singular state. The cosmological singularity is a mathematical abstraction that does not have a reliable physical interpretation.

Looks like someone saw it...

After such intensive preliminary preparation, it is finally possible to outline the whole process in sequence. Although fragmentary, it is already partially represented by the text above. And now, for those who are interested, sequentially, about everything in order. The following figure will help us in the "trial":

All the spheres shown in the figure show the Universe at different stages of its development. The central part of the figure, for clarity, is presented on an unimaginably larger scale than the peripheral. In fact, they differ in size by about 50 orders of magnitude (!)

Episodic manifestations of the quantum properties of a false vacuum of different scales took an unimaginably long time (and why not?) at various points of the entire gigantic volume of the world (which can now be called the Megaverse). Including in the central region of our future Universe, conditionally depicted in the figure as a black ball of the smallest size. But the energy accumulated here, practically at one point, (and by pure coincidence of events) at the same time, was not enough for any serious consequences.

This is precisely the answer (and the author of the work is sure that the answer is correct) to the question, which, it would seem, is generally impossible to answer: what was before the Big Bang. Talk about the "meaninglessness" of the very posing of such a question, about the "impossibility of any before" is about to go to the dustbin of the history of science.

Consequences surely did not arise until the amount of energy (and incorporeal elementary particles having no rest mass) reached the limit conventionally indicated in the figure by the volume of the white central sphere with radius r e .

It should not be forgotten that in inextricable connection with the elements of matter (elementary particles and energies), all forces (interactions) inherent in nature arose and were present in the volume under consideration: gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear. Some authors interpret them as a single force then.

In those rare cases when there was a little more energy (but only for an extremely short time), the system came into an unstable energy state. And when once it has reached the critical value, conditionally shown by the inner sphere with radius r about(dark orange), the state of this energy clot instantly became singular. And he immediately, as they say, exploded. This became the "zero" starting point, only starting from which practically all researchers are engaged in cosmology.

In fact, as shown above, a lot of things happened before, up to the natural-historical infinity. Talk about the lack of time "in that era" should also go to the dump. It did not exist only in our, then not even born, frame of reference.

The second "actually" refers to the fact that with all the horrendous amounts of energy concentrated in a singular bunch, no explosion during its expansion, in fact, and did not have. No shock waves (neither acoustic nor light), no discharge, no destruction of anything. What kind of explosion is this? There was just an instantaneous expansion of the original singular bundle of energy/matter to unimaginable sizes.

The practically instantaneous expansion just mentioned is the main phenomenon and highlight of the whole new theory. It is inflationary(in the terminology of the authors of the idea), but in fact - revealing(antilogarithmic), with a very high degree of base (2 = +100%).

Due to such a progressive "devouring" of distances, our Universe (and everything that we have been talking about so far was its, darling, foundation) in microscopic fractions of a second has reached those same universal scales (the word is not accidental!), in which we are accustomed to perceive it. More precisely, those in which it was 13.75 billion years ago (after all, it was then that it arose).

Taking the opportunity (moreover, the occasion - literally!) matter found an opportunity to instantly spread to almost limitless distances. (But only almost).

It is believed that the physical basis of such swiftness, in addition to energy glut, was a complete break bosons gravity (particles responsible for the presence of this very gravity in the material world) from the rest of the rapidly expanding singular content, which further accelerated the rate of distribution. (The gravitational influence is the weakest, although the most far-reaching among all natural forces).

Only here is the question: how and WHEN were the gravitational bosons able "later" to fill the entire volume of the Universe? With its current real size, they would have to move at speeds several times the speed of light.

It turns out that all of our former the idea that the Universe "rapidly, almost at the speed of light" spread for several minutes, and then naturally (due to gravity) "began to gradually slow down", is fundamentally wrong and wrong . If everything happened according to such a scenario, the Universe would be several times smaller than it actually exists.

So, the whole Universe in an insignificant fraction of a second has reached the size limited in the figure by the radius Ri.

In the subsequent period of time, inflation, according to some researchers, stopped, and according to others, it entered its second, less rapid stage.

The second point of view, according to the author of the site, has no serious grounds. There are no physical reasons for a "slower" inflationary expansion. No special physical processes have been discovered with a new "characteristic doubling time" of something (and it is necessary - namely, quarks, i.e., fragments of elementary particles). And there is no need (to explain what is happening) in them. And even if they were, hyperinflation would still pass so rapidly that no one would notice this "new stage".

And as soon as the energy of the hyperinflationary process was released elementary particles having mass rest, separate concepts of space and time were formed. And even the speed of light became impossible for all particles. And this automatically means the end of the hyperinflation of the Universe.

Such a sharp change in state can also be interpreted by the fact that the gravitational force (bosons) has caught up with everything that it previously released for a short time.

Since everywhere in the hypothetical fireball was equally hot (and he himself was almost half the size of the current Universe), it must be recognized that the "explosion" occurred everywhere and at the same time , throughout the volume, without a pronounced center. Unless somewhere it was a little stronger or a little weaker (due to the uneven movement of particles).

