Phraseologisms features and their meanings. Phraseology

Landscape design and planning 16.03.2024

Landscape design and planning

State budgetary educational institution

secondary vocational education

"Komi - Permyak Polytechnic College"

Toolkit

for practical training

on this topic:

"PHRASEOLOGY"

Discipline:

Speciality:

Well:

Russian language

Dry Construction Master

First

Explanatory note.

This teaching aid has been compiled in accordance with the Work Program for the discipline “Russian Language” and meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Secondary Professional Education. It is intended for 1st year students.

Main goals of this manual are:

introduce phraseological units and popular expressions of the Russian language, which promotes awareness and understanding of the native language and patriotic education.

learn to use words from different language styles in your speech;

point out the limitless possibilities of the great mighty Russian language;

develop speech, logical thinking, memory, attention, imagination, the ability to use popular expressions in your speech;

cultivate interest, love for the native language, pride, curiosity, independence.

The topic of the lesson is directly related to previous and subsequent topics on lexical and grammatical material. This topic is in many ways new and difficult for students, so the manual provides information in a certain sequence about phraseological units of the Russian language: phraseological combinations, proverbs and sayings, catchphrases and phraseological units of the Russian language: phraseological combinations, proverbs and sayings. .

Various types of activities allow you to diversify the lesson, and the use of the presentation shows the possibility of using phraseology in real life and not only illustrates the various stages of the lesson, but also helps when checking various tasks, clearly demonstrating the correct answers, which contributes to the learning of the material. Various lexical exercises help to better assimilate the material in class.

Control of the initial level of knowledge is carried out in the form of writing an explanatory dictation using phraseological units and answering the questions posed.

Upon completion of work with each task and exercises, the mastery of the material is checked and typical errors are discussed.

When working on assignments, students have the right to use any reference materials.

The lesson ends with checking the mastery of lexical material, assigning grades for the lesson and recommendations for completing homework.

Studying phraseology is important for understanding the language itself. Phraseologisms exist in a language in close connection with vocabulary; their study helps to better understand their structure, formation and use in speech. Familiarity with phraseology will help students better understand the history and character of our people, as they reflect the people’s attitude to human strengths and weaknesses.

METHODICAL

BLOCK

Subject:"Phraseology".

Number of hours: 2 hours

This lesson can be conducted either as a lecture-conversation or as a combined lesson.

Type of activity: practical lesson

Type of activity: combined lesson

Lesson objectives :

Learning goals:

Students must be able to:

Students must know:

Educational goal:

Developmental goal:

Motivation: This topic is in many ways new and difficult for students, so it is necessary in a certain sequence to introduce students to phraseological units of the Russian language: phraseological combinations, proverbs and sayings, catchphrases, phraseological units of the Russian language: phraseological combinations, proverbs and sayings. . Studying phraseology is important for understanding the language itself. Phraseologisms exist in a language in close connection with vocabulary; their study helps to better understand their structure, formation and use in speech. Familiarity with phraseology will help students better understand the history and character of our people, as they reflect the people’s attitude to human strengths and weaknesses.

Interdisciplinary connections

F formation of worldview Practical activities

all disciplines

(ability to correctly formulate oral and written answers in class, in an exam)

be able to:

Distinguish the stylistic affiliation of phraseological units and use them correctly in speech.

know:

Types of phraseological units;

Meanings of phraseological units used in medical practice.

BASIC KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

Russian language:

Phraseological phrases;

Phraseological dictionaries;

Intradisciplinary connections

Vocabulary and phraseology

Language and speech

Functional speech styles

Active and passive composition of the language

Russian vocabulary from the point of view of use

Topic: Phraseology"

Lesson objectives :

1.Learning goals:

Students must be able to:

Distinguish the stylistic affiliation of phraseological units and use them correctly in speech.

Students must know:

Types of phraseological units;

Meanings of phraseological units, their use in speech;

Professional medical phraseology.

2. Educational goal:

Familiarity with phraseological units of the Russian language promotes awareness and understanding of the native language and patriotic education.

3. Developmental goal:

To develop students' logical thinking, attention, memory, and linguistic guesswork.

B basic knowledge and skills

Language and speech

Word in the lexical system of a language

Speech styles

Original Russian words

Borrowed words and expressions

Location of the lesson: classroom

Lesson equipment:

Handout

Reference materials

Lyrics

Methods and techniques:

Lecture-conversation

Executing test tasks

Oral and written survey.

Literature for students and teachers:

Main:

Balashova L.V. Russian language and culture of communication. - Saratov: OJSC Publishing House "Lyceum", 2001.

Vlasenkov A.I., Rybchenkova L.M. Russian language: Grammar. Text. Speech styles. – M.: Education, 2008.

Vashchenko E.D. Russian language and culture of speech. - Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2009. - 352 p.

Additional:

Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech. – M.: Logos, 2002.

Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B. Interesting style. – M.: Education, 1988.

Lesson plan.

Organizational moment – 5 min.

Main part:

Checking homework – 10 min.

Initial level control – 10 min.

Explanation of new material – 30 min.

Control of learned material:

Independent work – 30 min.

Organizational moment: 5 min.

1. Grading

2. Homework

Homework:

a mosquito will not erode your nose; feed breakfast; look for the wind in the field; who knows what; to the fullest; bite your tongue; for a long ruble; get into trouble; like clockwork; with open arms; get into your groove.

Prepare a report on phraseological units used in your practice (optional)

Listen to an explanation of the new material and make a detailed outline

Complete tasks within a certain time as correctly as possible.

Chronocard of the lesson

On topic: “Phraseology”

Lesson duration: 90 minutes

Name of the lesson stage

Time

Note

Organizing time

5 minutes

Checking those present.

Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Checking homework

10 minutes

Checking the initial level of knowledge and skills

10 minutes

Explanatory dictation

Presentation of new material 30 minutes

4.1

Microlecture

15 minutes

Supporting notes

4.2

Presentation

15 minutes

Control of learned material

30 minutes

Independent work

Organizing time:

5 minutes

Summing up the lesson, grading, homework

INFORMATIONAL

BLOCK

Glossary of terms

Free and non-free phrases

Phraseological turnover

Phraseologism

Set phrase

Phraseological expression

Phraseological dictionaries

Phraseologisms-synonyms, homonyms, antonyms

Original Russian phraseological units

Borrowed phraseological units

Phraseologisms of Old Church Slavonic origin

Progress of the lesson:

1. Organizational moment.

2. Control of the initial level.

Explanatory dictation ( Not And neither with different parts of speech):

Neither shaky nor unsteady, can’t feel your feet beneath you, hour by hour it doesn’t get easier, not to say a bad word, there’s no end to it, come what may, it’s not like that, be that as it may, there’s nothing you can do about it, sleep soundly sleep, unexpectedly, regardless of faces, neither stake nor yard.

1. Justify the choice of spelling the particle (NOT or NI, together or separately).

2.What is the role of words in language?

3. What does the expression “word has a lexical meaning” mean?

4. Explain the difference between direct and figurative meaning.

5.Which lexical group can you combine the phrases you have written down? (Phraseological units)

6. What phrases are called phraseological units? (Stable phrases)

7. Name the signs of phraseological units. (Not every word has lexical meaning, but the entire phrase as a whole; in a sentence it is one member of the sentence).

3. Explanation of new material.

There are two types of phrases in Russian: free(iron shovel) And non-free, stable (iron will). Set phrases are called phraseological units. They are also called phraseological units and phraseological units.

Unlike a free phrase, a phraseological unit (a stable, non-free phrase) has a lexical meaning not of each word individually, but of the entire phrase as a whole. Therefore, in a sentence it is one member of the sentence.

Phraseology, a special branch of linguistic science, studies them. Word phraseology comes from two Greek words: Phrasis- "expression", logos –"teaching".

Signs of free phrases

Signs of phraseological units

1. Any of the words can be replaced with other words;

1. You cannot replace words in their composition at will;

2. Words retain their semantic independence;

2. Words lose their semantic independence;

3. They are created during speech and do not require memorization.

3. They are not created in speech, but, like words, are used ready-made and require memorization.

Being part of the vocabulary of a language, phraseological expressions can have antonyms, synonyms, homonyms; they differ in stylistic coloring and are different in origin.

Phraseologisms, depending on their origin, are divided into several groups:

1. Originally Russian;

2. Old Slavic origin;

3. Borrowed.

Most phraseological units have originally Russian origin:

a) Turns of everyday speech: out of the frying pan into the fire; with a gulkin nose; in all Ivanovo; born in a shirt, etc.

b) proverbs, sayings, catchwords, stable combinations from Russian folklore: red maiden; good fellow; open field; there is no truth in the feet; shelve, etc.

V) individual expressions of professional speech: a teaspoon per hour; without a hitch, without a hitch; pull the strap; pull the gimp; bribes are smooth; no and no trial, etc.

G) Expressions from book language:

« The legend is fresh, but hard to believe" (A. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”)

Phraseologism " Trishkin caftan" arose from the fable of I.A. Krylov, published in 1815. in the magazine “Son of the Fatherland”; it ridiculed landowners who mortgaged their estates several times to the Guardian Council. Already as part of the fable, this expression has become a phraseological unit with the meaning “a matter when the elimination of some shortcomings entails new shortcomings.”

Phraseological phrases of Old Church Slavonic origin.

Old Church Slavonic phraseological units became entrenched in the Russian language after the introduction of Christianity. Most often they are bookish in nature. These are, for example: parable in tongues wagging– “a subject of general discussion”; seek and you will find - seek and you will find; throwing pearls before swine - it is in vain to prove something to people who cannot understand and appreciate it, etc.

Phraseologisms borrowed from other languages:

1. Literal translation of foreign language proverbs and sayings: bird's-eye; a cheerful face at a bad game; tastes could not be discussed..

2. Expressions and quotes from literary works, sayings, aphorisms: Hymen's bonds; it is not worth it; golden mean; dot the i's..

