Physicist and astronomer Stefan Feeney of University College London, one of the...
Supporters of the European style in the construction of suburban real estate in most cases opt for a hip roof, the advantage of which is not only external attractiveness, but also the reliability of the structure. Choosing even the simplest option for execution, you can use a lot of interesting elements that can give the building a special sophistication and uniqueness.
What is a hip roof
The most uncomplicated hip roof is made in the form of a frame with four slopes: two triangular end, called hips, and two frontal trapezoidal planes. All slopes are laid from the ridge element to the eaves, while the front surface has a larger area and length of the slope.
In addition to the standard version, there are half-hipped roofs, which are usually used to create a design in the Dutch style. This option provides for the installation of frontal slope eaves significantly lower than the end ones. It is advisable to build such a roof when arranging an attic space as a living space.
All four hip roof slopes converge on a ridge beam, which is smaller than on gable roofs
The installation of a hip roof is carried out on the basis of the assembly of nodes and elements that are also present in the structures of more complex roofs.
The main frame of the structure is assembled from the following elements:
- For the manufacture of side rafters and intermediate systems, boards with a section of 50 × 150 mm are harvested. When constructing a structure, it should be remembered that the extreme rafters should have a smaller angle at the top than the intermediate ones.
- The installation of short rafter legs is carried out to the corner rafter, and not to the ridge, while their angle of inclination should be the same as that of the intermediate parts.
- For ridge elements, material of the same section is selected as for rafters.
In the frame of the hip roof, it is customary to distinguish between central and intermediate rafters. The central elements are called, the docking of which is carried out at the corners of the ridge beam from three sides. Intermediate rafters are located between the central ones and connect the ridge with the Mauerlat, forming a cornice.
The central rafters converge on the ridge element from three sides Additional, but no less important in the construction of a hip roof are the following factors:
Photo gallery: houses with hip roofs
All arches of the hip roof of a square house converge at one point. Part of the attic structure can be brought out on the slope of the hip roof. The house can have extensions covered with a similar roof. The roofs of several equal parts of the house can be combined into a single structure. The slopes of the hip roof can be made of glass. The hip roof looks great on buildings in the medieval style
Self-construction of a hip roof: detailed instructions
Do-it-yourself roof installation requires strict adherence to the construction stages, as well as the skills of similar work and a set of special tools.
List of tools and materials for the construction of a hip roof
Installation of a roof frame is impossible not only without high-quality lumber or roofing, but also without appropriate fasteners.
Metal fasteners include:
- nails and self-tapping screws for roofing;
- anchor bolts;
- steel corners;
- other details responsible for the reliability and strength of the structure under construction.
An important point in the arrangement of the roof frame is the installation of a sliding fastening of truss trusses both on the ridge and at the junctions with the Mauerlat. This method of fixing the elements of the rafters eliminates the possibility of damage to the roofing system due to shrinkage of the load-bearing walls and during seasonal deformations of the building. .
Sliding fastening allows the elements of the rafters to move within tolerances with small deformations of the building frame The structure of the rafters is assembled from the following materials:
- Mauerlat is made of timber with a section of 100 × 150 mm.
- For the ridge and rafters, a beam with a section of 50 × 150 mm is selected. Specialists involved in the installation of rafters recommend using timber or boards with the same section in their work, only then the maximum strength and quality of the structure will be achieved.
- The rafter system, as soon as it is ready, is equipped with a wooden crate with a section of boards of 25 × 150 mm.
When choosing a roofing material, several options are offered, among which soft roofing is considered the best. It is easiest to attach it to complex truss systems like a hip . Before installing the coating, a layer of insulation and a vapor barrier film should be laid; if necessary, plywood can be additionally attached.
Before proceeding with the installation of the roofing cake, all wooden parts of the rafters should be treated with an antiseptic.
Installation of the structure will be carried out much faster if the necessary tools are at hand:
Video: how to make washed down rafters in a hip roof
What you need to know when designing and budgeting for construction
The design of the roof can be any, depending on the needs and capabilities of the owner of the house. The complexity of the work will depend on the location of the load-bearing walls. As the complexity of the project for its implementation increases the consumption of materials, labor costs, and the timing of the order.
The complexity of erecting a hip roof primarily depends on the size and configuration of the building. The construction of a complex hip roof is best left to professionals who will perform accurate calculations of all elements of the truss system and will be able to make the roof in strict accordance with the project. Those who like to try their hand at self-construction need to consider several factors:
- The ability of the structure and foundation to withstand the load of the future roof.
- Features of the truss system - layered and mounted structures have their own subtleties of implementation.
- Permissible cross-sectional size of wooden structural elements for given values of length and distance between roof trusses.
- Correspondence of the angles of inclination of the slopes and the rafter run when bringing them together on the ridge.
- The need to organize additional holes and protrusions, for example, for chimneys, ventilation, window and other openings.
When designing a truss system for a hip roof, many different factors must be taken into account. Step-by-step instructions for installing the truss system
First, the wood is prepared - it is well dried, treated with antiseptic compounds and dried again. As soon as the material is ready, you can proceed with its installation according to the scheme below:
- Along the perimeter of the supporting base, a Mauerlat with a mandatory waterproofing layer of roofing material or similar materials is laid and securely fastened.
The roof mauerlat is laid on a waterproofing material and fastened with studs - Mauerlat is marked according to the previously calculated dimensions. To make the marks clearly visible, it is recommended to apply them with a bright marker or even drive in small beacons. It is important to observe the identity of the markings on opposite planes, otherwise the laying of the beams will be uneven.
The marking must be done very carefully so that the truss trusses and puffs are installed evenly. - Installation of floor beams is carried out on a Mauerlat or on an additional beam, reinforced just below the plane of the walls.
Floor beams (puffs) can be mounted on the Mauerlat - To reduce the load from the supporting frame, the Mauerlat is fastened with transverse puffs.
Transverse puffs redistribute the load from the roof evenly around the entire perimeter of the truss system - After completing the laying of puffs on top of the floor beams, it is recommended to build a plank flooring for fastening to the beams. It will be convenient and safe to walk on it when performing further work.
Temporary flooring is used for safe movement over the entire floor area during the installation of rafters - Next, racks are installed for puffs or for floor beams.
- At the top, the racks are attached to the ridge beam. The central rafters from the end of the roof are also mounted on it.
