Revolutionary party that existed in the Russian Empire in 1879-1884....
The verb is perhaps the most commonly used unit of our native language. It is found in texts written in artistic, scientific, journalistic, colloquial and literary genres.
In this article you will find answers to the questions: “How is a verb characterized?”, “What does it mean?”
Verb
This is an independent representative of our beautiful language. It performs two main tasks:
- Speaks of an action performed by an object, person, phenomenon. For example: running, jumping, peering, standing, staying, eating.
- Characterizes the state, property, sign, relationship of an object. Let's look at an example: I'm sick, I'm blushing, I'm jealous.
You can find out the verb in a sentence by asking it the question “what should I do?” or one of its forms (“what am I doing?”, “what did I do?”, etc.).
Verb forms
All verbs are conditionally divided into four categories:
- Initial, also known as the infinitive. It is formed from the base of the word by suffixation with “t”, “ti”, “ch”. This form does not change according to persons, genders and numbers. Lets you know what action is being taken. Capable of acting in any role in a sentence. It has features of transitivity and recurrence. Can be characterized as a perfective or imperfective verb. Examples: despondency, sadness, digging, learning, viewing, loving.
- Conjugated forms. This group includes any variable that has permanent and non-permanent characteristics.
- Participle - in modern Russian grammar, this is a special form of the verb. The task of this part of speech is to characterize the attribute of an object by action.
- A gerund is, according to one version, an unchangeable verb form. Some linguists distinguish it as a separate one. In a sentence, it denotes an additional, clarifying action.
Verb type
Let's consider the first constant feature that characterizes the verb. What does the word "kind" mean in relation to this part of speech?
All verbs can be divided into two large groups: perfective (SV) and imperfect (NSV).
You can find out what type a word belongs to by asking a question about its infinitive. If the verb answers the question “what to do?” - this is a perfect look. If the question “what to do?” - imperfect.
Verbs related to the perfect form characterize an action that has reached its logical conclusion. Words from the imperfective group denote a process that is still ongoing.
The perfect form of a verb is in most cases achieved using the prefix method.
Verb tense
In our native language, verbs are divided into past, future and present tenses. Any of them is easily recognized in context if you know the theoretical material.
Past tense verbs describe an action that was completed at the beginning of speaking. It must be taken into account that the time in which the story takes place is not always expressed in the present. You may encounter an option where the future or past tense meets. For example: “I told my mother that I went to the cinema” - or: “He will say that he successfully completed the task.”
Words belonging to the past tense change according to gender and number. They are created by attaching an “l” to the base of the initial shape.
The present tense of the verb occurs only in words related to the imperfective aspect. It is expressed using a personal ending. Characterizes the action occurring at the moment of speaking. It is also capable of performing the following roles:
- Characterizes an action that is repeated constantly. For example: “The mouth of a river flows into the sea.”
- Describes an action that occurs regularly. For example: “Every Friday at six o’clock she goes to dance.”
- Tells about an event that could potentially happen: "Some guys are rude."
The future form of the verb talks about an event that will happen only after the moment of speech comes to an end. It can be represented by both perfective and imperfective verbs.
There are two forms of the future tense: simple and compound. The first is formed using a verb. The second is by adding forms of the lexeme “to be” to the main word (I will, you will, there will be, etc.).
Certain verbs of one tense can be used to mean another. For example, it may have the meaning of the present in context: “She’s always like this: she didn’t see anything, didn’t hear anything.”
Time is considered one of the fickle signs.
Verb mood
Mood is another inconstant feature of a verb. It expresses the relationship of this part of speech to reality. It is divided into three types: indicative, subjunctive, imperative. Each of them has a number of characteristic features.
Verbs belonging to the indicative mood represent a real action that occurs in the past, present or future tense. This is the distinguishing feature. Words belonging to other moods cannot be expressed in any tense.
Imperative verbs can convey a request, order, wish, advice. They are formed in two ways: using the suffix “and” or through the zero suffixation. In the plural the ending “te” appears. Words do not change over time.
Subjunctive verbs describe an action that could take place under a certain set of circumstances. This mood is formed by adding the particle “would” to a word in the past tense.
Verb: What does the word “conjugation” mean in relation to it?
Conjugation is a constant feature. Its essence is to change the verb in persons and numbers. There are only two types of conjugation, which are usually designated by Roman numerals I and II.
