How I got cancer. Rami Blekt Intro to number four...
Natalya Savishna is one of the heroines of the story.
Main part
Portraying Natalia Savishna, L.H. Tolstoy uses various artistic techniques:
- portrait;
- speech;
- characteristics of actions;
- traits;
- relationship with other people.
Conclusion
The main character of the autobiographical story JI.H. Tolstoy's "Childhood" became Nikolenka Irteniev. But the boy is not given in the work in isolation. He constantly comes into contact with other heroes. And through the relationship with these characters, the personality traits of the protagonist are revealed. One of these characters, with whom Nikolenka came into contact every day, was Natalya Savishna.
Portraying Natalia Savishna, L.H. Tolstoy uses various artistic techniques: portrait characterization, description of the heroine's speech in dialogues with different characters, characterization of actions, relationships with people. Natalya Savishna is a disinterested, direct person. She is ready to scold for pampering and at the same time, seeing the suffering of Nikolenka, she can ask him for forgiveness. Natalya Savishna has the following character traits: kindness, responsiveness, self-sacrifice. Despite her imperiousness, Natalya Savishna selflessly serves her masters (Nikolenka's parents), gives herself entirely to their family.
Life treated the heroine mercilessly: “She even decided to go to her grandfather to ask permission to marry Fok. Grandfather took her wish for ingratitude, got angry and exiled poor Natalya to the barnyard in the steppe village for punishment. Six months spent in the barnyard did not harden Natalya Savishna. She is still ready, forgetting about herself, to serve her masters. To show the power of the heroine's selfless love for the household, JI.H. Tolstoy cites the narrator's memoirs: “Since I can remember myself, I remember Natalia Savishna, her love and caresses; but now I only know how to appreciate them - then it never occurred to me what a rare, wonderful creature this old woman was. Not only did she never speak, but she did not seem to think about herself: her whole life was love and self-sacrifice. I was so accustomed to her disinterested, tender love for us that I did not imagine that it could be otherwise, I was not at all grateful to her and never asked myself questions: is she happy? satisfied?"
The actions that Natalya Savishna performs in the story characterize her as a real mistress who knows the value of things: “She was always busy with something: she either knitted a stocking, or rummaged through the chests that filled her room, or wrote down linen ...” . Work was an integral part of her life, her very essence. Thrift is another trait that distinguishes the heroine from others. The writer describes this quality of Natalya Savishna in this way: “The chests that filled her room contained absolutely everything.
Whatever was needed, they usually said: “You need to ask Natalya Savishna,” and indeed, after rummaging a little, she found the required item and used to say: “That’s good that she hid it.”
Using a variety of artistic techniques, the author creates a multifaceted image of Natalia Savishna.
(1 option)
In 1852, the work of L.N. Tolstoy is an autobiographical story. It contains images of those people with whom he interacts the protagonist Nikolenka Irteniev.
Natalya Savishna served in Nikolenka's house and was in charge of the keys to the pantry. From her youth, she was distinguished by “meekness of character and zeal,” so she was made the nanny of the born girl, the mother of the protagonist. The life of the heroine is not easy: having decided to get married, she did not receive blessings from her masters and was exiled to the barnyard. But the vicissitudes of fate did not break the sensitive woman: as before, she warmed the whole house with her love. Natalya Savishna had a domineering character, so the servants in the house were afraid of her. Natalya Savishna perceived the decision of the gentlemen about the freestyle as a desire to get rid of her: "... I disgust you with something, that you drive me out of the yard." This rare woman never thought or talked about herself. Her disinterested, tender love for people made them kinder, more humane. Chests of Natalia Savishna are a storehouse of things necessary for life. Nikolenka recalls the incident with the tablecloth, and his behavior in this episode, when he mentally scolded the nanny: “How! - I said to myself, walking around the hall and choking with tears, - Natalya Savishna, just Natalya, you tell me and still beat me in the face with a wet tablecloth, like a yard boy. No, it's terrible! This episode remained in the boy's memory forever, since here Natalya Savishna, upset, looking at the boy's tears, was the first to decide to make peace. The kindness of the heroine is endless, and it was she who made Nikolenka experience real shame: “I did not have the strength to look into the face of a kind old woman; I, turning away, accepted the gift, and tears flowed even more profusely, but not from anger, but from love and shame.
So, the image of Natalia Savishna helps to reveal the attitude of the protagonist of the story to life, to people. And the very nature of Natalia Savishna's life is an example of true love and self-sacrifice.