3. Sometimes used without translation: terra incognita - something unknown; after the fact.

Borrowed phraseological units, like those that arose in the Russian language, were also created either by individuals or by the people as a whole. An example of borrowing an author's phraseological unit is the expression and the king is naked(about a man whose merits were greatly exaggerated) - a literal translation of a famous expression from a fairy tale by G.-H. Andersen "The King's New Clothes"

The author's borrowed phraseological units include the expression attributed to Caesar die is cast. The Roman colonel crossed the Rubicon River, located on the border between Gaul and Italy. He did this despite the prohibition of the Senate. Having crossed the river with his army, Caesar exclaimed: “The die is cast!” This historical event gave rise to another phraseological unit - cross the Rubicon- decide on something serious.

A significant number of phraseological units are borrowed from ancient Greek mythology. For example, the following expressions are associated with Greek myths:

Pandora's Box . Allegorically, “the source of misfortune, trouble.” The phraseological unit is associated with the myth of Pandora, who received from the god Zeus a closed box filled with all earthly disasters and misfortunes. Curious Pandora opened the box, and human misfortunes flew out.

Augean stables. About a neglected room or a mess. Associated with the myth of Hercules, who cleaned the huge stables of King Augeas.

Procrustean bed. An allegorical expression is “a model given in advance, according to which something needs to be prepared.” One of the Greek myths tells about the robber Procrustes (torturer). He caught passers-by and forced them under his bed: if the person was longer, his legs were cut off, if he was shorter, he was stretched out.

The Russian language has a large number of stable phrases. They number in tens of thousands, forming the phraseological composition of the Russian language. The general stylistic meaning of phraseological units comes down to the fact that they, acting as synonyms for words and combinations of words, enrich the vocabulary.

Knowledge of phraseological units is necessary, because they are widely used in fiction, scientific and journalistic literature. Most phraseological units, naming a phenomenon, evoke one or another emotional attitude towards it. Phraseologisms, thanks to their imagery and emotionality, help to avoid stereotypes and dryness of presentation.

Phraseologisms have complex composition. They are formed by combining several components that do not retain the meaning of independent words ( rack my brain, ate the dog).

They semantically indivisible. They have an undivided meaning that can be expressed in one word ( spread your mind- think).

But there are phraseological units that can be equated to a whole descriptive expression ( run aground- find yourself in an extremely difficult situation).

One or another component of a phraseological unit cannot be replaced with a word close in meaning, while free phrases easily allow such a replacement: Instead the cat cried can't say the cat cried.

Some phraseological units have variants ( heartily And from the heart).

Unlike free phrases, phraseological units are used in ready-made form, the way they are fixed in the language, the way our memory retains them. If they spoke bosom, then they add Friend. Having said nemesis, add enemy.

You cannot arbitrarily include any elements in a phraseological unit.

Knowing phraseological units look down, we can't say look down low.

Each member of a phraseological combination is reproduced in a certain grammatical form, which cannot be changed arbitrarily. You can't tell "to kick the bucket" instead of "knock your socks off".

Do not use a full adjective instead of a short one in phraseology barefoot.

Only in special cases are variations of grammatical forms possible: Have you heard of it? And unheard of.

You cannot rearrange components in phraseological units. Neither light nor dawn; blood with milk. Exceptions are some verb-type phraseological units. Leave no stone unturned.

Main types of phraseological units of the Russian language

(classification by V. Vinogradov)

Phraseological fusions. Stable combinations, generalized holistic meaning, which is not motivated from the point of view of the current state of vocabulary ( get into trouble, kick ass, without any hesitation, out of nowhere, no matter what).

Etymological analysis helps to clarify the motivation for the semantics of modern phraseological fusion.

Phraseological unities- stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is partly related to the meaning of their constituent components, used in a figurative meaning.

Come to a dead end, hit the key, keep the stone in your bosom.

Such phraseological units may have “external homonyms”. To go with the flow- submit to the circumstances of life. We had to float down the river for five days.

Unlike phraseological fusions, phraseological unities are always perceived as metaphors or other artistic tropes.

Stable comparisons: like a bath leaf, like on needles, like a cow’s saddle.

Metaphorical epithets: tinned throat, iron grip.

Hyperboles: golden mountains, a sea of pleasure.

Litotes: with a poppy seed, hold onto a straw.

Paraphrases: far away lands- far. There aren't enough stars in the sky- a narrow-minded person. Oblique fathoms in the shoulders- mighty.

Puns (jokes): donut hole; sleeves from the vest.

Game of antonyms: neither alive nor dead; neither give nor take.

Synonym collision: the mind has gone beyond the mind; around and around.

Phraseological combinations.

Look down(head). There are no fixed phrases in the language "put your hand down", "put your foot down". Verb look down in the meaning of “omit” has a phraseologically related meaning and is not combined with other words.

The phraseologically related meaning of the components of such phraseological units is realized only in a strictly defined lexical environment. We say “velvet season”, but we won’t say “velvet month”, “velvet autumn”, “widespread epidemic”, but not “widespread morbidity”, “widespread runny nose”. Phraseological combinations often vary: frown- frown your eyebrows, touch a sense of pride- hurt feelings of pride, win a victory- gain the upper hand. N.M. Shansky supplemented this classification with so-called phraseological expressions.

Happy hours are not observed.

To be or not to be.

The legend is fresh, but hard to believe.

This group of phraseological units also includes catchphrases, proverbs, and sayings.

Synonymy of phraseological units

Phraseologisms that have a similar or identical meaning enter into synonymous relationships: smeared with the same world - two boots of a pair, one field of berries; There are countless numbers - at least a dime a dozen, that the sand of the sea is like uncut dogs. Such phraseological units form synonymous rows, which may also include corresponding lexical synonyms of the same row. Wed: to leave with a nose - to leave in the fool, to deceive, to avert [someone's] eyes, to rub in [someone's] glasses, to put it on the gun and deceive - to fool, to deceive, to bypass, to deceive, to deceive, to deceive.

Phraseological synonyms may differ from each other in stylistic coloring: leave no stone unturned- bookish, inflict reprisals- commonly used cut like a nut- colloquial.

Some phraseological synonyms may repeat some components (if phraseological units are based on different patterns, we have the right to call them synonyms): the game is not worth the candle - the game is not worth the candle; set the bath - set the pepper; chasing dogs means chasing a quitter.

Phraseological units that are similar in meaning but differ in compatibility and are therefore used in different contexts are not synonymized. Thus, the phraseological units “as big as three boxes” and “chickens don’t peck,” although they mean “a lot,” are used in speech differently: the first is combined with the words “to talk, to babble,” the second - only with the word “money.”

Antonymy of phraseological units

Antonymous relations in phraseology are less connected than synonymous ones. The antonymy of phraseological units is often supported by antonymic connections of their lexical synonyms: seven spans in the forehead(smart) - he won't invent gunpowder.

Polysemy of phraseological units

Most phraseological units are characterized by unambiguity: they have only one meaning: stumbling block- obstacle, have your head in the clouds- indulge in fruitless dreams, at first sight- on first impression.

But there are phraseological units that have several meanings.

For example, phraseology wet chicken Can mean:

1) a weak-willed, simple-minded person, a weakling;

2) a person who looks pitiful, depressed, upset about something.

Phraseologism fool around: 1) do nothing;

2) behave frivolously, fool around;

3) do stupid things.

Homonymy of phraseological units

Homonymous relations between phraseological units arise when phraseological units of identical composition appear in completely different meanings: take the floor- speak at a meeting on your own initiative and take the floor(from someone) - to receive from someone a promise, an oath of something. External homonymy of phraseological units and free phrases. Phraseologism soap your neck means - to teach (someone) a lesson, to punish; and the semantics of a free combination soap your neck completely motivated by the meanings of the words included in it: You need to thoroughly soap the child’s neck to wash off all the dirt. In such cases, the context suggests how one or another expression should be understood - as a phraseological unit or as a free combination of words.

Stylistic stratification of Russian phraseology

The stylistic coloring of phraseological units, like words, determines their consolidation in a particular style of speech. At the same time, within phraseology there are 2 groups of phraseological units: 1) commonly used phraseological units that do not have a constant connection with a particular functional style, and 2) functionally fixed phraseological units. The first include, for example, the following: keep your word, keep in mind, from time to time.

The largest stylistic layer of phraseology is colloquial phraseology, which is used mainly in oral communication, and in written speech - in fiction: a week without a year, throughout Ivanovo, you can’t spill water, a white crow, like cheese in butter, like Christ in his bosom, like water off a duck’s back etc.

Colloquial phraseology, which is generally close to colloquial, is characterized by greater reduction: straighten your brains, scratch your tongue, tear your throat, turn up your nose. The crudely colloquial phraseology sounds even sharper: The law is not written for fools, neither skin nor face, turn up your face, give them a brain etc. It includes swear words that represent a gross violation of the language norm.

Book phraseology is used in book functional styles. As part of book phraseology, scientific phraseology is distinguished, which consists of compound terms - center of gravity, thyroid gland, periodic system, matriculation certificate, fulcrum; journalistic - summit, people of goodwill, on the brink of war, mission of friendship; official business - testify, put into operation, effective demand, presumption of innocence, takes place.

There are fewer bookish phraseological units in the Russian language than colloquial ones (their 4,000 phraseological units listed in the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by A.I. Molotkov are only marked “bookish”).

Phraseologisms that came into the language from socio-political, journalistic and fiction also have a bookish connotation: civic duty, serve the fatherland, spirit of the times, cult of personality, on the other side of the barricades, administrative delight, bureaucratic apparatus, election campaign.

All phraseology is divided into 2 groups: neutral, without connotative meanings, and expressively colored. There are few neutral phraseological units: validate ticket, railroad, open meeting, agenda.

A large stylistic layer consists of phraseological units with a bright emotional and expressive coloring, which is due to their metaphorical nature and the use of various expressive means in them.

Colloquial style phraseological units are colored in familiar, playful, ironic, contemptuous, dismissive tones: neither fish nor fowl, sit in a puddle, only your heels sparkle like snow on your head, like a cow’s saddle, a wet chicken. Books have a sublime, solemn sound: die, burn bridges.

Use of phraseological units in speech:

Phraseologisms, like words, being units of language, serve to convey thoughts and reflect the phenomena of reality. You can select two ranks phraseological units.

