The construction of the main elements of buildings is carried out using modular size coordination in construction (MKRS), according to which the dimensions of the main space-planning elements of the building must be a multiple of the module.
The main module is taken equal to 100 mm.
The main structural elements (bearing walls, columns) of the building are located along the modular coordination axes(longitudinal and transverse). The distance between the coordination axes in low-rise buildings is taken as a multiple of the 3M module (300 mm).
To determine the relative position of building elements, grid of coordination axes.
Coordination axes are drawn with dash-dotted thin lines and are usually indicated on the left and bottom sides of the plan, marked, starting from the lower left corner, with Arabic numerals (from left to right) and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (from bottom to top) in circles with a diameter of 6 ... 12 mm (Fig. .2).

Rice. 2. An example of marking the coordination axes

Dimensions on construction drawings they are affixed in millimeters and are applied, as a rule, in the form of a closed chain.
Dimension lines are limited to serifs - short strokes 2 ... 4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45 ° to the dimension line. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the extreme extension lines by 1 ... 3 mm. The dimension number is located above the dimension line at a distance of 1 ... 2 mm (Fig. 3, a).
To designate cutting plane positions section or section of a building, an open line is used in the form of separate thickened strokes with arrows indicating the direction of view. The cut line is marked with Arabic numerals (Fig. 3, c). The start and end strokes must not cross the outline of the image.
The dimensions of buildings in height (height of floors) are assigned as multiples of the modules. Floor height of a building is defined as the distance from the floor level of a given floor to the floor level of an overlying floor. In projects of residential buildings, the floor height is assumed to be 2.8; 3.0; 3.3 m
On facades and sections, high-rise marks the level of an element or structure of a building from any calculated level taken as zero. Most often, the level of the finished floor (floor covering) of the first floor is taken as the zero level (mark ± 0.000).
Level marks are indicated in meters with three decimal places without indicating units of length and are placed on extension lines in the form of an arrow with a shelf. The sides of the right angle of the arrow are drawn by a solid thick main line at an angle of 45 ° to the extension line (Fig. 4).

Rice. 3. Inscription of the dimensions and position of the cuts:

a - dimensions and dimension lines; b – gaze direction arrow;
c - positions of cuts

Rice. 4. Drawing level marks on the views:

a - dimensions of the level mark; b - examples of location and design
level marks on cuts and sections; c – the same, with explanatory inscriptions;
d - an example of the image of the level sign on the plans

The mark mark may be accompanied by explanatory inscriptions: Ur.ch.p. - the level of the clean floor; Ur.z. - ground level.
Marks on the plans are applied in rectangles (Fig. 4, d). Marks above the zero level are indicated with a plus sign (for example, + 2.700), below zero - with a minus sign (for example, - 0.200).
The following are accepted in construction drawings: denominations types of buildings.
AT names of plans the building indicates the mark of the finished floor of the floor, the floor number or the designation of the corresponding plane; when executing a part of the plan - the axes that limit this part, for example:
Elevation plan +3,000;
2nd floor plan;
Plan 3–3;
Elevation plan 0.000 in axes 21–39, A–D.
AT name of cuts of the building, the designation of the corresponding secant plane is indicated (in Arabic numerals), for example, Section 1–1.
AT names of facades of the building, the extreme axes are indicated, between which the facade is located, for example:
Facade 1–5;
Facade 12–1;
Facade A-G.
For multilayer structures, portable inscriptions located on shelves in a straight line,
ending with an arrow (Fig. 5). The sequence of inscriptions (material or construction of layers with indication of their thickness) to individual layers must correspond to the sequence of their location on the drawing from top to bottom and from left to right.
On the leader lines, ending with a shelf, additional explanations to the drawing or item numbers of elements in the specification are placed.

Rice. 5. Examples of execution of portable inscriptions

Graphic symbols materials in sections and sections of buildings and structures are given in App. 3. The distance between parallel hatching lines is selected within 1 ... 10 mm, depending on the hatching area and image scale. Material designations are not used in the drawings if the material is homogeneous, if the dimensions of the image do not allow the symbol to be applied.
Conditional graphic images of building elements and sanitary devices are given in App. four.

1. Rules for the design of architectural and construction drawings (according to GOST 21.501-93): implementation of the building plan.

General information.

The main and working drawings are carried out in line drawing, using lines of different thicknesses, due to which the necessary expressiveness of the image is achieved. In this case, the elements that fall into the cut are highlighted with a thicker line, and the visible areas behind the section are thinner. The smallest thickness of lines made in pencil is approximately 0.3 mm, in ink - 0.2 mm, the maximum line thickness is 1.5 mm. The thickness of the line is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and its content - plan, facade, section or detail.

Scales images in the drawings should be selected from the following row: to reduce -1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:25; 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000; 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10,000; to increase - 2:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1; 100:1.

