the content of cortisol in the blood leads to the following consequences:
- High blood pressure, which negatively affects a person’s well-being and can lead to negative consequences, up to a stroke.
- Deterioration of the thyroid gland, which in the long term can lead to a decrease in insulin production and the appearance of diabetes mellitus.
- A sharp increase in blood glucose levels, which, together with a deterioration in the functioning of the thyroid gland, can lead to disruption of the basic systems of the body.
- Violation of the functioning of the endocrine system as a whole, which can lead, among other things, to increased bone fragility and destruction of some body tissues.
- Decreased immunity due to a malfunction in the functioning of human vital systems.
The effect of cortisol on weight
Another negative effect of this hormone on human life is the formation of new fatty tissues. With chronic stress and constantly elevated cortisol levels, a person develops cravings for fatty and sugary foods. In order to constantly deal with stressful phenomena, the body needs fast energy reserves - glucose and amino acids. The first is contained in the blood and enters there as a result of the consumption of sugar or sweet foods, and the second component is in the muscles. It turns out a vicious circle. The body requires sweets, which are made up of glucose and carbohydrates, glucose is consumed to combat stress, and carbohydrates are converted to fat and stored to create energy reserves. Moreover, it is quite difficult to eliminate such fat, it is formed in men in the lower abdomen, and in women - on the hips. In these places, it is very difficult to remove it even through exercise.
Moreover, the presence of high levels of cortisol often interferes with weight loss. First, the body gives signals that it needs additional nutrition, which leads to a feeling of hunger, which means that the weight does not decrease. Secondly, under the influence of cortisol, muscle is broken down into amino acids, which are required for a defensive reaction to deal with stress. This leads to the fact that a person does not have the strength to exercise. Thus, it is difficult for a person to lose weight, both through physical activity and through diet. To lose weight, you must first reduce the amount of cortisol in the body.
prolactin and stress
The stress hormone prolactin acts in most cases on women. This is due to the fact that it is associated with the implementation of the function of having children. The level of this hormone in women also increases dramatically during periods of unexpected mental stress. Its negative effect lies in the fact that with prolonged exposure it leads to a violation of ovulation, menstruation schedules, and therefore problems with conceiving a child. In addition, it can lead to various diseases of the female genital organs and the reproductive system.
Prolactin also rises during pregnancy, which leads to various emotional outbursts in women. However, a constant hormonal failure can lead to problems with breastfeeding in the future. Therefore, if during pregnancy a woman has signs of depression, it is necessary to make an analysis for the level of this hormone. A timely reaction and the appointment of medications will contribute to the birth of a healthy child and the positive mood of the expectant mother.
Constant stress in women, which means an increased content of prolactin in the blood, can lead not only to problems with pregnancy, but also to other critical consequences. Therefore, it is extremely important to learn how to deal with stress, look at life positively and avoid strong nervous overload.
Stress management
To avoid health problems caused by stress hormones, you need to learn how to manage your mental and nervous state. There are a fairly large number of methods of dealing with stress and increasing stress resistance. Someone spends time alone every day in a quiet, peaceful place, someone goes to an empty place and just screams to throw out negative energy, and for someone the best anti-stress is going to a boxing gym. The main thing is to find your own way and actively use it. It is also necessary to remember that a healthy and restful sleep is the key to a stable nervous and endocrine systems.
Healthy do sport. At the same time, training should not be to the point of exhaustion, but simply sufficient. Excessively active sports can, on the contrary, provoke the release of cortisol and lead to weight gain, and not to a positive psychotropic effect. In general, participation in sports events and regular physical activity (especially outdoors) contribute to the production of endorphins by the endocrine system - hormones of joy and happiness, which significantly increase stress resistance.
Healthy listen to good music, distribute things in advance to eliminate the feeling that everything needs to be done at the same time, but there is no time (this is one of the most common causes of stress). It also has a positive effect on the mental, nervous and endocrine systems. massage, manual therapy, meditation, breathing exercises.
