Geographical coordinates

To navigate on the map and find the exact location of geographical objects on the surface of the Earth, a degree grid, or a system of lines of parallels and meridians, allows.

Geographical coordinates- this is the geographical latitude and longitude, the quantities that determine the position of a point on the earth's surface relative to the equator and the prime meridian.

The degree network is necessary for reading geographical coordinates- quantities that determine the position of a point on the earth's surface relative to the equator and the prime meridian (latitude and longitude).

degree network- a system of meridians and parallels on geographical maps and globes, which serves to read the geographical coordinates of the earth's surface - latitude and longitude

Geographic poles(north and south) - mathematically calculated points of intersection of the imaginary axis of rotation of the Earth with the earth's surface.

Equator(from lat. Aequator - equalizer) - the line of intersection of the Earth's surface with a plane passing through the center of the Earth, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The equator divides the globe into two hemispheres (Northern and Southern) and serves as the reference point for geographic latitude. Length - 40,076 km.

Equator- an imaginary line on the earth's surface, obtained by mentally dissecting the ellipsoid into two equal parts (Northern and Southern hemispheres). With such a dissection, all points of the equator are equidistant from the poles. The plane of the equator is perpendicular to the Earth's axis of rotation and passes through its center.

Meridian- the shortest line conventionally drawn along the surface of the Earth from one pole to another.

Meridian(from lat. Meridianus - midday) - a line of section of the surface of the globe by a plane drawn through some point on the earth's surface and the axis of rotation of the earth. AT modern system Greenwich is taken as the initial (zero) meridian.

meridians - lines of section of the earth's surface by planes passing through the axis of rotation of the earth and, accordingly, through both of its poles. All meridians are considered to be semi-circles that have the same length. The length of 1° meridian is on average 111.1 km.

Meridians can be drawn through any point on the earth's surface, and they all intersect at the points of the poles. The meridians are oriented from north to south. The length of all meridians is the same and is 20,000 km. The direction of the local meridian can be determined at noon by the shadow of any object. In the Northern Hemisphere, the end of the shadow always shows the direction to the north, in the Southern - to the south. On the globe, the meridians are in the form of semicircles, and on the map of the hemispheres, the middle meridians are straight, the rest are arcs.

The hemispheres are also mentally separated by a multitude of planes parallel to the plane of the equator. The lines of their intersection with the surface of the ellipsoid are called parallels. All of them are perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the planet. Parallels on the map and the globe can be drawn as many as you like, but usually on training maps they are drawn at intervals of 10-20 0 . Parallels are always oriented from west to east. The circumference of the parallels decreases from the equator to the poles from 40,000 to 0 km. The shape of the parallels on the globe is a circle, and on the map of the hemispheres the equator is a straight line, and the other parallels are arcs.

Parallels- these are lines conventionally drawn on the surface of the earth parallel to the equator.

Parallels- lines parallel to the equator are directed from west to east. Their length decreases from the equator to the poles.

Parallels- lines of section of the surface of the globe by planes parallel to the plane of the equator (the longest parallel).

A parallel is a circle. The length of the 1° parallel at the equator is 111 km, but decreases as you move from the equator to the poles to 0 km.

Geographic latitude- distance along the meridian in degrees from the equator to any point on the surface of the Earth. Latitudes are measured along the meridian from the equator to the north (north latitude) and to the south (south latitude) from 0º to 90º.

Geographic latitude- the value of the meridian arc in degrees from the equator to the parallel passing through the given point. Varies from 0 (equator) to 90° (poles). Distinguish between north and south latitude. All points lying on the same parallel have the same geographical latitude.

So, St. Petersburg located in the northern hemisphere, at 60 0 north latitude (n. w.), Suez Canal-at 30 0 s.l. To determine the geographic latitude of any point on a globe or map is to determine which parallel it is on. Moscow, for example, is located between 50 0 and 60 0, but closer to the 60th parallel, therefore, the latitude of Moscow is approximately 56 0 s. sh. any point south of the equator will have south latitude (S)

Geographic longitude- distance along the parallel in degrees from the prime meridian to any point on the earth's surface. Longitude is measured from the prime meridian to the east (east longitude) and west (west longitude) from 0º to 180º.

Geographic longitude- the magnitude of the parallel arc in degrees from the initial meridian to the meridian passing through the given point. For the initial (zero) meridian, according to international agreement, the meridian passing through Greenwich Observatory in the suburbs London. Longitude is east to the east of it, west to the west. The prime meridian and the meridian 180 0 degrees divide the Earth into the Eastern and Western hemispheres. Longitude varies from 0 to 180°. All points lying on the same meridian have the same longitude.