Finding out which conjugation a word can be attributed to is quite simple if you remember simple facts:
- If the ending of the verb is stressed, then the conjugation of the word is determined by this form. If it is in an unstressed position, it is infinitive.
- Verbs that can be classified into the first conjugation group are characterized by the endings “eat”, “ete”, “et”, “eat”, “ut”, “ut”. Those related to the second conjugation are “ish”, “it”, “im”, “ite”, “at” or “yat”.
- There is a group of forms which, when changed, have part of the endings of one group, and part of another. These are the verbs “want” and “run”.
In this article we looked at the verb (what this part of speech means). We got acquainted with some of its constant and unstable signs and gave examples. In the future, it will not be difficult for you to identify the verb in the text and give it a brief description if necessary.
§1. General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech
A verb is an independent significant part of speech. The verb word combines different forms. Which ones exactly depend on the interpretation of some important concepts.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
The most significant differences concern the interpretation of what participles and gerunds are. Some authors believe that participles and gerunds are special forms of the verb, while others believe that they are special parts of speech. As a result, the question of the number of verb forms is interpreted differently. Proponents of the first point of view teach that the verb word includes the forms:
- the initial form - the indefinite form of the verb (or, as it is also called, the infinitive),
- conjugated forms, both personal and impersonal,
- inflected form - participle,
- unchangeable form - gerund.
And supporters of the second point of view exclude participles and gerunds from verb forms. In our diagram, therefore, participles and gerunds are connected to the verb by broken lines.
All verb forms are united by common unchangeable features. Variable characteristics, if any, may be different.
1. Grammatical meaning:"action".
Verbs include words that answer questions: what to do?, what to do?
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - type: perfect-imperfect, transitivity, reflexivity, type of conjugation;
- changeable
- for conjugated forms: number, mood, tense, person (in the imperative and indicative mood of the present and future tense), gender (in the conditional and indicative mood in the past tense in the singular);
- for inflected forms (participles): gender, number, case;
- for unchangeable forms (infinitive verbs and gerunds) - no.
Attention:
Those who exclude participles and gerunds from verb forms do not consider the signs of participles and gerunds in this topic.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence:
Personal forms of the verb, as well as impersonal verbs, are most often predicate.
I love St. Petersburg.
It's getting light.
The indefinite form of the verb is the predicate or its part, as well as the subject and, somewhat less frequently, the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence, an object, a modifier and a circumstance.
I love walking around St. Petersburg.
Walking around St. Petersburg is a great pleasure.
Let it rain!
The children asked us to go to St. Petersburg.
We had a desire to go to St. Petersburg.
I went for a walk around evening Petersburg.
Attention:
The syntactic role of participles and gerunds is considered only by those authors who classify them as verb forms.
Participles are: full - by definition, short - by predicate.
Petersburg is a city founded by Peter I.
Petersburg was founded by Peter I.
Participles are adverbial in a sentence.
Having founded St. Petersburg, Peter I moved the capital there.
§2. Types of verb
Aspect is a constant morphological feature of a verb. All verbs are either perfect or imperfect. The generally accepted designation is:
- SV - for perfective verbs,
- NSV - for imperfective verbs.
Questions for the verb as a part of speech: what to do? what to do?- reflect the division of verbs by type.
Formation of species
Most non-derivative Russian verbs are NSV verbs, for example: eat, live, love, jump, scream.
From them, with the help of prefixes and suffixes, SV verbs are formed, for example:
eat → eat, finish eating, overeat,
live → live, survive, survive,
love → love,
jump → jump,
scream → scream.
Also in the Russian language, the formation of NSV verbs from SV verbs is common. In this case, the suffixes NSV are used: -yva-, -va-, -a-, for example:
rewrite → rewrite,
knock down → knock down,
decide → solve.
Some verbs SV and NSV form aspectual pairs, for example:
do - do,
write - write,
jump - jump,
paint - paint.
The meaning of the verbs that make up the species pair differs only in one component: process - result, multiple - single action.
Many verbs SV and NSV are not considered an aspectual pair, because In addition to the type value, they also differ in some additional value, for example:
- write (NSV)
- finish (SV, additional meaning: bringing the action to the end),
- rewrite (SV, additional meaning: performing an action again),
- write off (SV, additional meaning: performing an action according to a model, copying),
- scribble (SV, additional meaning: write a lot, cover some surface with writing), etc.
