Leaders of the English Revolution 1640 1660. English Revolution

The Stuarts, who began to rule in England from 1603, showed themselves to be ardent defenders of the interests of the old nobility and the strengthening of autocratic royal power. The first representative of the new dynasty, James I, rushed about with the idea of ​​the complete abolition of parliament. An even more decisive course towards strengthening absolutism was pursued by the son of Jacob, Charles I. Feudal orders became the main obstacle to the development of capitalist relations in the country. The conflict between the new capitalist order, on the one hand, and the old, feudal production relations, on the other, was the main reason for the maturing of the bourgeois revolution in England.

In 1628, the parliamentary opposition set out their demands in the Petition of Right. In response, Charles I disbanded parliament and ruled alone for 11 years with the help of his favorites - Earl Strafford, Viceroy of Ireland, and Archbishop William Laud. He established new taxes, fines and requisitions without the consent of Parliament. The firm course of the king to establish absolute power caused discontent and indignation of the broad masses of the population in England, Scotland, Ireland, and increased emigration to North America. In the religious sphere, the royal authorities pursued a policy of church uniformity, which amounted to the infringement of all denominations in favor of the Anglican Church.

In Scotland, an attempt to introduce ecclesiastical uniformity led in 1637 to an anti-English revolt. In 1639, the troops of Charles I were defeated in the Anglo-Scottish War. To raise funds for the continuation of the war, Charles I was forced to convene first the Short Parliament (April 13 - May 5, 1640), and then the Long Parliament. It opened on November 3, 1640, and immediately put forward a number of strong demands to the king. This date is considered the beginning of the English Revolution.

The first two years of the Long Parliament can be called "peaceful". With the active support of the people, the bourgeoisie and the new nobility (they formed the majority in the lower house of parliament) adopted a series of laws that made it impossible for the king to rule without cooperation with parliament. It was forbidden to collect taxes that were not approved by Parliament. The punitive organs of absolutism ("High Commission" and "Star Chamber") were destroyed, and the king's chief advisers (Earl Strafford and Archbishop Laud) were sent to the scaffold.

An important moment in the activity of the parliament was the adoption of the "Great Remonstrance" (protest), in which, in 204 articles, the abuses of the king were listed. The document was aimed at substantiating the bourgeois principle of the inviolability of the person and his property.

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The English Revolution of 1640-1660. The formation of a parliamentary monarchy in England

By the beginning of the XVII century England was the most economically developed European countries. Early capitalist relations were developing rapidly, and the commercial and entrepreneurial strata were gaining more and more economic weight. However, they had to put up with interference from the state - monopolies, which the crown distributed to officials and courtiers in order to support them at the expense of manufacturers and merchants.

The conflict with the authorities was also brewing in matters of faith Moderate Presbyterian Radical Independent Trends began to emerge in the Puritan movement

The Presbyterians Wanted to Get Rid of Priests and Bishops The believers should be led by elders - presbyters elected for 1-2 years

The Independents advocated the complete independence of religious communities and non-interference of the state in their affairs.

Kings Against Parliament James I Stuart 1603-1625 He was a staunch absolutist, insisting that he could rule without the approval of Parliament

Charles I Stuart 1625-1649 Dissolved parliament and did not gather for 11 years In 1637, in Scotland, where the king decided to plant Anglicanism against the will of the population who professed Calvinism, an uprising began. In 1640, the king convened a parliament, but the deputies were in no hurry to lend money to the king, so Charles dissolved them. This session was called the Short Parliament

On November 3, 1640, the session of Parliament, called the Long Parliament, opened. The deputies presented to the king the “Great Remonstrance” - “We see the root of all misfortunes in the disastrous intention to undermine the basic laws and principles of government on which the religion and court of our kingdom were firmly based. The ministers of the king should be accountable to parliament and only this body can impose taxes. The question of introducing a constitutional monarchy was raised The actions of the Dolgovo Parliament are considered to be the beginning of the English Revolution

Charles left for the north of the country, where he gathered an army and raised his standard. Supporters of Charles were called cavaliers. Supporters of the parliament - round-headed. Royal army - royalists.

Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658 A dedicated Puritan, a talented military leader, formed detachments of staunch Calvinists, nicknamed the Ironsides, who successfully fought the Cavaliers Created a "new model" army - strict discipline reigned

In 1645, under Naesby, the supporters of the king were defeated, Charles fled to Scotland

In 1647, Cromwell's army entered London, having driven out the Presbyterians from Parliament. Only the Independents and Levellers remained in Parliament. The Levellers also expressed the interests of ordinary soldiers, leader John Lilburn. He wanted to see England not as a monarchy, but as a republic with a unicameral parliament.

1649 - England proclaimed a republic A council of state headed by Oliver Cromwell is created. He arrested the leaders of the Levellers. They were shot. 1650-1658 - Cromwell Protectorate Cromwell Protectorate. A protector is a protector, a protectorate is a form of government, when the Lord Protector was at the head of the republic for life.

1658 O. Cromwell died. In 1660, Charles II ascended the throne. The Republic has come to an end. Charles II 1660-1685 Son of the executed king. He dealt with several members of the tribunal who condemned his father, restored the Anglican Church, began to persecute the Puritans

James II 1685-1688 William III of Orange

in 1689, the king signed the "Bill of Rights" in the country, a parliamentary monarchy was established. The Whig parties supported parliamentary freedoms and restrictions on the monarchy. They expressed the interests of the new nobility, the Tory merchants had respect for the monarchy, adherents of the old order. Expressed the interests of large landowners and the aristocracy

English bourgeois revolution 1640-1660. was one of the first in Europe, marking the transition from absolutism to a constitutional monarchy. Its most important feature was the limited socio-political demands of the opposition, and, consequently, the nature of revolutionary changes in the field of statehood and law. This was due to the fact that the English bourgeoisie opposed the absolute monarchy and the omnipotence of the church not in alliance with the people, as, for example, in France, but with the "new nobility".

The confrontation between the king and parliament, which led to the revolution, emerged at the beginning of the 17th century.

In December 1641, the parliament voted for the Great Remonstration (condemnation), which proclaimed a policy of limiting the powers of the king and his ministers. The drafters of the document themselves believed that it would lead to the restoration of "the legitimate principles of administration and law." The Great Remonstrance proclaimed the liquidation of the Star Chamber, limited the judicial powers of the crown and the jurisdiction of the Privy Council.

The document established the maximum term of non-parliamentary rule, which should not exceed 3 years. Now the parliament could not be dissolved earlier than 50 days after its convocation. The "arbitrary power that claimed on behalf of His Majesty to impose taxes on subjects and levy taxes on their property without the consent of Parliament" was limited. This state of affairs was declared illegal. Thus, the Parliament gradually turned from a royal into a national authority. The Great Remonstrance legitimately consolidated many of the transformations carried out during the years of the "long" parliament. This aggravated the political confrontation in society and led to revolutionary upheavals.

The most important result of the revolution of 1640-1660. there was a change in the form of political government. Absolutism was replaced first by a constitutional dualistic monarchy, and then by a parliamentary one. The Breda Declaration of 1660, which marked the end of the revolution in England, restored the monarchical tradition in the country. During this period, two opposing factions formed in parliament: the Tories, who expressed the interests of the court aristocracy and part of the gentry, and the Whigs, who united representatives of the opposition: merchants, the financial bourgeoisie, the top of the gentry, and the industrial bourgeoisie.

The characteristic features of the type of statehood that developed during the years of the revolution were: the state supremacy of the parliament, the separation of powers and accountability of all branches of power, the rule of law.

The most important document that fixed the redistribution of power was the "Act on Better Ensuring the Freedom of Citizens and on Preventing Imprisonment Beyond the Seas" of 1679.

The criminal procedural norms formulated in the act are the basis of criminal proceedings in many modern states, including Western European countries, Russia and the United States. The law, limiting the sovereignty of the king and the arbitrariness of officials in the field of criminal law and legal proceedings, proclaimed the inviolability of the person, as well as the principles of the presumption of innocence, legality, and promptness of justice. This allows us to consider it the most important constitutional document in the history of England, along with the Magna Carta of 1215. Its significance lies in the list of criminal procedural guarantees against arbitrary arrests and secret reprisals. The most important of them was that the act provided for the responsibility of jailers and judges for violating the relevant articles of the law.