(Option 2)
In the chapter dedicated to Natalya Savishna, Tolstoy first briefly tells her story: the yard girl was taken as a servant to the house, when the hero's mother was born, she became her nanny.
Once in her life, Natalya gave herself free rein and asked to marry a man she liked, which angered the old owner, who exiled her for six months to a steppe village as a cowgirl. Returning from exile, Natalya “appeared to her grandfather, fell at his feet and asked him to return her mercy, affection and forget the nonsense that had been found on her and which, she swore, would never return. Indeed, she kept her word. She transferred all her love to the young lady, and when she, having decided to thank her for her faithful service, gave Natalya Savishna freedom, she no longer needed freedom, she regarded the freedom as exile: “It must be that I disgust you with something that you me get out of the yard." This is backstory. And the hero remembers the old woman with whom he shared all his thoughts and dreams, whom he resorted to between lessons, who smoked the “Ochakovo smoking”, which was once brought by the hero’s grandfather, and was the owner of chests where you could find everything your heart desires, who spoiled them and took care of them.
Natalya Savishna did not live her own life and her own will, but the life and will of the masters, and could not imagine another fate, she was happy with her. “Since I can remember myself, I also remember Natalya Savishna, her love and caresses; but now I only know how to appreciate them - then it never occurred to me what a rare, wonderful creature this old woman was. She not only never spoke, but also did not seem to think about herself: her whole life was love and self-sacrifice.
The hero recalls a case when he was offended by an old woman. He doused the tablecloth, and Natalya Savishna punished him. The little barchuk took the well-deserved punishment as a personal insult inflicted on him by some Natalya, a maid, and tears of anger poured from his eyes. Sensing his mood, Natalya Savishna apologized to him, brought a gift, and now tears of shame for herself were choking the boy. “I was so used to her disinterested, tender love for us that I did not imagine that it could be otherwise, I was not at all grateful to her and never asked myself questions: is she happy? satisfied?" These questions arose in his head much later, when he became an adult.
(1 option)
In 1852, the work of L.N. Tolstoy is an autobiographical story. It displays the images of those people with whom the main character Nikolenka Irteniev interacts.
Natalya Savishna served in Nikolenka's house and was in charge of the keys to the pantry. From her youth, she was distinguished by “meekness of character and zeal,” so she was made the nanny of the born girl, the mother of the protagonist. The life of the heroine is not easy: having decided to get married, she did not receive blessings from her masters and was exiled to the barnyard. But the vicissitudes of fate did not break the sensitive woman: as before, she warmed the whole house with her love. Natalya Savishna had a domineering character, so the servants in the house were afraid of her. Natalya Savishna perceived the decision of the gentlemen about the freestyle as a desire to get rid of her: "... I disgust you with something, that you drive me out of the yard." This rare woman never thought or talked about herself. Her disinterested, tender love for people made them kinder, more humane. Chests of Natalia Savishna are a storehouse of things necessary for life. Nikolenka recalls the incident with the tablecloth, and his behavior in this episode, when he mentally scolded the nanny: “How! - I said to myself, walking around the hall and choking with tears, - Natalya Savishna, just Natalya, you tell me and still beat me in the face with a wet tablecloth, like a yard boy. No, it's terrible! This episode remained in the boy's memory forever, since here Natalya Savishna, upset, looking at the boy's tears, was the first to decide to make peace. The kindness of the heroine is endless, and it was she who made Nikolenka experience real shame: “I did not have the strength to look into the face of a kind old woman; I, turning away, accepted the gift, and tears flowed even more profusely, but not from anger, but from love and shame.
So, the image of Natalia Savishna helps to reveal the attitude of the protagonist of the story to life, to people. And the very nature of Natalia Savishna's life is an example of true love and self-sacrifice.
(Option 2)
In the chapter dedicated to Natalya Savishna, Tolstoy first briefly tells her story: the yard girl was taken as a servant to the house, when the hero's mother was born, she became her nanny.
Once in her life, Natalya gave herself free rein and asked to marry a man she liked, which angered the old owner, who exiled her for six months to a steppe village as a cowgirl. Returning from exile, Natalya “appeared to her grandfather, fell at his feet and asked him to return her mercy, affection and forget the nonsense that had been found on her and which, she swore, would never return. Indeed, she kept her word. She transferred all her love to the young lady, and when she, having decided to thank her for her faithful service, gave Natalya Savishna freedom, she no longer needed freedom, she regarded the freedom as exile: “It must be that I disgust you with something that you me get out of the yard." This is backstory. And the hero remembers the old woman with whom he shared all his thoughts and dreams, whom he resorted to between lessons, who smoked the “Ochakovo smoking”, which was once brought by the hero’s grandfather, and was the owner of chests where you could find everything your heart desires, who spoiled them and took care of them.