- Then the marking and installation of intermediate rafters from the side of the gables is carried out.
Intermediate rafters are installed from the front side - After that, the diagonal rafters are laid, connecting the ridge element of the building with the corners. If necessary, it is possible to install additional racks.
Diagonal rafters connect the ridge roof element to the corners - To the diagonal rafters are fixed short rafters, called rafters. The distance between them should be the same as between the intermediate elements.
Jugglers connect diagonal rafters with Mauerlat - Other details of support and reinforcement may also appear in the design diagram: struts, wind beams, truss system.
- If the rafters end on the surface of the mauerlat, they must be extended beyond the frame of the building with the help of “fillies”, due to which cornices and roof overhangs are created.
Rafter legs can be attached to the Mauerlat with various rigid elements, for example:
Rafter legs to the bar of the ridge element are also attached in several ways:
- The connection of the legs above each other and above the beam, followed by fastening to the bolts.
- Creation of recesses on the rafters to strengthen the rigidity of the connection with the ridge element.
- Bringing the rafters to the ridge with their subsequent fastening with the help of wooden or metal plates.
At the point where the ridge beam is attached to the rafter legs, a rather complex knot is also obtained, and only with reliable pairing and fixation of all parts can we talk about the durability of the hip roof. In this case, the ridge beam is laid on top of the racks, after which it is fastened with wooden plates on both sides. Then the diagonal rafter elements are sawn out, which are attached to the ridge and the intermediate rafter. Similarly, the second rafter is installed for another corner of the house.
Video: do-it-yourself installation of a hip roof truss system
Roof preparation for roofing
When the rafter system is fully installed, you can begin to prepare the structure for laying roofing material:
- Marking is carried out in the places of the planned window and door openings, chimney outlets, ventilation openings, followed by framing the selected openings with wooden slats.
- Next, the roofing pie is mounted in the following sequence:
- A layer of vapor barrier film is stretched and attached to the rafters.
- The next layer is the crate.
- In the intervals between the slats, a heater with a wind protection similar to a polyethylene film is attached.
- Next, a counter-lattice is installed.
The last stage before the installation of the coating is directly determined by the selected roofing material. So, if the choice fell on a metal tile, then it can be attached directly to the counter-lattice. If a soft roof is used, then an additional layer of plywood or OSB sheets will be required.
It is recommended to strictly follow the rules for laying roofing material Arrangement of the roof ventilation system
For air intake from the under-roof space, a ventilation hole is made at the bottom of the wind filing, and for its output - in the upper part of the roof - closer to the ridge element. When creating a filing from wooden boards, you can leave a small gap between them, which will create better ventilation.
With a dense assembly of the filing, it is recommended to make several small wooden gratings and spread them out over the entire length of the wind filing in 80 cm increments. To drill the desired hole, you will have to arm yourself with a drill with a cup nozzle. The place for the upper air outlet is equipped in the roof itself.
When using flexible tiles, ventilation is carried out by a ventilated ridge, ceramic tiles allow air to be supplied through a roof valve. Ventilation of slate, ondulin and other similar coatings is carried out through standard skates. The metal tile is ventilated with a ridge seal.
Video: metal hip roof
Gazebo with hipped roof
A gazebo with a hip roof will become the standard of a design solution, and subject to competent calculation and arrangement, it will be distinguished by reliability and durability of operation. It will not be difficult to assemble a hipped roof with your own hands. This design is suitable for a gazebo in the form of a rectangle or square. The first option is an assembly of a hip structure with two triangular and the same number of trapezoidal slopes. The second option is a hip hip roof, consisting of 4 isosceles triangular slopes.
The hip roof for a square gazebo consists of four identical triangular sections A four-pitched roof is an excellent choice when building a gazebo, since it allows the use of any roof coverings, and its convenient design provides a free viewing angle, it can be easily equipped, for example, in the Chinese style, adding length to the overhangs and a few curved diagonal rafters.
At the preparatory stage of work, a drawing of the future roof is made, taking into account the main factors:
- the weight of all rafters and their additional elements;
- masses of roofing and waterproofing;
- the level of climatic loads, the layer of snow masses;
- the weight of the builders serving the roof;
- loads from equipment that is planned to be installed on the truss system.
On what will be the slope of the slopes and what materials are chosen to cover the roof, the features of the installation directly depend, for example, the spacing of the lathing battens and the truss system. And all this affects the overall weight of the building.
You can extend the life of a wooden gazebo by pre-treating all its elements with special antiseptic impregnations, as well as a fire retardant. All these compounds are applied quite simply with an ordinary brush or roller.
The support for the hipped roof of the gazebo can be wooden, brick walls or support frame racks. If a brick is used in the work, then the construction will turn out to be capital and will require the construction of a solid foundation that can withstand heavy loads. The construction of a hip roof on such a gazebo is generally similar to installing a roof on a residential building or other large-sized structure.
Small hip roofs can be assembled on pillar supports, which must first be well fixed. If the gazebo is installed on wooden poles, then you should first check the strength of the fastening of its supports, they must stand strictly vertically, and for the rigidity and stability of the frame, they are tied up with jumpers from below. Jumpers are also mounted on top, which will be a strapping for a pitched structure. Due to the high load, the supports may gradually disperse, so it is recommended to fasten them at the upper ends with diagonal jumpers in advance, and lay wooden or steel plates at the docking points.
Step-by-step instructions for installing a hip roof for a gazebo
A hipped roof is assembled in the same way as a regular hip roof, excluding the installation of a ridge beam. In this case, a bunch of diagonal rafters is made into a ridge knot.
Video: building a gazebo and a barbecue with your own hands
The lack of experience in the construction of roof structures can adversely affect the quality of the future roof and the degree of protection of the entire structure, therefore, to perform this kind of work, it is recommended to contact professional construction teams. With the right approach, the hip roof will become an excellent architectural design for a house, gazebo and any other buildings.
The roof protects the building from the penetration of adverse atmospheric phenomena into the premises. To guarantee the reliability and strength of roof structures, it is necessary to choose the right type of roof and know all its structural elements. The load from the coating and snow cover is taken over by the truss system. Most often, a hip roof becomes the best option. But what is she like?
What is a hip
The design of the hip roof is a four-pitched system. In the center of which is a ridge or just a junction point of the slopes. Roof slope - sloping surface,
This type is best suited for covering buildings that are close to a square in terms of, that is, having a large width. During the construction, there are no gables, the walls around the entire perimeter are of the same height. The optimal value of the angle of inclination in degrees will be a value from 20 to 45.