But still whole 3 minutes(an eternity, compared with micro-parts in the first second) in the Universe expanding further almost at the speed of light, nothing significant happened in it. In addition to its expansion and the associated cooling.

When the temperature of the hot mixture of particles and interactions "dropped" to 555 billion degrees (!) (this just happened about the end of the third minute), nuclei of atoms appeared in an expanding fiery cloud hydrogen(protons) and individual, purely spontaneous helium atoms.

This process continued almost unchanged 380 thousand current Earth years(!) And this time milestone is noticeable only by the fact that light (photons) finally began to really outpace the propagation front of the explosion itself (if it can be called by that word) and became visible to an abstract outside observer.

And only towards the end first billion years, the following news appeared - from the hydrogen accumulated in huge quantities, which by that time had already cooled down, the first gas stars and galaxies.

In the future, the new model of the Universe is almost no different from the previous one, with a "clean" explosion propagating from one point. In both models, the universe was expanding and continues to expand . Another thing is how and for what reasons. (See this section).

And here is the latest news from the world of cosmology, which directly reflects the nature of the expansion of the Universe. With the help of the American Space X-ray Telescope " Chandra"It is well established that first 7 - 8 For billions of years, the Universe has been expanding, but the rate of this expansion has slowed down. And in the last 6 billion years, it has only been expanding rapidly. So, there were forces stronger than their own forces of gravity. (This will be discussed further below).

During the lifetime of the Universe, already on a cosmic scale, its real size (according to data for 2013) has become about five times larger than the original one, in which hyperinflation started. (Very doubtful, from the point of view of the author of the site, data). Apparently, during this period it passed into its qualitatively different phase, which allows the most ardent supporters of the theory of inflation to assume that a new inflation (?) of the Universe continues even in our time (and will continue almost indefinitely). She, they say, "turns on the heat" to the Big Bang, until the internal energy of the false vacuum that gave birth to all this fireworks is completely exhausted ...
This already looks like neo-dogmatism. Or blind faith. They would bother to at least present an appropriate model for the development of the Universe!

The main time of the Big Bang in the new understanding of this term is spent not on covering large distances, but on the joint decay of a false vacuum that gave rise to a singularity, the "burning" of products formed during a simultaneous ubiquitous explosion and their gradual cooling.

In practice, this is the usual cooling of the relict heat of the Universe, only in such an unusual interpretation.

And once again we will clarify that the coverage of huge distances in insignificant fractions of a second during the inflation of the Universe does not contradict Einstein's postulates, since at the considered stage of its development there are no space-time forms of matter yet (they are just beginning to arise). Naturally, there is no concept of speed.

The largest radius R in the figure shown above conditionally shows current the size of the universe. In the same place, unsaturated shades of brown color conditionally show space (and the substance distributed in it) with its three dimensions, and shades of blue - time (again, conditionally).

P.S. The inconsistency of many intermediate conclusions in this chapter is explained by the inconsistency, and, most importantly, by the insufficiency of the initial data. But it is an excellent occasion for independent reflection.

Cosmological singularity - a theoretical construction of a certain state in which the Universe was at the initial moment. The peculiarity of this state is that it is characterized by infinite density and at the same time infinite temperature.

The emergence of the concept

The cosmological singularity is a special case of the gravitational singularity. If we are accustomed to consider matter as some smooth and boundless space (manifold), then in the region of the gravitational singularity, space-time is curved. In 1915 - 1916, the great physicist Albert Einstein published his own, according to which gravitational effects exist not as a result of the work of any forces that arise between bodies or in fields, but due to the distortion of space-time itself. With the help of his equations, Einstein was able to describe the relationship between the curvature of space-time and the matter that is in it.

Later, in 1967, Stephen Hawking used Einstein's equations for general relativity, which describe the dynamics of the universe, to derive their solutions for elapsed time. That is, he determined the state of the Universe at the initial moment of its existence, and proved that such a moment really exists.

Gravitational Singularity

It is not yet possible to accurately describe the gravitational singularity for the reason that many known quantities within its limits tend to infinity or become uncertain. For example, the energy density of the selected frame of reference of this area, or the scalar curvature.

Thanks to the work of theoretical physicists, we have rigorous evidence that such a gravitational singularity must be located in the hearts of black holes, namely beyond, otherwise a black hole simply would not have formed. Unfortunately, it is impossible in principle to observe anything beyond the event horizon, although there are suggestions that there are black holes whose singularity is slightly beyond it and can be observed. The cosmological singularity is called "naked", since theoretically it could be seen.

Properties, paradoxes and consequences of the cosmological singularity

The main characteristics of the singularity are both infinite temperature and matter density. One can try to imagine such a phenomenon as a concentration of an infinitely large mass in an infinitely small volume. However, according to physical calculations, these two quantities cannot simultaneously tend to infinity. As is known, temperature is closely related to the measure of chaos, which can only decrease with increasing density, just like temperature itself.

