The article on the topic: “dream book swearing in a dream with a man” presents current...
1. Russia is located:
A) northern 1) m. Dezhneva
B) southern 2) m. Chelyuskin
B) western 3) Bazarduzu
D) eastern 4) sand spit of the Gulf of Gdansk
Baltic Sea
a) Black
b) Beringovo
c) Barentsevo
d) Chukotka
a) Pacific Ocean
c) Atlantic Ocean
a) White
b) Barents
c) Okhotsk
6. Russia is located:
a) in 11 time zones;
b) in 10 time zones;
c) in 12 time zones;
d) in 24 time zones;
a) at 0° meridian;
c) at 180° meridian;
d) at the equator.
a) 7 hours ago;
b) 7 hours ahead;
c) 11 hours ago;
9. Time within boundaries time zone is called:
a) local;
b) waist;
c) summer;
d) maternity leave;
10.
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
13. Who discovered the way to Siberia? __________________________________________
14. He studied the Ussuri region - __________________________________________
15. Who discovered Lake Baikal? _____________________________________________________
16. The sea is named after the brothers - ________________________________________
17. When and by whom was the Russian North developed? ________________________________
18. He in 1696 Made a trip to Kamchatka - ______________________________
19. In 1932 O. Schmidt and V. Voronin passed ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Class _____ Last name, first name ________________________________________________
Generalization test on the topic “Our Motherland on the World Map.”
1. Russia is located:
a) in the northern and western hemispheres;
b) in the northern and eastern hemispheres;
c) in the northern, eastern and western hemispheres;
d) only in the northern hemisphere.
2. Find a match: Extreme points of Russia:
A) northern 21) m. Dezhneva
B) southern 3 2) M. Chelyuskin
B) western 4 3) Bazarduzu city
D) eastern 1 4) sand spit of the Gulf of Gdansk
Baltic Sea
3.The cleanest sea off the coast of Russia
a) Black
b) Beringovo
c) Barentsevo
d) Chukotka
4. Typhoons and tsunamis occur in the seas:
a) Pacific Ocean
b) Arctic Ocean
c) Atlantic Ocean
5. Kislogubskaya TPP was built at sea:
a) White
b) Barents
c) Okhotsk
6. Russia is located:
a) in 11 time zones;
b) in 10 time zones;
c) in 12 time zones;
d) in 24 time zones;
7. Where does a new day begin:
a) at 0° meridian;
b) in the Arctic Circle;
c) at 180° meridian;
d) at the equator.
8. If you move from the 9th time zone to the 2nd time zone, then you need to set the clock to:
a) 7 hours ago;
b) 7 hours ahead;
c) 11 hours ago;
9. Time within boundaries time zone is called:
a) local;
b) waist;
c) summer;
d) maternity leave;
10.
Determine the standard time of Magadan if it is 6 o'clock in Moscow.
(10-2)+6h.= 14h
11. Which sea coast did the Novgorodians, the Pomors, develop?
Barentsevo
12. Why did the Pomors swim to Mangazeya?
For fur
13. Who discovered the way to Siberia? Ermak
14. He studied the Ussuri region - N.M. Przhevalsky
15. Who discovered Lake Baikal? – Kurbat Ivanov
16. The sea is named after the brothers - Laptev
17. When and by whom was the Russian North developed? – Russians of the XΙΙ century.
18. He in 1696 Made a trip to Kamchatka - V. Atlasov
19. In 1932 O. Schmidt and V. Voronin passed - Northern Sea Route
20. The first Russian scientist - a natural scientist with a worldwide reputation - M.V. Lomonosov
The beginning of the Russian advance to the north and northeast to the shores of the White and Barents Seas must be dated back to the 9th-10th centuries.
Three main motives drew the Russians to the harsh North. The first is the desire to escape boyar oppression and internecine wars. The second is the desire to escape religious persecution. The third is the hope of getting out of poverty in the rich fisheries and animal industries of the White and Barents Seas.
A forced change of religion, under the compulsion of the authorities, always and everywhere caused resistance, sometimes expressed in uprisings, sometimes in a kind of going underground, and sometimes in relocation from their homes to new areas.
Thus, Academician Lepekhin wrote: “During Vladimirov’s baptism, many, and especially those from Novgorod, who did not want to accept the Christian faith, leaving their homes, moved to these places, which, due to their remoteness and local situation from the Vladimirovs’ searches, seemed safe to them, and to them due to trade were already known...”
At the end of the 9th and beginning of the 10th centuries. The flow of Russians to the north and northeast intensified, similar to what began in the 15th century. and especially intensified in the 17th century. the persecution of the schismatics caused a new intensified advance of the Russians also to the north and northeast.
Fishing and hunting in the White and Barents Seas attracted not only industrialists, but also merchants who exchanged their catch from industrialists, and caused the development of navigation and shipbuilding, especially since the banks of the rivers flowing into the White Sea were rich in timber.