Verbs SV and NSV have different forms:
- NSV verbs in the indicative mood have three forms of tense, For example:
- present time: love, love, loves, love, love, love,
- Future tense: will love, will love, will love, will love, will love, will love(a form of the future tense formed using a verb be, called compound form),
- past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.
- SV verbs have only two forms in the indicative mood: future and past tense. The present tense is impossible for SV verbs, because this contradicts their species significance. The future tense form of SV verbs is not compound, like that of NSV verbs, but simple: will love, look, find out etc.
- Future tense: love, love, love, love, love, love,
- past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.
Attention:
In Russian there is bi-aspect verbs. These are verbs whose meaning can only be determined in context. In some contexts they act as SV verbs, and in others as NSV verbs, for example:
In the end the criminals executed(SV).
Criminals executed whole month (NSV).
Yesterday he promised(SV) that he will visit us today.
Every day he promised(NSV) to stop by, but every time he postponed his visit.
Do not be surprised:
If a verb has different lexical meanings, then the aspect pairs may be different.
For example:
Teach (NSV) - learn(SV) what? (words, poem, song), i.e. learn something yourself.
Teach (NSV) - teach(SV) who? (son, children, high school students, athletes), i.e. teach someone something.
§3. Transitivity
Transitivity is the property of a verb to control nouns expressing the meaning of the object of action, for example:
be in love(who? what?) mother, animals, books, chocolate
look film, magazines, photographs
read book, report, note, congratulation
There is ice cream, chicken, soup, cake
drink water, tea, coffee, juice
Remember: most often this meaning is expressed in Russian by nouns in V.p. without pretext.
In the event that the verb has a negative particle Not, the noun is more often found in R.p. The value of the object does not change. For example:
Not loving (who? what?) brother, animals, books, chocolate.
If the verb controls V.p. noun with the meaning of an object, then this verb is transitive. If verbs are followed by nouns in other forms, and the accusative case is impossible without a preposition, then the verb is intransitive, for example: walk around the city, jump into the water, grow near the house, doubt the correctness, rejoice at luck etc. The use of such verbs with nouns in V.p. impossible, for example, in Russian it is impossible to say: walk the city, jump in the water, grow a house, enjoy your luck.
Attention:
It is important that passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
§4. Repayment
Verbs are divided into reflexive and non-reflexive. The formal indicator is the formative suffix -sya (-s) at the end of the word. If the form of the reflexive verb has an ending, then the suffix -sya -sya follows it, for example:
dressed, dressed, dressed, dressed.
Attention:
- The suffix -sya occurs after consonants, for example: swam, bathes,
- suffix -sya - after vowels: bathed, swam.
The meanings of reflexive verbs can be different, for example:
- Wash, dress, put on shoes(the action of the subject is directed towards himself),
- meet, hug, kiss(mutual actions aimed at each other: you can’t meet, hug, kiss yourself),
- be surprised, rejoice, get angry(state of the subject),
- the fabric wrinkles, the dog bites, the cat scratches(a sign characterizing the properties of the subject),
- it's getting dark- impersonality.
Remember:
Reflexive verbs are intransitive.
§5. Conjugation
Verb conjugation is the nature of the change of the verb in the present tense form in persons and numbers. There are two conjugations; assignment to one of the two types is made based on the set of endings. This means that verbs do not change according to conjugations, they refer to them. Conjugation is thus a constant morphological feature of verbs.
Conjugation patterns
Attention:
If the endings are stressed, then determining the conjugation does not cause problems. There is no need to put verbs in an indefinite form: the endings are clearly audible, so you will not make mistakes either in writing or in parsing.
The problem can only arise with verbs that have unstressed endings.
In order to determine the endings or type of conjugation of verbs with unstressed endings, you need to put the verb in the indefinite form. If the verb is -it
, then this is a verb of 2 conjugations.
Exception: shave, lay and an outdated word rest on. Also included in the 2nd conjugation are
- 7 exception verbs -there are : twist, endure, offend, depend, hate, And see, And look,
- 4 exception verbs per -at : drive, hold, hear, breathe.
The remaining verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.
