Could there be vomiting after. Causes, treatment and detection of diseases with vomiting

The reflex act of vomiting arose in the process of human evolution and is always preceded by nausea. Both nausea and vomiting are subcortical reflexes, therefore, they cannot be suppressed by an effort of will, and the human consciousness cannot control them. The main purpose of vomiting is to cleanse the body of toxins, poisons, chemical compounds that have entered it from the outside or are produced by its own tissues and organs.

Various pathologies and conditions manifest themselves as nausea and vomiting. These may be the only symptoms of the disease, or reflex acts appear in combination with other signs. Vomiting is always preceded by nausea, a feeling that is difficult to confuse with other sensations. Symptoms of nausea - "sucking in the stomach", salivation (saliva) increases, the person becomes pale, throws him into a cold sweat, a feeling of faintness and a fainting state increase.

Vomiting is the ejection of stomach contents through the esophagus and mouth. It is manifested by seizures, which are caused by contractions of the abdominal muscles. Vomiting is accompanied by pain in the stomach, the person is covered with sticky cold sweat. During vomiting, the larynx and soft palate rise, and the epiglottis descends, which protects the respiratory tract from vomit.

The vomiting center located in one of the ventricles of the brain is responsible for the occurrence of this complex reflex. It is excited by the action of impulses from the labyrinth of the inner ear, from mental stimuli, chemical reactions excited by the ingress of poisons, toxins, drugs into the blood, as well as by irritation of individual receptors in various parts of the body. The most sensitive receptors are located on the posterior wall of the pharynx; they are also supplied with the peritoneum, mesenteric vessels, and bile ducts.

Causes of nausea and vomiting:

Pathologies and damage to various parts of the central nervous system;

Food, drug, alcohol intoxication;

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;

Psychogenic causes;

Very severe pain of any origin.

Vomiting is not a specific symptom, but the assessment of its characteristics in combination with other manifestations and the study of vomit can greatly facilitate the diagnosis of diseases.

What disease can persistent vomiting indicate?

There are various groups of diseases that occur with constant vomiting. Depending on the nature of its occurrence and features, the disease is diagnosed:

Central vomiting-, hypertensive crisis, brain tumors and abscess, damage to the inner ear;

psychogenic vomiting- hysterical neurosis, bouts of cyclic vomiting in children;

Hematogenous-toxic vomiting-, acetonemic vomiting with, porphyria, carbon monoxide poisoning, alcohol, drugs, cytostatics, radiopaque substances, exposure to toxins of viruses and bacteria in infectious lesions;

Visceral vomiting- pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract (,), diseases of the biliary and urinary tract, atony and;

Vomiting with a putrid odor – ;

Vomiting with fecal odor- intestinal obstruction;

Hematemesis -;

Vomiting with bile - complications after surgery on the stomach, biliary colic, narrowing of the duodenum 12;

Vomiting with undigested food- gastric achilia, achalasia of the esophagus.

To clarify the diagnosis, a bacteriological, chemical, cytological study of vomit is carried out, the relationship of vomiting with food intake is studied (vomiting morning, early, late, on an empty stomach, nocturnal and cyclic).

Why can there be vomiting of water?

This type of vomiting is extremely rare, except for artificially induced vomiting during gastric lavage.

Causes of Vomiting Water in Children:

Colds;

Teething;

Pathology of the ear, throat, nose.

All these reasons are due to the ingestion of a large amount of mucus into the stomach. It drains from the nose and mouth through the throat and esophagus into the stomach. Irritation of its mucous membrane causes vomiting. The result is vomiting water without impurities.

In the absence of visible causes of the disease, this symptom manifests itself due to excessive dryness of the air, exposure to air in frosty weather, and also due to an allergic reaction. In this case, the release of a large amount of mucus is a protective reaction of the body to the negative influence of the environment. Then everything happens according to the algorithm described above - mucus irritates the gastric mucosa, where it gets in excess.

It is not difficult to eliminate this symptom in children, it is necessary to create optimal conditions for life and cure the pathology of the ENT organs.

If vomiting of water is diagnosed in an adult, this may be due to long breaks between meals. Gastric juice is secreted reflexively, and the longer the break between meals, the more juice is formed in the stomach. If a large amount of juice causes vomiting, it may appear that this is vomiting water. Visually, these liquids almost do not differ from each other.

For various reasons, a person does not feel that he is hungry, however, the body needs food. This condition leads to excessive production of gastric juice and vomiting that looks like water.

Can there be vomiting with mucus and why?