Its main parts are:
Structural elements of a hip roof
The device of the hip roof truss system assumes the presence of the following elements:
hip roof elements - Rafter legs (rafters)- the main load-bearing structures (only available for rectangular hips) are inclined beams, resting at one end on the Mauerlat, and at the other on the ridge crossbar.
- Narozhniki- rafter legs, resting with the upper and lower ends on the sloping legs. Mauerlat often acts as a lower support. These elements are the main structural parts of a square hip roof. With a rectangular shape of the building in plan, they are used in conjunction with conventional rafters, the pitch and section are the same.
- Slanted legs- diagonal rafters forming end slopes. At the lowest point, they rest on the corner of the building. They usually have a larger cross section than ordinary rafter legs. They are relied upon by the guards.
- Ridge crossbar- a horizontal beam located in the central part of the building (absent with a square building). The design of the hip roof assumes the presence of racks along it (with a gable roof, the support occurs on the gables). It is the top support for inclined beams.
- Mauerlat- a beam installed along the edge of the wall from the inside. Provides lower support for the rafters, evenly distributes the vertical component of the load along the walls and perceives the horizontal (thrust). In a log or log house, the upper crown of the wall structure serves as the Mauerlat.
- Struts- inclined racks supporting rafters, slanted legs or crossbar. Intermediate supports allow you to reduce the cross section of the bearing elements. The hip roof truss system involves the installation of struts at an angle of 60 or 45 degrees relative to the horizontal plane.
- Racks- vertical intermediate supports.
- Sprengel- horizontal beams diagonally laid in the corner of the building. They provide support under the rack set to support the skew leg. This design transfers the load to perpendicular walls and is used when it is not possible to install the rack on the ceiling. For example, it is impossible to install a support post in the middle of a reinforced concrete slab, since the slab can withstand a certain load, in which the main component is the mass of furniture, equipment and people.
- fight- a horizontal element that tightens the rafters preventing them from moving apart, can be located at the Mauerlat level or higher.
- crate- boards or bars of small section, laid perpendicular to the rafters on top of them. They serve as the basis for roofing material. A do-it-yourself hip roof is often erected with the installation of a sparse crate (through one board), but you need to remember that in especially critical places (valleys, cornices) the crate is solid.
- Control grille- bars or boards of small section. In the construction of the roof are not always used. They are installed on top of the rafter legs, parallel to them under the crate. Needed to raise the crate above the insulation between the rafters, thereby providing the necessary ventilation gap.
- Filly- boards attached to the lower end of the rafters, providing the necessary overhang of the eaves.
Some of these elements are missing in the construction of a simple roof, the mandatory structures for the hip are:
- conjurers;
- sloping legs;
- Mauerlat;
- crate.
Preparatory work
Before you make a hip roof, you need to make several design decisions, namely:
Table for calculating the pitch of hip roof rafters - rafter step;
- section of rafters and sloping legs;
- roof slope.
The step of the rafters depends on the purpose of the roof space and the width of the building. The larger the span of the rafter leg, the less you have to take a step. If the space under the roof will be used as an attic floor or a heated attic, additional insulation will be required.
Warming is carried out using three types of materials, depending on which the step is selected:
- rigid mineral wool slabs - rafter pitch 58 or 118 cm;
- polystyrene foam (polystyrene or extruded) - rafter pitch - 60 cm;
- polyurethane foam (foam) - any step.
Installation diagram of rafters in accordance with roof windows These values are due to the convenience of workers. If we take a step of supporting structures of 58 cm when using mineral wool, then convenient installation of standard slabs with a width of 60 cm will be ensured.
The manufacturer recommends that the thermal insulation material be a few centimeters wider than the distance between the clean rafters, this will ensure the most snug fit and prevent the appearance of cracks and cold bridges. The appointment of a size of 118 cm provides for laying plates in two strips in width.
When using expanded polystyrene with a standard width of 60 cm, installation with a spacer is not required. The material is held between the supporting structures by glue, special nails and the bottom battens. The gaps between the wooden elements and the slabs of heat-insulating material are filled with mounting foam or sealant.
Polyurethane foam in the form of foam removes the requirements for rafter spacing. The material can take any form given to it, which provides freedom of action in this matter.
If skylights are installed, their dimensions must also be taken into account. The clear distance between the inclined beams is taken 4-6 cm more than the width of the window. If roof insulation is not provided, choose a convenient rafter pitch, usually 1 meter.
Supporting the rafter legs on the truss The cross section of the rafters is taken by calculation, but in the general case, you can specify the following values:
- 5x15 cm for spans up to 3 m;
- 5x20 cm for spans up to 4 m;
- 7.5x17.5 for spans up to 5 m;
- 7.5x200 for spans up to 6 m.
The values are given for a rafter pitch of 0.9. As the distance increases, the cross section must also increase. The cross section of the oblique legs is also taken a little more.
Installation
Do-it-yourself hip roof is a feasible task, but you need to know the main knots for connecting structures.
The connection of the rafter legs at the top point depends on the type of rafter. They can be:
- layered;
- hanging.
The top ones rest on the crossbar. To do this, a notch is made in a horizontal beam. Fastening is done with nails.
Hanging rafter legs provide for the absence of a crossbar. They are most often used when it is necessary to organize a free layout and the absence of a central wall. In this case, there is no support under the junction. Inclined beams are fastened together with nails. Additionally, at the junction, wooden linings 22-25 cm thick are provided on both sides of the rafter legs. These linings are tightened with studs or bolts.
To fix the rafters at the lowest point, a notch is made in the Mauerlat. Inclined elements are installed and fixed with nails or metal corners. The spears are joined end-to-end to the slanting elements, at the same level.
To resist the wind loads of the roof, trying to rip it off, twists of wire are provided that connect the lower end of the rafters to the wall. In the wall, the twist is fixed on a ruff (fixing device).
When building walls from wooden materials, staples can be used instead of twists. Twists or staples are installed on each rafter leg or through one.
If you build the truss system correctly with a competent selection of the section and the pitch of the rafters, the roof will last a long time.