It is reliably known that there is a certain moment in time at which the Universe was born from a singularity. But we cannot get any knowledge about what happened before the singularity from calculations or observations. Also, the central point, the core from which the Big Bang originated, cannot be found. And most importantly, how the cosmological singularity gave rise to the unthinkable of our universe.

Unfortunately, today the developed physical structures cannot explain the presence of such a phenomenon as a singularity, since in its area all existing laws of physics are not applicable. As the famous modern physicist Michio Kaku said: "We call singularity what we cannot understand."

According to this model, our world appeared about thirteen billion years ago as a result of the Big Bang of a certain superdense state of our Universe - a singularity. What preceded this event, how the singularity arose, where its mass came from, was completely incomprehensible - there is no theory of such a state. The further fate of the expanding Universe was also unclear: whether its expansion would continue forever, or whether it would be replaced by contraction until the next singularity.

The theory of cosmogenesis, developed recently by Russian researchers and first reported in May last year at an international conference at the Physical Institute. P. N. Lebedev of the Russian Academy of Sciences, shows that the singularity is a natural product of the evolution of a massive star that has turned into a black hole. A single black hole can give rise to numerous "offspring" in subsequent universes. And this process goes on continuously, branching, like the Tree of the World from Scandinavian legends. The many-sheeted hyperuniverse is infinite both in space and in time.

World Tree

"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." Briefly and clearly, but incomprehensibly. Fortunately, in addition to theology, there is also cosmology - the science of the universe. The cosmological picture of the world is, by definition, objective, non-religious in nature and therefore interesting to any person who appreciates the facts.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, cosmology remained a speculative discipline: it was not yet physics based on empirical experience and independent experiment, but natural philosophy based on the views, including religious ones, of the scientist himself. It was only with the advent of the modern theory of gravity, known as general relativity, that cosmology received a theoretical basis. Numerous discoveries in both astronomy and physics gave our heroine observational justification. Numerical experiment became an important aid for theory and observations. Note that, contrary to some assertions, there are no contradictions between general relativity, on the one hand, and observations and experiment, on the other. After all, on the basis of general relativity, they not only calculated the deflection of a light beam in the gravitational field of the Sun, which, frankly, is not fundamentally important for the national economy, but also calculate the orbits of planets and spacecraft, as well as the technical parameters of accelerators, including the Large Hadron Collider. Of course, this does not mean that general relativity is the ultimate truth. However, the search for a new theory of gravity goes in the direction of generalizing the existing one, and not abandoning it.

The definition we have given to cosmology - the science of the universe - is quite broad. As Arthur Eddington rightly remarked, all science is cosmology. Therefore, it is logical to explain with specific examples which tasks and problems are related to cosmological ones.

Building a model of the Universe is, of course, a cosmological task. It is now generally accepted that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales (greater than 100 megaparsecs). This model is called the Friedman model after its discoverer Alexander Fridman. On a small scale, the matter of the Universe is subject to the process of gravitational twisting due to gravitational instability - the force of attraction acting between bodies tends to bring them together. Ultimately, this leads to the emergence of the structure of the Universe - galaxies, their clusters, etc.

The Universe is non-stationary: it is expanding, and with acceleration (inflationary) due to the presence of dark energy in it - a kind of matter, the pressure of which is negative. The cosmological model is described by several parameters. These are the amount of dark matter, baryons, neutrinos and the number of their varieties, the values ​​of the Hubble constant and spatial curvature, the shape of the spectrum of initial density perturbations (a set of perturbations of different sizes), the amplitude of primary gravitational waves, the redshift and the optical depth of the secondary ionization of hydrogen, as well as others, less important parameters. Each of them deserves a separate discussion, the definition of each is a whole study, and all this relates to the tasks of cosmology. The cosmological parameter is not only a number, but also the physical processes that govern the world in which we live.

EARLY UNIVERSE

Perhaps an even more important cosmological problem is the question of the origin of the Universe, of what was in the Beginning.

For centuries, scientists have imagined the universe to be eternal, infinite, and static. The fact that this is not so was discovered in the 20s of the 20th century: the non-stationarity of the solutions of the equations of gravity was theoretically revealed by the already mentioned A. A. Fridman, and the observations (with the correct interpretation) were made almost simultaneously by several astronomers. It is methodically important to emphasize that the space itself does not expand anywhere: we are talking about the volumetric expansion of a large-scale flow of matter, spreading in all directions. Speaking of the Beginning of the Universe, we have in mind the question of the origin of this cosmological flow, which was given an initial impetus for expansion and given a certain symmetry.

The idea of ​​an eternal and infinite Universe, through the works of many researchers of the 20th century, sometimes contrary to their personal convictions, has lost ground. The discovery of the global expansion of the Universe meant not only that the Universe is non-static, but also that its age is finite. After much debate about what it is, and many important observational discoveries, the number has been established: 13.7 billion years. This is very little. After all, two billion years ago, something was already crawling on the Earth. In addition, the radius of the visible Universe is too large (a few gigaparsecs) for such a small age. Apparently, the huge size of the Universe is associated with another - inflationary - stage of expansion that occurred in the past and was replaced by a stage of slow expansion, controlled by the gravity of radiation and dark matter. Later, another stage of the accelerated expansion of the Universe begins, which is already controlled by dark energy. The GR equations show that with accelerated expansion, the size of the cosmological flow increases very quickly and turns out to be larger than the light horizon.