Natalya Savishna did not live her own life and her own will, but the life and will of the masters, and could not imagine another fate, she was happy with her. “Since I can remember myself, I also remember Natalya Savishna, her love and caresses; but now I only know how to appreciate them - then it never occurred to me what a rare, wonderful creature this old woman was. She not only never spoke, but also did not seem to think about herself: her whole life was love and self-sacrifice.
The hero recalls a case when he was offended by an old woman. He doused the tablecloth, and Natalya Savishna punished him. The little barchuk took the well-deserved punishment as a personal insult inflicted on him by some Natalya, a maid, and tears of anger poured from his eyes. Sensing his mood, Natalya Savishna apologized to him, brought a gift, and now tears of shame for herself were choking the boy. “I was so used to her disinterested, tender love for us that I did not imagine that it could be otherwise, I was not at all grateful to her and never asked myself questions: is she happy? satisfied?" These questions arose in his head much later, when he became an adult.
These characteristically Tolstoyan landscape sketches foreshadow the paintings of War and Peace.
The attitude towards Natalya Savishna is not even explained: here Irteniev does not argue, but only loves and believes - like Tolstoy himself. In "Childhood" he says goodbye to her as to her mother: "The thought comes to me: is it really that providence only connected me with these two creatures in order to forever make me regret them? ..". As a result, the image of Natalia Savishna is perceived as a positive and in its own way heroic image; it embodies the truly beautiful features of a Russian woman: a big and faithful heart, sacrifice and love, preserved in the depths of the soul in spite of all the cruelties and sufferings of life.
In "Childhood": "The boundless, brilliant yellow field was closed only on one side by a high, blue forest, which then seemed to me the most remote, mysterious place, behind which either the world ends or uninhabited countries begin." The landscapes in Tolstoy's narrative are far from being impersonal; they are dramatized and animated. This technique, widely developed by writers late XIX century, especially perfect in Chekhov, is common in the early Tolstoy. In the scene of the hero’s mental confusion, for example, when the old birches, bushes and grasses “beat in one place and seemed to want to break away from the roots”, or in the scene of repentance in front of the face of nature: “... I was alone, and everything seemed to me that mysteriously majestic nature ... and I, an insignificant worm, already defiled by all the petty, poor human passions, but with all the immense mighty power of imagination and love - it all seemed to me at that moment that it was as if nature, and the moon, and I, we were same".
social plan folk theme was embodied in another idea - "The novel of the Russian landowner", begun in 1352 and directly related to the story of the "epochs of development". This novel was not completed; in 1856, only a small part of it was sent to print - the wonderful story "Morning of the Landowner". The harsh truthfulness of the village scenes depicted here will be revived in the novel Resurrection, where a young landowner, also Dmitry Nekhlyudov, will seek to improve the life of his peasants and will meet the same opposition, even anger.
But something else is much more significant: in the guise of Natalya Savishna, the most important features of the Russian national character and humanity in general were embodied. She experiences genuine grief at the coffin of Irtenev's early deceased mother.
A lot has been written about the fact that in the image of Natalia Savishna the “screaming contradictions” of Tolstoy’s work are already visible: criticism of feudal Russia as a country of “unpunished lawlessness” (“Natalia Savishna’s love story in the first printed text was not passed by censorship) and, on the other hand, idealization character, brought up by serfdom, nobility and slavery. This contradiction, of course, exists and foreshadows the images of "obedient" soldiers, men of "folk stories" of the 80s, Platon Karataev in "War and Peace" and Akim in "The Power of Darkness".
In the first book, the theme of the people is not disclosed as widely as in the novels and short stories written by Tolstoy in his mature and later years. But it would not be entirely fair to believe that in "Childhood", "Boyhood" and "Youth" she is only outlined as a kind of background that sets off the image of the hero - one of those who "through nannies, coachmen, hunters fell in love with the people." In the lyrical memoirs of Natalya Savishna, whose image must be considered the first in a series of classical folk images of Leo Tolstoy, this idea is contained, in particular. But in the general artistic conception of the book, not only Natalya Savishna is important, but all the “folk faces” - both those to whom entire chapters are dedicated in the story of Irtenyev’s life (the holy fool Grisha), and those to whom only a few lines are allotted. All together they create an idea of the world, which gradually opens up to the hero as a real-historical, like a homeland.