The choice of scale depends on the content of the drawing (plans, facades, sections, details) and the size of the object depicted in the drawing. Plans, facades, sections of small buildings are usually made on a scale of 1:50; drawings of large buildings are performed on a smaller scale - 1:100 or 1:200; very large industrial buildings sometimes require a scale of 1:400 - 1:500. Units and details of any buildings are performed on a scale of 1:2 - 1:25.

Coordination axes, dimension and extension lines. Coordination axes determine the position of the structural elements of the building, the dimensions of steps and spans. Axial lines are applied with a dash-dotted thin line with long strokes and are marked with marks that are put down in circles.

On the plans of buildings, the longitudinal axes, as a rule, are taken out to the left of the drawing, the transverse ones - from the bottom. If the location of the axes of the opposite sides of the plan does not match, then their markings are placed on all sides of the plan. In this case, the numbering is done through. The transverse axes are marked with ordinal Arabic numerals from left to right, and the longitudinal ones are marked with capital letters of the Russian alphabet (except for E, Z, Y, O, X, Y, E) upwards.

The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200-1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm - for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10..

The font size for designating the axes should be 1.5-2 times larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers used in the drawing. Marking of axes on sections, facades, nodes and details must comply with the plan. To apply dimensions on the drawing, dimension and extension lines are drawn. Dimension lines (external) are drawn outside the contour of the drawing in an amount of two to four in accordance with the nature of the object and the design stage. On the first line from the drawing indicate the dimensions of the smallest divisions, on the next - larger ones. On the last dimension line, the total size between the extreme axes is indicated with the binding of these axes to the outer faces of the walls. Dimension lines should be applied so that it is not difficult to read the drawing itself. Based on this, the first line is drawn at a distance from the drawing no closer than 15-21 mm. The distance between the dimension lines is taken at 6-8 mm. The segments on the dimension lines corresponding to the dimensions of the outer elements of the walls (windows, partition, etc.) are limited by extension lines, which should be applied starting at a small distance (3-4 mm) from the drawing, to the intersection with the dimension line. The intersections are fixed with serifs having a slope of 45 °. With very closely spaced small sizes in the drawings of parts and assemblies, serifs are allowed to be replaced by dots. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the extreme extension lines by 1-3 mm.

The internal dimension lines indicate the linear dimensions of the premises, the thickness of the partitions and internal walls, the width of the door openings, etc. These lines should be drawn at a sufficient distance from the internal edges of the walls or partitions so as not to obstruct the reading of the drawing.
Rules for drawing up plans in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing): a - coordination axes; b - dimension lines; in-wire lines; g - area of ​​premises; e - cut lines (dimensions are given in millimeters).

Dimensional and extension lines are drawn with a thin solid line. All dimensions are given in millimeters without a dimension designation. The numbers are applied above the dimension line parallel to it and, if possible, closer to the middle of the segment. The height of the numbers is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and must be at least 2.5 mm when done in ink and 3.5 mm when done in pencil. ^ Level marks and slopes. Marks determine the position of architectural and structural elements on sections and facades, and on plans - in the presence of differences in floor levels. The level marks are counted from the conditional zero mark, which, as a rule, is taken for buildings as the level of the finished floor or the upper edge of the floor of the first floor. Marks below zero are indicated with a "-" sign, marks above zero - without a sign. The numerical value of the marks is put down in meters with three decimal places without indicating the dimension.

Rules for applying marks, sizes and other designations on sections in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing). To indicate the mark on facades, sections and sections, a symbol is used in the form of an arrow with sides inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 45 °, based on the contour line of the element (for example, the edge of the finished floor or ceiling plane) or on the extension line of the element level (for example, the top or the bottom of a window opening, horizontal ledges, exterior walls). In this case, the marks of the external elements are taken out of the drawing, and the internal ones are placed inside the drawing

On the plans, marks are applied in a rectangle or on a leader line shelf with a “+” or “-” sign. On architectural plans, marks are usually placed in a rectangle, on structural drawings to indicate the bottom of channels, pits, various openings in the floors - on the leader line.

The magnitude of the slope on the cuts should be indicated as a simple or decimal fraction (up to the third digit) and denoted by a special sign, the acute angle of which is directed towards the slope. This designation is applied above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line

On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes should be indicated by an arrow indicating the magnitude of the slope above it.