The age of the Universe is known with an accuracy of 100 million years. But, despite such a "low" accuracy, we (mankind) can confidently trace the processes that proceeded extremely close in time to the "moment of the birth of the Universe" - about 10^-35 seconds. This is possible because the dynamics of physical processes occurring at cosmological distances is connected only with gravity and in this sense is absolutely clear. With the theory (GR) available, we can extrapolate the Cosmological Standard Model in the modern Universe into the past and "see" what it looked like in its youth. And it looked simple: the early Universe was strictly determined and was a laminar flow of matter expanding from superhigh densities.

SINGULARITY

Thirteen billion years is about 10^17 seconds. And the "natural" beginning of the cosmological flow with such an extrapolation coincides with the Planck time - 10^-43 seconds. Total 43 + 17 = 60 orders. It makes no sense to talk about what happened before 10^-43 seconds, since, due to quantum effects, the Planck scale is the minimum interval for which the concept of continuity and extension is applicable. At this point, many researchers gave up. Like, it is impossible to go further, because we have no theory, we do not know quantum gravity, etc.

However, it cannot really be said that the universe was “born” right at this age. It is quite possible that the flow of matter "slipped through" the superdense state in a very short (Planckian) time, that is, something forced it to go through that short-term stage. And then there is no logical impasse with Planck's time and Planck's constant. You just need to understand what could precede the beginning of the cosmological expansion, for what reason and what "dragged" the gravitating matter through the state of superhigh density.

The answer to these questions, in our opinion, lies in the nature of gravity. Quantum effects play a secondary role here, modifying and modifying the concept of superdense matter within a short time interval. Of course, today we do not know all the properties of effective matter [this “matter” is called effective because it also includes parameters that describe possible deviations of gravity from general relativity. In this regard, we recall that modern science operates with separate physical concepts of matter and space-time (gravity). In extreme conditions near the singularity, such a division is conditional - hence the term "effective matter".] in extreme conditions. But, given the short period of this stage, we are able to describe the entire dynamic process, relying only on the known laws of conservation of energy and momentum and assuming that they always hold in the average metric space-time, no matter what the quantum "theory of everything" will be. created in the future.

COSMOGENESIS

In the history of cosmology, there have been several attempts to circumvent the singularity problem and replace it, for example, with the concept of the birth of the Universe as a whole. According to the hypothesis of birth from “nothing”, the world arose from a “point”, a singularity, a superdense area with very high symmetry and everything else that you can think of (metastability, instability, quantum sub-barrier transition to Friedmann symmetry, etc.). In this approach, the singularity problem was not solved, and the singularity was postulated in the form of an initial superdense vacuum-like state (see "Science and Life" No. 11, 12, 1996).

There have been other attempts to "get away" from the singularity, but their price has always been high. Instead, it was necessary to postulate obscure constructions of either superdense (sub-Planckian) states of matter, or “bounces” of the Friedmann flow from high density (change from compression to expansion), or other hypothetical recipes for the behavior of high-density matter.

Nobody likes the Singularity. The physical picture of the world assumes a changing, evolving, but constantly existing world. We propose to take a different look at the singularity and proceed from the fact that the highly compressed states that a dynamic gravitationally interacting system (in the simplest case, a star) enters and passes through under certain conditions are objective and natural for gravity. Singular regions as temporary bridges or chains connect more extended domains of our world. If this is so, then we need to understand what causes matter to fall into special singular states and how it gets out of them.

As already mentioned, the cosmological expansion begins with a cosmological singularity - mentally turning back time, we inevitably come to a moment when the density of the Universe turns into infinity. We can consider this proposition as an obvious fact based on QSM and GR. Taking it for granted, let's ask ourselves a simple follow-up question: how does a singularity arise, how does gravitating matter get into a supercompressed state? The answer is surprisingly simple: this is caused by the process of gravitational contraction of a massive system (a star or other compact astrophysical system) at the end of its evolution. As a result of the collapse, a black hole is formed and, as a result, its singularity. That is, the collapse ends with a singularity, and cosmology begins with a singularity. We argue that this is a chain of a single continuous process.

The question of the origin of the Universe, after several trials, attempts to formulate it and various interpretations, acquired a solid scientific basis in the 21st century in the form of QSM and its unambiguous extrapolation into the past along the lines of general relativity. Starting in considering this problem from the only Universe known to us, we should not forget about the general physical principle associated with the name of Nicolaus Copernicus. It was once believed that the Earth is the center of the universe, then it was associated with the Sun, later it turned out that our Galaxy is not the only one, but only one among very many (only visible galaxies are almost a trillion). It is logical to assume that there are a lot of universes. The fact that we do not yet know anything about others is due to the large size of our Universe - its scale obviously exceeds the horizon of visibility.