Attention:
Verbs want, run And honor special. Them and all derivatives from them, for example: run, run across, run across, run away, jog etc., refer to heterogeneously conjugated verbs. The peculiarity of the verbs of this group is that in some forms these verbs have endings of 1 conjugation, and in others - 2. Let’s conjugate these verbs:
want - want, want, wants, want, want, want (in the singular ending of 1 reference, in the plural - 2).
run - run, run, runs, run, run, run (in all forms except 3rd plural, ending 1st sp., in 3rd plural - ending 2nd sp.)
honor - honor, honor, honor, honor, honor, honor (in all forms except 3 literal plural, ending 1st sp., in 3rd pl. ending - ending 2nd sprite)
Attention:
Verbs There is And give do not belong to any conjugation. They have special sets of endings.
Eat - eat, eat, eat, eat, eat, eat,
Give - I'll give, give, give, give, give, give.
Verbs that are derivatives of eat and give also change, for example: eat, finish eating, eat, hand over, submit and so on.
It is necessary to know the conjugation of verbs, since this knowledge allows you to correctly write the personal endings of verbs, as well as the suffixes of active and passive present participles. The ability to determine verb conjugations is also necessary when performing morphological analysis.
§6. Mood
Inclination is a variable morphological feature. It expresses the relation of action to reality. There are three moods in Russian:
- indicative
- imperative,
- conditional (the term “subjunctive” is also common).
Indicative
Verbs in the indicative mood express actual actions and change tenses.
There are three tenses in the Russian language: present, past and future. The forms of the present and future tenses can coincide. In the present and future tenses, verbs are conjugated, i.e. change according to persons and numbers. The endings thus serve not only as indicators of person and number, but also of tense and mood. In the past tense, verbs change. The endings serve as indicators of number and gender, and the formative suffix -l - as an indicator of tense and mood.
Imperative mood
Verbs in the imperative mood express motivation. Verbs in the imperative mood have singular and plural forms in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons. Examples:
- let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go - the forms of the 1st person express the impulse to joint action;
- go, go - 2nd person forms express the impulse to action;
- let (let) go, are coming, long live- the impulse refers to the 3rd person.
Imperative forms with words Let's, Let's, let, let him, Yes are called analytical forms. These words participate in the formation of the 1st and 3rd person forms and are indicators of the imperative mood along with the verbs with which they are used.
Conditional mood
Verbs in the conditional mood can express:
- condition,
- an action that is possible under certain conditions.
If would You called, We would like to meet b. If would We met, I I would return it a book for you.
The form of verbs in the conditional mood is the same as in the past tense of the indicative mood*, but with the particle would. If the form is expressed in two words, then it is considered analytical. This means that the indicator of the conditional mood is the formative suffix -l and the particle would.
* Opinions regarding the form of the verb in the conditional mood vary. Some authors believe that it is a past tense form, while others consider it to be homonymous to the past tense form of the verb.
§7. Time
Time is a variable attribute. Tense, like mood, is a verb category. They are not characteristic of other parts of speech.
The tense of the verb expresses the relationship between the time of action and the moment of speech. The tense forms differ only in the indicative mood. There are three times:
- past,
- the present,
- future.
Not all verbs have forms of all three tenses. Perfective verbs do not have a present tense form.
Real tense and grammatical tense may not be the same. For example:
Yesterday he comes And speaks: - Today I came on time
(action in the past is expressed in present tense forms).
The future tense can be expressed analytically, in two words: a verb be in the required form and an imperfective verb in an indefinite form, for example:
Perfective verbs form only the simple future tense, for example: I'll leave, write, We'll see.
In Russian you cannot say: If you write, we'll see. This is a gross violation of the morphological norm.
§8. Face
Person is an inflected sign for verbs of the present and future tense of the indicative mood and verbs of the imperative mood. The face represents the producer of the action.
If the action is performed by the speaker, then the verb is put in the 1st person form.
If the action is performed by the listener, then the verb is put in the 2nd person form.
If the action is performed by other persons not participating in the conversation, then the verb is put in the 3rd person form.
I like oranges.(1 l., unit)
We love oranges.(1 l., plural)
You love oranges.(2 l., units)
You love oranges.(2 l., plural)
He loves oranges.(3 l., units)
They love oranges.(3 l., plural)
In the Russian language, verbs are possible that denote an action that does not have a producer. Such verbs are called impersonal.
Impersonal verbs
Impersonal verbs denote a state of nature or a person that does not depend on their will. Therefore, both nature and man are not considered as producers of action.
