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STYLAB offers test kits for the analysis of pyrethroids in water samples and food swabs.
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Pyrethroids (sometimes erroneously spelled "perythroids" or "perethroids") are synthetic analogues of pyrethrins, natural insecticides found in some plants of the Compositae family. Representatives of the genera Pyrethrum (it includes various types of daisies), Chrisanthemum (chrysanthemums) and Tanacetum (tansy) contain especially a lot of these substances. These plants have been used by humans as insecticides, repellents, and to scent clothes and rooms, eventually serving the same purpose since ancient times.
Pyrethrins act very quickly: they affect the nervous system of insects when they eat or come into contact with leaves, stems or flowers. This allows plants to effectively resist pests and receive as little damage as possible. For plants, pyrethrins are not dangerous.
However, many insects have developed resistance to pyrethrins. In addition, the synthesis of these substances is costly, and the pyrethrins themselves are rapidly destroyed by sunlight. Thus, using them to protect crops is expensive and difficult. Currently, pyrethrins are used in some mosquito coils.
Obtaining substances comparable to pyrethrins in terms of efficiency, speed of action, and safety for plants and humans, but more stable and cheaper, has been of interest to researchers since the beginning of the 20th century. These compounds were pyrethroids. Their properties are very similar to those of pyrethrins, but pyrethroids are more stable and cheaper. The first of them - allethrin - was obtained from the chlorine-containing compound of chrysanthemic acid in 1949 in the USA. Other pyrethroids of the 1st generation were synthesized on its basis. However, these insecticides were destroyed in the light as quickly as pyrethrins.
In the 1960s, more light-stable 2nd generation pyrethroids were developed. The power of action of these substances is hundreds of times greater than that of pitrethrins. The effectiveness of 3rd generation pyrethroids is even higher, and these substances allow you to fight a wide range of insects.
Pyrethroids are divided into two types, depending on whether their molecule contains a cyano group (the same as in hydrocyanic acid). Cyanopyrethroids, or type II pyrethroids, are more toxic than type I pyrethroids precisely due to this group. These include, for example, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin and its isomers, cypermethrin and its isomers, deltamethrin and others.
All pyrethroids are fat-soluble and are stored in the leaf cuticle for a long time, which provides effective plant protection. The same property allows them to remain in the skin and fatty tissues of mammals, including humans, and be excreted in milk. Pyrethroids can cross the blood-brain barrier into the brain and cross the placental barrier. The latter means that they can harm the embryos.
Pyrethroids are toxic to mammals. However, the minimum toxic doses of these substances for insects are much lower than for mammals, which allows these insecticides to be widely used. In addition, pyrethroids are excreted from the body of mammals fairly quickly.
The mechanism of action of pyrethroids is based on overexcitation of the nervous system. This is expressed in muscle spasms, convulsions and subsequent paralysis and death. Cyanopyrethroids, in addition, prevent its inhibition (i.e., the restoration of the normal state of the nervous system), which enhances the effect. From such exposure, insects quickly die. In mammals, including cats that are especially sensitive to pyrethroids, fatal poisonings occur much less frequently, but such cases are known.
Acute pyrethroid poisoning is characterized by fever, which can last for several days, headache and dizziness, weakness, itching, and impaired coordination of movements. There may be tremor, hyperactivity, agitation, involuntary muscle contractions. Type II pyrethroid poisoning, such as cypermethrin, is more severe, with convulsions and seizures, and increased salivation.
Chronic exposure to pyrethroids, such as permethrin, causes incoordination in rats or skin irritation (when applied to it) in rabbits. Some studies have linked chronic exposure to pyrethroids with serious pathologies of the nervous system, decreased immunity, and the onset of allergies. However, such conclusions are questionable due to the sampling methods (in particular, in some cases, a vacuum cleaner was used for this) or the statistical uncertainty of the results.