Very little written information about the beginning of Russian settlement of the shores of the White and Barents Seas has been preserved. One of the most ancient records about the Slavs in our north is from the Arab writer Abu Hamed, who in the first half of the 10th century. reported “about the Yugras who lived in the north of the Urals - as if they were buying iron blades from the Slavs at an expensive price...”
Abu Hamed could have heard about this from Persian and Arab merchants who traded with the Russian North.
This trade was interrupted by the Tatar invasion, and after the opening of sea routes to India by the Dutch, it ceased altogether.
But if trade relations between the North and South were stopped by the Tatar invasion, then relations between the West (Novgorod) and the East (Northwestern Siberia) continued to develop. Thus, the First Sofia Chronicle tells that already in 1032 the Novgorodian Uleb went to the “Iron Gate”.
A well-known expert on our North, Vasily Vasilyevich Krestinin, wrote: “This previously unknown name (Iron Gates) in the geography of our northern countries now raises a new question, in the discussion of the Novgorodians’ campaign for the Iron Gates, which took place in the summer of 1032, in the Novgorod chronicler; Should the river campaign of the Novgorodians be attributed to this or to the Vaigach Gate?”
From the above excerpt it follows that Krestinin considered it possible for the Novgorodians to penetrate the Kara Sea in the first half of the 11th century.
In 1079, the Novgorod prince Gleb Svyatoslavovich died in the northern Urals. The chronicle of Nestor under 1096 says that around 1092 the Novgorodians, on the orders of Gyuryata Rogovich, went to Pechora and Ugra for tribute.
The areas near Kholmogory were mentioned in written sources in 1137. The Monastery of Michael the Archangel at the mouth of the Northern Dvina was founded between 1110 and 1130. In the first half of the 12th century. among the Novgorod possessions the Tersky coast of the White Sea Throat is mentioned.
It is unknown when exactly Kola was founded on Murman, but it was first mentioned in the Norwegian chronicle in 1210, and in the Russian chronicle in 1264.
It is curious that already from 1200 the Norwegians were forced to maintain a permanent naval guard to protect against Russian raids, and in 1307 they even built the Vardehuz fortress in the extreme northeast of Norway (our Pomors called it Vargaev.)
It has already been emphasized that the chronicles primarily noted events that most affected the interests of contemporaries. But such events as the founding of a city, a monastery, the establishment of a naval guard, the long campaigns of the Novgorodians to the Urals, must have their own prehistory, sometimes long, but usually not noted by written sources. Therefore, to clarify the time of the appearance of Russians on the shores of the White and Barents Seas, one has to resort to indirect conclusions.
Firstly, we must take into account the fact that during their advance to the northeast from the ancient centers of their settlements - Novgorod and Ladoga - the Novgorodians right up to “Kamen” (Ural) almost did not encounter resistance, since there were no many people on their way. any organized state associations. Secondly, on this path they encountered many rivers and lakes, which greatly facilitated their progress.
Rivers and lakes in those days, especially in the geographical conditions of the Russian North, were essentially the only means of communication - in the summer on rafts and boats, in the winter - on sleighs and skis on flat ice. Rivers and lakes provided settlers with fish, and coastal forests provided material for building boats, houses, and fuel. Hunting on lakes and forests provided food and furs.
From Lake Ilmen it was easy to get along the Volkhov to Lake Ladoga, then along the Svir to Lake Onega, and then along the Vodla to Vodlozero. Further from the river basins of the Baltic Sea, it was not difficult to move along short portages to the rivers flowing into the White Sea (and the Slavs acquired the skills of moving along rivers and portages during the development of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”). Thus, the Novgorodians gradually reached Kem and Onega, then the Northern Dvina and Pechora.
It should be noted that the so-called Pomeranian coast (the western coast of Onega Bay) is very convenient for the initial development of the sea. This coast is very indented and forms many lips and bays, which are well protected from winds and swell by the Onega skerries stretching along the Pomeranian coast
It is natural to assume that part of the Novgorodians moving east, having reached Onega, separated and descended along Onega to the White Sea. Here the flow of Novgorodians again split into two. Some climbed along the shores of the White Sea north to Kandalaksha, and then along rivers and portages reached Kola (hydrographer N. Morozov, noting that between Kandalaksha and Kola there was only one portage about one kilometer long, believed that the Russians penetrated into Kola from Kandalaksha ).
The other part, turning east at the exit from Onega Bay, reached the mouth of the Northern Dvina by sea, perhaps even earlier than those Novgorodians who crossed Onega during their movement to the east and descended along the Northern Dvina to its mouth.
Unfortunately, there is no direct data confirming such assumptions. Indirect confirmation of such assumptions is the great similarity of events during the advance of the Novgorodians to the east in the X-XII centuries. and events during the advance of explorers and sailors in Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries.
As we will see later, the Russians, moving east through Siberia, simultaneously descended along the rivers to the Arctic Ocean and then crossed by sea from the mouth of one river to the mouth of another. The motivations that forced them to choose such paths were the same among both the Novgorodians and the Siberian explorers - this was the search for fishing grounds, the search for new tribes with whom barter trade could be carried out and on whom taxes could be imposed.