Size (scale) of the Universe is the size of the causally connected area, stretched during its expansion. The size of visibility is the distance that light has "traversed" during the existence of the Universe, it can be obtained by multiplying the speed of light and the age of the Universe. The fact that the Universe is isotropic and homogeneous on large scales means that the initial conditions in regions of the Universe remote from each other were similar.

We have already mentioned that this large scale is due to the presence of an inflationary stage of expansion. In the pre-inflationary period of the Big Bang, the expanding flow could be very small and not at all have the features of the Friedman model. But how to turn a small flow into a large one is not a problem of cosmogenesis, but a technical question of the existence of a final intermediate stage of inflation that can expand the flow, just as the surface of an inflated balloon increases. The main problem of cosmogenesis is not in the size of the cosmological flow, but in its appearance. Just as there is a well-known method for the formation of contracting matter flows (gravitational collapse), there must be a fairly general and simple physical mechanism for gravitational generation ("ignition") of expanding matter flows.

INTEGRABLE SINGULARITIES

So, how to penetrate "beyond" the singularity? And what's behind it?

It is convenient to study the structure of space-time by mentally launching free trial particles into it and observing how they move. According to our calculations, geodesic trajectories [the shortest distances in space of a certain structure. In Euclidean space these are straight lines, in Riemannian space they are arcs of a circle, etc.] of test particles propagate freely in time through singular regions of a certain class, which we called integrable singularities. (Density or pressure diverges in the singularity, but the volume integral of these quantities is finite: the mass of the integrable singularity tends to zero, since it occupies an insignificant volume.) Having passed the black hole, geodesic trajectories find themselves in the space-time domain (from the French domaine - area , possession) of a white hole that is expanding with all the signs of a cosmological flow. This space-time geometry is unified, and it is logical to define it as a black and white hole. The cosmological domain of the white hole is located in the absolute future in relation to the parent domain of the black hole, that is, the white hole is a natural continuation and product of the black hole.

This new concept was born quite recently. The creators announced its appearance in May 2011 at a scientific conference dedicated to the memory of A. D. Sakharov, held at the flagship of Russian physics - the Physical Institute. P. N. Lebedev of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FIAN).

How is this possible and why was such a mechanism of cosmogenesis not considered earlier? Let's start by answering the first question.

Finding a black hole is not difficult, there are many of them around - several percent of the entire mass of the stars of the Universe is concentrated in black holes. The mechanism of their occurrence is also well known. You can often hear that we live in a graveyard of black holes. But can this be called a graveyard (the end of evolution), or do other zones (domains) of our complex world, other universes begin beyond the event horizons of black holes?

We know that inside a black hole there is a special singular region, into which all the matter caught by it “falls down”, and where the gravitational potential rushes to infinity. However, nature does not tolerate not only emptiness, but also infinity or divergence (although no one has canceled large numbers). We were able to “pass through” the singularity region by requiring that the gravitational (metric) potentials in it, and hence the tidal forces, remain finite.

The divergence of metric potentials can be eliminated by smoothing the singularity with the help of effective matter, which weakens it, but does not eliminate it completely. (Such an integrable singularity can be compared to the behavior of dark matter as it approaches the center of a galaxy. Its density tends to infinity, but the mass contained inside a decreasing radius tends to zero due to the fact that the volume inside this radius decreases faster than the density increases. Such an analogy is not absolute: the galactic cusp, a region of divergent density, is a spatial structure, and a black hole singularity occurs as an event in time.) So while density and pressure diverge, the tidal forces acting on a particle are finite because they depend on the total mass. This allows test particles to freely pass through the singularity: they propagate in continuous space-time, and information about the distribution of density or pressure is not required to describe their motion. And with the help of test particles, you can describe the geometry - build reference systems and measure the spatial and temporal intervals between points and events.

BLACK AND WHITE HOLES

So, you can go through the singularity. And consequently, it is possible to “see” what is behind it, through what kind of space-time our test particles continue to propagate. And they fall into the region of the white hole. The equations show that a kind of oscillation occurs: the flow of energy from the contracting region of the black hole continues into the expanding region of the white hole. The momentum cannot be hidden: the collapse is inverted into an anti-collapse with the total momentum preserved. And this is already a different universe, since a white hole filled with matter has all the properties of a cosmological flow. This means that our Universe, perhaps, is the product of some other world.

The picture following from the received solutions of the equations of gravitation, develops such. The parent star collapses in the parent universe and forms a black hole. As a result of the collapse, destructive tidal gravitational forces arise around the star, which deform and break the vacuum, giving rise to matter in the previously empty space. This matter from the singular region of the black-and-white hole falls into another universe, expanding under the action of a gravitational impulse received during the collapse of the parent star.

The total mass of particles in such a new universe can be arbitrarily large. It can significantly exceed the mass of the parent star. In this case, the mass of the formed (parent) black hole, measured by an observer located in the outer space of the parent universe, is finite and close to the mass of the collapsed star. There is no paradox here, since the mass difference is compensated by the gravitational binding energy, which has a negative sign. We can say that the new universe is in the absolute future in relation to the parent (old) universe. In other words, you can go there, but you can't go back.