Some pyrethroids, for example, are recognized as possible carcinogens. Permethrin at high levels promotes the formation of non-cancerous tumors, in particular liver tumors, in mice. But in general, the effect of chronic exposure to pyrethroids in humans has not been studied. However, these substances are unstable and are rapidly excreted from the body, which reduces the likelihood of chronic effects.
Pyrethroids are rapidly destroyed by exposure to sunlight and air. They are unstable in soil and practically do not penetrate into groundwater. These substances are poorly soluble in water. Therefore, pyrethroids are among the most environmentally friendly pesticides. However, these substances should not be allowed to enter water bodies, as they are very dangerous for fish and aquatic invertebrates. For birds, these substances are of low toxicity.
Pyrethroids are dangerous not only for harmful, but also for beneficial insects, including bees. Therefore, these preparations, like other pesticides, should be used with caution. Agricultural pests are able to develop resistance (resistance) and cross-resistance (resistance to several similar drugs at once) to these insecticides. Therefore, insecticides containing several active substances, including pyrethroids, are often used in agriculture. Preparations based on cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin (cis-isomers of cypermethrin), permethrin, bifenthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin (cyhalothrin, cihalothrin), tefluthrin, prometrin, gamma-cyhalothrin (cyhalothrin), deltamethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin , esfenvalerate are approved for use in the Russian Federation.
The content of pyrethroids in water, soil, air and food products is regulated by the "Uniform sanitary-epidemiological and hygienic requirements for goods subject to sanitary-epidemiological supervision (control)", as well as TR TS 015/2011 "On safety of grain". The current legal regulations can be found on the website compact24.com.
From insectsAs for insects, in practice we use the latest and most effective based on cypermethrin and other active substances. Each drug has its own hazard class.
Insect poisons are classified as pyrethroids, which in turn come in three generations.
1st generation pyrethroids have insecticidal activity, but they oxidize quickly in the presence of light, so they are best used indoors. Such pyrethroids are close to natural pyrethroids. (Pyrethroids of the 1st generation are usually included in glow coils, plates, aerosol cans).
Pyrethroids of the 2nd generation are more resistant to photooxidation and have a wide range of actions. These pyrethroids surpass the 1st generation in their insecticidal activity. Here, the active ingredients are permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin. (Pyrethroids of the 2nd generation are part of professional disinfectants (you can see some of them in table 1))
Pyrethroids of the 3rd generation, unlike other generations, do not contain an ester group. These pyrethroids are highly active against mites (acaricides)
The insecticides used are shown in the table below.
|
insecticidal concentrate |
Active ingredient (DV) |
Hazard Class |
Manufacturer |
|
| Avicin | permethrin + surfactant | 15 | IV | Russia |
| Actellik | pyrimiphosmethyl | 50 | IV | Denmark |
| Samarovka | cypermethrin | 25 | IV | Russia |
| Sipaz-Super | cypermethrin | 25 | IV | Netherlands |
| cyperthrin | cypermethrin | 25 | IV | Russia |
| Yuraks | cypermethrin | 25 | IV | Russia |
| Eslanadez | lambda cyhalothrin | 5 | IV | Russia |
| Breeze | cypermethrin | 25 | IV | Russia |
| Fendona 1.5 SC |
alphacypermethrin | 1,5 | IV | France |
Classification of drugs by hazard classes:
I hazard class- Extremely dangerous.
Do not use indoors or at home.
II hazard class- Highly dangerous.
It is forbidden to use in treatment-and-prophylactic, preschool institutions, schools, institutions for recreation and rehabilitation of children, at public catering establishments and at home. At other facilities, the use of hazard class 2 products is allowed only by trained personnel, in the absence of people, followed by mandatory ventilation and cleaning of the premises.
III hazard class- Moderately dangerous.
Allowed for use in premises of any type by trained personnel, as well as in everyday life in aerosol packaging with mandatory regulation of the conditions of use (setting drug consumption rates, ventilation, cleaning of premises).
IV hazard class- Less dangerous.
Allowed for use without restrictions.
From rodents
As for rodents, we change the poisons we use once a month during planned work, which eliminates the addiction of rodents to the same drugs.