The hip roof is one of the varieties of four-pitched roof structures. In terms of the complexity of the arrangement, hip roofs are superior to classic and gable roofs - it is not very easy to place four slopes on the house, exactly coordinated with each other and joined at the same angles. But with a strong desire, even the most difficult activities become clear and simple. Check out the guide and get started.
The four-pitched roofing system has a number of distinctive features. So, the hip roof includes a pair of long slopes with a pronounced trapezoidal shape, as well as a pair of short slopes made in the form of inclined triangles.
The main difficulties in the arrangement of a traditional hip roof arise at the stage of erection of a truss structure, consisting simultaneously of sloping, ordinary and outdoor rafters.
Hip roofs perfectly withstand wind loads and generally have high performance characteristics. In order for the finished roof to serve as long and efficiently as possible, at the design stage it is necessary to solve a number of important issues, namely:
- choose the best material for arranging the roof structure;
- determine the intensity of precipitation typical for the region of construction;
- set the average and maximum wind loads.
Taking into account the above indicators, you can calculate the optimal values \u200b\u200bof the angles of inclination of the slopes and the height of the roof structure.
To perform calculations and draw up a project, you can contact a specialist or find a suitable project in one of the many open sources. If you have the proper skills, you can handle the above activities with your own hands.
The roof in question, as already noted, has a very interesting design. And if large slopes can be seen on almost all roofs, then short slopes make the system in question truly unique.
The design of the roofing system is such that the slopes do not cover the area of the house along the length and the remaining free space is filled with two short hips.
When drawing up a diagram of a hip roof structure on your own, you will need to use a marking rail and Pythagorean tables.
It is important that the roof project is as accurate as possible - this is the only way you can make the correct cuts from the rafters yourself and install all the components of the system yourself.
What do you need to know before getting started?
In order for the system to fully comply with all the requirements put forward, remember the following recommendations:
- the intermediate components of the hip roof truss system are steeper when compared with the corner parts, therefore, the boards used to equip the intermediate elements must have a size of at least 5x15 cm;
- fastening of short elements is carried out to the corner truss components, and not to the ridge board. Intermediate boards must be fixed with the same slope as the short bars;
- the ridge roof system and truss elements must be made from the same material;
- intermediate rafter legs are fixed along the edges of the ridge board. They must simultaneously dock with the upper end of the harness and with the ridge board;
- rafters and ridge beams must be of equal thickness. Only if this rule is observed, you can count on the reliability and strength of the roofing system. If any rafters are thinner, after a while the roof frame will deform and the integrity of the system will be seriously compromised;
- hip roofing system can be of almost any height. However, when arranging a too low roof, it is necessary to use additional supports;
- to ensure the longest possible life of the hip roof, it is necessary to use carefully dried and high-quality coniferous timber for its arrangement. Before assembling the structure, all wooden components must be treated with antiseptic impregnation.
Hip roof construction guide
Proceed to the arrangement of the roof. Start by creating the layout of the building object.
markup
Competently executed markup, correct drawing and the most reliable calculations - these are the three fundamental factors for successful construction. Carry out the markup in accordance with the drawings. Stick to the following sequence.
First step. Mark the axis along the highest trim on the end side of the building;
Second step. Calculate 50% of the thickness of the ridge and set the location of the first element of the rafter system.
Third step. Attach one end of the measuring stick to the previously marked line. Place the other end along the line of the side wall. So you set the placement point for the intermediate rafter element.
Fourth step. Determine the length of the rafter overhang. To do this, place the beam with one edge on the outer corner of the wall, and with the other, place it on the roof overhang.
Fifth step. Calculate the next component of the center rafters. Move the rail to the edge of the side wall and mark the place where the rafters are attached. The element will be located between the upper roof trim and the side wall.
Repeat for the remaining three corners. So you will find out where the intermediate rafter legs and ends of the ridge will be installed in the future.
Payment
First step. Take the marking rail and determine the value of the horizontal projection of the intermediate rafter element. In accordance with the standardized documentation, find the appropriate roof slope for your situation and multiply the determined values.
Second step. Measure the length of the rafter. Do this from the selection at the roof ridge to the selection at the place where the support is fixed. Measure along the bottom line.
Third step. Determine the length of the overhang in the same way. To do this, multiply the value of the horizontal projection by the appropriate correction factor. You can use the position of the Pythagorean theorem, known since school days: c2=a2+b2. In the situation under consideration, a is a vertical projection, and b, respectively, a horizontal projection.
Fourth step. Proceed to the calculations of the corner components. On one side of the rafter legs there are oblique cuts, due to which reliable fixation of the elements to the roof ridge is ensured. Directly at the ridge there is an undercut with a special double bevel used for attaching corner components.
Corner rafter legs are calculated in the following order:
- from any corner of the house, the length of the truss element is measured;
- a projection is set equal to the squares of the length of the projections of the used central rafter legs, multiplied by each other;
- the resulting value is multiplied by a correction factor, which allows you to determine the length of the corner rafter leg.
Rafter installation
First step. Proceed with the installation of vertical racks, due to which the ridge beam will be supported. Fasten the elements to the central beam using the sloping system.
Second step. Install diagonal rafters. All elements must be the same length. In the case of roof overhangs, the figure will vary from 500 to 700 mm. Pay special attention to the correct joining of the hip, diagonal rafters and ridge.
Third step. Install the rafters, and then the ordinary rafters with a step of about 600 mm. Attach ordinary rafters to the Mauerlat and ridge beam using the cutting method. To strengthen the fixation, use crossbars and ties.
It is important that ordinary rafters do not come into contact with the studs, due to which the Mauerlat is fastened to the walls of the house.
Fourth step. Attach sprigs to each side of the diagonal planks, due to which the rafters will be connected to the Mauerlat.
Both ordinary truss elements and sprigs must be mounted strictly perpendicular to the ridge.
Strengthening the roof structure
When choosing a method of strengthening the rafters, be guided, first of all, by the size of the building. Among the most popular methods of amplification, the following options should be distinguished:
- at the corners of the roof, trusses are fixed with a special stand that acts as a support for the diagonal rafter element. Sprengel in this situation is a bar that you need to throw between the two angular arms of the supporting Mauerlat. If the installation of the truss has to be carried out at a great distance from the mentioned corner, professionals recommend installing a reliable truss truss;
- racks are stuffed along the reinforced concrete floor or by tightening. They will perform the function of the so-called. "Shelves" supporting the truss elements in the middle;
- if the diagonal rafters are too long, double beams should be used instead of one beam.
