INSTRUCTIONS AND PROPHECIES OF THE Blessed MOTHER ALIPIA GOLOSEEVSKY, Kyiv...
1. Pisces: diversity, significance in nature and human life.
Fish are the only group of vertebrates that live in an aquatic habitat. They live in both fresh and salt water. Most fish actively swim in the water column and are adapted to living in the aquatic environment. About 25,000 species of fish are known.
Depending on the structural features of the fish are divided into cartilaginous and bone.
To cartilaginous fish include sharks and rays, their skeleton is cartilaginous. They lack gill covers and swim bladders. They are characterized by live birth. Most are predators, some are dangerous to humans (for example, white sharks).
bony fish subdivided into bone-cartilaginous, lungfish, crossopterous, bony.
To osteocartilaginous There are 25 species of fish, they are called sturgeons (sturgeon, sterlet, beluga). Their gills are covered with gill covers, there is a swim bladder, an osseous-cartilaginous skeleton. Most of these fish are anadromous: they live in the seas, and go to the rivers for breeding.
Lungfish only 3 species (African flake, American flake, Australian cattail). These fish have lungs in the form of sacs. They are able to breathe atmospheric air during the period of drying of reservoirs (they are buried in silt, a capsule of mucus is formed around the body).
Loop-finned fish represented by only one species - coelacanth. For a long time, these fish were considered extinct. Discovered by accident in 1938. The skeleton of the paired fins of these fish is similar to the five-fingered limb of vertebrates. According to scientists, it was from ancient lobe-finned fish that the first terrestrial vertebrates originated.
bony- the largest group of fish (20,000 species) Have a bone skeleton. Among them are a large number of families (herring, salmon, cyprinids, cod, ...)
The importance of fish in nature and human life is great:
1. Fish are an important link in the food chain for many aquatic organisms.
2. More than 70 million tons of fish are caught annually in reservoirs. Fish is a valuable food product. It contains a large amount of protein, which is easily digestible. The presence of vitamins A and D, phosphorus increases the value of fish as a food product. Along with fishing, artificial breeding of fish in pond farms (carp, trout, silver carp, grass carp) is widely organized.
3. Part of the caught fish is fed to fur-bearing animals.
4. Fish bones are used to make bone meal, which is used in the preparation of pet food.
5. Fish scales are used for the production of glue.
6. Industrial fish oil is obtained from fish production waste, which is used in soap and leather production.
2. Biological community: concept, structural components.
A biological community is an area of the earth's surface with homogeneous components of inanimate nature, on the territory of which live interconnected living organisms live.
Biological communities in biology are called biocenoses. In any biocenosis, three structural components are distinguished:
1. Producers of organic substances (producers) - they are represented by plants.
2. Consumers of organic substances (consumers) - they are represented by animals.
3. Destroyers of organic substances (decomposers) - bacteria, mold fungi, soil worms.
Examples of biocenoses: meadow, forest, swamp, lake.
Each biocenosis is characterized by self-regulation. The number of animals and plants under normal conditions remains relatively stable.
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Lesson plan Review of homework Study of a new topic Consolidation of new material Summing up the lesson Homework: Study § 37, answer questions at the end of § (p. 173), repeat the main features of fish on page 174 with the peculiarities of the taxonomy of fish know: the main orders, the national economic importance of fish, commercial fish species be able to: determine which orders economically important fish species belong to
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What are the adaptations of fish to life in the water? What are the features of reproduction and development of fish in connection with the aquatic lifestyle? What is spawning? What fish are called migratory?