First category make up phraseological units that turn out to be the only ones for expressing the phenomena they denote; there are no words or other phraseological units in the language that can convey the same thing; these phraseological units do not have synonyms in the language.

Such phraseological units are compound names like agenda, open meeting, validate ticket, etc., as well as compound terms - eyeball, voltaic arc, tibia, slaked lime. Phraseologisms of this category, as a rule, lack imagery; they do not characterize the phenomenon. They just call him.

Second category constitute phraseological units that have synonyms: either words or phraseological units. In this case, each time the speaker is faced with the task of choosing from a synonymous range of linguistic units the necessary one, the most suitable for a given case, for a given speech situation.

So, for example, it must be said that a person can do everything. About such a person we can say: a craftsman, golden hands, a jack of all trades, out of boredom a jack of all trades, and a Swede and a reaper and a dude player. It is easy to notice that each of these units, denoting basically the same thing, has its own semantic shades, its own evaluative features. If they want to talk about this seriously. That's what they'll say handyman, if it's joking - out of boredom, a jack-of-all-trades, a jack-of-all-trades, a reaper, and a player on the pipe.

Not in every case you can use these phraseological units. None of them can be used in business speech, for example, in a description given to a person at work, but all of these phraseological units can be used in ordinary conversation.

Phraseologisms that have the same meaning can be used in different situations. The vast majority of phraseological units of the second category contain images. These phraseological units, as a rule, are not neutral, but have a stylistic connotation - colloquial or bookish. For the most part, they not only designate a certain phenomenon of reality. But they also characterize him and give him a certain assessment.

The sentence usually uses one of the phraseological units of the synonymous series, the most suitable one. However, there is a special technique for using phraseological units, which is called “stringing”. In this case, two or more phraseological units are used side by side, and the second (and others) seem to complement the characteristic, for example:

- But he’s under surveillance! - said the captain reproachfully.

-Heard. However, he believed that the person was improving.

- Is it getting better? - the captain cut off bossily. - I haven’t heard of suchgrated rolls, sort ofshot sparrows were corrected.(K. Fedin).

Most of the phraseological units in the Russian language are figurative in nature. The imagery of phraseological units is based on various techniques, for example:

hyperbola(exaggeration) – there is no living place, you can’t hit it with a gun, an astronomical figure, a fire tower (about a tall man);

litotes(understatement) – with a gulkin nose; quieter than water, lower than the grass; two inches from the pot (an inch is an ancient measure of length equal to 4.4 cm).

To create imagery, objects and phenomena well known to the people are usually used. For example, many phraseological units include the names of animals, and the assessment of these animals, their characteristics are the same as in folklore: the hare is cowardly, the bear is clumsy, the wolf is hungry and greedy, the fox is cunning.

Phraseologisms often contain the same words and images. Thus, human well-being is associated with the word pocket (empty pocket, wind in the pockets, full pocket, etc.); word a drop means something small ( a drop in the ocean, not a bit afraid, the last straw, etc.); word elephant symbolizes something big, significant ( I didn’t even notice the elephant, make a molehill out of a molehill, a bear stepped on an elephant’s ear like a pellet, etc.).

Phraseologisms may lose their imagery. This happens, for example, when the words on which the imagery is based become outdated and become incomprehensible. Yes, the expression quietly - on the sly, secretly– has lost its imagery, because the word has become incomprehensible glanders- a tunnel under the wall of the fortress, into which a charge of gunpowder was placed.

A proverb is a short wise saying that has an instructive meaning.

Proverbs and sayings are a unique genre of folk poetry. In a concise and precise verbal form, they summarize observations of entire groups of life phenomena, noting what is characteristic and special in them.

The most apt expressions, divorced from fairy-tale speech, early began to turn into proverbs and sayings. It was in this way that the fabulous “proverbs” that exist in our time were created: Don't drag, drag, The tale of the white bull, The thief's hat is on fire; Milk river on the banks of Kiselnye and so on. Either in a serious or in a humorous form of a proverb, people define its purpose and their attitude towards it: you can’t escape the proverb; The proverb is an assistant to all matters.

Proverbs are characterized by bold, rich rhymes-consonances, based on vowels and consonants: A scrap of dye and a piece of sauerkraut. This tendency towards consonances in proverbs and sayings sometimes leads to the creation of such phrases in which the play with consonances is especially noticeable: The goal has a goal. Reap the spelt, woman, and hit yourself on the forehead. Sleeping long means living with debt. Not in the rain - let's wait.

Proverbs and sayings, which were widely used among the people, began to penetrate literature early. The oldest examples of proverbs and sayings, undoubtedly folk in origin, are found in the text of the Tale of Bygone Years, a monument of the early 12th century; They widely use democratic Novgorod and Pskov chronicles of the 12th-16th centuries. The term “proverb” itself in its modern understanding is not typical for ancient Rus'. The older chronicle (XI-XII centuries), citing historical proverbs and sayings, prefers to call them “parables,” that is, the same term that was used to call biblical stories. Until the 17th century, the word “proverb” also had the meaning “expression”, “word”. Thus, in the middle of the 16th century, Metropolitan Macarius, speaking about his work on compiling the “Chetya Menaion,” points out “Most of all, many works and feats arose from correcting foreign and ancient proverbs, translating them into Russian speech”; in the "Alphabet" of the 17th century, "proverb" is also understood as the word: "The Greeks add wasps to many proverbs, like Vasilios, Petros ...".

In folk epic usage, “proverb” in the 17th century is used as a synonym for the word “conversation.” In “The Tale of the Kyiv Heroes,” the heroes “ride across an open field and say the following proverb among themselves: it would be better if we had not heard that great shame than that we had heard such a word from the prince in his own eyes...”; Before the battle, the heroes say among themselves a proverb: Look, gentlemen, comrades, and keep your eyes peeled for the horses...

But already early collections of folk proverbs and book aphorisms, appearing from the end of the 17th century, use the word “proverb” in the modern sense. Thus, a 17th-century collection of the former Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is entitled “National Tales or Proverbs in Alphabet”; the collection of the Petrovsky Gallery of the late 17th - early 18th centuries also names the collected sayings - “proverbs and proverbs, which have long been divulged among the people, used in words...”.

Ostrovsky’s proverbs are well rendered; he very skillfully used the linguistic wealth of Russian poetry: songs, proverbs, sayings, etc. Alexander Nikolaevich even uses proverbs in the titles of his plays: Don't live the way you want. Don't sit in your own sleigh. Our people - we will be numbered. Poverty is not a vice. Truth is good, but happiness is better. An old friend is better than two new ones and so on.

Homework:

BLOCK

CONTROL

Control questions:

1. What are free and non-free phrases? What is their difference?

2.Phraseological turn, phraseological unit, set phrase, phraseological expression - do they have the same meaning?

3. Name the groups of phraseological units according to their origin.

4. Are there phraseological units - homonyms, - synonyms, - antonyms?

5. What other features do phraseological units have, being part of the vocabulary of the Russian language?

6. Do phraseological units differ in the scope of their use?

7. Is the vocabulary of the Russian language currently being replenished with phraseological units?

8. Are there any outdated or professional phraseological units?

9. Can catchwords, proverbs, sayings, aphorisms, sayings, and quotes be classified as phraseological expressions?

10. What phraseological dictionaries do you know?

Assignments on the topic “Phraseology”

Task 1. Read the text. Write down the phraseological units found in it.

Makara's hut stood on the edge, on the jelly banks of the Molochnaya River. Rising one morning from his Procrustean bed and breaking into the open door, Makar added fuel to the fire, brought out the ducks and habitually drove the calves somewhere.

The morning was clear as day. Brushing away the smoke without fire, Makar rolled down the inclined plane towards the herd.

The calves scattered to the pasture - some into the forest, some for firewood. Makar sat down in a puddle, bit the bit and simply opened a small box with a broken penny, which he mistakenly took for a clean coin.

There was a ringing sound. "Where is he from?" - thought Makar and looked around through his fingers.

Task 2. Find phraseological units in the text.

From head to toe

Once upon a time I was on friendly terms with him. But one day he (got off his left foot, or what?) started to fight me. I'm heading home as fast as I can! I barely got away with it!... but now I don’t even touch him. He won't have my leg anymore!

Yes, he behaves extremely badly. We should take it in our hands. And give him a hand. So that you know: don’t give your hands free rein! And then - I give you my hand to cut off - he will immediately stop letting go of his hands!

No doubt - hot head! But if we agreed with him, on our own head, then now we are responsible for his behavior with our head. I don’t yet know what we should do first (my head is spinning), but I think there’s no need to hang our heads. I guarantee my head that together we will always be able to soap his head! (A. Shibaev)

Task 3. Find the correct option. Correct errors in the use of phraseological units.

We killed the worms.

They brought him to his white knees.

This work is not worth a dime.

He is the first spoke in the chariot.

I knelt in respect.

There is darkness all around - you can prick your eyes out.

He keeps shedding crocodile tears.

Task 4. Determine the meaning of phraseological units. Choose the correct answer.

ALPHA AND OMEGA: a) beginning and end, b) ending, c) solution to an important issue;

PUSH INTO AMBITION: a) become arrogant, b) suffer defeat, c) violently show your dissatisfaction;

ACHILLES' HEEL: vulnerable place, b) invulnerable place, c) geographical object;

RETIRED GOAT DRUMMER: a) an assistant in business, b) a person who does not deserve any attention, c) a musician;

MUSIN YOUNG LADY: a) an important woman, b) a pampered person, c) a ballerina;

RAT RACE: a) care, b) about the actions of animals, c) petty concerns;

EAT MANA OF HEAVEN: a) live very well, b) malnourished, c) be in heaven;

BUILD SAND CASTLES: a) rely on unreliable data, b) engage in construction, c) foresee;

NOTHING IN DOUBT: a) without hesitation, b) headlong, c) very slowly;

UNDER THE MUT: a) together with someone, b) to the music, c) secretly;

PLACE UNDER BAG: a) without progress (about a request, a business paper), b) pay close attention to something, c) hope for something;

CROCODILE TEARS: a) cry a lot, b) hypocritical pity, c) crocodile tears;

CUT TO WALNUT: a) decorate, b) carpentry, c) strongly scold, scold;

IN ANOTHER'S Feast A HANGOVER: a) trouble because of others, b) joy among neighbors, c) participate in something.