So, when a person is stressed, complex biochemical processes take place in the body, which are accompanied by a sharp increase in the choice of special substances, which are called stress hormones. On the one hand, they form a protective reaction, help to quickly find a way out of a difficult situation, but, on the other hand, with prolonged nervous tension, stress hormones lead to disturbances in the body, unbalancing its systems. The consequence of constant stress can be various chronic and incurable diseases. Therefore, you need to deal with stress and learn to manage your emotional state.
Stress factors affect both the state of mind and the body as a whole. In traumatic situations, biochemical changes are triggered that can lead to hormonal imbalance. Failure causes various reactions - body weight increases, mood worsens, immunity decreases. The cause of this phenomenon is cortisol, it is he who is named.
Mechanism of stress hormone production
Many have heard about cortisol, but women are especially concerned about its presence, since there is a connection between the effect of the hormone on weight gain. How is cortisol produced and affected by the body?
During stress, the human body goes into a state of combat readiness. The adrenal glands send the hormone into the blood, as a result, there is energy to counteract.
With constant anxiety and negative experiences, the amount of cortisol increases, which leads to a negative impact on health. If in small doses the stress hormone regulates the state of a person, then at high volumes it is harmful. As a rule, serious violations are associated with.
In addition to stress, a malfunction in the hormonal system and an increase in cortisol cause large doses of alcohol, disruption of the ovaries, poor ecology, and drug use.
Negative effects of cortisol on the body
Hormonal disorders against the background of excess cortisol lead to the following complications:
- an increase in adipose tissue in the waist area in both women and men;
- the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus increases;
- there is a malfunction in the thyroid gland, its functions are suppressed;
- immune forces decrease, as a result, the body becomes susceptible to the development of infectious and colds;
- sleep disturbances occur. Sleep becomes superficial, inconsistent, after such a rest there is no surge of strength;
- tissue density decreases, this leads to a risk of injury, pain in the back and joints begins;
- the skin becomes thinner, hair loss begins;
- increased cholesterol levels, blood pressure.
Thus, hormonal failure due to stress affects almost the entire body.
The effect of cortisol on the body of a woman
Severe stress changes the hormonal background, while some women are especially susceptible to its effects. This influence is associated with the characteristics of the female body. Elevated levels of cortisol reduce the beneficial effects of other hormones, and there is also a link between stress and ovarian hormones. Let's consider these phenomena in more detail.
Signs of hormonal changes due to stress
How to identify early symptoms of hormonal changes by?
Firstly, some women have unreasonable anxiety and palpitations before the onset of the menstrual cycle. The excitement is very strong and does not allow to relax.
Secondly, elevated cortisol levels negatively affect sleep. After a night's rest, there is fatigue, fog in the head, muscle pain.
Thirdly, there is a decrease in sexual desire, as well as a failure in eating behavior. Some women note a craving for unhealthy food, a desire to eat something all the time.
So, when the level of hormones is disturbed, it negatively affects health and general condition. Stress exacerbates diseases that would not have manifested in a calm phase of life. Hormonal failure worsens health, aggravated psychological experiences. The body begins to give signals, trying to restore health. More and more vital energy is required from him, depression and emotional decline sets in. Experts advise with mood swings, irritability, loss of strength and other manifestations to contact an endocrinologist. It is possible that the causes of ill health lie precisely in hormonal disruptions.
Ecology of life. Health: Stress is an important element of our life. A healthy dose of stress helps us wake up in the morning, avoid dangerous situations, be efficient at work, and set and achieve goals.
Stress is an important element of our life. A healthy dose of stress helps us wake up in the morning, avoid dangerous situations, be efficient at work, and set and achieve goals.
Therefore, small doses of stress in everyday life are simply necessary. Unfortunately, modern life is full of all kinds of stressful situations, and our task is to learn how to control stress, and not let stress be the master of our lives, depriving us of sleep and appetite, disrupting hormonal balance, thereby causing irreparable damage to our health.