One cannot think that the Novgorodians, who committed in the 11th century. campaigns to Pechora and Ugra, the entire long journey from Novgorod to the Urals were made through unknown uninhabited areas. Thus, if, according to the chronicles, the Novgorodians already by the end of the 11th century. mastered military and trade routes in the Trans-Urals, then we must assume that they appeared on the shores of the White Sea no later than the end of the 10th century.
In the publications of newspapers and magazines you can find information about Russian ethnic groups - about the Cossacks, Great Russians, Little Russians, Belarusians and Rusyns. But very little is said about the ancient Russian people - the Pomors. The people living on the outskirts of the legendary Hyperborea and on the territory of the disappeared country of Biarmia. But the Pomors have done and are doing a lot for the Russian state. From the Pomors came such famous people as the scientist Mikhail Lomonosov, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Nikolai Kuznetsov, the sculptor Fyodor Shubin, as well as Ermak Timofeevich (some regions of Russia dispute the Pomor origin of Ermak), Semyon Dezhnev, Erofey Khabarov, Atlasov and many other explorers who Long before the Cossacks, they penetrated beyond the Urals and developed the Siberian lands, and later began the development of the Far East and Alaska. The permanent ruler of Alaska, Alexander Baranov, also came from Pomors. For information, the current city of Sitka (Alaska) was previously called Novoarkhangelsk.
The Pomors were largely isolated from the bulk of the Russian people - so much so that many researchers consider them a separate subethnic group and even an ethnic group.
We will not go into these disputes, we will simply state a fact: long distances, religious differences (most Pomors were Old Believers, and they formed a separate branch among other countless Old Believer movements - the Pomorian consent), a different way of life (the Pomors knew neither serfdom nor ruinous raids and wars from which the southern regions of the country suffered for centuries) and the proximity to those nationalities that residents of other Russian regions did not encounter - all this left a significant imprint on Pomor culture.
BIARMIA AND ZAVOLOCHE
In the 9th - 13th centuries, Scandinavian sailors called the north of the European part of Russia Biarmia (1222 was the last year Biarmia was mentioned in the Scandinavian chronicles). The Slovenian-Ilmen (Novgorodians) called these lands Zavolochye, or Dvina land. Zavolochye lay to the east of the system of portages connecting the basins of the Neva, Volga, Northern Dvina and Onega rivers in the area of the White and Kubensky lakes.
The specifics of human life in the conditions of the North also formed a special type of population. Pomors are a distinctive self-name (ethnonym) of the indigenous ethnic community of the European North of Russia (Pomerania), the eastern neighbors of the Norwegians, living along the banks of the North Russian rivers and seas. They are the northernmost East Slavic people in the world, anthropologically belonging to the North European type.
Pomors can be considered one of the most ancient subethnic groups in Russia in terms of the time of their origin. The ethnonym “Pomors” arose no later than the 12th century on the southwestern (Pomeranian) coast of the White Sea, and during the 14-16th centuries it spread far to the south and east from its place of origin . Note that Russia did not yet exist at that time, and the name “Great Russians” arose only in the 19th century.
What influenced the formation of the Pomor ethnic group?
The ethnogenesis of the Pomors was determined by the fusion of the cultures of the Protopomorian, predominantly Finno-Ugric (Chud) tribes of the White Sea region and the first ancient Russian colonists, the Slovenian Ilmen people, who actively populated the territories of Zavolochye. Written sources, archaeological finds, toponymy, and folklore legends testify to the cohabitation of the Chuds and the first Slovenian settlers.
Slovenian-Ilmenians, immigrants from Veliky Novgorod, who, having come to the lands inhabited by the Chud, Finno-Ugric and other tribes, mixed with them and assimilated the latter.
The indigenous inhabitants of Biarmia were finally conquered by the Novgorodians in the 11th century, says the Dvina chronicler, but back in the 9th century, the merchants of Veliky Novgorod dotted all the main rivers of Biarmia with their trading posts, and stubborn pagans from other places of what was then Russia, having fled to the north with their gods, strengthened the area even more. Slavic element. After the baptism of Rus' in 988, Russians who did not accept Christianity went here. Until the 19th century, there were settlements in Pomerania where they professed the pre-Christian faith.
In the anthropological type of “Northern Russian” Pomors, some Finnish traits are observed that arose from mixed marriages. Much later, immigrants from the Vladimir-Rostov-Suzdal lands added a share of their blood, and even later the Normans - Vikings or simply Norwegians - Scandinavians.
Everything taken together led to the emergence of the Pomeranian language (“Pomeranian speaking”), which was different from the rest of Rus'.
Due to the close connection of the Pomors with Norway and the fact that the Pomors lived in northern Norway and on the Grumant Islands (Spitsbergen), the Rusnorg language was formed (70% Pomeranian words, the rest - Norwegian). Rusnorg was banned for use by the Bolsheviks in 1917.