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Superclass FISH Class CARTILADIC FISH Marine fish Skeleton cartilaginous throughout life No gill covers, 5-7 pairs of gill slits No swim bladder The anterior part of the muzzle is elongated into the snout. Mouth on the underside of the head in the form of a transverse slit Scales with protrusions, similar in structure to teeth Caudal fin unequal-lobed Fertilization internal Reproduce by oviposition, ovoviviparity or live birth Meat is edible
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Class CARTILAGE FISH Order Stingray Body rounded, flattened in the dorsal-abdominal direction No scales Tail elongated in the form of a whip, sometimes equipped with a spike Teeth in the form of prisms, collected in a “grater”, feed on fish and benthic invertebrates Some species have electric organs located on the sides heads (discharge voltage up to 60-300 volts at a current of 5 amperes)
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Superclass FISH Class BONE FISH More than 20 thousand marine and freshwater species Osteo-cartilaginous or bony skeleton Gills covered with gill covers There is a swim bladder Bone scales, in the form of thin plates overlapping each other Caudal fin is equally lobed External fertilization Reproduce by oviposition, rarely by ovoviviparity
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Class BONE FISH Order Sturgeon Ancient anadromous and lacustrine-river fish Skeleton mostly cartilaginous, skull with superimposed bony plates Gills covered with gill covers Front part of muzzle extended into snout. Mouth on the underside of the head in the form of a transverse slit Instead of scales along the body, 3-5 rows of bone plaques - “bugs” Caudal fin unequal-lobed Fertilization is external Reproduces by laying eggs (black caviar) Valuable commercial species: sturgeon, beluga, stellate sturgeon (in Belarus 1 species - sterlet)
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Class BONE FISH Order Salmon-like Anadromous and freshwater fish Distinctive feature - adipose fin Produce red caviar Valuable commercial species: pink salmon, chum salmon, brown trout, salmon In Belarus, 2 species - brook trout and vendace, (listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus)
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Class BONE FISH Order Herring-shaped Mainly marine schooling fish Distinctive feature - no lateral line Feeds on plankton and small fish Body color silvery Valuable commercial species: Atlantic, Pacific, Baltic (herring) herring, sprat, sardines, anchovies
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Class BONE FISH Order Cyprinidae Most of them are freshwater fish A distinctive feature is the absence of jaw teeth and the presence of pharyngeal ones Fishing objects: bream, tench, asp, ide, white and mottled silver carp, carp, roach, silver carp (many are bred in pond farms) In the Red Book Belarus - damp and barbel
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Class BONE FISH Superorder Crossopterygi The only living species is the coelacanth (rediscovered in 1938, named after Courtenay-Latimer, the curator of the museum who discovered the fish in the minesweeper catch) A distinctive feature is “paw-like” fins with a fleshy base and a complex skeleton, a caudal fin 3-parted with a protruding central lobe There are lung sacs (outgrowths of the esophagus) that can be used for breathing Live in the Indian Ocean near the Comoros (between Madagascar and Africa) Deep-sea (caught at a depth of up to 300 m), sedentary Sizes 1-1.8 m, weight 19.5-95 kg Lung-breathing fish and the first terrestrial vertebrates - amphibians
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Representatives sturgeon order belong to the subclass cartilaginous. These are the most ancient bony fish in origin, with some features resembling sharks. Their axial skeleton is represented by a chord that persists for life. The vertebral bodies are undeveloped, but their cartilaginous arches are laid. But sturgeons have gill covers, a swim bladder, and bone parts of the skeleton. Modern cartilaginous fish are benthic forms. These include sterlet, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, beluga, Kaluga. Unlike cartilaginous fish, they form overhead bones of the skull, bony gill covers, and the bony base of the skull; on the outside, along the body, there are three or five rows of large bone plaques and small bone grains between them. Sturgeons feed on animal food, most often invertebrates. Food is collected with the help of the rostrum, rummaging at the bottom. Large sturgeons ( beluga and Kaluga) may feed on fish and sometimes young seals. Beluga lives in the waters of the Volga-Caspian basin, sometimes up to 100 years and reaches a mass of up to 1,000 kg. In size it is not inferior to the Far Eastern Kaluga- "Queen of Cupid".
A typical representative of sturgeons - Russian sturgeon, an inhabitant of the Volga-Caspian and Black Sea basins. This is an anadromous fish that lives in the sea, but goes to the rivers to spawn. The sturgeon has no teeth, and it gropes for food with its antennae, and then extends its mouth (rostrum) and draws it into the throat. It feeds on shellfish. For the winter, it lies in deep holes, most often in the mouth of the river. In spring, it goes against the current into the rivers for spawning. Caviar develops in the bottom layer of water. Juveniles slide down the rivers into the seas, where they live until maturity.
Sterlet, unlike other sturgeons, spends its entire life in fresh water. She is the smallest of them. Feeds on insects. Its weight reaches 3-6 kg.
Sturgeons are of great commercial importance. Meat, caviar (black) and even chord are eaten. But due to overfishing and a number of changes in the environment, the number of sturgeons has decreased significantly. Therefore, fishing for them has decreased. Some species - sterlet, sturgeon, Black Sea beluga - are listed in the Red Book.