The admixture of mucus is found in many pathologies in both children and adults. Diseases in which vomiting with mucus is diagnosed:

Diet disorders in chronic gastritis;

Damage to the mucous membrane by alkalis or acids (suicide attempt, accident).

Vomiting with mucus in infants is a variant of the norm. However, in this age group, such vomiting may be the result of mucus accumulation during inflammation of the bronchi. A baby cannot cough it up due to age. When children use products of a special consistency (milk, jelly, fruit juices with pulp), vomiting with mucus is also observed.

Can there be black vomit and is it dangerous?

Black vomit can be a sign of a serious pathology or have a physiological cause. Some foods stain vomiting black: chocolate, dark-fleshed berries, etc. Knowing about their use on the eve of vomiting, you can only focus on stopping this unpleasant symptom.

Vomiting in the form of "coffee grounds" is a great danger. It indicates bleeding in the stomach or duodenum. The peculiar appearance of blood indicates that it has oxidized and coagulated under the influence of gastric juice.

Diseases that cause bleeding in the digestive tract:

Neoplasms of any etiology (tumors,);

Injury to the mucous membrane of the stomach or intestines;

hemorrhagic disease;

Ulcerative lesions of the stomach or small intestine;

Side effects of drugs that can cause damage to the stomach or intestines (Indomethacin, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, drugs, steroid hormones);

Gastric or intestinal bleeding is accompanied by dizziness, weakness. The patient's skin becomes pale, a feeling of apathy appears, a person may fall into. These symptoms are a reason to immediately call an ambulance, as delay can be life-threatening. If black vomit is the only symptom, you should still see a doctor as soon as possible.

At what disease can there be a temperature of 38 and vomiting?

Diseases in which there is a combination of vomiting and high fever:

Acute appendicitis;

Acute respiratory viral infection;

In the vast majority of cases, these symptoms are observed precisely with infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Children can react with vomiting to fast in any inflammatory process.

The initial manifestations of an intestinal infection and a viral disease are very similar: in both cases, hyperthermia, redness of the throat, and vomiting are observed. Specific symptoms appear a little later.

In any case, when vomiting is combined with a temperature of 38, it is urgent to call for "emergency care". It is impossible to differentiate poisoning from an attack of appendicitis without a medical examination. Acute appendicitis requires urgent surgical intervention, serious poisoning involves treatment in a hospital.

Antibiotic drugs have a large number of side effects, and vomiting occurs with the use of these drugs along with other symptoms.

Causes of vomiting while taking antibiotics:

Vomiting is a side effect of a particular drug;

There is an incompatibility of the antibiotic with concomitantly taken drugs from other pharmacological groups;

During antibiotic therapy, there was a violation of the diet or there was alcohol consumption.

The appearance of vomiting directly depends on the form in which the drug is taken. Antibiotics in the form of tablets are more likely to cause vomiting than the same drugs used in the form of injections. Do not refuse a particular medicine if its oral use causes vomiting. It is worth trying intravenous or intramuscular administration. Adjusting the dosage to reduce the volume or frequency of taking the drug will reduce the risk of this unpleasant side effect, but at the same time the effectiveness of the treatment may suffer.

Antibiotics that can cause vomiting:

Amoxicillin;

Azithromycin (Sumamed);

Tetracycline;

Streptomycin;

Ciprofloxacin (Tsiprobay, Tsiprinol, Tsiprolet);

Ampicillin;

Erythromycin;

Metronidazole (Trichopolum, Metrogyl);

Neomycin;

Cefpodoxime (Cefodox);

Gentamicin;

Doxycycline.

Drugs that provoke vomiting when used simultaneously with antibiotics:

NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, Aspirin, Diclofenac, Indomethacin);

cardiac glycosides;

Estrogens;

Potassium sulfate, iron sulfate;

Antivirals.

Alcohol and eating fatty foods during antibiotic therapy provokes vomiting and exacerbates this side effect.

Can the temperature rise after vomiting and why?

An increase in temperature after vomiting indicates that there is poisoning, hepatitis, intestinal infection (salmonellosis, dysentery). Poisoning with poor-quality food manifests itself as diarrhea, a combination of nausea and vomiting, and abdominal pain. An increase in temperature can be observed after vomiting. This suggests that toxins have entered the bloodstream. Despite the fact that an attack of vomiting somewhat reduced the amount of poisons that entered the body, even their minimum amount can cause hyperthermia.

Activities for detoxification of the body:

Gastric lavage;

Taking diuretics (Furosemide);

Reception of sorbents (Polysorb, Enterosgel).