Anthropologically, Pomors are distinguished by their above average height, blond hair and eye color.
VIKINGS
Since the 12th century, Zavolochye has become a bone of contention. According to the legends of local residents, fights took place not only between the Russians and Chud, but also between the Novgorod boyars and the Rostov-Suzdal princes. They regularly had to “deal” with the Vikings. The Novgorod Chronicle mentions that the Normans (Murmans) repeatedly raided Zavolochye (Dvina land) belonging to Veliky Novgorod. Clashes between Russians and Normans mainly occurred over fisheries in the northern seas.
It should be noted that starting from the 10th century, Viking trips to the White Sea for the purpose of robbery and robbery were commonplace. Norwegian sagas tell in detail about the “exploits” on the White Sea coast and at the mouth of the Northern Dvina of many sea robbers who bore characteristic names, such as Eirik the Red Axe, Harald the Gray Cloak, Thorer the Dog and others. The warriors of the Norwegian kings, and subsequently the Swedes, did not disdain raids on the rich region, since they did not receive serious resistance from the disorganized indigenous Chud population.
But things changed completely when Russians appeared in the region. They not only successfully repelled attacks from overseas aliens, but often went on the offensive themselves, making campaigns against Norway. To protect their territory, the Norwegians were forced to build the Vardehus fortress in the north of the country in 1307, which in the old days was called by the Pomors Vargaev (the present city of Varde) ...
About one of the episodes of this long struggle in the Dvina Chronicle it is said this way: “The Nikolaev Korelsky Monastery Murmane (Norwegians) came in number 600 from the sea in beads and augers (small sailing and rowing Scandinavian ships), in 1419 they burned and flogged the Chernets.” .
Residents of Zavolochye even paid tribute to Norway, and sometimes they themselves raided Norwegian lands (1349, 1411, 1419 and 1425), plundered Norwegian settlements, captured girls and married women (sometimes with children) and took them to Pomerania. This is where the Pomors get their Scandinavian genes.
After the split of the Orthodox Church in the 17th century, people who did not accept Nikon’s innovations moved here. Moreover, a powerful Old Believer movement developed in Pomorie. The Solovetsky monastery resisted the tsarist troops for more than 7.5 years. Over time, these factors formed the Old Russian Pomeranian Orthodox Church. The next condition that influenced the formation of the Pomor ethnic group was that the Pomors did not know serfdom and the Horde yoke. The following facts speak about the love of freedom and independence of the Pomors: tsarist officials addressed the Pomors only by name and patronymic, while in the rest of Russia people were called by diminutive nicknames. Even Ivan the Terrible did not dare to cancel the decisions of the “Pomeranian World” (something like the Cossack Circle, but with greater powers). And in 1589, in contrast to the Code of Laws of 1550, designed for serfdom, the “Pomeranian Code of Laws” was developed, in which a special place was given to the “Articles on Dishonor”.
Pomors - a people of Arctic seafarers, hunters and fishermen - are the only (!) indigenous sea people in the West Siberian part of the Arctic. No other indigenous people of North-West Russia - neither the Sami, nor the Nenets, nor the Karelians, nor the Komi - went to sea or engaged in long-distance sea trades.
Many maritime terms of the Pomors do not belong to either the Slavic or Finno-Ugric languages.
Like the Norwegians, the Pomors are a sea people. But, unlike the long and narrow ships of the Norwegians (which sailed in narrow fjords and open water), the ships of the Pomors were adapted to sailing among the ice. Therefore, for a long time the Norwegians had no idea about the spaces and lands that lie behind the Arctic ice east of the White Sea.
Since ancient times, the only owners of these Arctic spaces were the Pomors.
Many centuries before the Barents, the Pomors discovered and developed the entire eastern part of the Barents Sea - Novaya Zemlya (which the Pomors call “Matka”). Pomors have long mastered Spitsbergen (in Pomeranian “Grumant”), and made months-long voyages along the northern sea route to Siberia and even to the Far East - to the Sea of Okhotsk (in Pomeranian “Lama Sea”).
Thus, the Pomors played a special role in the development of northern sea routes and the development of shipbuilding. The famous Russian admiral Litke aptly dubbed them “Eternal Sailors.”
Writer Mikhail Prishvin, during his trip to the North, was surprised to learn that “until now Russian sailors do not take into account the scientific description of the Arctic Ocean. They have their own sailing directions... the description of the sailing directions by the Pomors is almost a work of fiction. On one side is reason, on the other is faith. While signs are visible on the shore, the Pomor reads one side of the book; when the signs disappear and a storm is about to break the ship, the Pomor turns the pages and turns to Nikolai Ugodnik.
Nikola - Sea God. This is what the Pomors called St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, who is recognized throughout the world as the patron saint of sailors.
However, even though he is a holy healer and liberator, in the Pomeranian view he is vengeful and touchy, like a pagan god.
Pomeranian Kochi covered 150-200 kilometers per day, while English merchant ships - about 120 kilometers, and Dutch frigates - only up to 80-90 kilometers.