It's getting dark.
It was getting dark.
I'm sick.
I'm not feeling well.
Verb forms in the impersonal form cannot be a predicate in a two-part sentence. They are the main members of one-part impersonal sentences.
§9. Genus
Gender is a variable morphological feature of a verb. Verbs have singular gender forms. past indicative tense and singular form. conditional mood.
Lesson passed, lecture passed, interview passed, the meetings took place (in the past tense, the indicative gender differs only in singular parts).
If only a lesson passed(lecture passed, interview passed), we would have gone home (in the conditional terms, gender differs only in units).
§10. Number
Number is a morphological feature common to all verbal forms, except for the indefinite form of the verb and the gerund.
Verb forms
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it correct to think that a verb is a significant part of speech?
What morphological features unite all verb forms?
- Non-permanent (changeable) signs
What kind of verbs are there more among Russian derived verbs?
What tense form do SV verbs not have?
- Real
- past
- of the future
Can intransitive verbs control nouns in V.p.?
Is it correct to assume that transitive verbs are irreflexive?
What are verbs called that have 1st conjugation endings in some forms and 2nd conjugation endings in others?
- Impersonal
- Transitional
- Heterogeneous conjugates
How do verbs change in the present tense?
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and genders
Can impersonal verbs be predicates in two-part sentences?
Is tense a constant (unchangeable) feature of a verb?
How do verbs change in the past tense?
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and singular by gender
Are verbs of the same root with different prefixes and different meanings an aspect pair: rewrite - add?
Right answers:
- Permanent (unchangeable) characteristics
- Real
- Heterogeneous conjugates
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and singular by gender
In contact with
The verb is one of the most important parts of speech in the Russian language, and a huge amount of time is devoted to studying it in the school curriculum. And this is understandable, because the topic is actually quite voluminous. When studying it, children are explained how to determine the form, type and meaning of a specific word in a sentence, as well as how to parse verbs as parts of speech. The Russian language course assumes familiarity with this section after all the nominal parts. And this is not done by chance, because, unlike nouns, adjectives and numerals, the verb has a conjugation form, which means that the morphological characteristics of this part of speech are fundamentally different from other words and word forms.
Word as part of speech: verb
The definition of a verb, given in school textbooks, sounds something like this: it is a part of speech that answers questions denoting an action, and can be expressed in a state (to be sick), a property (to stutter), a sign (to darken) and an attitude (to be jealous). The initial one, which answers the questions “what to do” and “what to do”, is called the infinitive, or indefinite form, which in a sentence can appear as any of its members.
For example: to understand (subject) means to feel; to be (predicate) rain; friends asked him to sing (addition); she went for a walk (circumstance).
Children begin to study the topic of the section, which tells how to parse verbs as parts of speech, already in the 4th grade, and in subsequent years they return to it repeatedly. However, before proceeding directly to the analysis of the verb, one should study its characteristics. This is exactly what will be discussed further.
Constant signs of the verb
One of the important features of this part of speech is that all words related to it may have permanent and non-constant features, the study of which is necessary in order to parse a verb as a part of speech. The first include:
- Belonging to a species. If the process or action described by the verb is completed at the moment, or it is indicated that it will be so, this is the perfect form. For example: I left, I came, I’ll write, I’ll read, I’ll say. And if the word does not imply completeness, then it is an imperfect form of the verb. For example: I live, I draw, I write.
- Transitivity and intransitivity. The differences between these grammatical features lie in the presence of a preposition when using a verb with a pronoun or noun. Transitive verbs can be used without prepositions with nominative parts of speech in the accusative case, and when negated - in the genitive case. And with intransitive forms, the presence of a preposition to connect words is a prerequisite. For example: read the letter, didn’t read the article, built a house, get out of the habit of home, sympathize with a friend, value time.
- Returnability. Determining this feature is quite simple; as a rule, all verbs of this type end in -sya or -sya. It is worth noting that this characteristic indicates that the verb is intransitive. For example: Laughed at my sister, dissolved in water, stuck to a diet.