The anti-rodent preparations used are shown in the table below.
|
insecticidal concentrate |
Active ingredient (DV) |
Hazard Class |
Manufacturer |
|
| Bromadialon |
bromadiolone |
0,25 |
IV | Russia |
| Brom-BD |
bromadiolone | 0,25 | IV | Italy |
| Indan Fluid |
tetraphenacin |
0,25 | IV | Russia |
| MEF 0.5% |
difenacin |
0,5 |
IV | Russia |
| Paste ethylphenol |
ethylphenacin | 0,2 |
||| |
Russia |
| Ratikum |
brodifacoum |
0,25 | IV | Russia |
| zoocoumarin |
warfarin |
1,5 |
||| | Russia |
| Geltsin |
triphenacin |
0,2 |
||| | Russia |
| Geldan |
tetraphenacin |
Insecticides belong to a class of chemicals.
According to the principle of influence, they are divided into:
- contact-intestinal;
- systemic;
- fumigation.
Theoretically, they are best classified by chemical composition, since substances of the same class also have the same type of action mechanism.
Classification of insecticides
Phosphorus organic property
Organophosphorus insecticides are highly active, have a wide range of effects on organisms, have increased toxicity at the beginning of use, poor stability during operation, and rapid decomposition to the stage of compounds of already non-toxic properties on plants, as well as in soil and water. Organophosphorus preparations have a low consumption when calculating the area of the treated area.
When the preparations of this group decompose, the main part in this is taken by microorganisms.
Action on crops is from 10 to 20 days (open ground).
Organophosphorus-based garden insecticides are nerve-paralyzing poisons. Paralysis of the victim occurs, mostly ending in death.
The listed substances are contact-intestinal, some have a systemic nature of action, as they are distinguished by the ability to penetrate the root system, leaves.
Insecticide base: synthetic pyrethroids
Pyrethroids got their name from the existing similarity of the chemical formula with substances pyrethrins of natural origin (chamomile Pyrethrum), according to their similar action. They appeared massively on the pesticide market after the 1970s. Until then, they were considered rather weak means and mostly ineffective. The formula was modified: pyrethroid compounds began to be produced, which are still leading in many positions today.
General operating properties of pyrethroids:
- photostable;
- toxic at a selective level, given the metabolic degradation;
- the activity of each of the molecules is preserved with partial modification;
- the high activity of the insecticide remains, even taking into account the decrease in toxicity (for fish).
Pyrethroids are a type of insecticides, according to the principle of action, contact-intestinal, having high biological activity at the initial stage. To calculate the consumption rate, small proportions are taken as the basis.
Pyrethroids are effective against:
- Coleoptera and Lepidoptera insects;
- fleas, cockroaches and others.
neonicotinoids
Since ancient times, people have been able to prepare preparations with a nicotine base in the form of infusions from shag and tobacco. The first types of chemical nicotines were tested in the fight against insects even before the 1940s. They were highly toxic to insect species and also harmful to humans. There are known cases of receiving chemical shock by a person.
On the Russian market, neonicotinoids insecticides are represented by several drugs: imidacloprid (in the drug called "Condifor"), acetamiprid (in the drug "Mospilan"), thiamethoxam (drug "Aktara"), thiacloprid (drug "Calypso").
natural origin
So-called biopesticides have names milbemycins and avermectins. They have a neurotoxic effect.
Insecticides of other known chemical groups
Bensultap is a substance similar to a natural neurotoxin, it is obtained from outlandish marine worms Limbrineris brevicitra. 
This type of drug is effective on pests if they do not respond to others.
Diafenthiuron is a type of insectoacaricide used in protected ground. Effective against piercing-sucking insects and ticks. For example, on the greenhouse whitefly, on aphid species, on spider mites.
So, the drug "Pegasus" is able to inhibit the transmission of nerve impulses, which affects the cessation of feeding of insects, which then die. Repeated spraying is allowed with an interval of seven days (1-3 liters / 1 ha). This drug is considered harmless to humans.