Designation of cuts and sections show an open line (trace of the beginning and end of the cutting plane), which is taken out of the image. With a complex broken cut, traces of the intersection of cutting planes are shown

At a distance of 2-3 mm from the ends of the open line extended beyond the drawing, arrows are drawn that indicate the direction of view. Sections and sections are marked with numbers or letters of the Russian alphabet, which are placed under the arrows in transverse sections and on the side of the outer side of the arrows - in longitudinal ones. See the illustration on the right for the arrows' style and size. ^ Designation of the areas of premises. The areas, expressed in square meters with two decimal places without a dimension designation, are, as a rule, put down in the lower right corner of the plan of each room. The numbers are underlined. In the drawings of projects of residential buildings, in addition, the residential and useful (total) area of ​​\u200b\u200beach apartment is marked, which is indicated by a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the living area of ​​​​the apartment, and the denominator is useful. The fraction is preceded by a number indicating the number of rooms in the apartment. This designation is placed on the plan of a large room or, if the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe drawing allows, on the plan of the front. ^ Remote inscriptions, explaining the names of individual parts of structures in nodes, are placed on a broken leader line, the inclined section of which with a dot or arrow at the end faces the part, and the horizontal one serves as a shelf - the basis for the inscription. With a small scale of the drawing, the leader line can be completed without an arrow and a dot. Remote inscriptions to multilayer structures are applied in the form of so-called "flags". The sequence of inscriptions relating to individual layers must correspond to the order of the layers in the structure from top to bottom or from left to right. The thickness of the layers is indicated in millimeters without dimension. Marks of structural elements on the layout diagrams are applied on the shelves of leader lines. It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or put a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the contour. The font size for designating brands should be larger than the font size numbers on the same drawing

Marking nodes and fragments- an important element in the design of drawings that help to read them. The main purpose of marking is to link nodes and fragments taken out on a larger scale with detailed areas on the main drawing.

When placing nodes, the corresponding place on the facade, plan or section is marked with a closed solid line (circle or oval) with an indication on the shelf of the leader line with a number or letter of the serial number of the element to be taken out. If the node is located on another sheet, then under the shelf of the leader line, indicate the number of the sheet on which the node is placed

Above the image or on the side of the rendered node (regardless of which sheet it is placed on), a double circle is placed with the designation of the serial number of the node. Circle diameter 10-14 mm

Technical construction drawings are accompanied by the names of individual images, textual explanations, tables of specifications, etc. For these purposes, a standard roman font with a letter height of 2.5 is used; 3.5; 7; ten; 14 mm. In this case, the font height is 5; 7; 10 mm is used for the names of the graphic part of the drawing; 2.5 and 3.5 mm high - for text material (notes, stamp filling, etc.), 10 and 14 mm high - mainly for illustrative drawings. Image titles are placed above the drawings. These names and headings of text explanations are underlined line by line with a solid line. Headings of specifications and other tables are placed above them, but not underlined.

^ Floor plan.

In the names of plans in the drawings, it is necessary to follow the accepted terminology; architectural plans should indicate the mark of the finished floor or the floor number, for example, “Plan for elev. 0.000", "Plan of 3-16 floors", it is allowed to indicate the purpose of the premises of the floor in the names of the plans, for example, "Plan of the technical underground", "Plan of the attic"

Floor plan depicted as a section by a horizontal plane passing at the level of window and door openings (slightly above the window sill) or 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor. With a multi-tiered arrangement of windows on one floor, the plan is depicted within the window openings of the lower tier. All structural elements that fall into the section (steles, pillars, columns) are outlined with a thickened line

On floor plans apply:

1) coordination axes of the building with a dash-dotted thin line;

2) chains of external and internal dimensions, including the distances between the coordination axes, the thickness of walls, partitions, the dimensions of window and door openings (in this case, internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external - outside);

3) marks of the levels of clean floors (only if the floors are located at different levels);

4) cut lines (cut lines are carried out, as a rule, in such a way that the openings of windows, external gates and doors fall into the cut);

5) marking of window and door openings, lintels (it is allowed to mark the openings of gates and doors in circles with a diameter of 5 mm);

5) designations of nodes and fragments of plans;

6) names of premises, their area

The names of the premises are allowed, their areas are given in the explications in form 2. In this case, instead of the names of the premises, their numbers are put down on the plans.

Form 2

Explication of premises

Built-in premises and other sections of the building, on which separate drawings are made, are schematically depicted as a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures.

Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically by a dash-dotted thin line with two points

^ An example of a floor plan for a residential building: Floor plan elements.

Lightweight concrete block walls. ^ Symbol in plan: The wall thickness is a multiple of 100mm. The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is min 200 mm. The thickness of the outer walls is 500, 600 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation. The dimensions of the standard block are 390x190x190mm. ^ The walls are brick. The wall thickness is a multiple of 130mm (130, 250, 380, 510, 640mm). The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is 250, 380 mm. The thickness of the outer walls is 510, 640 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation. The dimensions of an ordinary ceramic brick are 250x120x65 (88) mm. ^ Timber walls. Wall thickness (150) 180, 220 mm. The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is min 180 mm. The thickness of the outer walls is 180, 220 mm. ^ The walls are timbered. Wall thickness 180, 200, 220 - 320 mm (multiple of 20mm). The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is min 180 mm. The thickness of the outer walls is 180 - 320 mm. ^ Walls - a wooden framework with filling from an effective heater. The thickness of the frame stand is 100, 150, 180mm + 40-50mm double-sided plating. The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is 100 + 40-50 mm. The thickness of the outer walls is 150, 180 + 40-50 mm. Partitions:

from lightweight concrete blocks, thickness 190mm;

brick, thickness 120mm;

three-layer wooden, thickness 75mm;

plasterboard on a metal frame, thickness 50-70mm.