- Conjugation is one of the most important characteristics that is involved in the formation of words and consists in changing verbs by numbers and persons. A lot of time is devoted to studying and consolidating this topic in the school Russian language course, and the quality of spelling depends on the ability to correctly determine the conjugation of a verb. However, you can write down the entire topic in one small summary. So, the first conjugation includes all verbs with the endings -eat, -eat, -eat, -eat, -ut, -ut, and to the second - with endings in -ish, -im, -it, -ite, -at, -yat. To determine the conjugation, the verb should be changed by person and monitor the change in ending.
Inconstant verb features
The characteristics of these features are contained in their name, and they are also very important to study before analyzing verbs as parts of speech. These include the following factors that influence word formation:
- Mood. The form of this feature indicates the relationship of the action to real time. There are three forms of mood: indicative (the action is happening now), conditional (the action is only desired) and imperative (the action is possible under certain events).
- Time and number. In Russian there are past, present and future tenses of verbs. As a rule, there are no difficulties in determining this grammatical feature, as well as in determining the plural or singular.
- Genus. Like all significant parts of speech, verbs can change gender, depending on the word that determines the person with whom the action is associated.
How to parse verbs as parts of speech
It is the above features that should be indicated in the verb, the outline of which looks like this:
- Indicate the name of the part of speech.
- Determine the starting shape.
- Indicate as parts reflexivity, transitivity, conjugation.
- Indicate the inconsistent features: mood, tense, person and gender (if any), as well as number.
- Parse the sentence in which the verb is used and determine its function, that is, indicate which member it is.
Examples of parsing a verb as a part of speech
To consolidate the studied material (morphological features and characteristics of the verb), the school curriculum provides numerous analyzes of this part of speech according to the scheme described above. With the help of this technique, children are taught to systematize knowledge and apply it correctly, repeating again and again during specific analysis all the signs of a particular part of speech.
As an example, consider the following phrase: “The sun is shining brightly in the sky.”
- Shines - verb.
- The initial form is to shine.
- An imperfect verb, irreflexive, transitive, is used in the second conjugation.
- The sun is shining - the action takes place in the present tense, which means that this is the indicative form of the verb, which is used in the singular, third person and neuter gender.
- On is a preposition, the sky is a circumstance, brightly is a circumstance, it is shining - the predicate, the sun is the subject.
Verb analysis by composition
No less important is the topic: “Morphemic analysis of words.” What does this mean and how to parse the word according to its composition? A verb, like all words, has a main part, on the basis of which other forms are formed. It is this part without an ending, which when notated is enclosed in a rectangle, is called the base and is the main one in determining the lexical meaning. During parsing, it is indicated by a square bracket under the word.
Following the stem, a suffix is identified - a morpheme, which is involved in the form and word formation of words with the same root. In writing it is indicated by an angle with the apex pointing upward.
Verbs in the indicative and conditional moods of the past tense are characterized by a zero suffix or -l-. For example: read - would read, carried - would carry.
The indefinite form is formed with the help of the suffixes -т- and -ти-, however, in the school curriculum these morphemes are considered as endings. For example: slept - sleep And saved - save.
A prefix is one of the significant parts of a word, which comes at the beginning and participates in the formation of new word forms. Schematically denoted by an inverted letter G.
The root is an obligatory and fundamental part; it contains the lexical meaning and the component that unites all words of the same root. There is not a single independent lexical unit that does not have this morpheme, while without other elements they are used quite normally. The root in writing is indicated by an arc.
Rules of morpheme parsing
The question of how to parse a verb according to its composition interests many schoolchildren. We can talk a lot about this, but it’s better to show it in practice. But first, it should be noted that the infinitive and singular masculine verbs used in the past tense and conditional mood do not have an ending. Also, these verbs do not have a suffix.
Morphemic analysis of verbs, as well as other words, is carried out according to the following scheme:
- Definition of part of speech.
- Highlighting the ending with an explanation of its meaning.
- Selection of words with the same root and definition of the root.
- Identification of prefixes and suffixes.
- Determination of the stem of the word, which contains the lexical meaning.
Sort out the verbs according to their composition
To consolidate the material, you should parse a few words according to their composition using this example: suffers- initial form suffer. This is with the ending -et, which indicates the present tense, third person, singular. The base of the word is suffering-, suffix - A-. Similar words: suffering, suffering, suffering. Root - strad with the possible replacement of the letter “d” by “zh”. This word has no prefix.
A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do?
The initial form of a verb is called the infinitive. The infinitive is an unchangeable form of the verb that answers the questions what to do? what to do? (write, write).