Analysis of modern drugs
Diazinon Based Products
In different concentrations, this substance is found in insecticides with trade names: 
- Barguzin;
- Zemlin;
- Thunder;
- Medvetoks;
- fly-eater;
- Ant;
- Muracid;
- Ant-eater;
- Provotoks;
- Initiative.
These are drugs of non-systemic action, but a wide range of applications. Diazinon in the composition of these brands is practically insoluble in the aquatic environment, which allows you to fight pests that live on the soil surface. Effectively fight against wireworm and weevil, cabbage and onion flies, aphids, flea beetles and nibbling scoops.
In addition, preparations with diazinon have an acaricidal effect, that is, they act on spider mites. Diazinon insecticides have previously been used on houseplants, but due to its danger and ability to accumulate in the human body, it has been banned from household use and is now used only in the garden.
It should be remembered that diazinon pollutes the soil and groundwater, its decay period can be up to 18 days.Imidacloprid based products
The substance is part of drugs with the names: 
- spark of gold;
- Commander;
- Confidor;
- Tanrek;
- Monsoon;
These are drugs of a systemic principle of action, and they spread through plant cells. Substances in the preparations dissolve well, are absorbed by plants, act through the root system. Drugs have proven themselves well in the fight against.
In addition, they act and fight against aphids, parasitic insects, whiteflies and weevils, leafhoppers, but have no effect against spider mites and nematodes.
A drug from the same chemical group of the group (with another substance) called "Aktara" fights the scale insect, Colorado potato beetle and aphids. They are treated with roses and ornamental shrubs.
Imidacloprid is a highly toxic substance, extremely dangerous for all mammals, birds and fish, and humans. Due to its long decomposition period (up to 2 years), it is allowed for summer residents and gardeners to use on crops limited to the list.
Malathion Products
A substance with this name is part of the preparations: 
- Fufanon;
- Inta-CM;
- Phenaksin-plus.
These are drugs of non-systemic action and acaricides of a wide spectrum. Apply:
- on fruit against ticks and aphids, suckers and psyllids, apple moths;
- on berries against aphids and gooseberry yellow sawfly;
- in vineyards against mealybugs;
- on citrus fruits against whiteflies and mealybugs, red mites;
- on vegetable crops against aphids and mites, leaf-eating caterpillars.
That is why preparations with malathion are approved for use on any crops in gardens and home gardens.
Malathion preparations have been successfully used for more than 60 years in everyday life, in the medical field, in landscaping and park maintenance! So far, no signs of addiction of insects to malathion preparations have been identified.
A group of preparations based on biological microorganisms and fermentation products of soil bacteria.
This includes trademarks:
- Akarin;
- Fitoverm;
- Lepidocid;
- Bitoxibacillin;
- Iskra-Bio.
Despite the fact that this is a biological group of substances, they have an insecticidal, nematode effect. They fight scoops, leafworms, whites, ticks, Colorado potato beetles, moths, peach and melon aphids, thrips and other pests. 
A wide range of applications limits the condition under which it is necessary to use drugs: in the warm season, at outdoor temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius. This condition is due to the fact that the biological product exerts its insecticidal effect through the intestinal system of pests, and they feed mainly when it is warm and there is enough moisture.
The drugs of this group are toxic, and you need to monitor the concentration, which can be dangerous for both animals and humans.
Some prices for the beginning of 2015:
- Thunder, Thunder-2 (from 15 rubles / 10 g);
- Bison (from 30 rubles / 1 ml);
- Anteater (from 15 rubles / 1 ml);
- Muracid (from 15 rubles / 1 ml);
- Fly-eater (from 20 rubles / 10 g);
- Initiation (from 20 rubles / 30 g);
- Provotox (from 45 rubles / 120 g);
- Prophylactin (from 510 rubles / 500 ml);
- Slug-eater (from 30 rubles / 30 ml);
- Senpai (20 rubles / 5 ml).
Acaricides are biological or chemical agents that kill mites. They are widely used for processing premises, park and forest areas, cottages, vegetable gardens, cultivated and indoor plants.