Window openings:

in brick walls;

in timber, log and frame walls.

Doorways external:

in walls made of lightweight concrete blocks;

brick walls;

and frame walls. Doorways internal:

for all types of walls.

Coordination axes (see Ch.1.4) are indicated on all projections of the building. The rules for their image and designation are regulated by GOST R 21.1101-2009. Coordination axes are drawn with dash-dotted lines and denoted by capital letters of the Russian alphabet strictly in alphabetical order (except for the letters Ё, Z, Y, O, X, Ts, Ch, Shch, b, Y, b) or Arabic numerals in the order of counting in circles with a diameter of 6 …12 mm (fig.7). The font size for designating the coordination axes is taken one or two more than the font size of the dimensional numbers in the same drawing. The numbers mark the axes along

side of the building with more axes from left to right in the sequence determined by the plan. The letters mark the longitudinal axes of the building from the bottom up - also in the sequence determined by the plan (Fig. 7 b,7d,7d). For buildings that are round in plan, the axis of the mar-

a B C)

d) e)

Fig.7.Options for drawing coordination axes

are marked with letters from the center to the periphery and numbers - from the left horizontal axis clockwise (Fig. 7 a,7c). It is customary to designate axes on the bottom and on the left sides of the building plan. If the axes of the opposite sides of the building do not match, then they are marked on each side, respectively (Fig. 7g). For any element

Commodities located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures (for example, columns in a building scheme with an incomplete frame) apply additional axes. These axes are indicated by a fraction: the numerator indicates the designation of the previous coordination axis, and the denominator indicates an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes (Fig. 7d). It is allowed not to assign additional numbers to the axes of half-timbered columns, but to designate them in continuation of the designation of the axes of the main columns.

2.3. Attaching walls to coordinate axes

In the drawings of buildings, the role of the coordinate grid is played by the coordination axes of the main walls. After applying the coordination axes to the plan, perform binding structural elements to them, first of all, external and internal load-bearing walls and supports. Binding is carried out by setting dimensions from the axis to both faces of the wall or column. In this case, the axis of the wall is not drawn along its entire length, but is extended only by the amount necessary to set the size of the anchor. It is customary to draw the axes of the supporting columns with two mutually perpendicular segments of dash-dotted lines.

The coordination axes do not always coincide with the geometric axes of the walls. Their position is set taking into account the dimensions of standard span structures of beams, trusses and floor slabs. In the example in fig. 8 for clarity, the layout of the floor panels and their support on the walls are partially shown. The panels are drawn as rectangles with thin diagonals.

Fig.8.Main wall anchors on the floor plan

The binding of walls to modular coordination axes in buildings with load-bearing longitudinal or transverse walls is carried out based on the following guidelines:

on the inner walls, their geometric axis, as a rule, is

fits with the coordination axis (Fig. 9, a; rice. 8, axis B, axis 3);

it is allowed not to combine the geometric and coordination

axes of stairwell walls, walls with ventilation ducts, etc.;

in the walls of stairwells, the axes are drawn at a distance, a multiple of the module, from the inner (facing towards the stairs) face of the wall (Fig. 9, b; rice. eight, axis 2);

in the outer load-bearing walls, the coordination axis is drawn from

a B C D)

Fig.9.Structural wall anchor options

internal (facing towards the room) face of the wall at a distance equal to half the thickness of the corresponding internal load-bearing wall (Fig. 9, in; rice. eight, axis A, axis B, axis 4);

in external self-supporting walls, the so-called

zero binding - the coordination axis is aligned with the internal

edge of the wall - (Fig. 9, G; rice. eight, axis 1);

if the outer wall is in its different sections bearing

cabbage soup ( wall section along axis A between axes 1 and 3) and self-supporting ( wall section along axis A between axes 3 and 4), then the coordination axis is oriented along the bearing section (Fig. 8);

binding of columns and walls of industrial buildings depends on their

positions in one of the rows (middle, extreme or end); options for such bindings are shown in Fig. ten.

a) b) in)

G) e) e)

and) h) and)

Fig.10.Bindings of columns to coordination axes:

The building, or any structure in the plan, is divided by conditional axial lines into a number of segments. These lines that determine the position of the main load-bearing structures are called longitudinal and transverse coordination axes.

The interval between the coordination axes in the plan of the building is called a step, and in the predominant direction the step can be longitudinal or transverse.

In the event that the distance between the coordination longitudinal axes coincides with the span, overlap or cover of the main supporting structure, then this interval is called the span.