If these measures did not give the desired effect, and the temperature did not return to normal, most likely, the cause of hyperthermia is an intestinal infection (dysentery, salmonellosis) or viral hepatitis. To clarify the diagnosis, you need to consult with an infectious disease specialist.

Can worms cause vomiting?

Worm infestations provoke vomiting in both children and adults. Its appearance is specific - it is a foamy discharge of white color. It does not appear immediately after infection, but after 2-3 weeks.

At the first stage, a sick person may develop a dry cough and dermatitis, similar in appearance to hives with allergies. At the end of the first stage, these symptoms are accompanied by nausea, profuse salivation, and signs of anxiety.

Complications and consequences of vomiting

Short-term vomiting does not cause significant harm to the human body. Prolonged vomiting, on the contrary, causes serious metabolic disorders.

Complications and consequences of prolonged vomiting:

There is a decrease in the volume of intracellular fluid, the loss of hydrogen ions, alkalosis develops - a change in the acid-base balance towards alkaline substances;

As a result of the loss of potassium and its excessive excretion by the kidneys, hypokalemia occurs;

Metabolic disorders lead to loss of consciousness and;

As a result of hypokalemia, arrhythmia, muscle weakness, nocturnal polyuria appear - an increase in the volume of urine excreted along with frequent nocturnal urination;

In severe vomiting, rupture of the mucosa of the esophagus, transmural rupture of the esophagus, rupture of the mucous membrane of the esophageal-gastric junction, accompanied by heavy bleeding, is possible.

These complications are especially relevant for children, debilitated patients, the elderly. Mentally disturbed patients may aspirate vomit into the respiratory tract. These complications lead to respiratory disorders, the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia.

With the help of vomiting, the human body is released from toxic substances.

An exception is vestibular disorders during motion sickness, a condition after a traumatic brain injury, severe nervous strain, stress.

First aid rules:

You can not stop the vomiting act, you should wait for its completion;

After this, the person needs to be seated, cover the chest and knees with a towel or clean rags, put a bucket, a basin at an accessible distance;

If a person suffering from an attack of vomiting can only be in a prone position, care should be taken to keep his head below chest level;

An unconscious patient should tilt his head to one side so that he does not choke on vomit;

After each attack, you need to rinse your mouth with cool water;

Bed rest with such attacks is observed only if you feel unwell;

To stop vomiting, apply Motilium, Cerucal, mint drops, Scopolamine (with motion sickness), if necessary, a sorbent (activated charcoal).

Particular caution should be shown if there are blood impurities in the vomit, they look like coffee grounds. This is a sign of stomach bleeding and requires immediate medical attention. The loss of large amounts of fluid during vomiting leads to dehydration. It is necessary to return the lost fluid as soon as possible with plenty of fluids and restore the optimal concentration of mineral salts.

Solutions for the relief of mineral deficiency:

Regidron, Trisol - normalizes water and electrolyte balance, prevents dehydration;

Gastrolit - in addition to the above properties, it has an anti-inflammatory effect, since the drug contains chamomile extract. Gastrolit is poured with boiling water and infused until completely cooled;

Salt solution of own preparation - add 1 tsp to 1 liter of boiled water. salt, 1/2 tsp. soda, 7 tsp. sugar, mix thoroughly until the components are completely dissolved.

Any saline solution should be drunk in small sips at intervals of 5-10 minutes. You can alternate this drink with unsweetened tea or 5% glucose solution. This technique will help to avoid an overabundance of salts.

How to stop vomiting?

This symptom occurs for many reasons. You can eliminate vomiting by applying in each case a specific etiotropic treatment aimed at combating the cause of the disease. If the cause could not be identified, symptomatic agents are used to stop vomiting.

Antiemetics:

In case of violation in the work of the vestibular apparatus, causing vomiting during motion sickness, Scopolamine, Ciel are taken. The optimal dose is 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day. Contraindications to the use of the drug Ciel - driving a car, as it reduces the concentration of attention;

Vomiting after chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the treatment of malignant neoplasms, as well as repeated bouts of vomiting against the background of gastroenteritis, are eliminated with Emetron and Setronon. The main active ingredient of these drugs is ondansetron, the release form is tablets, injection solution. Contraindications - hepatitis of various etiologies;

Vomiting, the appearance of which is associated with the work of the central nervous system, is successfully stopped by the drugs Motilium and Cerucal. It can occur with migraine, traumatic brain injury, atony of the stomach, gastroenteritis. Preparations are taken 1 tablet before meals 3-4 times a day;

Vomiting, as a symptom of the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, is eliminated with the drug Cisapride (Coordinax). The remedy is more effective than Cerucal and Motilium, but its spectrum of action is limited by the digestive system. Scheme of application - 1-2 tablets before meals;

Quite often, adults have a feeling of nausea, belching, and then vomiting. The reasons for this phenomenon are many and they are quite diverse. For example, vomiting can be a symptom of intoxication or cancer, or it can be caused by a strong emotional shock. In order not to miss the onset of the development of the disease, it is necessary to establish exactly what caused vomiting.