However, the value of the document as a valid source of legal practice was limited by a number of circumstances:

1) its action could be suspended by Parliament;

2) the articles of the act did not apply to civil cases;

3) the amount of bail provided by law for the release of the accused on bail was significant, and not every citizen could pay it.

2. "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 in England. Bill of Rights 1689

The historical events that have received the name "Glorious Revolution" in the research literature were an important stage in the evolution of English absolutism into a parliamentary monarchy.

James II, who ruled England from 1685, pursued a policy that was strongly opposed by Whigs and Tories alike. Dissatisfied with the anti-Protestant policy of the king, they united their opposition efforts and actually carried out a coup d'etat, during which the monarch was deposed, and his place on the throne was taken by the invited prince William of Orange, who was the son-in-law of Jacob II, who had fled the country.

The "Glorious Revolution" completed the formalization of a compromise between the country's leading political forces: the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. Political power in the center and locally remained in the hands of the landed aristocracy in exchange for guarantees that the interests of the top financial and industrial bourgeoisie would be observed. This consensus became the most important element of English statehood in the 17th-19th centuries, marking at the same time the trend of its evolution from a dualistic monarchy to a parliamentary one.

The most important political documents that consolidated the beginning of the redistribution of power between the king and parliament were the Bill of Rights of February 13, 1689 and the Act of dispensation of June 12, 1701.

The Bill of Rights became the basis of the English constitutional monarchy, securing the supremacy of Parliament in the field of financial policy legislation. The purpose of the document, first called the Declaration of Rights, was to provide "the restoration and confirmation of ancient rights and liberties."

It was now declared illegal to suspend any act of legislation at the instigation of the Crown without the consent of Parliament, and to levy fees and taxes without the sanction of Parliament. The powers of the king were also limited in relation to the leadership of the army and navy. "The recruitment and maintenance of a permanent army within the kingdom in peacetime" could only be carried out with the consent of Parliament.

The bill proclaimed a number of civil and political rights: freedom of speech (the right to petition the king and proclaim the illegality of persecution for that) freedom of expression, political pluralism, etc.

The document formulated the principles of the activities of the legislative power in the system of state political bodies: free elections to parliament, regularity, its convocations, independence from the executive branch and others Subsequently, these provisions were clarified, and the term of office of the Parliament was determined at first three years, and then seven years.

In the VII article of the Bill, the idea was carried out podza equestrian power of royal power, and Article XI emphasized that this power is established in society as a result of a compromise reached "for all eternity ... on the advice and with the consent spiritual and secular lords and commons sitting in parliament...”. Thus, in real political practice, the ideas of J. Milton and J. Locke about equality before the law and the contractual origin of power in society were embodied. The trend of constitutional consolidation of the supremacy of power of Parliament reflected b in the content of the Act of dispensation of June 12, 1701

3. "Deed of Dispensation" 1701 Evolution of the Principle of "Responsible Government"

Act for the Future Limitation of the Crown and 0 better ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens (the Act of dispensation) clarified and developed a number of provisions of the Bill of Rights of 1689, mainly in the field of regulating the order of succession to the throne

The need for such a document was due to the fact that William of Orange left no heirs. The act contained a number of conditions and requirements that a candidate for the English throne had to meet. Proclaimed a ban on the occupation of the throne by an adherent of Catholicism. Now only a supporter of the Anglican faith could become the king of England. In addition, the king was forbidden to leave the country without the consent of parliament, which can be seen as a restriction on the freedom of movement of the monarch. He was deprived of the right to pardon against persons prosecuted by impeachment.

In addition to regulating the succession to the throne, the document paid great attention to further clarifying the prerogatives of the legislative, executive and judicial powers. The limitation of royal power was manifested in the fact that all acts of the executive

authorities, in addition to the signature of the king, needed the signature of the royal ministers (countersignature), on the advice and with the consent of which they were accepted. This principle has become an important condition for the establishment of the institution of "responsible government".