As you know, stress is a reaction of our body to a situation, as a result of which hormones are released into the bloodstream, which help us cope with the problem with the reserve forces of the body.
Cortisol is the main stress hormone.
Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates our ability to manage stress. It has a strong effect on many physiological processes in the body: the processes of digestion, the functioning of the cardiovascular system, blood pressure indicators. It affects the level of physical activity, the quality of sleep, and can also stimulate irresistible cravings for sweets.
During an unexpected stressful situation (for example, while driving a car you didn’t notice a sign and broke the rules), your adrenal glands release a large amount of cortisol into the blood in a fraction of a second, as a result of which you feel a surge of energy and begin to quickly think about what it threatens you and what should be done to avoid problems. Quickly assessing the situation and realizing that you are not in danger (because no one has seen you!), you leave the scene and return to normal life.
Unfortunately, for many people, the problem is precisely to return to normal life - to live in the present moment, and not endlessly relive the dramatic experience of the past or paint pessimistic pictures of the future. In this state of consciousness (better to say - subconsciousness), the human body is constantly under stress, which gives rise to a series of various kinds of undesirable reactions: high blood pressure, excess weight, premenstrual syndrome, poor sleep, hormonal imbalance and much, much more.
To understand how cortisol interacts with all other hormones such as: progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, insulin, oxytocin, thyroid hormones, etc., imagine a fire truck speeding through the city with a flashing light and a loud siren. On the way of the fire, all cars, giving way, stop.
The same thing happens with most of the hormones in our body during stress: in the presence of cortisol, their work is suspended or even blocked.
As a result- extra pounds on the waist and hips, sudden mood swings, irregular menstrual cycle, premenstrual syndrome, reduced immunity, digestive problems, poor sleep, benign and malignant neoplasms.
Sustained high levels of cortisol (days, weeks, months) in the blood lead to atrophy of the hippocampus (brain structure responsible for memory), leading to loss of focus, depression, unstable mood and insomnia. Constantly producing megadoses of cortisol, the adrenal glands are gradually depleted and begin to dramatically reduce the synthesis of cortisol, which leads to chronic fatigue syndrome, muscle pain, bone demineralization and a complete loss of interest in life.
The biggest thing you can do for your health is to control your stress levels, and therefore your cortisol levels. The pharmacological industry offers a wide range of antidepressants and relaxants to normalize well-being, but unfortunately, they all have side effects and develop persistent addiction. And, as practice shows, you can’t solve the main problem with pills. But conscious being, control and correction of one's behavior and one's own life leads to the desired and lasting results. Small changes lead to big changes, especially if done regularly.
So, how to control the level of cortisol in the blood:
1. Every day, learn to observe your condition and evaluate it on a 10-point scale, where 10 points is your ideal physical, emotional and energy state. Notice what and who causes negative emotions in you and leads to uncontrolled mental dialogue, which, in turn, triggers a physiological stress response and raises cortisol levels. Being in the position of an observer, you learn to control your emotions and thoughts, preventing unwanted body reactions. Be patient with yourself and those around you. Pause several times a day and breathe deeply for 1-2 minutes, helping to restore inner peace and tranquility.
2. pray. Practice calm physical exercises - relaxing practices not only calm the nervous system, but also balance the level of brain neurotransmitters - serotonin and dopamine, responsible for a good mood. Smile more, laugh, watch humorous programs and comedies. Laughter increases serotonin levels and lowers cortisol levels. Take life lightly, with a healthy sense of humor, because everything is relative!
3. Morning is wiser than evening - Russian proverb says. A good night's sleep works wonders! It is advisable to be in bed before ten in the evening and sleep at least 8-9 hours daily. At night, try not to watch TV or work on the computer, as artificial light reduces the activity of the hormone melatonin, which is responsible for full sleep. Sound sleep harmonizes the work of the nervous system and contributes to the normalization of cortisol levels.