Ventilation
For the device of the required level of ventilation of the under-roof space, make a hole in the windproof film for air inlet. It must be placed on top, closer to the roof ridge.
If the wind filing is made of wood, it is enough just to fix the boards with a gap of 2-3 mm. If plastic products are used for the manufacture of the binder, the elements must first be perforated.
If the wind sheeting of the roof is already assembled, you can mount ordinary ventilation grilles into it. The standard diameter of such gratings is 50 mm. The mesh of the product can have any color. Lattices are placed along the entire length of the windshield with a step of about 800 mm.
In conclusion, you just have to lay the insulation, equip the waterproofing layer, fill the boards of the crate and mount the selected finish.
Now you know the main features and the procedure for self-arranging a hip roof. The work can hardly be called too easy, but using the knowledge gained in practice, you can cope with the implementation of all related activities with your own hands.
Successful work!
Video - Do-it-yourself hip roof
A hip roof is a type of four-pitched roof, in which two slopes are trapezoidal in shape, and the other two (end) are triangular (having the same name as “hips”). If the end slopes occupy the entire area from the ridge to the eaves - this is a hip roof, if they do not reach the cornice - a half-hip roof.
The roof of the house performs a dual function - on the one hand, it is entrusted with protecting the building from external influences, and on the other hand, it is designed to decorate the building and give it individuality.
Historically, in Russia they preferred simpler one-pitched roofs, while Europeans prefer a four-pitched or hipped roof, which has advantages and disadvantages under certain conditions.
Hip roof - advantages and disadvantages
Pros:
- great structural rigidity. It is achieved due to the corner ribs connecting near the ridge support beam;
- the possibility of arranging more protruding overhangs, which provides additional protection for the walls of the house;
- aesthetic appeal.
Minuses:
- complexity of calculation and installation;
- higher cost of project implementation;
- reduction in the area of the attic (in particular, at the installation site of the diagonal supports);
- the impossibility of building an attic;
- natural light is possible only through the installation of windows in the roofing pie.
Since the shortcomings are not critical, the hip-type four-pitched roof is actively practiced in the modern construction of private houses.
Varieties (types and types) of a hip roof
When studying the device of the hip roof truss system, it should be noted that within this type, there are several types of structures. In turn, this makes adjustments to the overall process of erecting the frame of the truss system.
Classic hip roof
Differs in the support of the diagonal ribs on the support beam of the ridge and the location of the overhangs at the same height. The individual elements of the hip roof correspond to the triangle (gables) and the trapezium (slopes).
Hipped hip roof
Distinguished by the absence of a ridge support beam. This leads to the fact that all diagonal ribs converge at a single point, and ordinary short rafters are already adjacent to them. Such a roof is preferred in the presence of a square box at home. But the formation of a reliable ridge knot is quite complicated.
Half hip roof
It is distinguished by the presence of vertical gables in which windows can be installed. The picture shows the difference between two varieties of half-hip roofs (Dutch and Danish).
Broken hip roof or mansard hipped roof
The most difficult in terms of construction is the design of the hip roof truss system, since in this case, all the roof slopes have a different area and diverge at different angles. A broken (mansard) roof allows you to more rationally organize the internal under-roof space and, in addition to additional living space, give the house a spectacular appearance.
hip roof construction
Regardless of the type of roof, all types have the same elements of the hip roof truss system:
ridge support beam or ridge beam - used for a classic hip roof, it acts as a supporting element to which diagonal rafters are attached;
diagonal rafter (side, edge, slanting or corner rafter) - a longer rafter leg that is attached to the end of the ridge beam at an acute angle, forming one of the sides of the triangle;
the central rafter - boards of the same length, which adjoin the ridge beam and form the edges of the trapezoidal roof slope. Between them are intermediate rafters;
intermediate or ordinary rafter - forms a plane of a trapezoidal slope, the distance between them determines the run of the truss system;
sprig or short rafter - a structural element that is attached to a diagonal rafter, forming a triangular overhang and the corner parts of the trapezoid.
hip roof calculation
The calculation of the hip roof truss system is carried out taking into account the following prerequisites:
- wind load in the region. The higher it is, the more gentle the slope should be, and the stronger the whole structure. To level out strong winds, the central and diagonal rafters are made thicker;
- the amount of precipitation. An inverse relationship is observed. The higher the amount of precipitation, the steeper the slope should be so that snow and rain do not create pressure on the rafter system;
- type of roofing material. Each type of roofing material puts forward its own requirements for the crate, and also has a certain weight. These factors must be taken into account at the design stage;
- the need for roof insulation. In this case, the installation step of the rafters is calculated taking into account the width of the heat-insulating material. In addition, the distance between the rafters depends on the type and section of wood.
The calculation of the roofing material is carried out according to the formulas, taking into account the angle of the roof. The optimal roof slope for roofing materials of various types is shown in the table:
The slope of the slope angle determines the laying of the rafters. In turn, the laying of the intermediate rafter is calculated as follows:
- first, an center line is applied to the upper trim of the end wall;
- then half the thickness of the ridge beam is calculated, and the placement line of the first of the central intermediate rafters is applied;
- then the end of the measuring rail and the placement line of the central intermediate rafter marked above are combined;
- a line of the inner contour of the side wall is applied to the opposite end of the measuring rail;
- the resulting point is the laying of the intermediate rafter.
The ratio between the length of the rafters and their laying is calculated using a correction factor, the value of which depends on the angle of inclination of the roof slope. The length of the rafter leg is determined by multiplying the laying by the coefficient.
The material was prepared for the site www.site
Formulas for calculating the hip roof
| Skate height |  |
 |
| Ridge bar length |
The length of the house minus its width |
 |
| The length of the central rafters (trapezoid) |
 |
Pythagorean theorem |
| Length of ordinary rafters | Calculated similarly to the length of the central rafters | |
| Rafter extension to form frame overhang |
 |
 |
| Tilt angle ordinary rafters |
 |
 |
| Diagonal length hip rafters |
 |
 |
| Narozhniki (short rafters) |
 First short rafter |
 |
 Second short rafter |
||
| Square hip roof |
 |
 |
How to calculate the area of a hip roof?
To know how much to buy roofing material, you need to know the total area of \u200b\u200bthe roof.
To do this, you need to break the entire roof into constituent simple geometric shapes and make a calculation for each of them.