The reasons

Taking into account the causes of vomiting, it is divided into two types: visceral and toxic.

• visceral vomiting occurs due to irritation of the soft palate, tongue, pancreas, gastric mucosa. Vomiting is dangerous, provoked by the development of oncological diseases of the stomach and intestines, since in this case the motor activity of the contents of the digestive tract is disturbed. Usually such vomiting occurs after eating, and bile and blood can be found in the vomit. With advanced and severe diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, vomit may exude an unpleasant odor and be black; after such vomiting, a feeling of relief does not occur.
• toxic vomiting- this is the body's response to poisoning with heavy metals, acids, alkalis, ethyl alcohol. It happens that this type of vomiting is caused by severe somatic diseases: diseases of the cardiovascular system, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure. Sometimes, with toxic exposure, an adult experiences frequent bouts of vomiting, which are accompanied by severe pain. In the vomit, green mucus, foam, blood clots are observed. In this case, the person feels dizzy, headache, weakness. Body temperature can drop sharply or, on the contrary, rise.

Diseases that cause vomiting are divided into the following groups:

• Diseases of the digestive system: peritonitis, acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, intestinal obstruction, acute appendicitis, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, cholelithiasis, peptic ulcer, gastroenteritis, gastritis.
• Diseases of the nervous system: increased intracranial pressure, brain tumor, brain contusion, concussion, meningitis, encephalitis.
• Diseases of the cardiovascular system: heart failure, myocardial infarction, hypertension.
• Violation of the vestibular apparatus and diseases of the inner ear: Meniere's disease, labyrinthitis.
• Endocrine disorders: insufficient functioning of the adrenal glands, phenylketonuria, thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease), diabetes mellitus, accompanied by ketoacidosis.
• Vomiting of pregnant women: observed in the first trimester of pregnancy, and is a symptom of toxicosis, or occurs in the third trimester and indicates the development of preeclampsia.
• Psychogenic causes: any strong emotion or nervous shock, bulimia, anorexia.
• Other diseases: pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, cystitis, past abdominal surgery

In some cases, severe vomiting can be a side effect of taking medications: Theophylline, painkillers (anelgisers), estrogen, ferrous sulfate, potassium preparations. Motion sickness or motion sickness can also cause vomiting.

What to do

In case of severe vomiting, you should immediately call a doctor. In such a state, it is recommended to completely refuse food and regularly wash the stomach. It is strictly forbidden to self-medicate if you feel severe weakness and dizziness, there was a loss of consciousness.

Drink plenty of fluids between bouts of vomiting to prevent dehydration. Moreover, it should be consumed in small sips, little by little, but often. If you drink a lot of liquid at one time, this can provoke repeated vomiting. If even a small amount of liquid causes vomiting, you can prevent dehydration by putting a piece of ice in your mouth.

Doctors recommend drinking liquids containing electrolytes when vomiting, as this will help restore the balance of minerals and vitamins. Choose drinks that are high in potassium and sodium. It could be:

• apple juice diluted with water;
• weak black, green, ginger tea;
• still mineral water;
• low-fat broth;
• tonic syrups and drinks, for example, syrup Emetrol;
• electrolyte solution diluted from powder Regidron, Rex Vital, Normohydron, Electrolyte, Hydrovit.

Do not drink acidic drinks during vomiting, such as lemonade or orange juice. But a spoonful of honey added to tea will only increase its effect. Sucking on mints and chewing gum will help to suppress the feeling of nausea and the subsequent episode of vomiting.

After the attack stops, try eating some saltine crackers and watch your body react. If vomiting occurs again, it is better to refuse to eat food that day. If the digestive tract responded normally to food, you can eat in small portions.

Within a few days after vomiting, you must follow a diet. The diet should not contain salty, fried, fatty, smoked foods, excessively hot and cold foods. In cases where vomiting was accompanied by diarrhea, it is necessary to exclude dairy products, as they negatively affect the functioning of the digestive tract. Compliance with the regime of the day, regular ventilation of the room helps to quickly restore strength after vomiting.