4. Information for coffee lovers: each cup of coffee stimulates the release of cortisol by the adrenal glands and, as a result, you immediately feel a surge of energy and an uplift in mood. Unfortunately, this effect does not last long, and you reach for a second cup of coffee… In addition to raising cortisol levels, caffeine constricts blood vessels and dehydrates the body. Even a small amount of coffee in the morning reduces the effectiveness of your night's sleep.
Caffeine Stimulates Unreasonable Anxiety and Causes Muscle Tension (especially in the jaw-facial area). In addition, to ofeine disrupts the normal absorption of many vitamins and minerals leading to mineral and vitamin starvation of the body.
If you find it difficult to give up coffee right away, then at least reduce your consumption to one or half a cup a day. Adding cinnamon, cardamom or nutmeg to coffee significantly reduces the negative effects of caffeine on the body.
Stress as the culprit of hyperhidrosis.
Nature itself made sure that the human body could regulate its own temperature. The release of sweat occurs when the air temperature rises in the room or on the street, and during physical exertion. In this way, the body cools itself, saves from overheating.
Now the situation is different - everyone knows that under stress you can sweat in just a second. Strong excitement before exams or during an unpleasant conversation with the boss often causes increased sweating of the armpits, arms, legs, and back. Moreover, when a person has a tendency to sweating since childhood, mental causes often come to the fore. So why does hyper sweating of the body occur during excitement, stress?
Stress has been a protective function of the body since ancient times.
The human body reacts to stress in the way it has been in it since time immemorial - by gathering all its forces into a single whole and switching to full combat readiness. As a response to the danger, our adrenal glands begin to produce an increased amount of hormones, thanks to which, in these difficult moments, everything that has not been mobilized before is mobilized in the body.
The release of stress hormones (adrenaline, cortisol) into the blood is one of the most ancient reactions that we inherited from distant ancestors. In their life, there were not exactly more stressful situations, but they were qualitatively different - either an enemy (or a beast) attacked, or they had to escape from a natural disaster, or the situation forced them to enter into a confrontation with a relative. The brain reacted to stress with a chain of certain chemical reactions, as a result of which a large amount of adrenaline and cortisol entered the bloodstream - hormones that are responsible for the rush of blood flow to the muscles (so that a person can fight or run away) and the outflow of blood from all other systems.
Nowadays, we practically do not feel the need for such muscle activation - domestic conflicts in the 21st century are resolved mainly by peaceful means. However, the reaction remained - every time, receiving a signal of stress, the brain instructs the adrenal glands to produce stress hormones, which instantly reduce the activity of the immune system, inhibit cognitive functions, slow down digestion processes, but contribute to faster breakdown of proteins and carbohydrates and activate muscles. That is why during periods of stress we easily catch a cold or flu, lose appetite and sleep, rush from corner to corner and think hard - all this is the result of the action of stress hormones - adrenaline and cortisol. And only when the brain receives a signal that the stress has passed, these hormones begin to gradually, with the help of special enzymes, be removed from the blood.
Why does a person sweat a lot when stressed?
Stress- this is the tension of the body associated with an adverse effect on it or the appearance of a situation threatening the life or well-being of the individual. Simply put, stress is a protective reaction against dangerous influences. A stressor (a factor that causes stress) can be both physiological and psychological.
The term "stress" was introduced into medicine by the Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye, who was the first to describe the symptoms of this condition. The first thing to look out for when stressed is rise in blood pressure. Our blood pressure is regulated by the nervous system and hormonal mechanisms. During the day, the pressure can change significantly. Usually during sleep, it is lower, and during wakefulness or stress, it rises. Emotional state also greatly affects blood pressure. Emotions lead to the release of the stress hormone adrenaline into the blood, which is produced by the adrenal glands. As a result, the heart beats faster and faster, and the pressure in the vessels increases. In addition, another adrenal hormone, cortisol, also affects the pressure. This hormone, unlike adrenaline, is "anti-stress", but it also affects the level of blood pressure.