For floor height H This is the distance from the floor level of the selected floor to the floor level of the floor above. By the same principle, the height of the upper floor is also determined, at which the thickness of the attic floor is taken conditionally equal to the thickness of the interfloor floor c. In industrial one-story buildings, the floor height is equal to the distance from the floor to the bottom surface of the roof structure.

In order to determine the relative position of the parts of the building, a grid of coordination axes is used that determines the supporting structures of this building.

Drawing coordination axes.

Coordination axes are stroked with dotted thin lines and marked inside circles with a diameter of 6 to 12 mm. The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200 - 1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10. The direction of the marking of the axes is applied from left to right, horizontally and from bottom to top, vertically.

If the coordination axes of the opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of the indicated axes at the divergence points are additionally applied on the upper and / or right sides. For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main supporting structures, additional axes are applied and denoted as a fraction:

• above the line indicate the designation of the previous coordination axis;
• under the line - an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes in accordance with the figure.

It is allowed to assign numerical and alphabetic designations to the coordinating axes of half-timbered columns in continuation of the designations of the axes of the main columns without an additional number.

Binding of coordination axes occurs according to the rules described in paragraph 4 GOST 28984-91. Example:

The binding of load-bearing walls made of piece materials to the coordination axes should be carried out in compliance with the following rules:

• a) when resting directly on the walls of the coating slabs, the inner surface of the wall should be taken from the longitudinal coordination axis at a distance of 130 mm for brick walls and 150 mm for block walls;
• b) when supporting the walls of the supporting structures of the coating (beams) with a brick wall thickness of 380 mm or more (for blocks of 400 m or more), the longitudinal coordination axis should pass at a distance of 250 mm from the inner surface of the wall (300 mm for a wall of blocks);
• c) with brick walls 380 mm thick with pilasters 130 mm wide, the distance from the longitudinal axis to the inner surface of the wall should be 130 mm;
• d) for brick walls of any thickness with pilasters more than 130 mm thick, the inner surface of the walls is aligned with the coordination axis (“zero” binding);
• e) the binding of the bearing end wall when the roof slabs are supported on it should be taken the same as when the roof slabs are supported on the longitudinal wall;
• e) the geometric axes of the internal load-bearing walls must be aligned with the coordination axes.

When supporting floor slabs for the entire thickness of the bearing wall, it is allowed to align the outer coordination plane of the walls with the coordination axis (Fig. 9d).

Marking of coordination axes.

Coordination axes are marked with Arabic numerals and capital letters, except for the symbols: 3, Y, O, X, S, b, b. The numbers indicate the axes along the side of the building with the largest number of coordination axes. Axes marking is located, as a rule, on the left and lower sides of the building plan. The height of the font denoting the coordination axes is chosen one or two numbers more than the size of the numbers on the same sheet. Omissions in the numerical and alphabetic designations of the coordination axes are not allowed.

On the image of a repeating element attached to several coordination axes, the coordination axes are designated in accordance with the figure:

• "a" - with the number of coordination axes not more than 3;
• "b" - "" "" more than 3;
• "c" - for all alphabetic and digital coordination axes.

If necessary, the orientation of the coordination axis to which the element is attached, with respect to the neighboring axis, is indicated in accordance with the figure.

Introduction date 01.01.71

This standard establishes the rules for the representation of objects (products, structures and their constituent elements) in the drawings of all industries and construction. The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2).

1. BASIC PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1. Images of objects should be made using the rectangular projection method. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (Fig. 1).

1.2. Six faces of a cube are taken as the main projection planes; the edges are aligned with the plane, as shown in Fig. 2. Face 6 may be placed next to face 4. 1.3 The image on the front projection plane is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal plane of projections so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of ​​the shape and size of the object. 1.4. Images in the drawing, depending on their content, are divided into views, sections, sections.

Crap. 2 Damn. 3

1.5. View - the image of the visible part of the surface of the object facing the observer. To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show in the views the necessary invisible parts of the surface of the object using dashed lines (Fig. 3).

1.6 Section - an image of an object mentally dissected by one or more planes, while the mental dissection of the object refers only to this section and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the cutting plane and what is located behind it (Fig. 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (Fig. 5).

1.7. Section - an image of a figure obtained by mentally dissecting an object with one or more planes (Fig. 6). The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane. It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (Fig. 7).

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 2). 1.8. The number of images (views, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when using the symbols, signs and inscriptions established in the relevant standards.

2. TYPES

2.1. The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes are established (main views, Fig. 2): 1 - front view (main view); 2 - top view; 3 - left side view; 4 - right side view; 5 - bottom view; 6 - rear view. In construction drawings, if necessary, other names can be assigned to the corresponding views, for example, "facade". The names of the views in the drawings should not be inscribed, with the exception of the case provided for in clause 2.2. In construction drawings, it is allowed to inscribe the name of the type with the assignment of an alphabetic, numeric or other designation to it. 2.2. If the top, left, right, bottom, rear views are not in direct projection connection with the main image (view or section shown on the front projection plane), then the projection direction should be indicated by an arrow next to the corresponding image. The same capital letter should be applied above the arrow and above the resulting image (view) (Fig. 8).