Vomiting is a protective reflex of the body in both an adult and a child. Together with vomit, the contents of the stomach, harmful substances are excreted. An unpleasant phenomenon can occur in case of violations of processes in the body. One-time vomiting without smell, without fever, without diarrhea is not dangerous, but if it is repeated, this is a signal of the development of the disease.

Vomiting is a complex reflex mechanism that is coordinated by the CNS (central nervous system). Everyone has experienced nausea.

Provoking factors are divided into 6 groups:

Usually, this reflex of the body is preceded by a feeling of nausea, feeling unwell, increased salivation, a sharp pain in the stomach, and dizziness. When vomiting can occur:

• damage to the esophagus;
• large fluid losses associated with dehydration and leaching of minerals;
• complications of concomitant disease;
• aspiration pneumonia - inhalation of vomit, from which they enter the nose, respiratory tract (nighttime vomiting is a great danger);
• damage to tooth enamel by gastric juice, if a sudden one occurs, the oral cavity is not sufficiently washed with saliva.

It is worth paying attention to. It indicates pathological processes in the body.

Symptoms

Before a person throws up, the body starts a number of processes. Signs:

First aid for nausea

What should be done to help the body cope with vomiting, to ease bouts of nausea? Try to apply the tips:

Remember! Nausea and vomiting are not a disease, but a concomitant symptom that does not occur without a cause. If it is involuntary or continuous, then seek medical help. After identifying the cause, you can begin to treat the disease and get rid of the unpleasant phenomenon.

Diagnostic methods

An important step is the correct diagnosis, the study of the medical history. Medical examination of the patient clarifies the questions:

• Time of onset of nausea, (before / after a meal / not related to a meal);
• The presence of pain (in the stomach, in the head);
• The nature of the secretions - color, content, presence of food, blood, bile, mucus.

In accordance with the answers received, examinations are carried out: laboratory blood and urine tests, ultrasound, endoscopy, etc.

Diseases associated with nausea and vomiting

Some illnesses may occur without symptoms. For example, pancreatitis in an old and elderly person proceeds with mild symptoms. Therefore, in order to diagnose the cause, it is important to undergo a complete medical examination.

Treatment

It is necessary to start treatment after establishing the exact cause and diagnosis. To cure the disease, you need an integrated approach to therapy:

What are the symptoms to urgently call an ambulance

Emergency medical attention is required if:

• Persistent vomiting began after an illness associated with inflammatory processes in the body;
• There are signs of dehydration;
• High fever, antipyretics do not help;
• Persistent pain in the abdomen;
• There are signs of poisoning, causeless diarrhea;
• If the allocated mass is empty, urges begin every 5 minutes without nausea, even after water;
• The child vomits in a fountain at night, with no other visible symptoms;
• Dizziness, fainting;
• Manifestation of other symptoms of the disease.

Prevention includes proper nutrition, identifying and eliminating the causes that contribute to vomiting, preventing recurrence and complications of chronic diseases, timely seeking medical help and treatment.

Vomiting is a response to the process of excitation of a specific center of the medulla oblongata. This irritation of a part of the brain occurs due to the penetration of poisons, or reflexively - from the organs. Nausea is usually the harbinger of vomiting.

We recommend reading:

Vomiting may accompany:

• pathological processes of the gastrointestinal tract;
• disorders of cerebral circulation;
• thrombosis of vessels of internal organs;
• tumor neoplasms;
• acute kidney disease;
• toxicosis (gestosis) of the first half of pregnancy;
• infectious (most often intestinal) diseases;
• diseases of the visual organs;
• vestibular disorders;
• acute forms of myocardial infarction;
• drug overdose, drug incompatibility.

The patient first experiences nausea, excessive salivation, and shortness of breath. Then the diaphragm descends and the section of the stomach, passing into the duodenum 12, begins to contract in the opposite direction (anti-peristalsis), on the contrary, the upper “floor” relaxes. Spasms of the diaphragm begin, pressure in the stomach cavity rises, the glottis closes. After this, there is an eruption of gastric contents through the esophagus into the oral cavity.

The patient turns pale, he has a cold, clammy sweat, dizziness and severe weakness often occur, and blood pressure may fall. - this is a sensation that occurs due to irritation of the vagus and splanchnic nerves. Excitation from them is transmitted to the vomiting center and from it the impulse goes to the organs that are involved in vomiting.

In fact, vomiting is a certain symptom, but depending on the causes of occurrence and a number of other factors, it has many varieties and features of the course.