The calculation of the hip roof area allows you to determine in advance not only the cost of purchasing roofing materials and installation, but also determine the requirements for materials, as well as the need for arrangement and the exact configuration of the crate.
Drawing of the hip roof truss system
The result of the development of the project and calculations will be a diagram-drawing of the hip roof truss system. There are no similar drawings ready for use without taking into account the features of a particular structure and the place of its construction.
The development of a preliminary scheme can be done independently (a simple sketch will determine the direction of the project). But, it is better to entrust the drawing to specialists or use special programs for calculation. It should be remembered that the more complex the roof structure, the more accurately it is necessary to calculate the truss system: configuration and materials. This will also affect the cost and duration of installation work.
The hip roof drawing should include an indication of the purpose of the material, its installation location and method of attachment. The key nodes of the hip roof truss system, for example, the adjoining of diagonal supports to the ridge beam or the installation of rafter legs on the Mauerlat, it is advisable to put them in a separate drawing and describe them in more detail.
Drawing of a hip roof (layered rafters with an emphasis on two runs)
Drawing of a hip roof truss system with a bay window
The presence of a schematic drawing will be a good help in the manufacture of blanks and subsequent installation of the roof.
Tools for building a hip roof
The design of the roof and the methods of arranging the nodes determine the set of tools that should be prepared before starting work.
To work with wood, it is useful: a level, a hacksaw, a hammer, a tape measure, a marking cord, a stapler.
To work with metal structures, you will need an electric drill, a riveter, cutting shears.
The tool and consumables must be prepared in advance, because. complex installation of the hip roof truss system involves a large number of cuts and installation of nails.
To simplify measurements and be able to make all parts of the same size, the masters advise replacing the tape measure with a measuring rod. The measuring rail is made of plywood 50 mm wide, on which the main dimensions are applied.
hip roof material
The breed and type of wood have a direct impact on the durability and reliability of the roof structure. Masters are advised to give preference to lumber or pine lumber. All blanks require pre-treatment with flame retardants and antiseptics.
In addition to wood, you will need metal fasteners, nails, self-tapping screws, anchor bolts.
Note. When forming a hip rafter system on a wooden house that can shrink, craftsmen advise using floating fasteners to connect the rafters to the Mauerlat. This method compensates for the movement of the crowns during the natural shrinkage of a house made of timber or logs.
Hip roof truss system - installation technology
Do-it-yourself truss system devices step by step:
1. Preparation of blanks (rafters)
This is the most difficult and time-consuming part of the construction, because. connected with:
- the need to ensure a given angle of inclination of the rafter legs;
- different lengths of sprigs (short rafters);
- the presence of diagonal rafters (slanting), which are given special attention. Due to the length, the rafters carry a greater load than the main rafters, and therefore require the use of higher quality lumber with a large section. In addition, often the length of the diagonal rafters exceeds the standard length of the boards.
In order not to buy different lumber, in practice the method of splicing (pairing) edged boards is used to obtain a given length.
Advantages of rafter splicing technology:
- obtaining continuous beams of a given length;
- increasing the strength of the diagonal rafters of the hip roof due to the double section;
- simplification of the calculation and purchase of material (unification of dimensions: length and section);
- the possibility of using boards designed to form ordinary rafters.
2. Mauerlat mount
Mauerlat for a hip roof is a large-section wooden beam (100x100 or 100x150 mm) mounted around the perimeter of the walls. For Mauerlat, wood of the first grade is used.
The peculiarity of laying the mauerlat is that the beam is connected along the length only with an overlap, but not butt, using a variety of connection points with the base of the wall. The connecting nodes are additionally reinforced with metal brackets.
Since the purpose of the Mauerlat is to serve as a support for the rafter legs, it needs to be protected from moisture. For this purpose, a hydrobarrier is laid between the wall and the beam (for example, roofing material is used).
Note. Under the mauerlat in brick houses (or from aerated concrete, foam concrete, wood concrete), a reinforced concrete belt is poured with pre-installed studs for mounting the beam. The hairpin has a diameter of 10 mm or more and should protrude beyond the Mauerlat plane by 20-30 mm. The installation step of the studs is 1000-1200 mm.
3. Installation of the run
A run is a beam installed parallel to the sides of the Mauerlat. The run serves as the basis for the installation of additional supports under the rafter legs. The run device is not a mandatory stage of work and is performed only for hip roofs of a large area or with a configuration of increased complexity. The location of the run is shown in the diagram.
It should be noted that the point of maximum load will vary depending on the location - on the ridge of the hip or on the edge of the valley.
Note. The hip hip roof is mounted without support, and a complex knot is formed at the junction of the diagonal rafters.
4. Installation of support legs
Racks serve as a support when installing a ridge beam (orange in the picture).
5. Installation of the ridge beam
Installation of the hip roof ridge is accompanied by accurate measurements. Since the entire roof structure will rest on the ridge, the correctness of its installation is checked by height and level.
6. Fastening rafter legs
Regarding the sequence of work at this stage, the opinions of the masters differ. This makes it possible to single out two areas for work:
- the central rafters are mounted, and then the diagonal ones. This workflow is simpler;
- diagonal rafters are mounted, and then the rest.
During installation, the lower part of the rafter leg rests on the Mauerlat.
The support of the rafters on the hip roof is shown in the diagram. The first option (with a notch) is simpler, but the second (with a support bar) is preferable, because. in this case, the fastening does not weaken the rafter.
The formation of a node on a ridge beam is possible in different ways.
Top mounting options for diagonal rafters are shown in the diagram.
Advice. For rigidity, it is advisable to reinforce all nodes with metal elements (brackets, plates, corners).
Since the diagonal rafters have a significant load, they can be strengthened using such means as:
- rack installation. Mounted on the ceiling vertically;
- brace installation. Mounted at an angle. The angle of inclination is not critical. The ability of the strut to reinforce the diagonal rafter is important;
- sprengel. In fact, this is a T-shaped short beam, deployed 180o. It is used on long spans and is installed so that its base is oriented perpendicular to the diagonal rafter.
7. Installation of ordinary rafters
Privates are installed similarly to the installation of the central rafters, which form the edges of the trapezoid. Their lower part rests and is attached to the Mauerlat, and the upper part rests against the ridge beam. It is important to observe the same distance between ordinary rafters.