The drawings are drawn up in the same way if the listed views are separated from the main image by other images or are not located on the same sheet with it. When there is no image on which the direction of view can be shown, the name of the species is inscribed. In construction drawings, it is allowed to indicate the direction of view with two arrows (similar to indicating the position of cutting planes in sections). In construction drawings, regardless of the relative position of the views, it is allowed to inscribe the name and designation of the view without indicating the direction of view with an arrow, if the direction of view is determined by the name or designation of the view. 2.3. If any part of the object cannot be shown on the views listed in clause 2.1 without distorting the shape and size, then additional views are used that are obtained on planes that are not parallel to the main projection planes (Fig. 9-11). 2.4. The additional view should be marked on the drawing with a capital letter (Fig. 9, 10), and the object associated with the additional view of the image should have an arrow indicating the direction of view, with the corresponding letter designation (arrow B, Fig. 9, 10).

When an additional view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding image, the arrow and view designation are not applied (Fig. 11).

2.2-2.4. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2). 2.5. Additional views are arranged as shown in Fig. 9- 11. Location of additional views according to hell. 9 and 11 are preferred. An additional view is allowed to be rotated, but with the preservation, as a rule, of the position adopted for this object on the main image, while the view designation must be supplemented with a conventional graphic designation. If necessary, indicate the angle of rotation (Fig. 12). Several identical additional views related to one subject are designated by one letter and one view is drawn. If at the same time the parts of the object associated with the additional view are located at different angles, then a conditional graphic symbol is not added to the designation of the view. (Changed edition, Rev. No. 1, 2). 2.6. The image of a separate, limited place on the surface of an object is called a local view (view D, Fig. 8; view D, Fig. 13). The local view can be limited by the cliff line, if possible in the smallest size (view D, drawing 13), or not limited (view D, drawing 13). The detail view should be marked on the drawing like an additional view. 2.7. The ratio of the sizes of the arrows indicating the direction of view should correspond to those shown in Fig. 14.2.6, 2.7. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2).

3. SECTIONS

3.1. The sections are divided, depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to the horizontal projection plane, into: horizontal - the cutting plane is parallel to the horizontal projection plane (for example, section A-A, Fig. 13; section B-B, Fig. 15). In construction drawings, horizontal sections may be given other names, for example, "plan"; vertical - the cutting plane is perpendicular to the horizontal plane of projections (for example, a section at the site of the main view, Fig. 13; sections A-A, B-B, G-D, Fig. 15); inclined - the cutting plane makes an angle with the horizontal projection plane that is different from the right one (for example, section B-B, Fig. 8). Depending on the number of secant planes, the cuts are divided into: simple - with one secant plane (for example, Fig. 4, 5); complex - with several cutting planes (for example, section A-A, Fig. 8; section B-B, Fig. 15). 3.2. A vertical section is called frontal if the cutting plane is parallel to the frontal plane of projections (for example, section, Fig. 5; section A-A, Fig. 16), and profile if the cutting plane is parallel to the profile plane of projections (for example, section B-B, Fig. . 13).

3.3. Complex cuts are stepped if the cutting planes are parallel (for example, a stepped horizontal cut B-B, Fig. 15; a stepped frontal cut A-A, Fig. 16), and broken if the cutting planes intersect (for example, cuts A-A, lines 8 and 15). 3.4. The cuts are called longitudinal if the cutting planes are directed along the length or height of the object (Fig. 17), and transverse if the cutting planes are directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object (for example, sections A-A and B-B, Fig. 18). 3.5. The position of the cutting plane is indicated on the drawing by a section line. An open line must be used for the section line. With a complex cut, strokes are also carried out at the intersections of the secant planes with each other. On the initial and final strokes, arrows should be placed indicating the direction of the gaze (Fig. 8-10, 13, 15); arrows should be applied at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the stroke. The start and end strokes must not cross the outline of the respective image. In cases like the one indicated in hell. 18, arrows indicating the direction of view are drawn on the same line. 3.1-3.5. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2). 3.6. At the beginning and end of the section line, and, if necessary, at the intersection of the secant planes, they put the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet. The letters are applied near the arrows indicating the direction of view, and at the intersections from the outside corner. The cut should be marked with an inscription of the type "A-A" (always two letters separated by a dash). In construction drawings, it is allowed to use numbers instead of letters near the section line, as well as to inscribe the name of the section (plan) with the alphanumeric or other designation assigned to it. 3.7. When the cutting plane coincides with the plane of symmetry of the object as a whole, and the corresponding images are located on the same sheet in direct projection connection and are not separated by any other images, the position of the cutting plane is not marked for horizontal, frontal and profile cuts, and the cut is labeled do not accompany (for example, a section in place of the main view, Fig. 13). 3.8. The frontal and profile sections, as a rule, are given a position corresponding to that adopted for a given object in the main image of the drawing (Fig. 12). 3.9. Horizontal, frontal and profile sections can be located in the place of the corresponding main views (Fig. 13). 3.10. A vertical section, when the cutting plane is not parallel to the frontal or profile projection planes, as well as an oblique section, should be built and located in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows on the section line. It is allowed to place such sections anywhere in the drawing (section B-B, Fig. 8), as well as with a rotation to the position corresponding to that adopted for this subject on the main image. In the latter case, a conventional graphic designation must be added to the inscription (section Г-Г, Fig. 15). 3.11. With broken cuts, the secant planes are conditionally rotated until they are aligned in one plane, while the direction of rotation may not coincide with the direction of view (Fig. 19). If the combined planes turn out to be parallel to one of the main projection planes, then a broken section can be placed in the place of the corresponding type (sections A-A, Fig. 8, 15). When the cutting plane is rotated, the elements of the object located on it are drawn as they are projected onto the corresponding plane with which they are aligned (Fig. 20).