You have to be responsible for your actions, and not hide... .

In the garden plot, the guys worked together, trying not to hit...

They rushed to look for the newcomer, and there was no trace of him... .

Seryozha and Misha have a strong friendship: their water….

You always exaggerate, make a fool of yourself...

We ask him, and he’s like water... .

Petya was offended by his comrades’ comments and sulked like... .

ORGANIZATION OF INDEPENDENT WORK ON THE TOPIC " Vocabulary and phraseology"

1. Select phraseological units (see II) synonymous with these words and phrases (see I).

I. All day; cure; chief assistant; plenty, without restriction; sincerely; alone; very fast; immediately, in one go; immediately; to deceive; despair, despondency; attract attention, be especially noticeable; very close, nearby; ridicule, make a subject of ridicule; very soundly (fall asleep); in the most serious manner; appear instantly; inopportunely, out of place.

II. In no time; with one spirit; heartily; from dawn to dawn; to lose heart; in hot pursuit; to rise to one's feet; to be conspicuous (to someone); catch with a fishing rod; right hand; as much as you like; Tet-a-tet; a few steps away; make fun of; dead sleep; seriously; right here; neither to the village nor to the city.

2. Make up sentences in which each of the expressions below would first be a free phrase, then a phraseological phrase.

Sample : He waved his hand goodbye. “They gave up on him a long time ago.

You can’t pull it out with pliers; hang on the tail; wash your hands; close your eyes; open field; green Street; give up; you can’t cook porridge; keep in the shade; not finding a place for yourself; the ice has broken; rat race; wander in the dark.

3. Find the second part of the phraseological unit and add it. Select synonyms-phraseologisms for phraseological units 2, 9,13.

1. Despite...

2. Two boots...

3. Storm in...

4. Stomp on...

5. Bite...

6. Without further ado...

7. Hack yourself...

8. Wolf...

9. Like two drops...

10. Turtle...

11. Crocodiles...

12. From the crust...

13. Search...

14. Seven miles away...

15. Wait at...

16. Take it as pure...

17. Sheep...

18. Not a candle for God...

19. Easier than steamed...

20. Circle around...

21. Dance from...

22. Like a thorn...

23. With a sieve...

24. Not in the eyebrow...

25. Promising gold...

27. Out of the corner of my ear...

28. Caliph on...

29. Cry in...

30. Kiseynaya…

31. Barely a soul...

32. Fresh legend...

33. Horn...

34. Born to crawl...

35. Things of bygone days...

36. To sleep...

37. Hunger is not...

38. He who has ears yes...

39. Is it possible for walks...

4. Write down proverbs and sayings. Insert the missing letters and add the missing punctuation marks.

1. Without knowing grief, you won’t know joy.

2. The sun will come to our windows.

3. Everyone is the smith of his own happiness.

4. Believe in happiness and don’t be afraid of troubles.

5. There is (no) fish without bones.

6. There is no bee...lik without a pity, there is no rose without sh...p.

7. Without an owner...and the goods are crying...i.e.

8. There is food in the barn... there will be food in the... pocket... .

9. Measure bread and count money.

10. The house is full of shit.

11. Where the owner moves... there bread will be born.

12. Better stingy than wasteful.

13. From crumbs... to a heap from drops... the sea....

14. Modesty is better than wealth.

15. Who doesn’t... save...t to...payka rubles themselves (not) a hundred...t.

16. Every house is glorified by its owner.

17. Too much money won’t last my pocket.

18. The reserve is the best... of the rich.

5. Distribute phraseological units according to their stylistic characteristics: a) colloquial and everyday; b) literary and book; c) literary and poetic; d) official business; e) inter-style.

In all directions, in any case, a castle in the air, an ocean of air, armed forces, from time to time, come into force, go crazy, bring to the attention of the female gender, embrace, far away, the promised land, the golden calf, red maiden, swan song, no urine, pout lips, from the bottom of my heart, labor protection, in the open air, pass a resolution, gone crazy, keep my word, sit in galoshes, tight deadlines, servant of two masters, wipe off the face of the earth, secret voting, the crown of thorns, this way and that, the cold war, whatever you want, which was what needed to be proven.

6. Indicate what mistakes were made when using steady turns. Rewrite to correct these errors.

The truth contained in the poet’s poems hits you in the face.

Already the writer’s early romantic works made an indelible impression on his contemporaries.

Plyushkin's peasants are dying like flies.

Throughout the work, the red thread is the idea of the future of Russia.

Among the artistic means of the poem, comparisons play a special role.

Immediately after Bazarov’s arrival, life on the Kirsanov estate began to take on a different momentum.

7.Fill out the table

Augean stables

Meaning:

Origin:

Achilles' heel

Meaning:

Origin:

Babel

Meaning:

Origin:

Balaam's donkey

Meaning:

Origin:

St. Bartholomew's Night

Meaning:

Origin:

Ariadne's thread

Meaning:

Origin:

Cross the Rubicon

Meaning:

Origin:

Pyrrhic victory

Meaning:

Origin:

Procrustean bed

Meaning:

Origin:

Thirty pieces of silver

Meaning:

Origin:

Assignments for strong students :

Exercise 1. Making synonymous and antonymous pairs:

Phraseologisms can have synonyms and antonyms. Write down phraseological units (each on a separate line), match them antonymous pair:

the cat cried -

you can't get the word out -

to beat around the bush -

lose temper -

fall into despair -

lift to the skies -

can't close my eyes -

make porridge -

right under your nose -

like I took water into my mouth -

shallow swim -

Compose synonymous pairs:

hastily -

cheat -

at full speed -

even the howl of a wolf -

with all my might -

grated roll -

nothing in sight -

at full speed -

frost on the skin -

one field of berries -

lower your wings -

sit down on bread and water -

remove chips -

stand on your hind legs -

Exercise 2. Using a dictionary, find and explain the meaning of phraseological units

1. Tetyuev sold his zemstvo birthright for lentil stew. (Mamin-Sibiryak "Mountain Nest"

2. And to the generous, good sky

More than once you are a cover for evil deeds

Dared to smoke incense... (Derzhavin "On deceit")

3. I see real writers so rarely in Moscow that a conversation with Boborykin seemed like manna from heaven to me. (Chekhov Letter to A.S. Suvorov)

4. Before going to bed, she unlocks the cash drawer and makes sure that everything in it is in the order in which she is used to always putting it away. (Saltykov-Shchedrin “Poshekhon Antiquity”)

5. Congratulations, dear sir, congratulations,” he continued, “though not everyone, one might say, would agree to earn their daily bread in this way.” (I. Turgenev)

6. Once upon a time there lived a gudgeon. Both his father and mother were smart; Little by little, Ared's eyelids lived in the river and did not hit the fish's ear or the pike's. (Saltykov-Shchedrin “The Wise Minnow”)

7. There was deep silence, and the secretary in a ringing voice began to read the ruling of the court...: “If someone sows someone else’s land or fences off an estate, they will beat him with his forehead for illegal possession.” (A. Pushkin “Dubrovsky”)

8. But he (Vronsky) had high hopes for Varya, his brother’s wife. It seemed to him that she would leave no stone unturned and would go to Anna with simplicity and determination and accept her. (L.N. Tolstoy “Anna Karenina”)

9. (Kvashin) is huge, red-haired, and has a voice like the trumpet of Jericho. (Kuprin “Moloch”)

10. No, Anfisa Porfiryevna, I humbly apologize! Don't lure me in with your roll. (Saltykov-Shchedrin "Poshekhon Antiquity")

Exercise 3. Select synonymous phraseological units for the highlighted phraseological units

1. Creepy... On the back gave me goosebumps. (A. Chekhov "Swan Song")

2. Some people think that they have become people, but in fact they have become pigs... - I don’t like it, I don’t like it when you talk so impudently! - the grandmother angrily objected, - What did you wear, sir? Not a candle to God, not a damn poker!" (Goncharov "Break")

3. Finally, poor Akaki Akakievich gave up the ghost.(N. Gogol "The Overcoat")

4. Hiding behind the name of partisans, the Nazis commit mass executions and organize robberies. And our slightest recklessness in relations with the population gives grist to the enemy's mill.(V. Andreev "People's War")

Exercise 4. Name the types of speech errors made when using phraseological units

1. The chairman showered me with golden showers in the amount of eighty thousand rubles.

2. For livestock breeders, the main highlight of the program is the breeding of valuable breeds of livestock.

3. Coach Williamson put on a "good face."

4. The master had a heart-to-heart talk with his ward more than once.

5. He came into himself.

6. Mikhail quickly got dressed and hurried into the field.

7. The speaker spoke in a loud and shrill voice, like the trumpet of Jericho.

Tasks for weak students:

Exercise 1. Explain the meaning of phraseological units that include a noun:

1. word:

2. eyes:

Exercise 2. Explain the meaning of the phraseological units below. Among the following words, choose synonyms for them:

talkative, delicious, tired, embarrassed to say, fell silent, spoke involuntarily, can’t remember;

a long tongue, a tongue without bones, a tongue on the shoulder, the tongue does not turn, the tongue is bitten, the tongue is swallowed, it comes off the tongue, the tongue chatters, gives free rein to the tongue, turns on the tongue.

Exercise 3. Replace the highlighted words with phraseological units that are similar in meaning

The story is inconsistent, he works well, you need to think, he screams loudly, the child is growing quickly, he came on foot, it’s dark outside.

To replace: in full Ivanovo style, at least as soon as you can, roll up your sleeves, from five to ten, spread your mind, not by day, but by hour, on your own two feet.

Exercise 4. Write down synonyms and phraseological units with the following meanings:“an experienced person”, “dark”, “to the end”, “a lot”, “punish”.

Give me a scolding, the size of three boxes, you can’t see a damn thing, there’s a dime a dozen, from cover to cover, butcher for nuts, the chickens don’t peck, pitch darkness, a carriage and a small cart, remove the shavings, a shot sparrow, soap your head, even gouge out an eye, end to end, from board to board.