8. Installation of sprockets (short rafters)
Narozhniki are made only from solid lumber. At the junction of the sprig to the long rafter, cuts are made or support beams are installed. The installation site is additionally reinforced with metal elements.
Note. The installation of the hip roof splices is possible in a run-up to simplify installation.
In any case, sprigs are installed after the formation of the power frame of the roof. Their installation ends with the installation of the hip roof truss system.
Do-it-yourself hip roof step by step - video
The program shows the installation process of a gable hip roof truss system with a central bay window along a short wall.
After the rafter system is ready, you can proceed with the installation of the roofing, the specifics of the fastening of which determines the need for mounting the crate on the rafter legs.
Installation of a hip roof truss system is a lengthy process that requires attention to every stage of the work - from the calculation and selection of material, to the installation of parts and strengthening of attachment points. But, with the correct implementation of all stages, the result will be a beautiful and reliable roof for a private house.
Before construction, many owners of plots think about how to build housing, a summer house or another object that is not only functional, but also aesthetically beautiful. The hip roof is suitable for creating a residential or non-residential attic and adding beauty to the object. This article describes how to make a system of rafters, take into account all the nuances in the calculations and install without errors.
The hip roof rafter system is complex, but when it is ready, the result is worth it. Source dvamolotka.ru
Features and design of the hip roof varieties of hip roofs
The hip roof, most often, consists of four slopes. They line up at an angle along the outer walls of the building. Two parts are lateral, like standard roofs, and the remaining two are installed between them. In this design, there are two vertices (instead of the standard one) that the ridge connects.
Vertical slopes, in shape - triangles, and are called hips. The other two pediments, installed along the longer sides of the object, are trapezoid in shape.
The hip roof has characteristic features:
high strength indicators;
durability;
thanks to the original and streamlined shape, wind protection is obtained.
Such a roof is ideal for organizing living space in the attic part of the house. Make skylights on it easier.
Hip roofs are not one template for everyone - an individual project is selected for each house Source krovlyakryshi.ru
Dutch hip roof
When the length of the hip is less than other side slopes, such a model is called Dutch (or half-hip). This form withstands strong gusts of wind and does not accumulate snowfall.
The Dutch hip roof is suitable for areas with a harsh climate Source roomester.ru
Danish roofing
It differs in that here the half-hip is the lower part of the triangle of a full-fledged hip, and the upper part of the triangle is used under glass.
At the top of the hip leave a small gap for the window Source klub-masterov.ru
Hipped hip roof
Such a model has one vertex that connects four equal parts of the roof. Outwardly, in its form, the tented version is similar to a pyramid.
In a hipped roof type - all four triangles depart from one vertex point Source klub-masterov.ru
broken roofs
It is not recommended to calculate and install such spectacular and difficult to create a roof yourself (without professional training). They consist of a large number of slopes, which are placed at different angles of inclination.
Video description
The device of a complex hip roof on an aerated concrete house is shown in the video:
Hip roof: device, nodes and reinforcement of the hip roof
The hip roof device basically consists of two elements: a rafter frame and a Mauerlat. The logs connected into a single system are attached to the mauerlat installed on top of the outer walls of the building.
Location of the Mauerlat for the hip roof Source 74cement.ru
The design of the hip roof consists of the following elements:
Corner rafters. These are standard power "legs" that connect the corners of the building with the ridge beam. Most often, projects use four beams, the same thickness as the ridge. They are attached to it with one edge, and the opposite one is displayed outside the walls of the building.
Skate. This is the main bearing axis and the highest point of the roof, where all its sides are connected. Usually the center of the ridge, there is also the center of the entire roof in the hip project.
short rafters. These logs or wooden beams are attached to the Mauerlat on one side and the other to the corner rafter legs. Their number depends on the area of the roof.
Ordinary frame. These are 6 rafters occupying a central and intermediate location. They are attached to the ends of the ridge beam and placed on the load-bearing walls of the facility. They line up on all sides of the building in a frame number.
intermediate frame. These rafters are fixed from the ridge beam and placed on the Mauerlat. The hips are not involved.
A classic example of a hip roof device and a drawing with explanations: Source obustroeno.com
Gain
For long-term use, not only a strong system of rafters is required, but also additional elements of strengthening the object.
For the reliability of the roof structure, it is required to strengthen it with additional elements. Source roofs.club
For greater reliability, you need:
Place the sprengel-beam on the corners, between the sides of the Mauerlat. This will reinforce the rafters diagonally.
Add a rack connected by a beam. Such a support for the rafters will help redistribute the load on the structure.
Use boards or timber with a section of 40 * 40 or 50 * 50 mm for the crate.
Work with dry wood treated with a protective solution.
When the sprengel is added at a considerable distance from the corner, an additional farm is organized.
Knots
Schematic representation of the nodes of the truss system Source tues.ru
On our website you can get acquainted with the most - from the construction companies presented at the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".
The angle of the roof slope hip roof area
The approval of the angle of inclination of the slopes is the optimal solution between the reliability of the roof from winds and snow and the usable attic area. How to calculate the usable area of a hip roof is indicated in the picture.
Calculation of the angle of inclination of the roof slopes Source tues.ru
The angle of inclination depends on the area in which the house is being built and the climatic conditions of the region. The principle is simple: colder weather - higher angle of inclination. So the snow will naturally roll off the roof. In warm, non-windy areas, it is better to make a small angle.
Another factor in choosing the angle of inclination is the material of the hip roof. Recommended values:
Ondulin - at least 5 °.
Soft tiles - from 15 °.
Slate - 16°-65°.
Metal tile - from 13 °. The maximum angle has not been established.
Metal seam roof - more than 25 °.
Ceramic tiles - 35°-65°.
Creating a large angle makes it possible to build a roof from corrugated board. In this case, the height of the profile itself should be taken into account. The angle is created within 20° - 45°.
Video description
In the video, we offer to see how the hip roof is covered with corrugated board:
First you need to determine the end axis of the building Source beton-stroyka.ru
When designing a roof, two rules must be considered:
A larger angle of inclination of the roof makes the entire truss system heavier and more complicated, and increases the load from the winds on the slopes. For a non-residential attic, the angle often varies from 25° to 35°, and for residential - from 35° to 55°, and reinforcement of the rafter structure is required.
The weight of the attic should not exceed the load indicators of the foundation and walls of the house. Violation of this rule leads to deformation of the base and distortion or destruction of the building.