ASTROGENIC COSMOLOGY, OR A MULTIPLE UNIVERSE

Such a complex world resembles the Tree of Life (a family tree, if you like). If in the process of evolution black holes appear in the Universe, then through them particles can get into other branches (domains) of the universe - and so on along the temporary garlands of black and white holes. If black holes are not formed for one reason or another (for example, stars are not born), a dead end arises - the genesis (creation) of new universes in this direction is interrupted. But under favorable circumstances, the flow of "life" can resume and blossom even from one black hole - for this it is necessary to create conditions for the production of new generations of black holes in subsequent universes.

How can “favorable circumstances” arise and what do they depend on? In our model, this is due to the properties of effective matter, which is born under the action of extreme gravity near the singularities of black and white holes. In fact, we are talking about nonlinear phase transitions in a quantum-gravitational material system, which have the character of fluctuations and, therefore, are subject to random (bifurcation) changes. Following contrary to Einstein's catchphrase, we can say that "God throws the dice", and then these dice (initial conditions) can form into deterministic domains of new universes, or they can remain undeveloped "embryos" of cosmogenesis. Here, as in life, there are laws of natural selection. But this is the subject of further research and future work.

HOW TO AVOID THE SINGULARITY

At one time, the concept of an oscillating, or cyclic, Universe was proposed, based on the “bounce” hypothesis. According to her, the Universe exists in the form of an infinite number of cycles. Its expansion is replaced by contraction almost to a singularity, followed by expansion again, and a number of such cycles go into the past and the future. Not a very clear concept, because, firstly, there is no observational evidence that one day the expansion of our world will be replaced by contraction, and secondly, the physical mechanism that causes the Universe to make such oscillatory movements is not clear.

Another approach to the origin of the world is associated with the hypothesis of a self-healing Universe, proposed for many years by the Russian scientist A.D. Linde, who has been living in the USA. According to this hypothesis, the world can be represented as a boiling cauldron. Globally, the Universe is a hot soup with a high energy density. Bubbles appear in it, which either collapse or expand, and, under certain initial conditions, for a long time. It is assumed that the characteristics (any one you can think of, including a set of fundamental constants) of bubbles of emerging worlds have some spectrum and a wide range. Many questions arise here: where did such a “broth” come from, who brewed it and what maintains it, how often the initial conditions are realized, leading to the appearance of universes of our type, etc.

HOW INTEGRABLE SINGULARITIES CAN FORM

As we approach the singularity, the growing tidal forces act on the vacuum of physical fields, deform and break it. There is, as they say, the polarization of the vacuum and the birth of particles of matter from the vacuum - its breakdown.

Such a reaction of the physical vacuum to the external intense action of a rapidly changing gravitational field is well known. This is, in fact, the effect of quantum gravity - gravitational tensions are transformed into material fields, there is a redistribution of physical degrees of freedom. Today, such effects can be calculated in the weak field approximation (the so-called semiclassical limit). In our case, we are talking about powerful nonlinear quantum-gravitational processes, where it is necessary to take into account the inverse gravitational influence of the born effective matter on the evolution of the average metric that determines the properties of the four-dimensional space-time (when quantum effects in gravity become strong, the metric becomes “trembling” and we can only talk about it in the middle sense).

This direction, of course, requires further research. However, it can already be assumed that, according to Le Chatelier's principle, the reverse influence will lead to such a rearrangement of the metric space that the growth of tidal forces, which causes the unlimited birth of effective matter, will be stopped and, consequently, the metric potentials will cease to diverge and remain finite and continuous.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Vladimir Lukash,
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Elena Mikheeva,
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Vladimir Strokov (Astrospace Center of FIAN),

Characterized by infinite density and temperature of matter. The cosmological singularity is one example of gravitational singularities that are predicted by general relativity (GR) and some other theories of gravity.

The occurrence of this singularity during the continuation backward in time of any GR solution describing the dynamics of the expansion of the Universe was rigorously proved in 1967 by Stephen Hawking. He also wrote:

“The results of our observations confirm the assumption that the universe originated at a certain point in time. However, the very moment of the beginning of creation, the singularity, does not obey any of the known laws of physics.

For example, density and temperature cannot be both infinite at the same time, since at infinite density the measure of chaos tends to zero, which cannot be combined with infinite temperature. The problem of the existence of a cosmological singularity is one of the most serious problems of physical cosmology. The fact is that none our knowledge of what happened after the Big Bang cannot give us no information about what happened before.

Attempts to solve the problem of the existence of this singularity go in several directions: firstly, it is believed that quantum gravity will give a description of the dynamics of a gravitational field free from singularities, and secondly, there is an opinion that taking into account quantum effects in nongravitational fields can violate the energy dominance condition, on on which Hawking's proof is based, thirdly, such modified theories of gravity are proposed in which the singularity does not arise, since the extremely compressed matter begins to be pushed apart by gravitational forces (the so-called gravitational repulsion), and not attracted to each other.