The dispensation act significantly changed the status of the legislative and judicial power, removing it from the influence of the crown. No person who received a pay for an office subordinate to the king, or a pension from the crown, could be a member of the House of Commons. Judges who were previously subordinate to the king and responsible to him could not now be removed from office at his sole request, except on the proposal of both houses of parliament. The legislative delimitation of the powers of the branches of government with the aim of establishing their independence from each other is recorded in the Act on Offices of 1707.

At the conclusion of the document, the inviolability of the principle of subordination of royal power was confirmed.

Thus, at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. in England, the most important principles and institutions of bourgeois state law were formalized: the supremacy of parliament in the field of legislative initiative, the right of parliament to vote the budget and determine the military contingent, the principle of the irremovability of judges, the subordination of all branches of state power, responsible government. However, the final delimitation of the powers of the legislative and executive powers did not occur, and the dualism in the political system of England continued to persist, which contributed to the idea of ​​a triune parliament (king and two chambers).

In the conditions of further socio-political development, the final approval of the parliamentary monarchy took place, a sign of which was the formation of a responsible government. The changes associated with this process, as a rule, did not receive formalization in the form of constitutional acts, but took the form of conventional norms (agreements). This is the unique feature of English constitutional law.

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The objectives of the lesson Educational - to study the causes, course, stages, result of the English Revolution. Educational - instilling respect for the principles of social justice and prosperity, the foundations of democracy, the struggle for building a state of law. Developing - continued development of the ability to compare historical events, skills in working with a map, textbook text, historical source. Lesson type - combined lesson. Lesson equipment Teaching aids. Interactive board.

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English Revolution 1640-1660 Lesson Plan The study of the causes, course, stages and results of the revolution. Consolidation of the material covered. Definition of homework. Summing up the results of the lesson.

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Review of the past Questions for review. What characterizes absolutism as a form of power? Which kings of England and France are associated with the formation of absolutism? What were the names of representative institutions in England and France, what role did they play in the formation of absolutist regimes? What are the similarities and differences between the process of formation of absolutist regimes in England and France?

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Questions to review. What role did the victory over the Invincible Armada play in the formation of absolutism in England? What is protectionism, how is this phenomenon related to absolutism? Answer the question to tell about the role of Cardinal Richelieu in the history of France. 4. Answer the question to tell about the goals of protectionism.

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Review task What were the reasons for the conflict between England and Spain? Show on the map the territory of England, Spain. Show on the map the path of the Invincible Armada, the place of the battle.

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The topic of the lesson is "The English Revolution of 1640-1660." Causes of the revolution Dissatisfaction of various segments of the population with the power of kings: - Discontent of the peasants - high taxes, fencing. - The dissatisfaction of the new nobility (gentry) - the concentration of commercial privileges from London merchants. Write out definitions in a notebook: 1. Puritans - 2. Presbyterians - 3. Independents -

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The reason for the revolution is the dispersal of Parliament (Short Parliament) by King Charles I - 1640. The course of the revolution Stage I - 1642-1646 - civil war. Read the text on pp. 221-223 and write in your notebook: The Civil War is a war between... The Long Parliament is... Oliver Cromwell is... The Ironsides are... The Levellers are... John Lilburne is... The Pride Purge is...

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1649 - The victory of the Long Parliament in the civil war 1649 - The court sentenced Charles I to death

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Stage II - 1649-1660 - Cromwell's protectorate Protectorate - a form of government in which all state bodies are subordinate to one person, whose position is elective. Read the text on page 265, write in a notebook: Reasons for Cromwell's campaign in Ireland in 1649 - ... Reasons for Cromwell's campaign in Scotland 1650-1652 - ... Diggers demanded ... 1653 - Oliver Cromwell - Lord Protector of England O. Cromwell - dissolution of the remnants ("rumps") of the Long Parliament 1658-1660 - the dictatorship of Richard Cromwell

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Stage III - Restoration of the monarchy (1660 - 1688) 1660 - Charles II (son of Charles I) seizes power in the country Restoration of the Stuart dynasty - 1660-1668: - persecution of Presbyterians and other Protestant movements. - Acceptance of Catholicism by the king. - violation of the promise to grant amnesty to participants in the civil war. 1688 - "Glorious Revolution" - Read the text on page 223 and write down what it was. The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 is ... William of Orange is ...

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