Exercise 5. Write down antonyms and phraseological units for these phraseological units

Kolomna verst, nothing in sight, brew the porridge, after an hour, take a teaspoon, stroke it through the fur.

Reference material: At least collect the needles, with one spirit, two inches from the pot, disentangle the porridge, iron against the grain.

APPLICATION

Sample answers to tasks on the topic “Phraseology”

Exercise 1.

Hut Makara stood on the edge, on the jelly banks of the Molochnaya River. Getting up one morning with Procrustean bed And breaking into an open door, Makar added fuel to the fire, brought to light ducks and usual drove the calves somewhere.

It was morning clear as day. Brushing aside smoke without fire, Makar rolled down an inclined plane down to the herd.

Calves on pasture scattered - some into the forest, some for firewood. Makar sat in a puddle, bit between the teeth And just opened the box With pennies which he is mistaken took it at face value.

There was a ringing sound. "Where is he from?"- thought Makar and looked around through my fingers.

Task 2.

From head to toe

Once upon a time I was on friendly terms with him. But one day he ( from the left foot got up, or what?) came to fight me. I go home as fast as you can! I barely carried my feet away!... But now don't set foot near him. He won't have my leg anymore!

Yes, leads He feeling very bad. It would be necessary pick it up. AND give him one hands. To know: don't give your hands free rein! And then - I give my hand to be cut off- he will stop immediately let go!

No doubt - hothead! But if we are with him agreed on your own head, then now we answer for his behavior head. I don't know yet what we should do it first(I have head is spinning), but I think that hang your head not worth it. I bet my head that together we will always be able to soap his head! (A. Shibaev)

Task 3.

1. We starved worm.

2. They turned it white heat..

3. This job sucks eggs not worth it.

4. He last spoke in a chariot.

5. I bowed down knee as a sign of respect.

6. There is darkness all around - even if you gouge out your eyes. +

7. He keeps pouring crocodile tears.

Task 4. Standard answers: 1a, 2c, 3a, 4b, 5b, 6c, 7b, 8a, 9a, 10c, 11a, 12b, 13c, 14a.

Task 5. Remember the phraseological units, the beginning of which is given in the text.

1. You must be responsible for your actions, and not hide behind someone else's back..

2. In the garden plot, the guys worked together, trying not to hit face down in the dirt .

3. They rushed to look for the newcomer, and there was no trace of him caught a cold .

4. Serezha and Misha have a strong friendship: their water you won't spill it .

5. You always exaggerate, make a fool of yourself elephant.

6. We ask him, but he’s like water put it in my mouth .

7. Petya was offended by his comrades’ comments and sulked like cancer .

Sample answers for independent work:

All day - from dawn to dusk; cure - understand on your feet; main assistant - right hand; plenty, without restrictions - as much as your heart desires; sincerely - with all my heart; alone - face to face; very quickly - in no time; at once, in one go - in one spirit; immediately - hot on the heels; to deceive - to catch a bait; despair, despondency - lose heart; to attract attention, to be especially noticeable - to catch the eye (of someone); very close, nearby - a few steps away; to ridicule, to make a subject of ridicule - to ridicule; very soundly (fall asleep) - dead sleep; in the most serious way - in earnest; appear instantly - right there; inopportunely, out of place - neither to the village nor to the city.

He tried to pull out an old nail with pliers. “You can’t get a confession out of him even with pincers.”

The cat had dirty fluff hanging on his tail. “He’s been on our tail for two days now.”

We went in for a few minutes to wash our hands. - That's it, gentlemen, I wash my hands.

He closed his eyes and fell asleep a moment later. “You shouldn’t turn a blind eye to such serious offenses.”

Only crows galloped across the open field. “He walked at random, into an open field.

The trees were covered with leaves and the street became green. – The escort was given the green light.

He lowered his hands and looked into the distance for a while. – The main thing is not to give up, and you will succeed.

You can’t make porridge from such a small amount of oatmeal. - I see you can’t cook porridge with you.

On the way to the village we tried to stay in the shade so as not to get sunstroke. – Stay in the shadows - that’s my advice to you.

We couldn't find a seat in the packed hall. – For the second hour now, Anya has been walking around the room, not finding a place for herself.

The ice began to break, and numerous barges and fishing boats rushed upstream. - Well, comrades, the ice has broken, continue in the same spirit.

The cat could not sleep: he was haunted by the mouse fuss in the corner behind the stove. “The fuss around this enterprise seems to have attracted the attention of the country's top officials.

We wandered around in the dark for almost two hours, and then we were able to reach a path that led us out of the forest. – You are wandering in the dark, so you can’t see the most important thing.

1. No matter what

2. Two boots in a pair

3. Storm in a teacup

4. Marking time in one place

5. Biting your elbows

6. Without further ado

7. Hack on your nose - remember

8. Wolf tail

9. Like two peas in a pod

10. At a snail's pace

11. Crocodile tears - very sorry

12. From cover to cover - from start to finish

13. Look for wind in the field

14. Sip jelly seven miles away

15. Wait by the sea for weather

16. Take it at face value

17. The game is not worth the candle - the effort spent is not worth the result

18. Not a candle for God, not a poker for the devil

19. Easier than steamed turnips

20. Circle your finger

21. Dance from the stove

22. Like an eyesore

23. Carry water with a sieve

24. Not in the eyebrow, but in the eye

25. Promise mountains of gold

27. Hear out of the corner of your ear

28. Caliph for an hour

29. Cry into your vest

30. Kissey young lady

31. Barely a soul in a body

32. A fresh legend, but hard to believe - about something unlikely

33. Cornucopia

34. Those born to crawl cannot fly

35. Deeds of bygone days, deep legends

36. Going to bed

37. Hunger is not an aunt

38. He who has ears, let him hear

1. Without knowing grief, you will not know joy.

2. The sun will come to our windows.

3. Everyone is the smith of his own happiness.

4. Don’t believe in happiness, and don’t be afraid of trouble.

5. There is no fish without bones.

6. There is no bee without a stinger, no rose without thorns.

7. Without an owner, the goods cry.

8. If it’s in the barn, it’ll be in your pocket.

9. Bread is measured, but money is counted.

10. The house is a full cup.

11. Where the owner walks, there bread will be born.

12. Better stingy than wasteful.

13. Of crumbs - a heap, of drops - a sea.

14. Thrift is better than wealth.

15. He who does not save a penny is not worth a ruble.

16. Every house is famous for its owner.

17. Extra money won't help your pocket.

18. A thrifty person is better than a rich person.

Colloquial phraseological units: in all shoulder blades; get out of your mind; no urine; pout lips; crazy; sit in a galosh; this way and that.

Literary and book phraseological units: embrace; promised land; servant of two masters; Cold War; whatever you want.

Literary and poetic phraseological units: air ocean; far away lands; Golden Taurus; red maiden; a swan song; crown of thorns

Official business phraseological units: armed forces; come into force; to inform; female; occupational Safety and Health; pass a resolution; short time; secret ballot; Q.E.D.

Interstyle phraseological units: anyway; occasionally; from the heart; open air; keep a promise; wipe off the face of the earth.

The truth contained in the poet's verses, catches your eye.

Already the early romantic works of the writer produced an indelible impression on his contemporaries.

Plyushkin's peasants are dying, like flies.

Throughout the work there is a red thread passes thought about the future of Russia.

Among the artistic means of the poem, a special role play comparisons.

Immediately after Bazarov's arrival, life on the Kirsanov estate began hit with a key.

Famusov doesn’t like to do things for a long time; he has this custom: “It’s signed, and off your shoulders.”

According to Chatsky, “the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to everyone.”

Sample answers to tasks for strong students

Exercise 1.

the cat cried - (chickens don’t peck);

you can’t get the word out - (doesn’t close his mouth);

beat around the bush – (get to the point);

lose your temper – (control yourself);

fall into despair - (perk up).

lift to the skies - (throw mud at)

can’t close your eyes – (sleep soundly)

brew porridge - (slurp up porridge)

right under your nose - (in the middle of nowhere)

like you put water in your mouth - (grind with tongue)

shallow swim – (high-flying bird)

Compose synonymous pairs:

in a hurry - (in a fire order);

circle around the finger - (draw on the chaff);

at full speed - (at full speed);

even a wolf howl - (even a guard shout);

as fast as you can - (at full speed);

grated kalach - (shot sparrow);

You can’t see anything - (pitch darkness, you could even poke your eyes out).

at full speed - (at full speed)

frost on the skin - (the blood in the veins runs cold)

One field of berries - (two boots in a pair)

lower your wings - (lower your arms)

sit on bread and water - (put teeth on a shelf)

remove shavings - (cut into nuts)

stand on your hind legs - (dance to someone else's tune).

Exercise 2.

Sold for lentil soup- to change something for petty gain.

Smoking incense- flatteringly praise someone.

Manna from heaven- something extremely important, necessary, long-awaited.

For bedtime- before bedtime.

Daily bread- something that is extremely necessary for life.

Aredian eyelids- to live a very long time.

Beat with your forehead- bowing respectfully to greet someone.

Throw a stone- condemn, blame, mock.

Trumpet of Jericho- very loud, resonant, sonorous.

You can’t lure with a roll- There is no way to invite anyone.

Exercise 3.

1) I got goosebumps - frost on the skin.

Not a candle for God, not a damn poker - neither fish nor fowl.

Give up the ghost - order to live long and rest in Bose.

Pouring water to the mill - play into your hands.

Exercise 4.

Combination not allowed expressively colored phraseological units with official business vocabulary.

Unmotivated expansion the composition of phraseological units as a result of the use of qualifying words.

Erroneously truncated phraseology loses its meaning.

Distortion of lexical composition phraseology.

Mixing paronyms.

Distortion of prepositions as part of phraseological units.

Breaking unity figurative system of phraseology and context.

Sample answers to tasks for weak students:

Exercise 1.

1. word: take your words back, keep your word, take your word, give your word, don’t go into your pocket for a word, take a word, take a word from someone, be the master of a word;

2. eyes: speak face to face, say to your eyes, say behind your eyes, look into all eyes, eyes are wet, eyes run wide, eyes flare up, get caught, eyes stick together.