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

• Clark, John D.
• Richard Tyler

See what the "Cosmological Singularity" is in other dictionaries:

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At the moment, the question of what a singularity is is of concern not only to people interested in science, but also to the best scientists in the world. This term is found in mathematics, physics, astronomy, cosmology and other exact sciences. Its interpretation varies slightly, but the principle remains the same. Therefore, now we will consider in turn what a singularity is from various points of view, and find out why this mysterious phenomenon is so interesting for researchers.

General interpretation of the term

Before we begin to delve into the mysteries of the universe, let's turn to the history of the universe. The most correct version of the origin of the world at the present time is the theory of the Big Bang. At the moment of the birth of everything that surrounds us, there was only one single point of singularity. Its dimensions are not exactly known, but for understanding, scientists often compare it with a pea. At the same time, you should not think that this mini-ball could be held in your hand. Its mass was equal to the mass of all the stars and galaxies that are in space today. Moreover, the temperature of this pea just went off scale, and the force of gravity in it was higher than that of currently existing black holes. In other words, the point of singularity is a unit of space-time, which contained all the matter that fills our Universe.

How did time come about?

It is certainly worth emphasizing that the term "matter" means not only outer space, consisting of billions of astronomical units, but also all time intervals. Yes, it is difficult to imagine, but to understand what a singularity is, you need to imagine time as a spatial dimension in which you can move both forward and backward. All this is inextricably linked with the curvature of space, which we will discuss below. Scientists also do not know how long this pea existed by earthly standards. Paradoxically, in such a compressed state, in any dimension, infinity is equal to zero. Later, the singularity point began to grow, the temperature in it fell, and the particles repelled each other. Thus, time separated from other dimensions and ceased to be a spatial unit. Therefore, today it can only go forward.

Cosmological concepts

As you know, the science of cosmology deals with the study of the evolution of the universe. All the so-called epochs that followed after the Big Bang are considered here. It is in accordance with this theory that scientists put forward the hypothesis that the Universe arose from a singularity. At the same time, the period of existence of the latter cannot be established. Based on this, the two most plausible versions are still being carefully worked out. The first is that our world is static. The Big Bang occurred at a certain moment, when all the particles, which were in a state of infinite compression, abruptly repelled each other. In addition, the singularity of the Universe before the explosion was characterized by the presence of matter and antimatter. To date, scientists have not discovered a single antiparticle. The second version is based on the fact that the Big Bang is the real cosmos. It has been established that galaxies are constantly moving away from each other, therefore, the process of expansion of the world continues to this day.

Singularity in cosmology

In the evolution of the cosmos, strange as it may seem, there is no place for physical formulas and laws acting on Earth. This phenomenon is clearly demonstrated by the cosmological singularity. Of course, in practice, it is impossible to find out in what state matter was at the time of the birth of the world, but theoretically, scientists have calculated paradoxical patterns. The first is the curvature of space-time. This means that it is not possible to draw a straight geodesic line or angle in the singularity sphere. The second is, as we have already said, a completely different time. Here you can get to any point on the time interval. The cosmological singularity, according to scientists, is the starting point, which is called the Big Bang. During this period, the density and temperature of matter approached infinite. At the same time, the measure of chaos tended to zero, multiplying the two previous units by itself. From the point of view of terrestrial physics, temperature and density cannot simultaneously be in an infinite state. And this is just one of many paradoxes that scientists still cannot solve.

Old and new theory

Many years ago, Albert Einstein gave the world the famous theory of relativity, which is now called the theory of gravity. Thanks to it, today we describe all the phenomena in space and time that surround us. According to the theory, physical objects cannot have a singularity. That is, in practice, no substance or matter can have a mass, density or temperature equal to infinity. But mathematics is known as a theoretical science, because it has a place for functions with infinite values. By superimposing one field of knowledge on another, we get approximate calculations of what could have been happening at the time of the Big Bang. These, as already mentioned, are points with infinite physical quantities. This phenomenon is called a physical or cosmic singularity. But its laws are incomparable with the theory of relativity. A new theory of quantum gravity can explain this phenomenon. This is where the behavior of light, its properties and significance in the Universe is studied. The theory itself does not yet exist, but there are certain calculations and prerequisites that can become its basis.

Unraveling the mysteries of gravity

In astrophysics, there is such a thing as escape velocity. It is used to determine the amount of acceleration with which a certain object will be able to resist. For example, a rocket, given its mass, must move at a speed of about 12 km / s to leave the Earth's atmosphere. But if our planet had a diameter not of 12,742 kilometers, but of one centimeter, then in order to overcome the field of attraction, it would be necessary to move at a speed greater than. In this case, the Earth would be surrounded not by the force of gravity familiar to us, but by a gravitational singularity. Of course, everything is because if our planet takes on such dimensions, it will turn into a black hole. But such an experience makes it possible to understand what is the significance of gravity in the universe.

What does the force of gravity depend on?