The latitude and longitude of any point on Earth make up its geographical coordinates. So the geographical coordinates of Moscow are 56 0 s. sh. and 38 0 c. d.

Our planet rotates around an imaginary axis. The places where the earth's axis comes to the surface are called the North and South geographic poles (from Latin polus - axis). Lines on a globe or on a map, conditionally drawn along the surface of the Earth from one pole to another, are called meridians (from Latin meridianus - noon - note .. The direction of the shadow from objects at noon coincides with the direction of the meridian at a given point on the earth's surface. The meridian can be draw through any point on Earth, and it will always be directed from north to south.All points lying on the same meridian have the same geographical longitude.The meridian is half a circle and is 180 °, the length of one degree along the meridian is 111 km.

Zero is conventionally considered a meridian drawn through a point located in the observatory of the city of Greenwich in the UK. From the Greenwich prime meridian, the meridians are counted to the west and east. The prime meridian and its continuation - the 180° meridian - divide Earth to the western and eastern hemispheres. Equator (from lat. aequator - equalizer) - a line on globes and maps, conditionally drawn along the surface of the Earth at an equal distance from the poles. The equator divides the globe into northern and southern hemispheres. On the equatorial line, day is always equal to night, and the Sun is at its zenith twice a year - on the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes. The equator is approximately 40,000 km long.

Parallels are drawn on globes and maps parallel to the equator (from the Greek parallelos - walking side by side - approx., they are all directed from west to east.

A parallel can be drawn through any point on the surface of the Earth, and all points lying on it will have the same geographical latitude. The longest parallel is the equator, the length of other parallels decreases towards the poles, and at the pole the parallel turns into a point. Intersecting, parallels and meridians form a degree grid.

Remarkable Parallels : The axis around which our planet rotates is constantly inclined to the plane of the earth's orbit at an angle of 66 ° 33 ". Therefore, the circumpolar regions are not illuminated by the Sun in a certain part of the year - the polar night sets there. In summer, on the contrary, the Sun does not set beyond the horizon: it stands polar day. The parallels north and south of which this phenomenon occurs are called the Arctic Circle and the Arctic Circle, respectively. Tropics (from the Greek tropikos - turning circle - approx. on which the Sun is at its zenith only once a year - on the day of the summer solstice (June 22) on the Northern Tropic, on the day of the winter solstice (December 22) on the Southern Tropic.

Almost all of you have paid attention to the "mysterious lines" on maps and globes representing latitude (parallels) and longitude (meridians). They form a grid system of coordinates by which any place on Earth can be precisely defined - and there is nothing mysterious or complicated about it. Parallels and meridians are imaginary lines on the surface of the Earth, and latitude and longitude are their coordinates that determine the position of points on the surface of the Earth. Any point on Earth is the intersection of a parallel and a meridian with coordinates of latitude and longitude. This can be most clearly studied with the help of a globe, where these lines are indicated.
But first, everything is in order. Two places on the Earth are determined by its rotation around its own axis - these are North and South Poles. On globes, the pivot is the axis. The North Pole is located in the Arctic Ocean, which is covered sea ​​ice, and researchers in the old days reached this pole on a sleigh with dogs (it is officially believed that the North Pole was discovered in 1909 by the American Robert Perry). However, since the ice moves slowly, the North Pole is not an actual, but rather a mathematical entity. The South Pole, on the other side of the planet, has a permanent physical location on the continent of Antarctica, which was also discovered by land explorers (Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen in 1911).

Halfway between the poles at the "waist" of the Earth is a large circle line, which is represented on the globe as a seam: the junction of the northern and southern hemispheres; this circle line is called - equator. The equator is a line of latitude with a value of zero (0°). Parallel to the equator above and below it are other lines of the circle - these are other latitudes of the Earth. Each latitude has digital value, and the scale of these values ​​is measured not in kilometers, but in degrees north and south of the equator to the poles. The poles have meanings: North +90°, and South -90°. Latitudes above the equator are called northern latitudes, and below the equator southern latitudes. Lines with degrees of latitude are called parallels, since they run parallel to the Equator and are parallel to each other. If parallels are measured in kilometers, then the lengths of different parallels will be different - they increase when approaching the equator and decrease towards the poles. All points of the same parallel have the same latitude, but different longitudes (the description of longitude is just below). The distance between two parallels that differ by 1° is 111.11 km. On the globe, as well as on many maps, the distance (interval) from a latitude to another latitude is usually 15° (that's about 1,666 km). In figure No. 1, the interval is 10 ° (this is approximately 1,111 km). The equator is the longest parallel, its length is 40,075.7 km.