Promising the reader at the end to continue the story about Irteniev, Tolstoy hardly imagined that not only the first, but none of his books would receive a traditional ending. Apparently, only at the time of "War and Peace" did he understand that the open ending is a literary law, first mastered by Pushkin and then approved by his successors. “We Russians do not know how to write novels at all in the sense in which this kind of writing is understood in Europe”
Natalya Savishna, who once and for all threw "nonsense out of her head" (i.e., her love for the barman Fock) and cared only about the master's goods, was afraid of "spoilage and plunder" (once she insultingly punished Nikolenka for ruining the tablecloth), not only never She didn’t say, but she didn’t think about herself: “Her whole life was love and selflessness.” It seems that she should not have had any serious effect on the mentality and feelings of the hero, whose character is in every respect not similar to her character. Meanwhile, her influence and moral example turn out to be important for him, incomparably more important than all other good examples that he would like to follow and imitate. In descriptions of nature, in scenes of hunting, in pictures of village life, Tolstoy revealed to his hero the same “unknown” country for him - his homeland. Nikolenka Irteniev, with all his virtues and shortcomings, has become the main figure of the story, because he has the ability to morally judge himself and the world around him. The ability is cordial, sincere, extremely sincere; and it is more attractive, more contagious than, say, the cold and rational moral prudence of his friend, Dmitry Nekhlyudov. A direct moral feeling attracts the hero of Tolstoy to ordinary people - such as Natalya Savishna. Target: continuing the study of LN Tolstoy's story "Childhood", deepening the penetration into the artistic world of the writer, to awaken the desire to draw moral lessons from classical literature. During the classes I. Quiz "Recognize the hero by the portrait." 1) “Large, stately height, strange, small steps, gait, the habit of twitching the shoulder, small, always smiling eyes, a large aquiline nose, irregular lips that somehow awkwardly but pleasantly folded, lack of pronunciation - whispering, and big, in all his head, bald head ... ”(Father Nikolenka). 2) “... a man of about fifty, with a pale, oblong face pitted with smallpox, long gray hair and a sparse reddish beard. He was so large that in order to get through the door, he not only had to bend his head, but also bend his whole body. He was wearing something torn, like a caftan and a cassock; in his hand he held a huge staff.” (Holy fool Grisha). 3) “As I now see in front of me a long figure in a padded robe and in a red cap, from under which sparse gray hair is visible. He sits near a table on which stands a circle with a hairdresser who casts a shadow over his face; in one hand he holds a book, the other rests on the arm of the chair...” (Karl Ivanovich). 4) “... a woman of about forty-five, small, frail, dry and bilious, with gray-green unpleasant eyes, the expression of which clearly contradicted her unnaturally tenderly folded mouth. Light reddish hair showed from under a velvet hat with an ostrich feather; her eyebrows and eyelashes looked even lighter and more reddish against her unhealthy complexion. Despite this, thanks to her relaxed movements, tiny hands and a special dryness in all features, her general appearance had something noble and energetic. (Princess Kornakova). 5) “... brown eyes, always expressing the same kindness and love, a mole on the neck, a little lower than the place where small hairs curl, an embroidered and white collar, a gentle dry hand that caressed me so often and which I kissed so often; but the general expression eludes me.” (Maman). – Who are these words about? “What a rare, wonderful creature this old woman was!” (About Natalya Savishna.) - Let's trace the life story of Natalia Savishna, to whom the author devoted a whole chapter - "Natalia Savishna". Why an entire chapter? What role did Natalya Savishna play in the life of the narrator? So, lesson topic:
"The story of the life and death of Natalia Savishna".