It is known that hypertension (high blood pressure) is one of the main causes of death in modern society. Why is this happening? The cause of hypertension is frequent, prolonged neuropsychic stress, prolonged stressful situations that people are voluntarily or involuntarily exposed to. Looking for a job, raising children, the need to meet social standards, endless disputes at work, the eternal conflict between fathers and children, difficulties in personal life, hassle over many kilometers of traffic jams and a state of horror from being late for the most important meeting in life - but you never know today there are reasons why we turn from a cheerful person into a gloomy, hunted or aggressive creature. All this forces our psyche to be constantly in tension. Stress is especially harmful in combination with smoking and alcohol abuse, and yet such a combination of factors provoking hypertension is quite common in everyday life. The most common complications of hypertension are damage to the heart, brain, and kidneys.
What happens in the human body during stress and why does excessive sweating occur?
When a stressful situation occurs, adrenaline is released into the blood, which activates the autonomic nervous system, which, in turn, is responsible for regulating the functions of internal organs. A person’s blood vessels narrow, the number of heartbeats increases (tachycardia), blood pressure rises, and the blood thickens (so that a person does not lose a lot of blood in certain stressful situations associated, for example, with physical injuries of the body, the blood becomes thick), and the heart begins to quickly provide the tense muscles with oxygen in a rapid rhythm to pump thick blood through the vessels. The work of the heart in this mode always entails an increase in the level of sweating, since a lot of additional energy is released in the body because of this. Therefore, further, the brain sends appropriate neuroimpulses in order to reduce the heart rate and bring them back to normal, that is, to weaken the excessive autonomic reaction to the heart. To improve the heat transfer of the body, which is in a state of stress, sweating occurs - a person sweats either his palms, or his armpits, or his whole body.
The danger of chronic stress.
There is nothing terrible in the short-term stress of all the resources of the body, it is much worse if the stress "becomes a habit" and becomes chronic.
Strong excitement for a long time has its detrimental effect on the work of internal organs. The consequences of excess adrenaline and cortisol in our system are high blood pressure, decreased muscle tissue, decreased bone density, blood sugar imbalance (hyperglycemia), increased abdominal fat in the body, decreased immunity and increased inflammatory reactions, suppressed thyroid function, delayed healing wounds, impaired cognitive functions (attention, memory, language, visual-spatial perception and executive functions). This can lead to big problems such as high cholesterol, diabetes, stomach and duodenal ulcers, heart attack and stroke. Constant nervous overload leads to depletion of the function of the adrenal glands - hypoadrenia. The level of sex hormones falls, hence impotence in men and early menopause in women.
To keep adrenaline and cortisol at healthy levels, the body's response to every manifestation of stress must be relaxation. It is important to learn how to control stress. There are many ways, everyone should find what works best for him.
Very helpful to relax the mind and body and keep stress hormones at the right level are the following techniques:
The more cortisol is released into the body, the worse the person feels. Not only does muscle tissue, which serves as an ideal material for cortisol, be destroyed, but bones are also destroyed. With constant stress and depression, a person begins to seek solace in eating food, especially sweet and starchy foods. The body, due to the constant expenditure of energy, gives the urge to increase appetite in order to renew reserves. In the end, if the adrenal glands constantly secrete cortisone or another stress hormone, they will simply refuse to work and the body will remain unprotected during stressful situations.
Other causes of increased cortisol levels in the blood:
Other stress hormones: adrenaline and norepinephrine
In addition to cortisol, the adrenal glands also secrete adrenaline and norepinephrine. These hormones are released during anxiety, small fears, shock. Adrenaline enters the bloodstream and directs its action to the work of the heart, the heartbeat increases, the pupils dilate. Norepinephrine causes an increase in blood pressure and is called the rage hormone.
How to Lower Your Stress Hormone Levels
Cortisol and adrenaline go down after gaining control over stress and anxiety. Improving the emotional background and constant rest will lower hormone levels and improve mood. You also need a little exercise and good nutrition to resume the work of the body.