On these unique ships, the Pomors reached such Arctic latitudes that were inaccessible to any other ships with a metal hull and mechanical engines. They were unique not only for their protective “fur coat”, but also for their egg-shaped body. The bottom of the body was rounded, resembling half a nutshell. If the ice squeezed such a ship, its hull was not crushed, but squeezed outward. These ships, reputed to be the most durable for five centuries, acquired, thanks to the skill and inquisitive mind of the Pomeranian craftsmen, another unusual feature: the stern and bow had almost the same shape and were cut at an angle of 30 degrees, which made it easy to pull them ashore.
A certain number of nomads survived until the beginning of the twentieth century, when they were noticed and appreciated by F. Nansen, who by that time had planned a difficult expedition to the North Pole. When choosing a prototype for the construction of the ship "Fram", which, according to the plan, was supposed to drift in the ice, he abandoned all the latest types of steel ships and decided to build the ship according to the experience of nomadic craftsmen, from the best types of wood, with an egg-shaped hull than ensured the successful completion of the expedition.
Admiral S.O. Makarov, when developing a model of the world's first icebreaker, took Nansen's advice and also opted for an egg-shaped hull and, following the example of the Pomeranian Kochi, cut off the bow and stern. These ingenious inventions of the ancient Pomeranian craftsmen turned out to be so successful that even today, a century after the creation of the world’s first Makarov icebreaker “Ermak”, they are considered unsurpassed for the construction of ice-going ships.
...And today the great-grandsons of the ancient Pomeranian ships ply the icy northern seas - the nuclear-powered ships "Siberia", "Arktika", "Russia", so strikingly similar to their undeservedly forgotten, beautiful, technically perfect ancestor - the ancient Koch.
By the will of fate, they became a worthy monument to him.
The Pomors have not disappeared today. Stereotypes of behavior, self-designation, ethnic self-awareness and a sense of “specialness” have been preserved. The Pomeranian spirit and Pomeranian character are the values that our ancestors forged over the centuries, fighting for self-survival and existence in the harsh conditions of the North and the development of the Arctic. It is these values that continue to define the essence of modern Pomors.
Unfortunately, Pomorie is gradually emptying out. The high mortality rate and outflow of population is caused by the fact that the center, using barbaric methods, pumps oil, gas, diamonds and timber from the region, and does not want to give anything in return.
Using the map, determine which geographical objects are named after Russian explorers?
Laptev Sea, Cape Dezhnev and Chelyuskin, Ratmanov and Krusenstern Islands, Bering Strait and Bering Sea, Chersky Ridge
Questions in a paragraph
*Use the maps to determine by what waterways the Novgorodians reached the White Sea. What ancient Russian trade routes led to the south and southeast.
The routes of penetration of the Novgorodians to the shores of the Bely and Pechora mari were different.
1. We walked along the Sheksna River to White Lake, then along the Ukhtomka River to Lake Volotskoye, then dragged to Lake Dolgoye, from there along the Modlona River to Lake Polshemskoye, then through the Ukhtomka River, Lake Vozhe, the Svid River, Lake Lacha and ended up in the Onega River and along it to White Lake.
2. We walked from White Lake along the Kovzha River, then dragged it to the Vytegra River; then through Lake Onega, the Vodla and Chereva rivers to Lake Volotskoye, along the Voloshev and Pocha rivers into Lake Kenozero, then along the Kena River to Onega and the White Sea.
3. Along the rivers Volga, Sheksna, Slavyanka, Lake Nikolskoye, dragging to Lake Blagoveshchenskoye, then along the Porozovitsa rivers, Lake Kubenskoye, Sukhona rivers to the Severna Dvina and the White Sea.
The road from the Varangians to the Greeks led south, the Volga-Caspian route, a land route that began in Prague and through Kyiv went to the Volga and further to Asia.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1.When and by whom was the Russian North developed?
In the 12th century, Novgorodians mastered the entire European North of the country from the Kola Peninsula to the Pechera basin. They paved the way to the seas of the Arctic Ocean. In the 15th century, Pomor industrialists entered the Kara Sea through the Yugorsky Shar and Kara Gate straits, entered the mouth of the Ob and Taz, and founded Mangazeya. Russian Pomors reached the islands of Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen. In 1639, Tomsk Cossack Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin described the Shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, explored the Lena basin, and mentioned the Amur for the first time.
2.When did the Russian campaigns in Siberia begin and what were the reasons for them?
The first campaigns in Western Siberia were led by Moscow governors in the 15th century. They determined the highest part of the Urals and its true direction. The role of Pomors in the exploration of Siberia is great. Much information has been preserved about Ermak’s campaign in Siberia. His team studied all the river routes of Western Siberia. In the fight against Kuchum, Ermak died, but his troops advanced up the Irtysh and conquered Southern Siberia.