Infinitives can end in -t9 -ti, -ch.
A constant feature of a verb is aspect. Verbs of the perfect form (what to do? say) indicate the completion of the action, its end or result, imperfect verbs (what to do? say) do not indicate the completion of the action.
Verbs with the suffix -sya (-съ) are called reflexive (to study). The suffix -sya (-s) differs from other suffixes in that it comes after all morphemes; it is called a postfix.
Transitive verbs are combined with a noun or pronoun in v. p. without a preposition (to love (what?) fruits). A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can also appear in R. p.:
If the verb has a negation (negative particle NOT): did not read the book;
If the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to part of it: did you drink what? water.
Verbs are called intransitive if the action does not directly transfer to another subject: to ski. Reflexive verbs are always intransitive (to climb a mountain).
Verb conjugation is the change of verb in persons and numbers. There are 2 conjugations in Russian.
In order to determine the conjugation of a verb with an unstressed personal ending, you need to put it in the indefinite form and determine which vowel comes before -t.
II conjugation with unstressed personal endings includes:
Everything is on -IT, except to shave, lay, build;
7 on -EAT: look, see, hate, endure, turn, offend, depend;
4 on -AT: hear, breathe, drive, hold.
All other verbs belong to the I conjugation.
Verbs that have endings of different conjugations are called heteroconjugated; there are 4 of them in the Russian language: want, eat, give, run.
Verb mood
Verbs in the indicative mood denote actions that happened, are happening or will actually happen: I said, I say, I will speak.
Verbs in the conditional mood denote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions. They are formed from the base of the initial form of the verb using the suffix -l and the particle would (b), which can appear before the verb, after it, or be separated from the verb in other words: would write.
Verbs in the imperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request: do it, write.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have 3 tenses: present, past and future. Perfective verbs - 2: past and future.
Verbs in the present tense denote an action that occurs at the moment of speech, as well as constant and long-term actions: I am writing a letter.
The past tense of verbs is formed from the stem of the infinitive using the suffix -l or without a suffix: bought, carried. It means that the action took place before the moment of speech.
The future tense can be simple or complex. The future simple form is for perfective verbs (write), and the future complex form is for imperfective verbs. They consist of T! words: simple future from the verb to be and the infinitive: I will write.
In the present and future tenses, verbs change according to persons (I say, you say, says) and numbers (I say, we speak).
Verbs that denote actions performed without an actor are called impersonal: it’s frozen, it’s getting dark. Personal verbs can be used in an impersonal meaning: A light rain is falling. - It's dripping on the street.
Past tense verbs change according to number (drew, drew) and gender (drew, painted). The gender of the verb is determined using the ending (m.r. -
zero ending: wrote; and. r.---------a: wrote; average
gen------- o: buzzed).
The verb, which most often appears as a predicate in a sentence, is an exclusively independent part of speech. It denotes the action or state of the subject. Spring is coming, bringing warmth.
Verb Rules
All verbs have an initial (infinitive, indefinite) form. You can distinguish it by the endings -t, -tsya; these words also answer the questions “what to do”, “what to do”. In a sentence, it most often acts as a predicate or part of it and a subject, but can fulfill the roles of other members.
We want see new textbooks.
See- This look soul.
She loved look to the stars.
If a verb can be asked the question “what to do”, then it belongs to the perfect form (rejoice, be silent). When you can ask him the question “what to do” - this is an imperfect verb (be happy, be silent). Sometimes there are also bispecies verbs, they can belong to one or another type, depending on the context.
I explored basement yesterday. (perfect view).
I have already explored basement. (imperfect species).
Reflexive verbs mean an action that is directed towards oneself. They are formed using postfixes -sya, -tsya (play, bite). All other verbs are called non-reflexive (play, bite).
Predicates that are connected to other parts of a sentence in the accusative case without using a preposition are classified as transitive verbs (wash the mug, call mom). The transitional category includes those that cannot be combined without additional parts of speech (fly, lie down). This group also includes all reflexive verbs (wash, clean up).
Spelling verbs
In sentences, according to the rules of verbs, they can refer to one of three moods. In the indicative form - verbs can be changed according to tenses (we lived, we live, we will live), numbers (washes, washes), persons (I repeat, you repeat, he repeats). If the execution of an action requires compliance with certain rules, then such predicates are classified as conditional. (If everyone is comfortable, I would approach). This form is formed by particles would, b (I wish I could have looked) and can vary in gender and number. Particularly noteworthy is the imperative form of predicates, which can force, encourage, call to action ( Come to me!). Verbs of this mood can change in persons and numbers.