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The effect of stress hormones on the general condition of the body
In conditions of constant stress, nervous tension, poor ecology, lack of time, we pay less and less attention to our health. Experiencing discomfort, people prefer to “quickly” swallow a pill, without even thinking about the causes of the ailment. As a result, the disease takes a chronic form, tormenting a person sometimes until death. I would like to understand this issue a little. Why does stress level affect our health so much? It is worth paying attention to our little defenders, designed to save our lives in any extreme situations. When a person is stressed, the hypothalamus acts on a messenger substance (corticotropin releasing hormone) molecules. That, in turn, stimulates the activity of the pituitary gland. Next, the pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone, which commands our adrenal glands. Substances similar in their action are secreted from the adrenal glands: adrenaline, norepinephrine and cortisol. Let's take a look at these hormones.
Stress hormones catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine
In any situation where there is a threat, the adrenal glands begin to produce catecholamines, after which the heart rate increases, blood pressure rises, and nervous and muscle excitation increases. The body prepares to fight or flee. Adrenaline and norepinephrine enhance the work of the endocrine glands and the brain. It is for this reason that, in danger, a person thinks faster, becomes more resilient. Norepinephrine in the body enhances the reaction of aggression, regulates the speed and volume of blood flow. Catecholamines are the heavy artillery of our body, designed to cope with any dangers in a short time.
The stress hormone cortisol is a protective hormone
The hormone cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands, converts proteins into energy for the body. In extreme conditions, whether it be hunger, blood loss, cold, pain, physical stress, nervous stress, cortisol levels rise sharply, helping a person survive. Its action is longer than the action of adrenaline and norepinephrine. It is worth noting that cortisol is an antagonist of insulin, increases the breakdown of fats. Since it is designed to protect a person from blood loss, it enhances tissue regeneration, therefore, it contributes to an increase in the number of red blood cells and platelets.
The production of cortisol depends on the time of day, and in pregnant women it also depends on the duration of pregnancy (it increases by 2-5 times). Prolonged exposure to cortisol can cause:
- violations in the work of the heart and stomach;
― slackness of muscles, flabbiness and aging of skin;
― fragility of bones and many other things.
This hormone turns on the human immunity at full capacity, mobilizing all the forces of the body. That is why the consequence of prolonged stress can be a serious illness. And this is not a complete list of those hormones that are produced in our body in response to stress.
Lack of hormones, as well as excess, is harmful to the body. Imbalance leads to serious illness, and in some cases, to death of a person. Wise nature has created a system of protection against stress in our body. Man, by his inattention, turned this mechanism into his own killer. It is in the power of each person to reduce the amount of stressful situations. It is worth running less after time and resting more often, enjoying the moment “here and now”.
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stress hormones. Part one. adrenal glands
Under stress, the level of activity of the functional systems of the body changes - cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, digestive, genitourinary. An important role in maintaining this new status is played by hormones, the release of which is under the control of the hypothalamus. The most active gland of internal secretion during stress are the adrenal glands.
Hormones released by the adrenal glands during stress:
The hormones of the adrenal medulla are catecholamines. Catecholamines are biologically active substances, they include adrenaline, norepinephrine and dopamine.
Adrenaline and norepinephrine are produced not only by the nervous tissue, but also by the adrenal medulla (in the latter case, they act as hormones when they enter the bloodstream). Their effects in our body are somewhat different.
In humans, epinephrine, synthesized by the adrenal medulla, is approximately 80%, and only 20% is norepinephrine. In a rat, for example, these substances are synthesized in a ratio of 1:1. But with prolonged stimulation of the adrenal glands, the complete synthesis of the adrenaline molecule is disrupted, and norepinephrine is mainly formed and enters the blood.
Mechanism of action of stress hormones
Hormones are among the most unexplored substances in the body. Thanks to them, the organs perform their functions correctly, but a failure almost always becomes a cause for the development of diseases. One of the most controversial is prolactin, which is produced in the pituitary gland. On the one hand, thanks to him, women have breast milk after the birth of a baby, on the other hand, its amount increases with stress. The latter can be a prerequisite for hormonal imbalance.