3. Tell us what territories and geographical objects were known to the Novgorodians in the 12th century.
In the 12th century, Novgorodians mastered the entire European North of the country from the Kola Peninsula to the Pechera basin. They paved the way to the seas of the Arctic Ocean. They gave names to the northern shores - Murmansk, Tersky, Karelian. Novgorodians even managed to cross the Urals.
4.Name the lands discovered and annexed to the Moscow Principality in the XIV-XV centuries.
Siberia and Far East
5. Tell us about the campaigns of the Cossack Ermak Timofeevich to Siberia.
Who owned the idea of going to Siberia: Tsar Ivan IV, the industrialists Stroganov, or personally Ataman Ermak Timofeevich - historians do not give a clear answer. But since the truth is always in the middle, most likely, the interests of all three parties converge here. Tsar Ivan - new lands and vassals, the Stroganovs - security, Ermak and the Cossacks - the opportunity to profit under the guise of state necessity. In this place, a parallel between Ermakov’s troops and corsairs (the difference between pirates and corsairs) simply suggests itself - private sea robbers who received letters of safe conduct from their kings for the legalized robbery of enemy ships.
Goals of Ermak's campaign
Historians are considering several versions. With a high degree of probability this could be: preventive protection of the Stroganovs' possessions; the defeat of Khan Kuchum; bringing the Siberian peoples into vassalage and imposing tribute on them; establishing control over the main Siberian water artery Ob; creating a springboard for the further conquest of Siberia. There is another interesting version. Ermak was not at all a rootless Cossack chieftain, but a native of the Siberian princes who were exterminated by the Bukhara protege Kuchum when he seized power over Siberia. Ermak had his own legitimate ambitions for the Siberian throne, he did not go on an ordinary predatory campaign, he went to reconquer his land from Kuchum. That is why the Russians did not encounter serious resistance from the local population. It was better for him (the population) to be “under his own” Ermak than under the stranger Kuchum. If Ermak established power over Siberia, his Cossacks would automatically turn from bandits into a “regular” army and become the sovereign’s people. Their status would change dramatically. That is why the Cossacks so patiently endured all the difficulties of the campaign, which did not at all promise easy gain, but promised them much more...
Campaign of Ermak's troops to Siberia through the Ural watershed
So, according to some sources, in September 1581 (according to other sources - in the summer of 1582) Ermak went on a military campaign. This was precisely a military campaign, and not a bandit raid. His armed formation included 540 of his own Cossack forces and 300 “militia” from the Stroganovs. The army set off up the Chusovaya River on plows. According to some reports, there were only 80 plows, that is, about 10 people each.
From the Lower Chusovsky towns along the bed of the Chusovoy River, Ermak’s detachment reached:
According to one version, he climbed up the Serebryannaya River. They dragged the plows by hand to the Zhuravlik River, which flows into the river. Barancha – left tributary of Tagil;
According to another version, Ermak and his comrades reached the Mezhevaya Utka River, climbed it and then transferred the plows to the Kamenka River, then to the Vyya - also a left tributary of Tagil.
Hostilities
The movement of Ermak’s squad to Siberia along the Tagil River remains the main working version. Along Tagil, the Cossacks descended to Tura, where they first fought with the Tatar troops and defeated them. According to legend, Ermak planted effigies in Cossack clothing on the plows, and he himself with the main forces went ashore and attacked the enemy from the rear. The first serious clash between Ermak’s detachment and the troops of Khan Kuchum occurred in October 1582, when the flotilla had already entered Tobol, near the mouth of the Tavda River. The subsequent military actions of Ermak’s squad deserve a separate description. Books, monographs, and films have been made about Ermak’s campaign. There is enough information on the Internet. Here we will only say that the Cossacks really fought “not with numbers, but with skill.” Fighting on foreign territory with an enemy superior in numbers, thanks to coordinated and skillful military actions, they managed to defeat and put to flight the Siberian ruler Khan Kuchum. Kuchum temporarily expelled him from the capital - the town of Kashlyk (according to other sources, it was called Isker or Siberia). Nowadays there is no trace left of the town of Isker itself - it was located on the high sandy bank of the Irtysh and over the centuries was washed away by its waves. It was located about 17 versts up from present-day Tobolsk.
Conquest of Siberia by Ermak
Having removed the main enemy from the road in 1583, Ermak began to conquer the Tatar and Vogul towns and uluses along the Irtysh and Ob rivers. Somewhere he met stubborn resistance. Somewhere, the local population themselves preferred to come under the patronage of Moscow in order to get rid of the alien stranger Kuchum, a protege of the Bukhara Khanate and an Uzbek by birth. After the capture of the “capital” city of Kuchum - (Siberia, Kashlyk, Isker), Ermak sent messengers to the Stroganovs and an ambassador to the Tsar - Ataman Ivan Koltso. Ivan the Terrible received the ataman very kindly, generously gifted the Cossacks and sent the governor Semyon Bolkhovsky and Ivan Glukhov with 300 warriors to reinforce them. Among the royal gifts sent to Ermak in Siberia were two chain mail, including a chain mail that once belonged to Prince Pyotr Ivanovich Shuisky.