The closer the atoms are to each other, the denser the substance. If the molecules somehow interact with each other, then a heating process occurs, therefore, the temperature of this substance rises. Under terrestrial conditions, such processes occur within certain limits, therefore we invented formulas long ago that allow us to calculate the behavior of any chemical element. This is because the force of gravity does not allow particles to approach less than a certain distance, and move away more than a specific amount. In open space, where there are wastelands between galaxies, the space is especially rarefied, this is called a vacuum. There is no gravity here in principle, therefore a small amount of matter is in chaos. Near very dense objects (giant blue stars, quasars, as well as black holes), the force of gravity rises to unrealistic values ​​for us earthlings. The particles here are located so close to each other that a phenomenon called "gravitational singularity" is formed. This is the same basis that affects the distortion of space and the degree of curvature.

Gravity and the behavior of matter

Matter is not sucked into the singularity region. Only the cosmic wind and microscopic particles are attracted there. But a person, purely theoretically, can voluntarily go to such areas. They are located in quasars and black holes and, alas, for living beings they are deadly from the point of view of biology. Getting into the region of high tidal force, the body will begin to stretch both along and across. As a result, the outlines of a person will envelop the sphere and will rotate in it. Theoretically, if the eyes still see and transmit a signal at the same time, they will be able to see all their body parts, including the face, which will rotate in front of it, exceeding the speed of light. It is clear that the human body cannot exist in this form, but this applies to terrestrial physics. However, such an example gives us the opportunity to imagine what a singularity is from a practical point of view. It would be interesting to assume that we, as a species, can accept these new physical laws and exist in such forms, forming new worlds for ourselves.

Time flow

One can argue forever about what time is. Today it is defined as the process of passing physiological, physical and mental processes for living organisms and the matter of our world. But the properties of time, its hidden possibilities have not been studied. We perceive it as something subjective, and this can be carefully tracked by recalling our past years. When we lived the first year of life, this segment for us was equal to 100 percent. He was the only thing we have, all life and experience. On his second birthday, one year has already become 50 percent, on the third - only the third. By the age of 80, one year was already only 1/80 of a particle of life and meant practically nothing. This happened because during the first year everything we saw was new. In the future, we came across more and more familiar things and phenomena. That is why it seemed that childhood lasts incredibly long, and mature years fly by instantly. This is a clear example of how the perception of one person distorts the passage of time. And what will happen if we look at this term from an astronomical point of view?

Time at the beginning of time

It was a small digression, which made it possible to understand everything that we see. Being locked in the framework of physics and, moreover, of our own perception, it is difficult for us to imagine that the world was and can be completely different. So, the singularity of time had the same place in cosmology as the singularity of space. Now it will take 0.2 hours to cover a distance of 1 kilometer at a speed of 5 km/h. It takes several years to fly from Earth to Saturn. But what about time if all the distance that exists in the world is equal to 1 centimeter? Multiplying such insignificant parameters by an infinitely large density and mass, we get the curvature of space-time. This means that at the moment when the Universe was singular, everything that we see now could happen. Events may have been mixed up, incredibly distorted and juxtaposed. Simply put, any material object could look both into the past of the Earth or another planet, and into its future.

Technology and entering a new era

There is also the so-called singularity theory, according to which our planet will soon turn into a great biotechnical intelligence. According to researchers, by the middle of the 21st century, a computer will be created, the capabilities of which will surpass the capabilities of the brain. Artificial intelligence will naturally take over less developed beings. This moment will come. Such a name was coined because it is not known how such a progressive leap in the field of science will end and whether humanity will be able to survive.

Wormholes

The singularity of a black hole, of which, in fact, this cosmic object consists, is one of the biggest mysteries of the world. The wormhole itself does not actually look like a pit with a funnel and a narrow tunnel, but like a sphere formed by the gigantic force of gravity. We have already spoken about black holes above, defining them as deadly objects in the Universe. The force of their compression is incredibly great, because space is curved on the event horizon and time stops. The singularity of a black hole is comparable to the Big Bang theory. It has not been thoroughly studied, but it is believed that the force of compression inside the wormhole is the same as at the time of the birth of the world. That is why there is a theory that black holes are the evolution of new Universes that exist in parallel with ours.

Application explaining part of the theory

In general terms, the theory of infinite density also makes clear the game "Singularity". The passage of the mission is associated with movement in space and time, where these two concepts are one. The hero moves between 1950 and 2010, correcting the mistakes of Soviet scientists and rescuing modern-day convicts imprisoned on an island surrounded by radiation. If you immerse yourself in this world, then you can gradually understand what time means in the spatial dimension.

Summarizing

The study of all the secrets of the cosmos, which relate to gravity, makes it possible to understand that the theory of relativity limits us to the limit. Of course, this is an incredible find for terrestrial conditions, but if we are talking about studying other spaces, then it is worth discarding all stereotypes. Such a concept as "singularity" reverses the perception of sound, light pulses, the curvature of space and the duration of time. But so far it is found only in mathematical theory, and in physical practice it does not find an explanation for itself. The singularity of a black hole is currently being studied in the most detail, but it is believed that this region, although compressed to infinity, is not the most collapsed point in the Universe.