What is prolactin?
Prolactin is considered a female hormone because it is produced during breastfeeding and maintains the corpus luteum in the ovary.It is a hormone produced in the anterior part of the pituitary gland. Its formation is due to dopamine, which is produced by the nuclei of the hypothalamus. Getting through the circulatory system to the pituitary gland, it leads to a blockage of prolactin. Its production is also reduced by progesterone, which appears in women after ovulation.
The substance is a single chain polypeptide. It contains 199 amino acids. There are three disulfide bridges in one molecule. Due to the heterogeneity of the molecule, assays may show different results. Prolactin receptors are found in the mammary glands of the liver, kidneys, pancreas, adrenal glands, muscle frame, skin, and in some parts of the central nervous system.
The largest amount of the hormone is produced in the deep sleep phase and immediately after waking up. Over time, its number decreases. The stress hormone performs several functions:
- participates in the formation of secondary sexual characteristics in women during development;
- suppresses the possibility of ovulation during breastfeeding;
- has an analgesic effect;
- reduces the level of other hormones;
- activates the correct immune response;
- stimulates the balance of various substances in the body.
Doctors note that all the features of the described hormone have not yet been identified. Modern research is aimed at obtaining a complete picture of it, its functions.
Relationship between prolactin and stress
Against the background of physical fatigue, in violation of psychological or mental balance, the amount of prolactin in the blood rises sharply. In the presence of a traumatic factor, physiological changes occur. Endocrine tissues are most susceptible to various aggressors.
At the first sign of danger, the adrenal glands begin to work actively. They produce adrenaline and norepinephrine. The values of the first increase with anxiety, various shock states, and fear. When it enters the bloodstream, it leads to increased heart rate and dilated pupils. Too long exposure to adrenaline causes a decrease in the body's defenses.
Norepinephrine is released during severe stress, mainly leading to an increase in blood pressure. If adrenaline is otherwise called the “hormone of fear”, then “norepinephrine” is rage.
During strenuous exercise, cortisol is produced. It does not have too much effect on the body, but with its accumulation, constant exposure, there is a feeling of depression, there is a craving for foods with a high glucose content.
Prolactin is also involved in the chain of biochemical reactions during stress. It appears not only in a state of stress, but also depression. Against the background of its excessive increase, a metabolic disorder occurs. It is necessary to protect the body: special mechanisms are launched that allow a person to adapt to new conditions.
In small doses, stress hormones regulate the state of a person, but at high volumes they begin to cause harm. Substances have a particularly strong negative effect in chronic stress.
An increase in prolactin causes chronic fatigue and sleep disturbances. Effects of increased stress hormone
Prolactin regulates the functioning of the reproductive system, affects the metabolism. When stress occurs, its instant increase in the blood. This triggers a number of pathological processes:
- anorexia;
- polycystic ovary syndrome;
- cirrhosis of the liver;
- increased cholesterol and blood pressure;
- disturbance in sleep cycles;
- thinning of the skin.
Different effects are observed in men and women. In the representatives of the stronger sex with an increased amount of the stress hormone, there is a weakening of potency, a lack of sexual desire. This is due to a decrease in the production of sex hormones and sperm. There is a sharp decrease in testosterone (male hormone), intensive production of estrogen (female hormone).
If the level of prolactin has increased against the background of physical overwork, excessive loads, the temporary reaction does not affect the hormonal balance. In other cases, prolonged depression, the appearance of excess weight, a decrease in vitality, infertility and impotence are possible.
Since testosterone and prolactin are dependent on each other, the more prolactin in the body, the less testosterone. Accordingly, the lower the level of the male hormone, the more various problems can arise.
With a long-term increase in prolactin, not associated with breastfeeding, there may be a violation of the menstrual cycle. Sometimes this symptom is the only complaint. Additionally, you may see:
- Infertility. It is due to the fact that a woman does not ovulate, which means that the conception of a child does not occur.