According to the rules of verbs, in the past tense they mean an action that has already happened/occurred (I bought the things myself). They also cannot change their personal uniform. To the present predicate we can substitute the question “what does” (He buys things himself.) Perfect verbs are not used in the present tense. In the rules of future tense verbs, there are two forms: compound (with an additional word will) and simple (one-word). Accordingly, you can ask different questions: “what will you do?” (You will buy things yourself.); “what will you do” (You will buy things yourself).
Changing verbs
The change of predicates in person and number is explained by their conjugations. They appear exclusively in indicative form and undoubtedly in the form of present or future time.
For singular form personal verbs change like this:
- 1 person - I open it. I love.
- 2nd person - You open it. You like.
- 3rd person - He opens. He likes.
For the plural form, personal verbs change as follows:
- 1 person - We are opening. We love.
- 2nd person - You open it. You love.
- 3rd person - They open. They like.
If it is possible to put under stress, the type of conjugation can be defined as follows:
- -e changes to -у(-у) - 1 conjugation look and look;
- -and changes to -а(-я) - 2nd conjugation calls and calls.
In other cases, the suffix in the initial form determines the conjugation:
- 2 conjugation -i(t) (paint) and special exceptions;
- 1st conjugation includes the remaining verbs in -a(t), -ya(t), -у(t), -е(t), -ы(t), -о(t) ( want, know);
- There are 4 exception words: to sway, to rest, shave and lay and educated from them.
Words without the mentioned suffixes - live, beat.
There are also verbs that change both as the first conjugation and as the second.
Unit number:
- 1 person - I'll run. I will want.
- 2nd person - You will run. You will want to.
- 3rd person - He will run. He will want to.
Mn. number:
- 1 person - We'll run. We will.
- 2nd person - You will run. You will want to.
- 3rd person - They will run. They will want to.
At the exception verb disdain There are only 3rd person forms in the singular or plural section ( glimmering - glimmering).
Words There is And give and derivatives from them are exceptions and form special personal forms.
Impersonal verbs
In some places you come across impersonal Verbs. These include words denoting a passive predicate, which occurs without the participation of the subject (evening, getting dark).
The main feature by which one can determine the impersonality of a regular verb is its invariability in numbers and persons. Most often, these types of verbs appear as predicates in simple one-part sentences. For the present tense form they are used as the 3rd person and only the singular, and in the past - as the singular and neuter.
Regular verbs are sometimes used to replace impersonal verbs when they appear as a single predicate clause.
- The sky has brightened- personal verb.
- It's brighter outside the window- impersonal.
A few important rules
Correct spelling of verbs and vowels in the present tense or simple future forms depends on the conjugation:
1 conjugation - it uses the endings -е, -у(-у) forgets, will be forgotten;
2nd conjugation - it is worth putting the endings -и, -а(-я) paints, paints.
- For the second person imperative mood of verbs of both conjugations, use the suffix -i ( We are going home. - Go home.);
- In the case of the past tense: the suffix -l is preceded by the same letter as in the infinitive before -т ( paint - painted, whistle - whistled);
- If there is obes-/obez-: transitive - the suffix is written -i- ( provided "who?" "What?"); intransitive - used -e- ( concerned);
- Freeze, freeze, freeze and similar verbs formed from a noun are written with the vowel -e- after the root (in;
- In the infinitive, in the case of using past forms, they are written -ova-, -eva-, in the same case, when the present or simple future tense and singular number are chosen, the first person writing form has the suffixes -у(у), -у(у ) (alternate - alternate, conquer - conquer).
If alternation does not occur, the suffixes -yva-, -iva- are used; (reread - reread, redraw - redraw).
If there is an ending -vat, -vayu under stress and a suffix -va-, then according to the rules of the Russian language, the same letter is written before the suffix as in the initial form (water - water - water).
Conclusion
These few simple rules and examples will help you remember how to use verbs when writing. Of course, to study all the rules and exceptions, more in-depth research will be needed. However, for writing more or less simple texts that do not qualify for publication in magazines and newspapers, this will be quite enough.