Crap. 19 Damn. twenty

3.12. A section that serves to clarify the device of an object only in a separate, limited place is called local. The local section is highlighted in the view by a solid wavy line (Fig. 21) or a solid thin line with a break (Fig. 22). These lines must not overlap with any other lines in the image.

3.13. Part of the view and part of the corresponding section may be connected, separating them with a solid wavy line or a solid thin line with a break (Fig. 23, 24, 25). If at the same time half of the view and half of the section are connected, each of which is a symmetrical figure, then the dividing line is the axis of symmetry (Fig. 26). It is also allowed to separate the section and the view with a dash-dotted thin line (Fig. 27), coinciding with the trace of the plane of symmetry not of the entire object, but only of its part, if it represents a body of revolution.

3.10-3.13. (Revised edition, Rev. № 2). 3.14. It is allowed to connect a quarter of a view and a quarter of three sections: a quarter of a view, a quarter of one section and a half of another, etc., provided that each of these images individually is symmetrical.

4. SECTIONS

4.1. Sections that are not part of the section are divided into: remote (Fig. 6, 28); superimposed (Fig. 29).

Remote sections are preferred and they can be placed in a section between parts of the same type (Fig. 30).

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 2). 4.2. The contour of the removed section, as well as the section that is part of the section, is depicted by solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is depicted by solid thin lines, and the image contour at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (Fig. 13, 28, 29). 4.3. The axis of symmetry of the extended or superimposed section (Fig. 6, 29) is indicated by a dash-dotted thin line without letters and arrows, and the section line is not drawn. In cases like the one indicated in hell. 30, with a symmetrical section figure, the section line is not drawn. In all other cases, an open line is used for the section line with arrows indicating the direction of view and denote it with the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet (in construction drawings - in capital or lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers). The section is accompanied by an inscription of the type "A-A" (Fig. 28). In construction drawings, it is allowed to inscribe the name of the section. For asymmetric sections located in a gap (Fig. 31) or superimposed (Fig. 32), the section line is drawn with arrows, but is not marked with letters.

Crap. 31 Damn. 32

In construction drawings, with symmetrical sections, an open line is used with its designation, but without arrows indicating the direction of view. 4.4. The section by construction and location must correspond to the direction indicated by the arrows (Fig. 28). It is allowed to place the section at any place of the drawing field, as well as with a rotation with the addition of a conventional graphic symbol 4.5. For several identical sections related to one object, the section line is indicated by one letter and one section is drawn (Fig. 33, 34). If at the same time the cutting planes are directed at different angles (Fig. 35), then the conventional graphic designation is not applied. When the location of identical sections is precisely determined by the image or dimensions, it is allowed to draw one section line, and indicate the number of sections above the section image.

Crap. 33 Damn. 34

Crap. 35 Damn. 36

4.6 Cutting planes are chosen so as to obtain normal cross sections (Fig. 36). 4.7. If the cutting plane passes through the axis of the surface of revolution that bounds the hole or recess, then the contour of the hole or recess in the section is shown in full (Fig. 37). 4.8. If the section is obtained consisting of separate independent parts, then cuts should be used (Fig. 38).

Crap. 37 Damn. 38

4.4-4.8. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2).

5. REMOTE ELEMENTS

5.1. A remote element is an additional separate image (usually enlarged) of any part of an object that requires graphic and other explanations regarding the shape, size and other data. The view may contain details not shown in the corresponding image, and may differ from it in content (for example, the image may be a view, and the view may be a section). 5.2. When using a remote element, the corresponding place is marked on the view, section or section with a closed solid thin line - a circle, an oval, etc. with the designation of the external element in a capital letter or a combination of a capital letter with an Arabic numeral on the leader line shelf. Above the image of the remote element indicate the designation and scale in which it is made (Fig. 39).