Features of vomiting:

• vomiting that is not accompanied by nausea is characteristic of problems with the brain;
• vomiting with severe headache is a sign of migraine;
• vomiting in the morning is characteristic of poisoning.

Signs of vomiting with pathological changes in the digestive tract

It begins with bouts of nausea, sometimes with accompanying pain.

Esophageal vomiting

Begins without nausea, lying down or leaning forward. It occurs due to the delay and accumulation of food in the esophagus.

Food vomiting is characteristic of the following diseases:

• narrowing of the esophagus (tumor, post-burn, ulcerative);
• achalasia of the cardia (spasmodic tension of the lower esophagus);
• diverticula of the esophagus (saccular protrusions of the walls);
• insufficiency of the sphincter (a muscle that compresses the passage from the esophagus to the stomach).

According to the timing of occurrence, they distinguish:

• early vomiting that comes on eating, with pain behind the sternum. It is provoked by the use of solid food with problems in the esophagus;
• late vomiting, which manifests itself 3-4 hours after eating (a sign of a strong expansion of the lower esophagus);
• mixed. Occurs with ulcerative esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus with ulcers).

Sometimes there is nighttime vomiting. Complicated by inhalation.

Signs of vomiting in diseases of the stomach and duodenum

Gastric vomiting makes itself felt almost immediately after a heavy meal, with the pathology of the duodenum - after 2-3 hours.

Note:a distinctive feature is relief immediately after vomiting and a decrease in pain.

The narrowed opening of the outlet (pyloric) section of the stomach (with cicatricial changes) causes frequent, voluminous vomiting with undigested food that has been in the stomach for more than a day, with a putrid odor.

If vomiting is repeated frequently, it contains the remnants of recently eaten food, then a spasm of the lower part of the stomach should be suspected. It occurs in case of poisoning with toxins, acute ulcerative process in the stomach, diseases and dyskinesia of the bile ducts, neuroses.

In cases of acute gastritis, patients often complain of vomiting - repeated, with pain in the epigastric region, bringing relief. Chronic gastritis is very rarely accompanied by vomiting.

Signs of vomiting

Vomiting begins with the onset of severe, spasmodic and paroxysmal pain in the abdomen of a diffuse nature. Intestinal obstruction in the upper sections is the cause of vomiting of bile. Obstruction, localized in the sections of the large intestine, is manifested by fecal vomiting. The patient has a similar complaint in the presence of a passage (fistula) between the adjacent stomach and a loop of the large intestine.

Acute can also give vomiting, especially in the presence of severe pain and fever.

The arteries of the peritoneum are accompanied by vomiting with blood.

With peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), repeated vomiting and fever are observed, each time bringing relief.

Vomiting, which can be caused by diseases of the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and ducts

With these diseases, vomiting is often repeated, it is accompanied by pain in the area of ​​the right hypochondrium. In patients, yellowness of the skin, sclera of the eyes is observed, especially after a violation of the diet and ingestion of fatty foods. Diseases with focal changes in the gallbladder, ducts, are the cause of vomiting of bile.

Acute pancreatitis is manifested by simultaneous vomiting and paroxysmal pain in the upper abdomen. During an attack, vomiting with blood may begin, often of an indomitable nature.

Infectious often occurs with vomiting and fever, accompanied by pain in the right hypochondrium, an enlarged liver, and the development of jaundice of the skin in patients.

Vomiting in endocrine diseases

In severe forms, diabetic coma can occur. These are formidable complications of this disease, requiring immediate assistance. Vomiting is a frequent companion of this pathology.

Chronic adrenal insufficiency and hyperparathyroidism are also characterized by the presence of vomiting.

poisoning

Intoxications that occur for various reasons in humans (infectious diseases, poisoning with industrial, household poisons) can give vomiting and diarrhea without fever or with various kinds of fevers.

Important:vomit in any case of intoxication is subject to mandatory laboratory testing.

Phenomena indicative of cerebral vomiting

It occurs as a result of injuries and diseases of the brain, blood vessels and surrounding tissues. An increase in pressure in the diploic veins of the skull (intracranial pressure) gives a characteristic vomiting with intense headache that occurs in the morning when trying to get up or just turning the head while lying down. These signs may be accompanied by a violation of the heart and breathing. Possible loss of consciousness (Bruns syndrome).

Vomiting and temperature are characteristic of inflammatory diseases of the brain and membranes - and. In these cases, there is also intense pain in the head, specific neurological symptoms that are determined by the neuropathologist. Perhaps the development of paresis and paralysis.