Tsar Ivan the Terrible receives an envoy from Ermak
Ataman Ivan Ring with the news of the capture of Siberia
Tsar's reinforcements arrived from Siberia in the fall of 1583, but could no longer correct the situation. Kuchum's superior troops defeated the Cossack hundreds individually and killed all the leading atamans. With the death of Ivan the Terrible in March 1584, the Moscow government had “no time for Siberia.” The undead Khan Kuchum became bolder and began to pursue and destroy the remnants of the Russian army with superior forces...
On August 6, 1585, on the quiet bank of the Irtysh, Ermak Timofeevich himself died. With a detachment of only 50 people, Ermak stopped for the night at the mouth of the Vagai River, which flows into the Irtysh. Kuchum attacked the sleeping Cossacks and killed almost the entire detachment; only a few people survived. According to the recollections of eyewitnesses, the ataman was dressed in two chain mail, one of which was a gift from the Tsar. It was they who dragged the legendary chieftain to the bottom of the Irtysh when he tried to swim to his plows. The abyss of waters hid the Russian hero of the pioneer forever. Legend has it that the Tatars caught the chieftain’s body and mocked him for a long time, shooting at him with arrows. And the famous royal chain mail and other armor of Ermak were taken apart as valuable amulets that brought good luck. The death of Ataman Ermak is very similar in this regard to the death at the hands of the aborigines of another famous adventurer - Fernando Magellan.
The results of Ermak's campaign in Siberia
For two years, Ermak’s expedition established Russian Moscow power in the Ob left bank of Siberia. The pioneers, as almost always happens in history, paid with their lives. But the Russian claims to Siberia were first outlined precisely by the warriors of Ataman Ermak. Other conquerors came after them. Soon enough, all of Western Siberia “almost voluntarily” became a vassal, and then administratively dependent on Moscow. And the brave pioneer, Cossack ataman Ermak became over time a mythical hero, a sort of Siberian Ilya-Muremets. He firmly entered the consciousness of his compatriots as a national hero. Legends and songs are written about him. Historians write works. Writers are books. Artists - paintings. And despite many blind spots in history, the fact remains that Ermak began the process of annexing Siberia to the Russian state. And no one after that could take this place in the popular consciousness, and the adversaries could lay claim to the Siberian expanses.
19.11.2016 0 11896
World Russian North has always been perceived as special, full of secrets and mysteries. It was not only nature that made him this way, but also people. Strong characters were brought up in the harsh climate. And therefore Pomors(or Pomeranians) managed to carry their uniqueness through the centuries without losing it under the pressure of inexorable time.
If you want to put a resident of the Arkhangelsk region in an awkward position, ask him a question about whether he considers himself a Pomor. Most people will not be able to give an intelligible answer, since some of them believe that all residents of the north of Russia are, by definition, Pomors, while others are confident that the Pomors lived a very long time ago, were different from other peoples, and now they are nowhere to be found.
Judging by the 2002 All-Russian Population Census, about 6,500 people considered themselves Pomors. And in 2010, only 3,113 people identified themselves as such. Pomerania includes Murmansk, part of Karelia and Komi, but the “capital” is Arkhangelsk.
Valuable crafts
The first to populate the modern north of Russia after the glaciers disappeared were the Sami. In memory of themselves, they left rock paintings, stone labyrinths and sites with various household items on the shores of the White Sea. Perhaps they are the direct ancestors of the Pomors.
Novgorodians began to explore the north in the 9th century. At first, few people settled there and reluctantly - the lands were quite poor. But after 988, when Rus' began to accept Christianity, many people went north because they did not want to give up the beliefs of their ancestors.
An interesting fact is that even in the 19th century in Pomerania there were a very large number of people who professed paganism or retained some elements of pagan rituals and beliefs in everyday life. That is why various amulets of Pomors have come down to us. From the 12th to the 15th centuries, Pomorie was a colony of the Novgorod Republic, and was later annexed to Moscow.
Also, after the church schism of the 17th century, those who were against the reforms of Patriarch Nikon, the Old Believers, moved to the north. To this day, in the villages of the Russian North you can find communities of Old Believers who carefully preserve their traditions.
The Old Orthodox Pomeranian Church unites about 250 religious communities and groups in Russia and about the same number abroad. Communities of Pomors-Old Believers can be found all over the world - from the Baltic countries and former Soviet republics to the USA, Argentina and Canada.
Pomors fishing. Early 20th century
The main occupations of the Pomors were fishing and hunting animals. But besides this, they were also engaged in other trades. The lands of the Russian North were famous for their salt production. For example, in the Solovetsky Monastery there were 50 brewhouses, which employed about 800-1000 workers. The Dvina land and the Vologda region also supplied Moscow and other cities with salt, extracting about 1000 poods per year.