The name uses the words acari (tick) and cide (cut). Meaning translation: "Means that reduce the number of ticks."
Also, acaricidal preparations are used to kill ticks on food, poultry, agricultural plants, and animals. With the onset of spring, acaricides are used to treat recreation areas and parks to prevent infection of people with encephalitis and Lyme disease. These drugs include:
- sulfur;
- mineral oils;
- phosphorus compounds;
- chlorine.
At first, acaricides containing chlorine were used:
- hexachlorane;
- trichloromethylmethane;
- dichlorobiphenyl.
Once in the body of an insect, the agent began to accumulate in its nervous system. Normal coordination was disturbed. This was followed by overexcitation of the nervous system. Over time, paralysis of the body occurs, and the tick dies.
Insectoacaricides - destroy insects and mites. These include drugs containing inorganic sulfur, some types of pyrethroids, as well as organophosphorus compounds.
Specific acaricides - these drugs have a negative effect exclusively on ticks. As a rule, these include substances that contain:
- heterocycles with nitrogen;
- bromopropylate (bromine);
- propargite (sulphur).
Acarofungicides - these substances are used to destroy pathogenic fungi and mites. Some experts classify these drugs as a separate group.
Insectoacaricides
This is a fairly large group of drugs that have a biological or chemical nature. Their classification is based on mechanical action:
Advantages of organophosphates:
Insectoacaricides have a significant drawback - they are very toxic to both humans and animals.
pyrethroids
This is a group of synthetic substances that have a detrimental effect on leaf-eating pests. The main advantage is that they have selective toxicity and kill only ticks and some types of insects. These substances belong to the drugs of the third generation.
Sulfur preparations do not affect people, bees, mammals and fish. Their acaricidal and fungicidal effects are detrimental to ticks. After treatment with these substances, pathogens of fungal diseases are destroyed.
Specific acaricides
Specific acaricides - drugs of contact action. They are produced in various consistencies, for example, as:
- suspension concentrate;
- emulsion concentrate;
- wettable powder.
Specific acaricides are not dangerous for mammals, humans, fish and birds.
Bromine preparations
Sulfur preparations (propargite)
It does not harm plants, but it has a strong toxic effect on fish and bees, killing them.
Heterocycles with nitrogen
These drugs stand out among others, great efficiency and functionality. They destroy insect eggs.
Adults after treatment with these substances become infertile, which significantly reduces the population. This group of drugs includes the following chemicals:
- phenazakhine;
- clofentensine;
- pyridaben.
How to use acaricides correctly
When using drugs, it is necessary to strictly follow the instructions and apply appropriate safety measures so as not to harm yourself, other people and animals.
Avoid mixing two different drugs. Many of them are completely incompatible. Also, the combination of their chemicals can block the harmful effects on pests.
Indoor processing
Processing in enclosed spaces must be carried out in compliance with all necessary safety measures.
- Be sure to use personal protective equipment, such as rubber gloves and a special respirator.
- Household utensils, as well as furniture, carpets, etc., are cleaned or carefully covered. This is especially true for food products.
- "Extraneous" persons and pets are removed from the premises.
- Particular care is taken in the processing of hard-to-reach places, such as baseboards, places behind furniture, vents, crevices.
- After processing, you should wait about two hours. This time is necessary for the drug for its active action. During this period, the room is not ventilated and not cleaned.
After the required time has elapsed, the room must be ventilated for an hour. Then proceed to wet cleaning. Soda ash or baking soda is added to the water for washing floors and other surfaces.
The most popular acaricides
Masai - it is classified as a new generation of acaricides. Kills ticks at all mobile stages of development. It has a good ovicidal effect. Contains tebufenpyrad. This is its base material. The action of the drug "Masai" lasts for two weeks after application.
It is used against herbivorous mites. It has a high degree of toxicity to bees, fish, mammals and moderate to humans.
Sunmite
Refers to contact specific acaricides. Has an ovicidal effect. It contains pyridaben. This wetting powder has been successfully used against many types of mites.