Meniere's disease is accompanied by lesions of the vestibular apparatus with bouts of dizziness, hearing loss and occasional vomiting.

In many people suffering, the pressure periodically rises sharply and the condition worsens, accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

How to artificially induce vomiting

In some diseases and conditions, it is necessary to be able to induce vomiting on your own. In case of overeating, poisoning, eating poor quality food or water, it may be necessary to empty the contents of the stomach, causing forced vomiting.

The most commonly used traditional method is pressure on the root of the tongue with two fingers, or a spoon. To facilitate the procedure, it is better to drink a solution of manganese. It is prepared from a small amount of potassium permanganate crystals and a liter of warm, boiled water. The solution must be stirred until a pink, uniform color is obtained. Then drink it, stimulate vomiting. The solution helps to wash the stomach well, cleanse it. It also relieves discomfort during vomiting.

For the same purpose, you can use a solution of salt and soda in water (1 teaspoon per liter). Drink in one gulp and empty the stomach. In most cases, there is relief.

Vomiting in children

Vomiting in a child is a common symptom that accompanies many childhood diseases.

As in adults, it happens:

• psychogenic;
• organic (caused by diseases).

In newborns of the first months of life, vomiting may occur due to excessive food intake. It is often accompanied by swallowing air.

Note:sometimes there is "chewing gum" - regurgitation with repeated swallowing (rumination). Regurgitation is distinguished from vomiting by the absence of muscle tension.

Vomiting in children is accompanied by:

• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• infectious diseases;
• poisoning;
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels;
• pathology of the nervous system.

The child has cases of vomiting and diarrhea without fever of unknown etiology or as the first (single) symptoms of an incipient disease.

Important:requires a mandatory determination of the cause - vomiting of bile. In children, it is a sign of serious illness.

What to do with vomiting in children? The answer is in the video review:

First aid measures and methods of treatment of vomiting

The volume and nature of assistance must be taken into account depending on the causes of vomiting.

Most cases require immediate gastric lavage by inducing artificial vomiting. It is strictly contraindicated to administer antiemetic drugs to the patient.

If there is blood in the vomit, then it is forbidden to wash the stomach. The patient can be given small pieces of ice for oral administration, it is better to put an ice bubble on the epigastric region. Urgent hospitalization in the supine position is required.

Subcutaneous atropine or methaclopramide may be used to stop vomiting. With indomitable vomiting, neuroleptics (etaperazine, meterazin, haloperidol) are prescribed.

Treatment of repeated vomiting with severe dehydration is supplemented by intravenous drip of isotonic solution, glucose, and other drugs.

Such patients are subject to hospitalization.

Lotin Alexander, radiologist

Depending on the origin distinguish primary and secondary vomiting.

• Primary vomiting - vomiting resulting from diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
  • Diseases of the esophagus, such as stenosis (narrowing of the lumen) of the esophagus.

• Secondary vomiting - vomiting that occurs for other reasons, for example, due to:
  • intestinal infections ( , ) - infections affecting the gastrointestinal tract,
  • lesions of the central nervous system (for example, with, possible when falling on a hard surface, traffic accidents).

Depending on the character vomit are distinguished:

• vomiting with an admixture of blood, the color of coffee grounds - is formed when gastric juice is mixed with blood (with slow bleeding from the esophagus or stomach, for example, with);
• vomiting scarlet blood - a sign of acute (requires urgent referral to a specialist);
• vomiting foamy mucus (found in case of poisoning with detergents,);
• vomiting bile (for example, with atresia of the duodenum 12 - a congenital (at birth) defect in which there is no lumen in it, which leads to difficulty in passing food in this section of the small intestine);
• putrid-smelling vomit (occurs with intestinal obstruction - the presence of an obstacle or obstruction to the movement of food through the intestines);
• vomiting curdled milk (for example, with excessive food intake, stenosis of the esophagus - narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus that occurs for various reasons, for example, due to the growth of a tumor (neoplasm)).

The reasons

The reasons vomiting as a symptom of numerous diseases can be divided into associated with the digestive system and other reasons.

Diseases associated with the digestive system (with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract).

• Acute gastroenteritis is a group of diseases characterized by an infectious lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines.
• Diseases of the esophagus, such as stenosis (narrowing of the lumen) of the esophagus, which may be due, for example, to:
  • a malignant neoplasm (whose cell type is different from the cell type of the organ from which it originated) in the lumen of the esophagus,
  • chemical burns of the esophagus (may result from the ingestion of hazardous chemicals).