Herring order
Representatives herring detachment have a flat silvery body, a very short lateral line, or it is completely absent. The head of the herring is not covered with scales, the fins are soft. The swim bladder is constantly connected with the intestines.
Most herring live in the water column, feeding on plankton. About 300 species of these valuable commercial fish are known. Most common Atlantic and Pacific herring. Their body length is 40-50 cm. Atlantic herring living in the Baltic Sea is called herring. Lives in the Black Sea Black Sea herring(body length up to 40 cm, weight up to 1 kg). Part of the individuals leaving for spawning in the river. Danube, called the Danube herring. Found in the Black Sea Black Sea sprat, kilka and others. Herrings include anchovy fish: European anchovy, or anchovy which are of great commercial importance.
Salmon order
Their body is rounded or slightly compressed laterally. A characteristic feature is the presence of an adipose fin located on the dorsal side in front of the caudal fin.
Most salmonids are migratory fish ( salmon), but some species live permanently in fresh water ( trout, whitefish, omul and etc.). Many salmon are common in the Far East, for example chum salmon, pink salmon, red salmon, chinook salmon and others. During spawning, they migrate over a distance of several thousand kilometers (chum salmon - 1,000 km, chinook salmon - 4,000 km). In the water bodies of the CIS countries, there are salmon such as European grayling, trout, Danube and Black Sea salmon. Trout lives in mountain rivers, it is artificially bred in Transcarpathia, Crimea.
Salmon - commercial fish, highly valued for high-quality meat ("red fish") and red caviar.
Squad cyprinids
Squad cyprinids has about 3,000 species, most of which live in fresh water. Some of them go to spawn in the seas ( vobla, ramming). They have soft fins, a swim bladder like those of herring. There are no teeth, but there are pharyngeal teeth that serve to grind food.
Most famous domestic carp, whose ancestor is carp living in fresh water. Carp has been artificially bred for a long time. Breeders have bred various breeds of carp: mirror, Ukrainian, etc. Carp can have a weight of up to 20 kg, a length of 1 m. It is grown in fish farms to a marketable weight of 500-2,000 g in 2-3 years. Carp becomes sexually mature in 3-5 years. Very prolific: lays 600,000-800,000 eggs. From cyprinids in our reservoirs there are: crucian carp, tench, bream, roach, White amur, silver carp, blue bream, bream, sabre and etc. Carp - excellent objects of fishing and sport fishing.
Perch detachment
Perch detachment- about 6,500 species. A characteristic feature is that their swim bladder loses contact with the intestines and exists independently. Spiny fins. The body length is from 1 cm to 5 m, and the weight reaches 500 kg. For example, swordfish- length 4 m, weight 300 kg. She, chasing prey, can reach speeds of up to 120 km per hour. Perch include tuna(up to 3 m long and 680 kg in weight), horse mackerel, gobies.
In the Black Sea there are: mackerel, horse mackerel, bluefin tuna, gobies. In fresh water bodies of the country, such commercial species are common as river perch, zander. A number of representatives of the perch - common saffron goby, golden goby, striped ruff - are listed in the Red Book.
Subclass lobe-finned
Subclass lobe-finned is an ancient and almost completely extinct branch of vertebrates that lived in shallow fresh water. Currently, only one species of living crossopterygians is known - coelacanth, or coelocanth. The discovery of this fish in 1938 caused a real sensation in the scientific world, since at that time it was believed that the lobe-finned fish had become extinct. Since then, several specimens of these fish have been caught off the eastern coast of South Africa (1952). When studying them, it turned out that in connection with the resettlement of the wild ancestors of the coelacanth into the ocean and the revival of the near-bottom spaces by them, some details of the respiratory apparatus disappeared from them: there are no through nostrils, the lung is filled with fat. However, paired fins, as organs of movement on the ground, completely retained the structural features characteristic of the ancient lobefins. Coelacanth- a predator living at a depth of 400-1,000 m, its length is up to 180 cm. Weight - up to 90 kg. It is of great importance for the study of the origin of terrestrial vertebrates.