In construction drawings, a remote element in the image can also be marked with a curly or square bracket or not marked graphically. The image, from where the element is taken out, and the external element, it is also allowed to apply the letter or numeric (in Arabic numerals) designation and name assigned to the external element. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2). 5.3. The remote element is placed as close as possible to the corresponding place on the object image.

6. CONDITIONS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS

6.1. If the view, section or section represents a symmetrical figure, it is allowed to draw half of the image (view B, Fig. 13) or a little more than half of the image with a break line drawn in the latter case (Fig. 25). 6.2. If an object has several identical, evenly spaced elements, then one or two such elements are fully shown on the image of this object (for example, one or two holes, Fig. 15), and the remaining elements are shown in a simplified or conditional way (Fig. 40). It is allowed to depict a part of an object (Fig. 41, 42) with proper indications of the number of elements, their location, etc.

Crap. 40 Damn. 41 Damn. 42

6.3. On views and sections, it is allowed to depict projections of lines of intersection of surfaces in a simplified way, if their exact construction is not required. For example, instead of curved curves, arcs of a circle and straight lines are drawn (Fig. 43, 44).

6.4. A smooth transition from one surface to another is shown conditionally (Fig. 45-47) or not shown at all (Fig. 48-50).

Simplifications similar to those shown in Fig. are allowed. 51, 52.

6.5. Details such as screws, rivets, keys, non-hollow shafts and spindles, connecting rods, handles, etc., are shown undissected when viewed longitudinally. Balls are always shown uncut. As a rule, nuts and washers are shown uncut on assembly drawings. Elements such as the spokes of flywheels, pulleys, gears, thin walls such as stiffeners, etc. are shown unshaded if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side of such an element. If in such elements of the part there is a local drilling, recess, etc., then a local cut is made, as shown in Fig. 21, 22, 53. (Changed edition, Rev. No. 2).

Crap. 53 Damn. 54 Damn. 55

6.6. Plates, as well as elements of parts (holes, chamfers, grooves, recesses, etc.) with a size (or difference in size) in the drawing of 2 mm or less, are depicted with a deviation from the scale adopted for the entire image, towards the increase. 6.7. A slight taper or slope is allowed to be depicted with magnification. On those images in which the slope or taper is not clearly identified, for example, the main view of the devil. 54a or a top view of hell. 54b, only one line is drawn, corresponding to the smaller size of the element with a slope or the smaller base of the cone. 6.8. If it is necessary to highlight the flat surfaces of the object in the drawing, diagonals are drawn on them with solid thin lines (Fig. 55). 6.9. Objects or elements that have a constant or regularly changing cross section (shafts, chains, bars, shaped steel, connecting rods, etc.) are allowed to be depicted with breaks. Partial images and images with breaks are limited in one of the following ways: a) by a continuous thin line with a break, which can extend beyond the image contour by a length of 2 to 4 mm. This line may be inclined relative to the contour line (Fig. 56a);

B) a solid wavy line connecting the corresponding contour lines (Fig. 56b);

C) hatching lines (Fig. 5bc).

(Revised edition, Rev. № 2). 6.10. On the drawings of objects with a continuous mesh, braid, ornament, relief, knurling, etc., it is allowed to depict these elements in part, with possible simplification (Fig. 57).

6.11. To simplify the drawings or reduce the number of images, it is allowed: a) to depict the part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane with a dash-dot thickened line directly on the section (superimposed projection, Fig. 58); b) apply complex cuts (Fig. 59);

C) to show holes in the hubs of gears, pulleys, etc., as well as for keyways, instead of a complete image of the part, give only the outline of the hole (Fig. 60) or groove (Fig. 52); d) depict in section the holes located on the round flange when they do not fall into the cutting plane (Fig. 15). 6.12. If the top view is not necessary and the drawing is made up of images on the frontal and profile projection planes, then with a stepped cut, the section line and inscriptions related to the section are applied as shown in Fig. 61.

6.11, 6.12. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2). 6.13. The conventions and simplifications allowed in permanent connections, in the drawings of electrical and radio engineering devices, gears, etc., are established by the relevant standards. 6.14. The conditional graphic designation "rotated" must correspond to the devil. 62 and "deployed" - hell. 63.

(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 2). APPENDIX according to GOST 2.317-69.

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR DEVELOPERS V.R. Verchenko, Yu.I. Stepanov, Ya.G. Old-timer, B.Ya. Kabakov, V.K. Anopova 2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY the Decree of the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR in December 1967. 3. The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88 4. INSTEAD OF GOST 3453-59 regarding sect. I - V, VII and appendices 5. EDITION (April 2000) with Amendments No. 1, 2, approved in September 1987, August 1989 (IUS 12-87, 12-89)

1. Basic provisions and definitions. 1 2. Views.. 3 3. Sections.. 6 4. Sections. 9 5. External elements. 11 6. Conventions and simplifications. 12