• Diseases of the stomach, for example:
• Diseases of the pancreas, for example:
  • tumor (neoplasm) of the pancreas.

• Liver diseases such as:
  • liver tumors.

Other causes of vomiting

• Cerebral (brain) - occur with infections that affect the brain, for example, with:
  • (may occur when falling on a hard surface with the head, traffic accidents).

• Exchange - in this case, vomiting occurs against the background of various diseases accompanied by metabolic disorders (metabolic disorders) in the body, for example, with.

• Infectious-toxic - vomiting occurs with the toxic (poisonous) effect of the infection (in severe infectious diseases) of both viral and bacterial nature.
• Diseases affecting the vestibular apparatus (an organ that perceives changes in the position of the head and body in space and the direction of movement of the body, so that a person always knows what position his body is in), for example:
  • . As a result, a person experiences nausea, vomiting, dizziness.

• Poisoning the body with toxic substances (for example, with excessive alcohol consumption).
• Increased arterial (blood) or intracranial pressure.
• Psychogenic vomiting - can occur due to psycho-emotional stress, but can also be a sign of a serious illness, for example:
  • anorexia nervosa (refusal to eat, resulting in a sharp weight loss),
  • bulimia (a disease accompanied by a sharp attack of severe hunger, an increase in appetite, accompanied by weakness and pain in the abdomen).
• Metabolic (related to body metabolism) or endocrine factors such as:
  • hyperthyroidism (thyroid disease, manifested by an increase in its hormones),
  • Addison's disease (a rare condition that causes the adrenal glands to lose their ability to produce enough of their hormones).
• Other (exposure to radiation therapy or radiation used to treat malignant neoplasms).

Diagnostics

In most cases, the diagnosis of vomiting is not difficult.

If the cause of vomiting is not clear, then a more thorough diagnosis is necessary.

• Analysis of the anamnesis and complaints of the disease: the doctor specifies when (how long ago) vomiting appeared, the frequency of episodes, whether relief occurs after vomiting, is there a connection with food intake, what is the volume of vomit and their nature (presence of impurities).
• Analysis of the history of life: the doctor clarifies whether the patient had infections or abdominal operations (operations performed on the abdominal or chest cavity), food poisoning, whether his weight has changed recently and how.
• Examination of the patient. During it, the doctor determines:
  • the patient's body temperature;
  • whether there are signs of infectious diseases (rash, convulsions);
  • whether there are signs of poisoning (the smell of chemicals from the mouth, for example, acetone);
  • the general state of the body (pulse, respiratory rate, arterial (blood) pressure, reflexes (the body's responses to stimuli that act independently of the will of the person));
  • degree of dehydration (changes in weight, elasticity of the skin);
  • signs of diseases of the digestive system (changes in the stool (the appearance of diarrhea - frequent liquid stools), tension in the abdominal wall, bloating, enlargement of the liver).

Also, the doctor must examine the vomit to determine what food is contained in them: digested or not.

Treatment of vomiting

• A sparing diet (food should be warm, it should be consumed in small portions, boiled or steamed, fatty and fried foods, spices should be excluded from the diet, the optimal drinking regime is up to 2 liters of fluid per day, including mineral water).
• If vomiting occurs, you need to contact a specialist - as a rule, this is. In case of acute vomiting, it is necessary to call an ambulance to identify its causes, on the basis of which treatment will be prescribed.

Complications and consequences

Complications.

• Seizures. Repeated vomiting can lead to a large loss of fluid, along with which important trace elements are excreted from the body, which leads to a violation of their balance in the body.
• Choking or - can occur when vomit enters the respiratory tract.
• Wasting - may occur due to the inability to eat due to vomiting.
• Damage to the walls of the stomach and esophagus.
• Thinning of tooth enamel (due to chronic damage to tooth enamel by stomach acid entering the oral cavity during vomiting).
• Redness of the skin of the face and neck (occurs due to increased intrathoracic pressure during vomiting).

Effects.

• Fatal outcome (death) due to untimely seeking medical help for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), for example, with aspiration (vomit masses entering the respiratory tract during sleep).
• Functional (in which there is no damage to the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, but there are changes in their functioning) disorders for a long time can further contribute to the development of diseases, for example:

Prevention of vomiting

Among the principles prevention allocate:

• immediate medical attention if persistent vomiting or vomiting with various impurities (for example, blood) occurs,
• proper organization of nutrition (washing hands before eating, washing vegetables and fruits before eating, attentive attention to the quality of food - it is necessary to check its expiration date, appearance, smell).