Subclass lungfish
Subclass lungfish- this is a small group of fish that combines the features of a primitive organization with features of specialization and adaptability to life in oxygen-poor water bodies. Representative lungfish - neoceratod- the largest living fish of this group (length up to 175 cm). Along with the gills, neoceratodes also have an organ for breathing atmospheric air - the lung sac. This fish lives in the rivers of Eastern Australia. In summer, when water bodies become shallow and depleted of oxygen, it breathes mainly with lungs, often rises to the surface and swallows air. Spending life in perennial reservoirs, neoceratodes do not hibernate. In contrast, another representative of the lungfish common in the fresh waters of Africa is protopterus- when the reservoir dries up, it burrows into silt and hibernates, which lasts about 5 months. At this time, he breathes only with a paired lung.
Cartilaginous fish. The first fish appeared on our planet about 340-360 million years ago. The most ancient of modern fish - cartilaginous live almost exclusively in the sea. They got their name because their skeleton is entirely cartilaginous. Their body is covered with special scales. In most cartilaginous fish, the gill slits open outward on their own. Thus, 5-7 gill slits are visible from the outside on each side of the body. There is no swim bladder. Cartilaginous fish include, for example, sharks - swift predators of the sea, whose jaws are armed with sharp dagger-shaped teeth. Large sharks often attack humans.
Another group of cartilaginous fishes has adapted to a benthic way of life. These are the slopes. In this regard, the body of the rays became compressed in the dorsal-ventral direction, and the role of the main organ of movement was given to greatly enlarged pectoral fins.
Osteo-cartilaginous, or sturgeon, fish have a cartilaginous skeleton, but they also have some bones. In the spine of sturgeon, the notochord is preserved for life, which is eaten under the name of vyazigi. They have a swim bladder and gill cover. Some sturgeons (for example, beluga) can reach several meters in length. Instead of a continuous scaly cover, they have 5 rows of large bone plaques “bugs” along the body. Sturgeon, sterlet, stellate sturgeon and other fish of this group feed on worms, mollusks and other invertebrates, which are found among the bottom silt with the help of small antennae located in front of the mouth. Sturgeons spend several months a year in the sea (for example, in the Azov, Black or Caspian), and for spawning they enter the rivers.
Lungfish. Africa, Australia and South America are home to a few representatives of an amazing group of freshwater fish, once very numerous and widespread throughout the world. They are called lungfish because their swim bladder plays the role of a lung. Usually they breathe, like all fish, but when the water bodies dry up, they burrow into the silt and spend the dry time in hibernation, breathing atmospheric air. Their skeleton, like the sturgeon skeleton, is predominantly cartilaginous, but has separate bones. One of the lungfish is the African scalefish.
Cross-finned. It was believed that lobe-finned fish died out 50 - 100 million years before our time. Unexpectedly, in 1938, in the Indian Ocean, near the southern tip of Africa, the first copy of the coelacanth, belonging to the lobe-finned fish, was caught. Now several dozen specimens of this large (about 1.5 m long) fish are known, caught between Madagascar and Africa. The structure of their pectoral fins is interesting, very reminiscent of the forelimb of terrestrial vertebrates. Most of the extinct crossopterans were freshwater, had additional air respiration, and it was from them that the first terrestrial vertebrates originated.
Bony. The greatest development is achieved by fish, the entire skeleton of which consists of almost only bones. Therefore, they are called bony. In the history of the Earth, they arose relatively recently, about 180 million years ago. In the more ancient representatives of the bony, the connection of the swim bladder with the intestines is preserved for life, and most of the fin rays are soft. These fish include, for example, herring. Most of them live in the sea and keep in large flocks, traveling for spawning. Herring feed on small organisms suspended in water.
Many cyprinids live in our fresh waters: roach, bream, crucian carp, sabrefish, bleak and many others. These fish feed on plant foods and invertebrates. The teeth in their jaws are poorly developed or completely absent. But in the depths of the throat they have special devices for grinding food.
The sharp teeth of the jaws help the predatory pike to grab fish, frogs and even birds. Another large predator (1-2 m long) of our fresh waters, the catfish has jaws covered with many small, very sharp teeth. It has antennae at the corners of its mouth. Soma is sometimes called the "fresh water shark": it even attacks humans.
Among marine fish, cod fish are of great commercial importance, one of the signs of which is an unpaired barbel on the chin. In our fresh waters there is a representative of cod - burbot.
The youngest fish in the history of the Earth are bony, in which the swim bladder in the adult state does not communicate with the intestines, and the rays in the fins are prickly. They are called spiny. These include perch, pike perch, ruff, etc.