(Appendix.) II. Conversation on the text of chapter XIII "Natalya Savishna". - Who is Natalya Savishna? - Who is this housekeeper?(A woman who was in charge of the household.) - She did not immediately become the housekeeper Natalia Savishna. Let's trace her history through the history of her name. Let's write: Why is the name changing? (Growing respect.) What did she do to deserve it? (“Meekness of disposition”, “industriousness”, “fidelity and devotion”, “love”.) - Was there any self-interest in caring for the master's good? (“I didn’t profit from the master’s thread” - disinterested work, disinterested love.) What did Natasha look like? (“In a shabby dress, a barefoot, but cheerful, fat and red-cheeked girl.”) – And Natalia Savishna? (No portrait.) - How do you imagine her? (In an eternal cap and apron.) - Which of the reproductions corresponds to the image of Natalia Savishna? Why? (Appendix)
. - Did Natalya Savishna have a family, children? And love? (Did not take place.) - Tell me why. Who is to blame? ( Retelling.) “Fate was cruel to this woman. Was she angry at life? Does he grumble at fate? (With true Christian humility she bears the cross.) “Besides, is her life devoid of love?” (Life gave her a huge, inexhaustible love for Natalya Nikolaevna.) – Main feature her character? (“love and self-sacrifice.”) What is self-sacrifice? (Relinquishing personal interests for the sake of others.) - Is this good or bad? (If you love, then it’s good. Self-sacrifice without love is fruitless. On the other hand, it’s impossible to love and not sacrifice anything.) - What act of Natalia Savishna speaks about this? (Tore free.) - Why did Natalya Savishna do this? (Misunderstood, offended, regarded as a desire to drive away.) - How does Nikolenka feel about Natalia Savishna? (With love and tenderness, but takes her love for granted: “Since I can remember myself, I remember Natalya Savishna, her love and caresses; but now I only know how to appreciate them ...”). - Natalia Savishna's room beckoned Nikolenka. Let's imagine that "under the pretext of ... need" he ran here. Let's enter the room with him... What do we see? - Let's turn to the drawing of the artist Kostin in the textbook. Why is the drawing so concise? Why so few details? (In Tolstoy, Natalia Savishna's room is described succinctly: "filled" with chests.) - And here is how our “artists” presented Natalya Savishna’s room ( student drawings) and artist A. Westfalen (Appendix)
. - “She was always busy with something ...” What occupation is Natalya Savishna depicted at A. Westfalen? (Rummages in the chest.) What else could she be doing? (I knitted a stocking, wrote down linen.) – “In the chests ... there was definitely everything ...” Which of the following things were stored in the blue chest of Natalya Savishna? (Appendix)
. - Why did Nikolenka like to be in Natalya Savishna's room? What did you do? (dreaming out loud) - Let's sit on the edge of the chest in Natalya Savishna's room and dream ... (1-2 students) - How do Nikolenka's dreams characterize him? - When did Nikolenka appreciate the nanny? (When I became an adult, after 1.5 decades I realized: “Her whole life was love and self-sacrifice.”) - And then ... Nikolenka was not only not grateful, but even thought about how to take revenge on the impudent Natalya, who insulted him. What happened? What act of Nikolenka aroused such a base feeling? – Tablecloth case: role reading. - Why did Natalya Savishna punish Nikolenka like that? (“Beloved” - punished like her own son.) - What interests Tolstoy more - an event or inner experiences? - Let's see what feelings Nikolenka experienced, how one feeling is replaced by another. Tolstoy was the first in Russian literature to show the world of the hero not frozen, but in constant change and development. This artistic discovery is called "Dialectics of the Soul"(Appendix).
- What angered Nikolenka? (The arrogance of serf Natalya.) Why did he refuse revenge? (Natalya Savishna came to ask for forgiveness.) - What are you ashamed of? (He behaved with a woman who gave herself to their family without a trace, as with an ordinary serf.) - Is Nikolenka indulgent or merciless towards himself? - How does Natalya Savishna herself experience what happened? (Suffers from his own rudeness, pities the child.) - What are the details about it? (“…Natalya Savishna… timidly came up to me and began to say: – Completeness , my father, do not Cry... forgive me, you fool... it's my fault... you must forgive me, my darling... there you are. She took out from under her handkerchief a cornet made of red paper, in which were two caramels and one fig, and trembling gave it to me by hand.) - What significance did this story have for Nikolenka? (She taught me to love, appreciate the love of others, forgive. The author is convinced that love and forgiveness are the path to harmony and happiness.) - If Natalya Savishna were different, would Nikolenka grow up to be such a conscientious person as we feel him in the narrator? (No .. If Natalya Savishna had behaved differently, she would not have been ashamed, the incident would not have been remembered, because Nikolenka, after so many years, remembers her unseemly behavior). - Why, after the death of his mother, Nikolenka reached out to Natalya Savishna? How did she prepare for death? ( Student's story on chapter XXVIII "Last sad memories".) Why did Tolstoy devote an entire chapter to Natalia Savishna, a simple woman? (She left a deep imprint in her soul, taught high wisdom, true love for people, selflessness, sensitivity, kindness.) - What words from the chapter “Natalya Savishna” can be taken out as an epigraph for today's lesson?