Also, oddly enough, pearls were mined in Pomorie. True, they looked for shells not in the sea, but in the mouths of small rivers. The best pearls were sent to the capital - the sovereign. It was in the Pomeranian region that the fashion for pearl jewelry and edging caftans and other outfits with pearls arose. In the 15th century, mica fishing was quite developed, which was used for windows and lanterns. Its price ranged from 15 to 150 rubles per pood.
Before the founding of St. Petersburg, Pomorie was the main platform for foreign trade. The Arkhangelsk fair brought huge amounts of money to the treasury of the sovereign: goods such as caviar, honey, furs, various fabrics, incense, and paper could be found there. According to foreigners who came to Pomorie for trade, the Pomors were taciturn, but hospitable and kind people.
Peasant family in festive costumes. White Sea. Early 20th century
Free people
An interesting fact is that the Pomors did not lock their doors, as they trusted other people. At the same time, they were well brought up and did not come to visit their neighbors unless necessary. The Pomors valued their freedom extremely highly. Perhaps due to the fact that they did not know either the Mongol-Tatar yoke or serfdom: in the 17th century, most of the population consisted of black-sown (free) peasants.
Mutual respect has always reigned in the Pomeranian family. Parents tried to teach their children to read and write. From childhood, children were instilled with love and respect for a woman, who was not just a mother and homemaker, but also an irreplaceable helper to her husband. Women helped men in fishing, and when they left for a long time to trade in distant lands, they remained the heads of families.
Unlike other regions of Russia, in Pomorie relations between men and women were based on equality. This is reflected even in Pomeranian fairy tales - the main character in them can be either a man or a woman. The common thread is that fairy-tale heroes are almost always poor.
The house of a Pomor peasant consisted of two parts: living quarters and a two-story barn, on the ground floor of which livestock was located, and hay and equipment were stored on the top. The living space was small. Only one room, which served as a living room, was quite spacious. Pomors rarely slept on stoves, preferring benches that were located around the perimeter of the room. The windows were very narrow so that the cold did not penetrate through them.
The Pomors were real master architects. Wood was most often used as a building material. Wooden houses, chapels and bridges blend very harmoniously with northern nature. Only in the 15th century did stone structures begin to be built. For example, churches in Kargopol, Nikolo-Karelian monastery. Solovetsky Monastery and cathedrals in Solvychegodsk. Many of them have survived to this day.
Conquerors of the seas
Since the 12th century, Pomors sailed the northern seas, because Pomorie was a shipbuilding center. The boat of Peter I is not at all the first ship built on the territory of our country. In the north, boats, augers and kochis have long been built - ships that were created for long voyages. The length of the koch was about 16 meters, and the width was 4.
It could carry approximately 50 people and up to 30 tons of cargo. The egg-shaped shape of the ship's hull helped to avoid the danger of being trapped in ice - thanks to it, the koch "climbed" to the top. The average speed of a kocha in the 17th century was 80 miles per day, and sometimes even 100. The maximum speed of English merchant ships then was only 55 miles.
Pomeranian sailors explored new lands. For example, they reached Mangazeya, located in Western Siberia. Dragging through the Rybachy Peninsula, along the coast of the White Sea and the Kola Peninsula, they reached the northern shores of Scandinavia. And also to Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen (the Pomors called him Grumant).
On Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen, Dutch sailors who visited Novaya Zemlya in the 16th century discovered navigational crosses and processed walrus carcasses. After a few decades, the Pomors were driven to the southern part of Spitsbergen by the British, Dutch and other Europeans and remained there until the 18th century.
Scientists and archaeologists carefully studied the huts assembled from imported wood, the remains of ships and crosses. The felling of one tree dates back to the 16th century, but historians are trying to find earlier monuments and things related to the Pomors, since some researchers believe that the Pomors, even before the Baptism of Rus', made their sea voyages along the northern seas. The Norwegians, who now own Spitsbergen, do not deny that they were not the first to discover it, and in honor of the Pomors they opened a museum on the archipelago.
Group of farriers, late 19th century, Arkhangelsk Regional Museum of Local Lore
Despite the rich history of the people, scientists still cannot decide what exactly the concept of “Pomors” means. Some believe that this is a subethnic group (Russian, Finno-Ugric or mixed). Others say that the Pomors were united only by a common household.
Still others call the entire population of the Russian North Pomors. But there are also those who are firmly convinced: the Pomors are a full-fledged, albeit small, indigenous northern people, formed from Russian, Finno-Ugric and Scandinavian elements.
One of the most striking signs of the community of Pomors is the Pomor dialect of the Russian language. It is distinguished by the presence of vocabulary of Finno-Ugric and Scandinavian languages, as well as the angularity and length of vowels. It is interesting that the vocabulary of the Old Russian language (more precisely, its Novgorod dialect) has been preserved in the Pomeranian dialect.
We can safely say that the traditional culture of the Pomors, including their language and national crafts, is one of the fragments of Ancient Rus', our common past, that has survived to our time. After all, the past is not only the pages of chronicles, the walls of fortresses and temples. It is also the memory of the people.
Maria RYZHIK
