Bible. Old Testament

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July 10, 2018, at 1:50 pm

The ancestors of mankind - man and woman - were created "in the image and likeness of God" at the end of the sixth day of creation, and were given dominion over all the earth and living things.

Man was created in the image of God both in appearance and in character. God fashioned man from the “dust of the ground,” breathed life into his nostrils, and placed him in the Garden of Eden. Later, God put Adam to sleep, took one of his ribs and created from him the first woman - Eve, who became the wife of the first man. The fact that Eve was created from a rib taken from Adam meant that she would neither dominate him nor be humbled by him, but would be his equal, loved and protected by him. Part of himself, bone of his bones and flesh of his flesh, she was his second self. This spoke of how close and tender the connection between them should be.

Man created by God had majestic stature and impeccable proportions. His face, marked with a healthy blush, expressed contentment and joy. Adam was much taller than the modern inhabitants of the earth. Eve is slightly lower than Adam, noble and beautiful. The sinless couple did not wear any artificial clothing; like the angels, they were clothed in a blaze of light and glory. Now the process of creating the earth was completed.

Among the Garden of Eden were two special trees: the Tree of Life and the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil.

The Tree of Life is a special tree planted by God in the middle of the Garden of Eden. It bears fruit 12 times a year, which gives eternal life, and has leaves for healing the nations. The fruits of the Tree of Life were not prohibited for man to eat in the Garden of Eden.

The Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil was also planted by God in the middle of the Garden of Eden. It symbolizes knowledge, first of all, of ethical categories, the ability to consciously choose between Good and Evil.

The Lord allowed Adam to eat “from every tree in the garden” and only forbade him to eat the fruits of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil, warning him that the consequence of disobedience would be death. God threatens Adam with death for disobedience.

The serpent, who “was more cunning than all the beasts of the field that the Lord God had created,” used tricks and cunning to convince Eve to try the fruit of the forbidden Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. The woman hesitated at first, but curiosity and desires to be like God took over and she succumbed to the serpent’s persuasion, violating the will of the Lord: “And the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes and desirable because it gave knowledge.” . When she tasted the fruits, it seemed to her as if some life-giving force was pouring into her and leading her into the higher spheres of existence. Without fear, Eve picked and ate the fruit. Experiencing some strange, unnatural excitement, Eve picked fruit from the forbidden tree and went to look for her husband in the garden. She told him about her feelings, assuring him that she had not experienced any manifestations of God's displeasure, but, on the contrary, felt an extremely pleasant cheerfulness that had taken over her entire being. A terrible struggle was taking place in his soul. Adam decided to share her fate with Eve: if she had to die, they would die together. Eve standing before him was beautiful and as innocent in appearance as she had been before her disobedience. Her love for Adam became even more intense. He took the fruit and quickly ate it.

The offense was followed by punishment: the Serpent was cursed, deprived of arms and legs, and also doomed to crawl on his stomach and eat dust; a woman was determined to “bear children in illness” and be subordinate to her husband; the man was assigned to work with sorrow and by the sweat of his brow all the days of his life on the earth, which was “cursed for his sake.” People have ceased to be immortal and after death they must return to the earth in the form of dust, from which Adam was created.

After this, God made clothes for people and sent man out of the Garden of Eden “to till the ground from which he was taken.” To prevent people from tasting the fruits of the Tree of Life, a cherub and a “flaming sword that turned around” were placed at the entrance.

Eve conceived and gave birth to Cain. Then Eve conceived again and gave birth to a second son, Abel. Then she gave birth to her daughter Avan.

Abel was a cattle breeder, and his brother Cain was a farmer. The conflict began with a sacrifice to God made by both brothers. Abel sacrificed the firstborn heads of his flock, and Cain sacrificed the fruits of the ground. God graciously accepted only Abel’s sacrifice, but did not despise Cain and his gift. Cain's sacrifice to the Lord was not made out of love, but out of negligence and was therefore rejected. There was no love in the soul of the sacrificer for the One who accepted the offering. Cain became very upset and his face fell. After this, Cain killed Abel.

After committing a crime, Cain is subjected to God's curse and expelled. At the same time, a ban was imposed on revenge on Cain himself. Cain took his sister Avan as his wife. The descendants of Abel and Cain died during the Flood.

At the age of 130, Adam and Eve had a third son, Seth. Eve gave birth to her third son, Seth, after Cain killed Abel and after God cursed Cain and his offspring. Seth lived 912 years and gave birth to a son, Enosh. Various legends attribute the invention of writing to Seth, or to his children the invention of astronomy and other sciences. At the end of his life, Adam conveyed the secret teaching to Seth. Seth was the ancestor of Noah and thereby became one of the ancestors of all humanity. Seth is mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus Christ.

An asteroid discovered in 1876 is named after Eve.

The Sefer HaZohar (Jewish Book of Radiance) was created from various sources around the year 150 by Jewish Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai. It does not belong to rabbinic literature, but is considered sacred by some Jews and is recognized by Kabbalists as the main book. One of the distinctive aspects of its content is the story about the first woman Lilith.

Eve was not Adam's first wife

According to Sefer Ha-Zohar, Gnostic treatises, Arab myths, and other legends and sources, Adam had another wife named Lilith before Eve. God sculpted her from clay, just like Adam. Lilith is a character with very complex symbolism, which has common features with the ancient cult of the Great Mother, who is a nocturnal demonic creature that brings death. Perhaps its prototype was the Indian goddess Durga, one of the wives of Shiva, who protects the world order and destroys everything that interferes with further development. In this case, the following logical chain can be traced: Lilith destroyed what hindered Adam in his further development and gave him the opportunity to start a new life with Eve.