Almost all of you have paid attention to the "mysterious lines" on maps and globes representing latitude (parallels) and longitude (meridians). They form a grid system of coordinates by which any place on Earth can be precisely defined - and there is nothing mysterious or complicated about it. Parallels and meridians are imaginary lines on the surface of the Earth, and latitude and longitude are their coordinates that determine the position of points on the surface of the Earth. Any point on Earth is the intersection of a parallel and a meridian with coordinates of latitude and longitude. This can be most clearly studied with the help of a globe, where these lines are indicated.
But first, everything is in order. Two places on the Earth are determined by its rotation around its own axis - these are North and South Poles. On globes, the pivot is the axis. The North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with sea ice, and explorers in the old days reached this pole on a sled with dogs (it is officially believed that the North Pole was discovered in 1909 by the American Robert Perry). However, since the ice moves slowly, the North Pole is not an actual, but a mathematical entity. The South Pole, on the other side of the planet, has a permanent physical location on the continent of Antarctica, which was also discovered by land explorers (Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen in 1911). Today, both poles can be easily reached by plane.
Halfway between the poles at the "waist" of the Earth is a large circle line, which is represented on the globe as a seam: the junction of the northern and southern hemispheres; this circle line is called - equator. The equator is a line of latitude with a value of zero (0°). Parallel to the equator above and below it are other lines of the circle - these are other latitudes of the Earth. Each latitude has a numerical value, and the scale of these values ​​is not measured in kilometers, but in degrees north and south of the equator to the poles. The poles have meanings: North +90°, and South -90°. Latitudes above the equator are called northern latitude, and below the equator south latitude. Lines with degrees of latitude are called parallels, since they run parallel to the Equator and are parallel to each other. If parallels are measured in kilometers, then the lengths of different parallels will be different - they increase when approaching the equator and decrease towards the poles. All points of the same parallel have the same latitude, but different longitudes (the description of longitude is just below). The distance between two parallels that differ by 1° is 111.11 km. On the globe, as well as on many maps, the distance (interval) from a latitude to another latitude is usually 15° (that's about 1,666 km). In figure No. 1, the interval is 10 ° (this is approximately 1,111 km). The equator is the longest parallel, its length is 40,075.7 km.

In the form of what lines are the meridians and parallels drawn on the globe?

1. Lines of meridians and parallels on various maps. On a map of the world, compiled by combining the strips of the globe along the equator, the meridians are straight lines of equal size. Parallels drawn perpendicular to them are also straight lines. Their length from the equator to the poles is not shortened, as on the globe, but remains the same. (What does this say?)
The equator and the median meridian of each hemisphere are shown as straight lines on the map of the hemispheres. Other meridians and parallels - curved lines different lengths. From the middle meridian to the edges, the length of the meridians increases. (What does this say?)
On the map of Kazakhstan, the parallels are shown as arcs of circles. The meridians are represented by straight lines approaching the top of the map.
The map frame has longitude and latitude. On the map of the hemispheres, longitude is shown at the points of intersection of the meridians with the equator.
Meridians and parallels on the globe and maps pass through the same number degrees (determine how many degrees they are shown on the globe, the map of the hemispheres and the map of Kazakhstan). Therefore, grids formed by changing the lines of meridians and parallels are called degree grids.

2. With the help of meridian lines and parallels, it is very easy to determine geographical coordinates on the map. To do this, you first need to find out between which parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude the desired point is located. For example, the point is between 40° and 45° north latitude, 70° and 75° east longitude (Fig. 32). To more accurately define latitude on the map, using a ruler, we measure the distance (AB) between the two parallels, as well as the distance between the lower parallel and the point H (AN). Segment on the map AB equals 5°.

Rice. 32. Definition of a coordinate point.

To the distance AN Add 40 degrees in degrees. If instead AN we would measure the HV and subtract this distance in degrees from 45 °, then we would still get the same result.
Longitude on the map is determined by the same method. Measure the segments SD and CH with a ruler.

We add 70 ° to the obtained value in degrees and get the longitude of the point H. Just as in determining the line of latitude, instead of the segment CH segment can be measured DN. Then subtract the value obtained from 75°.

Rice. 33. Parts of degree grids on various maps.

1. According to Figure 33, determine which maps each degree grid belongs to?

2. Find on the map of the hemispheres a point indicated by only one of the coordinates.

3. On the map of Kazakhstan, determine the approximate geographical coordinates of your area.