It has moderate toxicity to bees. Not dangerous to humans and animals.
Apollo
Specific acaricidal preparation with contact action. Sterilizes adults, and kills larvae and eggs of ticks. The main active ingredient is clofentensine. It is a selective preparation that does not harm other insects and bees.
Oberon
Oberon is a contact insecticide. Thanks to the active substance spiromesifen, lipid synthesis is blocked and their metabolism is disturbed. Adults are sterilized, larvae do not develop. Poorly compatible with alkaline products.
The history of pyrethroid insecticides may well be called floral, since natural pyrethroids are found in Dalmatian chamomile flowers. But progress, in the form of chemical synthesis, has made pyrethroid-based insecticides a completely affordable means of controlling harmful insects in crops of various types of crops. At one time, more than 70 years ago, this was an incredible breakthrough in the segment of insecticides, the prevailing number of which were organophosphorus compounds, which have a number of disadvantages and limitations. , as a rule, act on the central nervous system of insects. At the same time, drugs of contact and insecticides of systemic action are distinguished. The mechanism of attack of synthetic pyrethroids is also associated with an effect on the nervous system, it is implemented systemically, causing paralysis and then death of the insect a few hours after the use. These contact-intestinal preparations have selective toxicity, high insecticidal activity and minimal ecotoxicity. It was the last property of pyrethroids that made it possible to move on to the creation of soil insecticides and effective fumigants. Of the technological advantages in the context of "insecticide characteristics", it is important that synthetic pyrethroids act at low positive temperatures from + 5-8 C, which suggests their use in the early spring.
Synthetic pyrethroids are effective against chewing and sucking pests, especially against Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Homoptera and Coleoptera. Most often they are used against leaf-eating insects.
However, as for any group of plant protection chemicals for pyrethroids, there are properties that must be treated with understanding (first understand, and then apply). 1) Unlike organophosphate insecticides (FOS) and carbamates, pyrethroids do not kill secretive pests. But this is solved by using their tank mixtures with FOS, neonicotinoids. For example, against sucking pests (cereal aphids, bedbugs and thrips), mixtures of synthetic pyrethroids with FOS are most effective, since they provide high initial toxicity and duration of protective action. 2) The limiting factor for pyrethroids is the air temperature during processing - up to 25 C. What if the temperature is higher? It is not difficult to assess the risks (it is not difficult for an experienced agronomist) and take into account the loss of biological efficiency, which is at the level of 15% (in the heat, the evaporation of the drug is higher and the insects hide deeper), comparing them with the probable yield losses (of course, in product prices). Insecticides of the new generation easily overcome the temperature barrier up to 28 C and ensure the reliability of the effect.
The classic representative of synthetic pyrethroids is the insecticide Zepellin, which contains alpha-cypermethrin. Effective in the fight against the main types of harmful insects on grain crops, sugar beet, sunflower and other crops (bug bug, fleas, aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, leopards, flies, etc.), is characterized by a rapid development of the effect, the so-called "knockdown - effect", high efficiency at the larval stage of insect development, strong deterrent (repellant) effect, which together prolongs the protective effect of the drug. Zeppelin is used at low consumption rates, the drug is compatible with many pesticides and agrochemicals, which increases the attractiveness of the choice of this insecticide by many farmers.
Combined insecticide Dexter contains a synthetic pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid, belonging to the class of neonicotinoids, due to which the effect is extended up to three weeks. Dexter infects pests (including secretive ones) directly when spraying, as well as when feeding on the treated plant and inside it: the contact-systemic properties of the drug provide exceptional activity against a wide range of pests at all stages of their development.
Synthetic pyrethroids or preparations containing substances of this chemical class provide effective plant protection both during scheduled treatments of crops with a wide range of insect pests, and in case of force majeure (if there is a danger of epizootics, regional and local treatments ). In a word, pyrethroids are always an instant "hit" on the pest and a guarantee of the success of insecticidal treatments in difficult weather conditions.