- Hyperestrogenism. There is an increased amount of estrogen. Because of this, the amount of natural lubrication released decreases, libido decreases. Against the background of long-term reactions, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and osteoporosis may develop.
- Obesity. An increase in hormones leads to an increased consumption of food, especially sweets. Because of this, a larger amount of subcutaneous fatty tissue is formed.
- Visual impairment. With prolonged hyperprolactinemia, an increase in pituitary cells occurs, which is localized near the optic nerves. This leads to visual impairment.
With prolonged stress and depression, uncontrolled production of the hormone begins, which, as a result, can lead to the formation of cancerous tumors.
How to identify an increased amount of stress hormone?
Any doctor can recommend testing for prolactin levels. But if elevated values are detected, a consultation with an endocrinologist is prescribed. Blood for research can be taken several times, since the increase in prolactin depends on the level of antisocial mood and general well-being. For this reason, it is recommended to carry out diagnostics at intervals of 10 days. The optimal time is 2-3 hours after waking up. If hyperprolactinemia persists in multiple samples, doctors may suspect serious pathologies.
Diagnosis includes laboratory and hardware research methods to find the cause of the increase in the stress hormone. In addition to a blood test, additional studies may be prescribed. It:
- x-ray examination,
Ultrasound is more often prescribed for women to examine the mammary glands. The method confirms the presence of an increased volume of glandular tissue. In men, ultrasound can detect a decrease in the size of the testicles.
MRI allows you to show an adenoma, some types of tumors. Neoplasms are examined using contrast agents that are administered intravenously. Additionally, an X-ray is used to detect pituitary tumors.
Thus, hardware studies allow us to determine the root cause of the increase in the stress hormone in the body. In the study of other stress hormones, it can be assumed that there are traumatic factors in life that determine the cause of the failure of systems and organs.
Treatment of patients with high prolactin
It is not necessary to treat with elevated rates if:
- hormone concentration up to 1000 U / l;
- the structure of the pituitary gland is not changed;
- the work of the organs of the reproductive system occurs without changes;
- the person is of normal weight.
The main assistant in the fight against elevated prolactin is dopamine. They "compete" with each other, creating a balance. To normalize the condition, it is recommended to do what brings pleasure, to give the body time to rest. A positive effect on the hormonal background is exerted by:
- bananas,
- apples,
- watermelons,
- Strawberry,
- prunes.
A good relaxing effect is massage, which allows you to normalize the emotional state. You can lower your stress hormone levels with regular exercise. They should not be debilitating, as this may be a prerequisite for his increase. The best option is to do gymnastics in a well-ventilated room or on the street.
Before going to bed, you can make and take soothing infusions, which include mint, lemon balm and hops. Lowers the level of anxiety and tablets with valerian extract. When using a prutnyak, give preference to a tincture of seeds. For this 40 gr. raw materials are poured with alcohol or vodka in the amount of 230 gr., insisted for two weeks in a dark place. A tincture is taken in a large spoon, diluted in 60 ml. water 30 minutes before meals.
In drug treatment, different therapeutic methods are used for women and men. They are addressed only if it is impossible to reduce the level of the hormone in other ways.
Is it possible to prevent hormonal disruption during stress?
The main rule is to listen to your body. With hormonal changes against the background of stress, an unreasonable heartbeat and anxiety appear. Sleep ceases to give a sense of rest. In the morning there is fatigue, fog in the head, pain in the muscles. There is a decrease in sexual desire and a failure in eating behavior.
You need to give yourself time to rest and relax. Try to spend more time outdoors. Do not forget about communication, which helps to reduce the level of anxiety, switch to positive experiences.
Thus, prolactin is more of a female stress hormone, since its increase is more often observed in the fairer sex. An increase in certain substances in the body is a protective effect. But in the absence of adjustment of the state, physiological problems appear. Therefore, it is important to monitor your emotional state.