Exercise 2.

1) Talkative - long tongue, tongue without bones, give free rein to the tongue

2) Delicious - I swallowed my tongue

3) tired - tongue on shoulder,

4) shy - bit his tongue

5) say - wag your tongue

6) fell silent - the tongue does not turn

7) involuntarily said - it rolled off the tongue

8) can’t be remembered at all - it’s on the tip of your tongue

Exercise 3.

1) Tells inconsistently - from the fifth to the tenth

2) works well - roll up your sleeves

3) you need to think - use your mind

4) screams loudly - at the top of Ivanovo

5) the child is growing quickly - by leaps and bounds

6) came on foot - on his own two feet

7) it’s dark outside as far as the eye can see

Exercise 4.

1) “experienced person” - a shot sparrow,

2) “dark” - you can’t see anything, pitch darkness, even if you poke your eyes out,

3) “to the end” - from cover to cover, from board to board

4) “a lot” - about three boxes, a dime a dozen, the chickens don’t peck, a carriage and a small cart, there’s no end to it,

5) “punish” - give a scolding, cut it like a nut, remove shavings, soap your hair,

Exercise 5.

1) Kolomna verst - two inches from the pot

2) you can’t see anything - at least collect needles

3) brew the porridge - clear up the porridge

4) an hour later, a teaspoon - in one breath

5) stroke against the grain - stroke against the grain

Brief phraseological dictionary

Augean stables - from Greek mythology. King Augeas of Elis had stables, but they were never cleaned, and they became so dirty that it was impossible to even enter them. Hercules was assigned to clean them. This was one of his twelve labors. Hercules accomplished the impossible - he cleaned the stables in one day, directing the waters of a nearby river into them.

The expression is used when one wants to talk about something extremely dirty and neglected.

Achilles' heel- from Greek mythology. Achilles (or Achilles) is one of the main characters of Homer's Iliad. Achilles' mother, the goddess Thetis, wanted to make her son immortal. This could be done by bathing the child in the waters of the underground river Styx. Thetis dipped her son into the waters of the Styx, but at the same time held him by the heel, on which the sacred water did not fall. The heel was left vulnerable. Taking advantage of this, another participant in the Trojan War, Paris, sent an arrow into Achilles’ heel, and the hero died.

The expression is used when talking about a vulnerable, weak point.

Babel- a biblical myth about an attempt to build a tower to heaven after the great flood in the city of Babylon. Angered by the insolence of the people, God “confused their languages” so that people tried to understand each other, but could not. Their actions became confused, uncoordinated, they could not complete anything, they pushed and interfered with each other and were unable to complete the tower.

Used in the meaning of “vanity”, “turmoil”, uncoordinated actions that do not lead to results.

Balaam's donkey - in biblical mythology, the donkey of the soothsayer Balaam suddenly spoke. Balaam rode on his donkey to commit an unrighteous deed. On the way, she stopped three times, seeing a threatening angel, invisible to Balaam, blocking the path. The donkey gained the gift of speech to warn Balaam about God's will. And he heard the will of God: “If you had not stopped, the angel would have killed you, since your deed was wrong.” So the faithful donkey saved her owner from death.

Used in an ironic sense in relation to a usually silent person who suddenly speaks up in difficult circumstances.

St. Bartholomew's Night– historical source. In Paris, on the night of August 24, 1572 (St. Bartholomew's Day), a mass massacre of the Huguenots by Catholics took place, organized by Queen Marie de' Medici and the Dukes of Guise.

It is used when they want to talk about the mass extermination of someone or something (not only people, but also their views and beliefs).

Ariadne's thread - from Greek mythology. Ariadne, daughter of the Cretan king Minos, helped Theseus. On the island of Crete, in a labyrinth there lived a terrible monster, a man - the bull Minotaur. The Minotaur annually demanded the most beautiful girls of the island of Crete as sacrifices. The next victim was to be the beautiful Ariadne. Theseus decided to save Ariadne and kill the terrible Minotaur. However, no one has yet found the way back from the labyrinth. The cunning Ariadne fell in love with Theseus and helped him escape. She gave him a ball of thread. Having tied the end of the thread at the entrance to the labyrinth, Theseus went deeper, killed the Minotaur and, holding on to the thread, safely got out of the labyrinth.

The expression "Ariadne's thread" is used when someone helps someone else find a solution to a complex and seemingly impossible problem.

Cross Rubicon – historical source. Rubicon is a river on the Apennine Peninsula; to 42 BC it was the border between the metropolis of Rome and the Roman province of Gaul. In 49 BC. Caesar from Gaul crossed the Rubicon with his army and began the war. Before crossing the Rubicon, Caesar hesitated for a long time, weighed the pros and cons, and was not sure that his decision was correct. And the Rubicon was nevertheless crossed, the battle began; turning back would mean drowning the army in the river, i.e. lose.

It is used when a person makes an irrevocable decision and cannot change it.

Pyrrhic victory - from ancient history. Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus, won a victory at the cost of huge losses at the Battle of Ausculum (249 BC): the enemy army was gone, but Pyrrhus’s army was gone too.

The expression is used when it is necessary to talk about victory, which is essentially equal to defeat.

Procrustean bed - in Greek mythology, a bed on which the giant robber Procrustes forcibly laid travelers who passed by his home. Those for whom the bed was short, he cut off the legs, those for whom it was long, he stretched it along the length of the bed; those. in both cases he actually killed. The name "Procrustes" means "puller" in Greek.

GRADING CRITERIA

The mark “5” is given if the student:

Presents the topic in detail and with sufficient completeness;

Gives correct formulations, precise definitions of concepts and terms;

Shows a complete understanding of the material and can justify his answer, give the necessary examples, not only given in the textbook, but also in additional literature;

Correctly answers additional questions from the teacher aimed at identifying the student’s level of understanding of this material;

Fluent in speech, showing coherence and consistency in presentation.

The mark “4” is given if the student:

Gives an answer that meets the same requirements as for the mark “5”, but makes isolated errors, which he himself corrects after the teacher’s comments.

Mark “3” is given if the student:

Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the main provisions of the topic, but:

Allows for inaccuracies in wording;

Makes partial errors in presentation;

Presents the material insufficiently coherently and consistently.

Mark “2” is given if the student:

Reveals ignorance of most of the relevant section of the topic;

Makes mistakes in the formulation of definitions that distort their meaning;

Presents the material erratically and uncertainly, accompanied by frequent hesitations and interruptions.

Mark “1” is given if the student:

Reveals complete ignorance or misunderstanding of the material covered.

The study of the entire set of phraseological units of the Russian language involves their classification according to a wide variety of criteria.
V.V. Vinogradov, proposed one of the most famous and widespread classifications in linguistics, based on varying degrees of idiomaticity (unmotivated) components in the phraseological unit.

There are three types of phraseological units.

Phraseological adhesions are stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is not derived from the meaning of their constituent components, i.e., is not motivated by them from the point of view of the current state of vocabulary: get into trouble, play dumb, without hesitation, eat a dog, out of nowhere, out of the blue, it was not, no matter how it went or under. We don’t know what “prosak” is (that’s what a machine for weaving nets was called in the old days), we don’t understand the word baklushi (wooden blanks for spoons, the production of which did not require skilled labor), we don’t think about the meaning of outdated grammatical forms (not at all), hesitating (doubting). However, the holistic meaning of these phraseological units is clear to every Russian person. Thus, etymological analysis helps to clarify the motivation for the semantics of modern phraseological fusion. However, the roots of phraseological units sometimes go back to such distant times that linguists do not come to an unambiguous conclusion about their origin [See, for example, differences in the interpretation of phraseological units a coward to celebrate by B. A Larin and N. A. Meshchersky in the book: Mokienko V. M. Slavic phraseology. M., 1989. S. 18-19].
Phraseological adjunctions can include obsolete words and grammatical forms: it’s a joke to say (not a joke!), the boron cheese flared up (not raw!), which also contributes to the semantic indecomposability of phrases.
Phraseological unities are stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is partly related to the semantics of their constituent components, used in a figurative meaning: come to a dead end, hit the key, go with the flow, hold a stone in your bosom, take it in your hands, bite your tongue. Such phraseological units can have “external homonyms”, i.e. phrases coinciding with them in composition, used in a direct (non-metaphorical) meaning: We had to to go with the flow rivers for five days. I was so thrown into a bump that I bit my tongue and suffered from pain.
Unlike phraseological fusions, which have lost their figurative meaning in the language, phraseological unities are always perceived as metaphors or other tropes. Thus, among them we can distinguish stable comparisons (like a bath leaf, like on needles, like a cow licked its tongue, like a cow’s saddle), metaphorical epithets (tinned throat, iron grip), hyperboles (golden mountains, a sea of pleasure, as far as the eye can see), litotes (about the size of a poppy seed, grasping at a straw). There are also phraseological units that are periphrases, i.e. descriptive figurative expressions that replace one word: distant lands - “far”, there are not enough stars from the sky - “close-minded”, slanting fathoms in the shoulders - “mighty, strong” .
Some phraseological units owe their expressiveness to the pun, the joke underlying them: a donut hole, a sleeve from a vest, not oneself, a week without a year, stabbing without a knife. The expressiveness of others is based on the play of antonyms: neither alive nor dead, neither give nor take, neither a candle to God nor a damn poker, more or less; at the clash of synonyms: from the frying pan into the fire, the mind has gone beyond the mind, pouring from empty to empty, around and around. Phraseological unities give speech a special expressiveness and folk-colloquial coloring.
Phraseological combinations are stable phrases, the meaning of which is motivated by the semantics of their constituent components, one of which has a phraseologically related meaning: to lower one’s gaze (head) (there are no stable phrases in the language “to lower one’s hand”, “to lower one’s foot”). The verb to lower in the meaning “to lower” has a phraseologically related meaning and is not combined with other words. Another example: a sensitive issue (situation, position, circumstance). The adjective ticklish means “requiring great caution, tact,” but the possibilities of its compatibility are limited: you cannot say “ticklish proposal,” “ticklish decision,” etc.
The phraseologically related meaning of the components of such phraseological units is realized only in a strictly defined lexical environment. We say velvet season, but we won’t say “velvet month”, “velvet autumn”; general epidemic, but not “widespread morbidity”, “widespread runny nose”; general arrests, but not “total rehabilitation”, “total conviction”, etc.
Phraseological combinations often vary: frown - frown; touch a feeling of pride - hurt a feeling of pride; to win - to gain the upper hand, to fail - to fail (defeat); fear takes - anger (envy) takes, burning with impatience - burning with shame, etc.
In speech, there are cases of contamination of the components of phraseological combinations: “plays meaning” - “has a role” (instead of meaning - plays a role), “take measures” - “take steps” (instead of taking measures - take steps), “pay attention” ( from pay attention - to give importance), "to give importance" (from to pay attention - to give importance). Such errors are associative in nature and are perceived as a sharp violation of the norm.