Important! the ratio of the height of the roof to the length of the bearing walls cannot be more than 2/3. So, if the width of the house is 9 m, and the base and the 1st floor are 4 m high, then the height of the attic “for housing” is not more than 3 m, and the height of the ridge beam is less than 6 m.
The rafters are fastened using metal plates. Source tues.ru
Formulas
The area of a hip roof is defined as the sum of two hips and its side slopes. The hip area is obtained by the formula of a standard isosceles triangle: S = 0.5 * a * h, where a is the base of the hip, h is the height of the hip plane.
The area of the side parts is found by the trapezoid formula: S = h * (a + b) / 2, where a is the length, b is the base, h is the height. The area of the trapezoidal parts is obtained from the area of one rectangle and two triangles.
The area is calculated based on the length of the eaves, and not the edge of the building.
Advice! The area of roofing building material is usually larger than that for a roof. This is due to the specifics of the “overlapping” covering of the material. Therefore, to calculate the material for the roof, it is recommended to add + 10%. When the design of the hip roof is complicated, then + 15-20%.
Hip roof - rafter system device
To calculate the system of hip roof rafters, it is necessary, using a standard rail, to determine the horizontal projection (laying) of the intermediate rafter leg.
To find the length of the rafter, you can also resort to the Pythagorean theorem. Source speccypro.ru
To find the length of the corner rafters, you need to multiply the laying by the coefficient from the table above. Source 7craft.ru
On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".
Video description
In the video, an example of the design calculation:
To determine the cross-section of a tree for legs from rafters, you can use the table below. Source speccypro.ru
So, with a distributed load on the legs of 125 kg / m and a span of 6 m, a beam with a cross section of one of: 240 * 80 is selected; 230*90 and 220*100, or round timber 220 mm.
An example of a drawing of a hip roof truss system:
For an unprepared person, the drawing is quite complicated. Source dacha1.ru
Hip roof truss system, scheme 2:
At first glance, the schemes do not differ, but each has its own characteristics. Source repair-book.com
Video description
In this video, useful information on the hip roof truss system
Stages of work on the installation of a hip roof
The quality of the entire roof, its reliability and service life depend on the stage of installation of the truss system. It is important to approach this issue with knowledge of the matter or to involve specialists.
Mauerlat installation
For installation, they take a first-class tree with an impressive section of 100 * 100 or 100 * 150. The beam is laid only in an overlap, not in a joint. There should also be connection points with the walls of the house in large numbers. The joints are reinforced with metal staples.
In buildings made of bricks, foam blocks and wood concrete, an armored belt is additionally constructed under the Mauerlat. Studs are sewn into such a belt in advance for the subsequent covering of the tree.
Create a run
This part in the form of a beam is created for attaching additional supports for the rafter legs. The run is not the main element of the system; it is implemented in large and complicated projects of hip roofs.
Support legs
These racks are a support for the skate.
Racks are an indispensable part of the truss system Source nasha-besedka.ru
Creation of a skate
All beams rest on this element of the hip roof truss system. It is located in the highest central part of the roof. It is formed as a result of the connection of the rafter pairs of legs. A very large load acts on this section of the frame, therefore, in order for the ridge beam to withstand it, several options for joining wood are used: end-to-end, overlap and half-tree cut.
Methods for connecting truss beams Source tues.ru
Installation of rafter legs
The rafters can be mounted in the following order: first diagonally, and then the rest, or first the central beams, and then the diagonal ones. At this stage of installation work, the rafter legs are installed on the Mauerlat. There are several mounting methods.
Mounting to the Mauerlat can also be different. Source zbbr.ru
The scheme of fastening the rafters to the Mauerlat and to the ridge run. Source speccypro.ru
Important: the service life and reliability of the entire truss system depends on the installation of the legs to the Mauerlat. So, if you install the fasteners weakly or by making a mistake, the roof can simply be “demolished” by the wind completely.
Video description
In the video, the process of marking the rafters:
Fastening of layered rafters
There are two schemes for attaching layered rafters:
... and "hard top - free bottom" Source tues.ru
In order to create a warm attic, installation should be carried out according to the following plan in the figure.
For a warm roof, its own roof arrangement scheme is used. Source kbumb.ru
The specifics of the device during installation
The hip roof truss system requires the use of special tools for its construction.
For a strong fastening of the rafters, special tools will be required Source pinterest.ru
For reliable construction from a bar and a strong abutment of the rafters, metal tools are used. Their types and names are shown in the figure.
Video description
Methods for attaching rafters to maurlat, installation, cuts, knots and installation to a roof truss in the following video:
Additional elements for a hip roof are also presented in the assortment. They are used during finishing work and are used to create an aesthetic appearance. They also meet the requirements for reliable construction of roofs and junctions.
Additional elements for a hip roof Source orchardo.ru
Hip roof options
To create spectacular architectural solutions and expand the internal usable space of the attic, the designers have developed several options for arranging hip objects.
Roof with bay windows
Part of the house in the form of a protrusion beyond the boundaries of the facade is a bay window. Such an element is built in the form of a polyhedron or rectangle and added to the overall system of rafters. The space he created is suitable for extending the living room, hallway or use as a flight of stairs.
Hip roof for a house with a visor
The project is shaped like gable tongs. The visor has a different angle of inclination than the triangular slopes of the main roof. Often designed when the building does not have a residential attic. Sometimes used as a canopy.
The project of a hipped roof with a visor Source astgift.ru
Roof with cuckoo
Outwardly, such a design is a tong with an underestimated part. The element performs the function of supplying additional natural light to the living area. It can be built at the same distance from the side walls of the house and above the entrance. It is also an additional decoration of the building.
Asymmetry
Roof design with different angles of inclination is mainly used for non-living space. It is installed in areas with strong winds. The asymmetrically positioned slopes and canopy act as wind load distributing elements and prevent the object from falling off.
Roof with irregular diagonal
Complex projects with different in shape and length of the side parts of the roof form a diagonal displacement of the rafter group. Such solutions are usually used over a garage or bathhouse.
Complex roof projects with an irregular diagonal Source tues.ru
Outcome
The hip roof adorns almost any building. There are many types and methods of arranging the truss system that makes it up. With proper calculation and installation, such a roof lasts for centuries. It is possible to apply it for the house, arbors, baths and other objects.