This classification of phraseological units is often supplemented by highlighting, following N.M. Shansky so-called phraseological expressions, which are also stable, but consist of words with free meanings, i.e., they are distinguished by semantic division: Happy people do not watch the clock; To be or not to be; It's a fresh idea, but hard to believe. This group of phraseological units includes catchphrases, proverbs, and sayings. In addition, many phraseological expressions have a fundamentally important syntactic feature: they are not phrases, but entire sentences.

The desire to separate phraseological expressions from phraseological units themselves encourages linguists to look for a more accurate name for them: sometimes they are called phraseological combinations, phraseological expressions. Clarifying the concept, sometimes it is proposed to include not all proverbs and sayings in combinations of this type, but only those that have acquired a generalized figurative metaphorical meaning and are perceived as units close to the actual phraseological units: a man in a case, from a ship to a ball, after the rain on Thursday , finest hour, etc.

Thus, in identifying the fourth, last of the considered, groups of phraseological units, scientists have not achieved unity and certainty. The discrepancies are explained by the diversity and heterogeneity of the linguistic units themselves, which are traditionally included in phraseology.

Another classification of phraseological units is based on their general grammatical features. At the same time, the following typologies of phraseological units of the Russian language are proposed.

Typology based on the grammatical similarity of the component composition of phraseological units. The following types are distinguished:

combination of an adjective with a noun: cornerstone, enchanted circle, swan song;
combination of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the genitive case: point of view, stumbling block, reins of power, bone of contention;
a combination of a noun in the nominative case with nouns in the indirect cases with a preposition: blood and milk, soul to soul, the trick is in the bag;
a combination of the prepositional case form of a noun with an adjective: on a living thread, for old time’s sake, on a short leg;
combination of a verb with a noun (with and without a preposition): to glance at, sow doubts, pick up, take up the mind, lead by the nose;
combination of a verb with an adverb: get into trouble, walk barefoot, see right through;
combination of a gerund with a noun: carelessly, reluctantly, headlong.

A typology based on the correspondence between the syntactic functions of phraseological units and the parts of speech with which they can be replaced. The following types of phraseological units are distinguished:

nominal phraseological units: cornerstone, swan song. In a sentence they perform the functions of subject, predicate, and object; by the nature of connections with other words, in combination they can control any member and be controlled;
verbal phraseological units: lead by the nose, look around. In a sentence they act as a predicate; in combination with other words can agree, control and be controlled;
adjective phraseological units: oblique fathom in the shoulders, on one’s mind, blood with milk, on fish fur. They have the meaning of a qualitative characteristic and, like adjectives, appear in a sentence as a definition or a nominal part of the predicate;
adverbial or adverbial phraseological units: on a living thread, carelessly, reluctantly, face to face. They, like adverbs, characterize the quality of an action and play the role of circumstances in a sentence;
interjection phraseological units: no fluff or feather!; hell no!; neither bottom nor tire!; Good morning! Like interjections, such phraseological units express will and feelings, acting as separate undivided sentences.

It is possible to systematize phraseological units according to other criteria. For example, from the point of view of sound organization, all phraseological units are divided into those ordered by their phonics and neutral. The former combine phraseological units with a pronounced rhythmic organization: neither a stake nor a yard, quieter than water below the grass, neither be nor me nor crow; with rhyming elements: Fedot is not the same, naked as a falcon; with sound repetitions (assonances and alliterations): sherochka with mosherochka, keep your mouth shut, and this way and that, here and there.

The classification of phraseological units according to their origin is interesting. In this case, it is necessary to highlight the original Russian phraseology, which will include common Slavic phraseological units (a head like a falcon, neither fish nor fowl, take alive), East Slavic ones (neither stake nor yard, under Tsar Gorokh, plant a pig), Russian proper (with Gulkin nose, with the whole world, put on the back burner, in full Ivanovo, reel in the fishing rods, pull the gimp). The first have correspondences in other Slavic languages, the second - only in Ukrainian and Belarusian, and the third are characteristic only of the Russian language.

A special group includes phraseological units borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language: the forbidden fruit, the promised land, the fiend of hell, manna from heaven, the proverb of the town, daily bread, by the sweat of the brow, bone from bone, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Babylonian pandemonium. Their source was Christian books (Bible, Gospel), translated into Old Church Slavonic.

A significant part consists of phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient mythology: Achilles' heel, Gordian knot, Procrustean bed, sword of Damocles, Augean stables, Dragon's laws, Tantalum's torment, between Scylla and Charybdis, wheel of fortune, gardens of Babylon. Most of these phraseological units are also known in other languages, so it is worth emphasizing the international nature of winged combinations, which have their roots in antiquity.

Many phraseological units were borrowed from European languages at a later time. These are mainly famous quotes from world-famous works of art: To be or not to be (W. Shakespeare); Abandon hope, everyone who enters here (A. Dante); a storm in a teacup (C. Montesquieu), the princess and the pea (G. H. Andersen). Some winged words are attributed to great scientists and thinkers: But still it turns (G. Galileo); I know only that I know nothing (Socrates); I think, therefore I exist (R. Descartes).

Some phraseological units are tracings - a literal translation from the source language: blue stocking, time is money, kill time (French tuer le temps), honeymoon (French la lune de miel), break on the head (German: aufs Haupt schlagen), this is where the dog is buried (German: Da ist der Hund begraben).

The subject of phraseology as a branch of linguistics is the study of the categorical features of phraseological units, on the basis of which the main features of phraseological units are identified and the question of the essence of phraseological units as special units of language is resolved, as well as the identification of patterns of functioning of phraseological units in speech and the processes of their formation. However, in the presence of a single subject of research and, despite numerous detailed developments of many issues of phraseology, to this day there are different points of view on what a phraseological unit is, what is the scope of phraseology of the Russian language. The lists of phraseological units of the Russian language, proposed by different scientists, are so different from each other that with good reason we can talk about different, often directly opposite, even mutually exclusive views on the subject of research and about the diversity and confusion in the scientific terminology used to denote the corresponding concepts . This explains both the unclear understanding of the tasks, goals and the very essence of the term “phraseology”, and the fact that there is no sufficiently specific unified classification of phraseological units of the Russian language from the point of view of their semantic unity. Although the most common (with clarifications and additions) is the classification of V.V. Vinogradov.

That is why, finally, much in the Russian phraseological system is just beginning to be studied. Summarizing a wide range of views on phraseology, we can note the following. In modern linguistics, two directions of research have clearly emerged. The first direction has as its starting point the recognition that a phraseological unit is a unit of language that consists of words, that is, by its nature, a phrase. At the same time, some scientists express the idea that the object of phraseology is all concrete phrases that are actually possible in a given language, regardless of the qualitative differences between them. So, for example, Kopylenko says the following: “Phraseology covers all combinations of lexemes that exist in a given language, including the so-called “free” phrases.”

On the other hand, the object of phraseology within the boundaries of this direction is recognized only by certain categories and groups of word combinations, which stand out from all those possible in speech by their special originality. Depending on what features are taken into account when identifying such phrases, the composition of such units in the language is determined. Only these “special” phrases can be called phraseological units. Despite the conventionality of the concepts and the associated distinction, it is usually said that phraseology can be represented:

a) as the phraseology of a language in the “broad” sense of the word, including phrases that have been completely rethought, and phrases that have non-reinterpreted component words. An example of such a “broad” understanding of the scope and composition of phraseology is the point of view of V.L. Arkhangelsky, O.S. Akhmanova, N.M. Shansky.
b) as phraseology of the Russian language in the “narrow” sense of the word, including only phrases that have been completely rethought. Among the works that reflect this understanding of the scope and composition of the phraseology of the Russian language are, for example, articles by V.P. Zhukov.

In both cases, the verbal nature of the phraseological unit, as well as the lexeme nature of its components, is not questioned by these scientists. It is recommended to consider a phraseological unit as a contamination of the characteristics of a word and a phrase; the homonymy of a phraseological unit and a phrase that is structurally correlated with it is emphasized.

The second direction in Russian phraseology proceeds from the fact that a phraseological unit is not a phrase (neither in form nor in content), it is a unit of language that does not consist of words. The object of phraseology are expressions that are only genetically the essence of phrases. “They are decomposable only etymologically, that is, outside the system of modern language, in historical terms.” These expressions are contrasted with phrases that are not homonymous, since they are qualitatively different from them. The main thing in the study of a phraseological unit is not the semantic and formal characteristics of the components that form it, and not the connections between the components, but the phraseological unit itself as a whole, as a unit of language that has a certain form, content and features of use in speech. The composition of phraseology is formed from categorically similar units. The history and etymology of each phraseological unit is studied in a non-linear dependence on certain “universal” schemes for rethinking phrases, on the degree of semantic unity of components and on the degree of desemantization of words in phrases. The main provisions of this direction are considered by A.I. Molotkov in the introductory article to the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, in his book “Fundamentals of Phraseology of the Russian Language” and other works. We are closer to the position of N.M. Shansky, expressed in a number of his works, for example, in the book “Phraseology of the Modern Russian Language”. This point of view seems to be the most justified, especially since it is shared by many scientists, in particular, the authors of the Russian Language encyclopedia. There, for example, the following definition of a phraseological unit is given: “A phraseological unit, a phraseological unit, is a general name for semantically non-free combinations of words that are not produced in speech (as syntactic structures similar to them in form - phrases or sentences), but are reproduced in it in a socially fixed way. behind them is a stable relationship between the semantic content and a certain lexical and grammatical composition. Semantic shifts in the meanings of lexical components, stability and reproducibility are interconnected universal and distinctive features of a phraseological unit."

A phraseological unit has a number of essential features: stability, reproducibility, integrity of meaning, dismemberment of its composition (separately formed structure). Stability and reproducibility are related concepts, but not identical. All linguistic units that are stable are reproducible, but not all reproducible units are endowed with stability.

Reproducibility is the regular repetition of linguistic units of varying degrees of complexity. Proverbs and sayings are reproduced: The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it; The day is boring until the evening, if there is nothing to do popular sayings: Happy hours do not watch] compound terms and names: polar bear, sulfuric acid, nuclear reactor; actual phraseological units: take in tow, ate the dog, etc.

Stability is a measure, the degree of semantic unity and indecomposability of components. Stability serves as a form of manifestation of idiomaticity. Thus, phraseological units with a holistic unmotivated meaning such as the devil in the middle of nowhere - “very far away” are characterized by greater stability than phraseological units with a holistic motivated meaning such as there is nowhere to spit - “there are so many people that there is no free space at all.”

Holistic meaning is such a general (single) meaning of a phraseological unit that is difficult or impossible to derive from the meaning of its constituent parts. The integrity of the meaning of a phraseological unit is achieved by complete or partial rethinking of the components, as a result of which they, as a rule, diverge in meaning from the corresponding words of free use.

An important feature of a phraseological unit is its dissected structure, “superwordism”. Thus, the phraseological unit rub glasses and the free phrase read the newspaper are built on the same model “chapter + noun in v.p.”, are separately formed units and do not differ in their external characteristics.

Phraseologism with its entire composition is combined in speech with a significant word.

Stylistically, phraseological units differ sharply from words. The bulk of words are stylistically neutral, which cannot be said about phraseological units, the main purpose of which is to express various kinds of assessments and the attitude of the speaker to what is being expressed, which are an essential element of phraseological meaning. A text consisting of phraseological units alone cannot exist.

Phraseologisms of the Russian language can be divided into three main stylistic layers. Most phraseological units relate to colloquial speech. The scope of application of such phraseological units is everyday communication, the oral form of dialogic speech: turn up your nose, put it in your belt. Phraseologisms of a colloquial nature are used mainly in everyday speech and have a rudely reduced stylistic connotation: I climb into a bottle, I don’t knit a bast, I slurp cabbage soup without a bast shoe. One of the distinctive properties of colloquial phraseological units is that they are mainly formed as a result of a metaphorical rethinking of free phrases of the same lexical composition: toss at your daughter, tuck in your belt (whom), etc.

Interstyle phraseological units do not have any stylistic connotation (lowered or elevated) and are actively used in different styles of oral and written speech. This is a relatively small category of phraseological units: at least from time to time. For the most part, stylistically neutral phraseological units include components correlative with words of non-specific content. Therefore, the corresponding phrases, as a rule, cannot be contrasted with free phrases of equivalent composition and, as a result, are deprived of a generalized metaphorical meaning.

Book phraseological units are primarily characteristic of written speech and usually give it a touch of elation and solemnity; they are inherent mainly in social journalistic, official business and fictional speech. Book phraseological units do not always express solemnity or elation. They can also be stylistically neutral. These are typical literary and bookish speech patterns of foreign language origin, such as to probe the soil, Augean stables.

Journalistic phraseological units are used in socio-political literature. Their goal is to communicate knowledge and influence readers or listeners. As a result, journalistic phraseological units are close to both scientific and book style. They contain a wide variety of vocabulary - from special technical to lofty, poetic.

Scientific phraseological units are used in scientific works of all fields of knowledge. Their main purpose is to communicate information and results obtained by one or another branch of science. The scientific style of phraseological units is characterized by the use of a large number of terms related to the relevant field of science and abstract vocabulary. Even concrete words are usually used in an abstract sense. In official business style, phraseological units are used in clerical, legal and diplomatic documents. In business speech they are characterized by a high degree of standardization. Phraseologisms are used in their direct and precise meaning, which does not allow for double interpretation.

From the point of view of the relevance of application, phraseological units, like words, can be common, obsolete and obsolete. The degree of usage also depends on the stylistic coloring of the phraseological unit: stylistically neutral and colloquial phraseological units are usually used actively; on the contrary, book phrases are not so characteristic of the word usage of our days. Outdated phrases lose their internal form and often contain archaic elements.

The time comes when schoolchildren begin to learn what phraseological units are. Their study has become an integral part of the school curriculum. Knowledge of what phraseological units are and how they are used will be useful not only in Russian language and literature lessons, but also in life. Figurative speech is a sign of at least a well-read person.

What is a phraseological unit?

Phraseologism - with a certain content of words, which in a given combination have a different meaning than when these words are used separately. That is, a phraseological unit can be called a stable expression.

Phraseological phrases in the Russian language are widely used. The linguist Vinogradov studied phraseological units, and it was largely thanks to him that they began to be widely used. Foreign languages also have phraseological units, but they are called idioms. Linguists are still arguing whether there is a difference between a phraseological unit and an idiom, but have not yet found an exact answer.

The most popular are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be found below.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseological units have several important features and characteristics:

A phraseological unit is a ready-made linguistic unit. This means that a person who uses it in his speech or writing retrieves this expression from memory, and does not invent it on the fly.
They have a permanent structure.
You can always choose a synonymous word for a phraseological unit (sometimes an antonym).
A phraseological unit is an expression that cannot consist of less than two words.
Almost all phraseological units are expressive and encourage the interlocutor or reader to show vivid emotions.

Functions of phraseological units in Russian

Each phraseological unit has one main function - to give speech brightness, liveliness, expressiveness and, of course, to express the author’s attitude to something. In order to imagine how much brighter speech becomes when using phraseological units, imagine how a comedian or writer makes fun of someone using phraseological units. The speech becomes more interesting.

Phraseological styles

The classification of phraseological units by style is a very important feature of them. In total, there are 4 main styles of set expressions: interstyle, bookish, colloquial and colloquial. Each phraseological unit belongs to one of these groups, depending on its meaning.

Colloquial phraseological units are the largest group of expressions. Some believe that interstyle and colloquial phraseological units should be included in the same group with colloquial ones. Then only two groups of set expressions are distinguished: colloquial and bookish.

Differences between book and colloquial phraseological units

Each style of phraseological units is different from each other, and the most striking difference is demonstrated by book and colloquial phraseological units. Examples: not worth a penny And a fool is a fool. The first stable expression is bookish, because it can be used in any work of art, in a scientific journalistic article, in an official business conversation, etc. While the expression " fool by fool" widely used in conversations, but not in books.

Book phraseological units

Book phraseological units are set expressions that are much more often used in writing than in conversations. They are not characterized by pronounced aggression and negativity. Book phraseological units are widely used in journalism, scientific articles, and fiction.

During it- means something that happened a long time ago. The expression is Old Slavonic and is often used in literary works.
Pull the gimp- the meaning of a long process. In the old days, a long metal thread was called a gimp; it was pulled out with metal wire tongs. They embroidered on velvet with gimp; it was a long and very painstaking job. So, pull the gimp- This is a long and extremely boring job.
Play with fire- doing something extremely dangerous, “being on the cutting edge.”
Stay with your nose- to be left without something that you really wanted.
Kazan orphan- this is a phraseological unit about a person who pretends to be a beggar or a sick person, while having the goal of getting a benefit.
You can't ride a goat- this is what they said a long time ago about girls whom jesters and buffoons could not cheer up on holidays.
Bring to clean water- to expose someone for committing something unpleasant.

There are a lot of book phraseological units.

Interstyle phraseological units

Inter-style ones are sometimes called neutral colloquial, because they are neutral from both a stylistic and emotional point of view. Neutral colloquial and book phraseological units are confused, because inter-style ones are also not particularly emotionally charged. An important feature of interstyle phrases is that they do not express human emotions.

Not a bit- means the complete absence of something.
Play a role- somehow influence this or that event, become the cause of something.

There are not very many interstyle phraseological units in the Russian language, but they are used in speech more often than others.

Conversational phraseological units

The most popular expressions are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be very diverse, from expressing emotions to describing a person. Conversational phraseological units are perhaps the most expressive of all. There are so many of them that one can give endless examples. Colloquial phraseological units (examples) are listed below. Some of them may sound different, but at the same time have a similar meaning (that is, they are synonyms). And other expressions, on the contrary, contain the same word, but are clear antonyms.

Synonymous colloquial phraseological units, examples:

Without exception, the meaning of generalization is: all as one; both old and young; from small to large.
Very quickly: in an instant; I didn’t have time to look back; in a moment; I didn’t have time to blink an eye.
Work hard and diligently: tirelessly; until the seventh sweat; rolling up your sleeves; in the sweat of his brow.
Proximity value: two steps away; be nearby; at hand.
Run fast: headlong; that there is strength; at full speed; what to eat; in all shoulder blades; with all my might; only his heels sparkle.
Similarity value: all as one; everything is as if chosen; one to one; Well done to well done.

Antonymous colloquial phraseological units, examples:

The cat cried(few) - Chickens don't peck(a lot of).
Can't see anything(dark, hard to see) - At least collect needles(light, clearly visible).
Lose your head(not thinking well) - Head on your shoulders(a reasonable person).
Like a cat and a dog(warring people) - Don't spill the water, Siamese twins; soul to soul(close, very friendly or
Two steps away(near) - Far away(far).
Head in the clouds(brooding, daydreaming and unfocused person) - Keep your eyes open, keep your ears open(attentive person).
scratch your tongue(talk, spread gossip) - Swallow tongue(be silent).
Uma ward(clever man) - Without a king in your head, live in someone else's mind(stupid or reckless person).

Phraseologisms examples with explanation:

American uncle- a person who very unexpectedly helps out of a financially difficult situation.
Fight like a fish on ice- do unnecessary, useless actions that do not lead to any result.
Beat your head- mess around.
Throw down the gauntlet- enter into an argument with someone, challenge.