According to Jewish sources, Lilith was a beautiful but disobedient wife who did not want to share a bed with Adam. She flew away from him. Yahweh, after Adam’s complaints, sent three angels to the rebellious wife to threaten her with death. But Lilith declared that she was a messenger of God equal to Adam and had the right to act at her own discretion. In later demonology, she became the consort of Satan.

In the mythology of Ancient Mesopotamia, a night demoness who kills children and mocks sleeping men has a similar name.

In the Bible, Lilith is mentioned purely as a night demon:

“And her palaces will be overgrown with thorny plants, nettles and thistles - her strongholds; and it will be the home of jackals, the haven of ostriches. And the beasts of the desert will meet with wild cats, and the goblin will call to each other; there the night ghost will rest and find peace for itself” (Book of the Prophet Isaiah 34:13-14).

Lilith was considered a murderer and at the same time the patroness of people, especially babies. It is her cult that is credited with the custom of wearing a red thread on the hand as protection.

How many children did Adam and Eve have?

Scripture tells about the first people: Adam, Eve and their sons: the farmer Cain and the cattle breeder Abel. When Adam was 130 years old, another son was born: Seth - it was he who became the ancestor of Noah and the ancestor of all humanity (Abel died at the hands of his brother, and Cain drowned during the Flood). The Bible does not clearly indicate other children, but Adam lived for 930 years, and he had enough time to conceive other children. This fact has always served as a reason for criticism: where did the wife of Cain come from, who is mentioned in the Bible? This means that there were other people.

John Chrysostom responded to this criticism: Cain’s wife became one of the sisters who are not mentioned in the Bible. But it is not said because the spiritual unit of Christianity is the trinity: for example, the three Persons of one God; or mother, father and son; or the three sons of Adam (it was unnecessary to name the other children).

Regarding marriages with sisters, the Orthodox Christian Church states the following: in ancient times, incest could not cause harm, since mutations had not yet accumulated that would contribute to degeneration in consanguineous marriages. This is the official theory.

Gnostic worldview

Gnosticism is one of the widespread movements of Christianity, considering religion from the perspective of knowledge. This philosophical movement was considered extirpated by the 5th century, but subsequently it found new followers. William Blake, an early 19th-century Gnostic poet, wrote: “We both read the Bible day and night, but you read black where I read white.”

Gnostics reject the biblical view of women as the source of evil. In their opinion, Eve awakened Adam and encouraged him to improve. The Gnostic Tertullian argued that man is indebted to woman for bringing him to life and awareness.

In a treatise from the Nag Hammadi Gnostic Collection, the Gospel of Truth, the serpent appears as the wisest being in Paradise. The text extols his goodness and throws shade at the Creator. To the question “What is he like, this God?” there the following answer is given: God’s prohibition regarding the fruits of the tree is motivated by envy, for He did not want to give man the highest knowledge. That is, according to the Gnostics, the deity who expelled the first people from Paradise is in fact an evil and envious spirit. Despite his opposition, Adam and Eve acquired the ability to understand the world and passed it on to their son Seth and daughter Norea.

According to L.N. Gumilyov, God Yahweh is none other than a fiery demon, judging by the fact that he appeared to Moses in a burning and not burning thorn bush (Burning Bush).

Analogues of Adam and Eve according to the myths of various nations

In the mythology of most peoples you can find a story about two ancestors, from whom the whole people descended.

It is surprising that according to Australian legends, a snake also tried to prevent the existence of the first people. According to the mythology of the aborigines of the fifth continent, in ancient times the earth was flat and smooth, animals were like people, and people were like gods, but that period ended in disaster. The ancestors of modern humanity were two sisters: Misilgoe and Boalere, who came south from the country of Wavilak. Misilgoe was expecting a child. During the birth, the women stopped at the Mirramina spring not far from the river, which is now called Goyder. A boy was born and he was named Janggalang. However, the giant snake Yurlunggur, who lived in the source, was angry because Misilgoe’s blood had muddied the water. At night, the serpent swallowed the baby and women, he bent to the sky, his body became a rainbow, his tongue became lightning, and his voice became thunder. He called all the snakes living in the sky to him and told them about what had happened. But they ridiculed him and said that he had done something stupid. Then Yurlunggur tore his living sisters and child from himself and again sank to the bottom of the spring. Soon after, the sisters met the Vongar men, and human history began.

The inhabitants of Tahiti, according to legend, descend from a couple who escaped during the days of the Flood by finding refuge on the top of Mount Pitohito. When the water receded, the family began a new life, and their children - a boy and a girl - became the ancestors of all Tahitians.

Among the Aztecs, the Legend of the Suns mentions the first man, Tata, and his wife Nena, who survived the Flood. They were taken care of by the god Tezcatlipoca, responsible for creation, change and destruction, the deity of fate and luck. In Aztec mythology there is also a serpent - the winged Quetzalcoatl, who created people and was associated with rain and fertility (as in India).

The mythology of the ancient Paleo-Asian peoples, such as the Chukchi, Itelmen and Koryaks, has a very complex structure. Their ancestor-progenitor is called Big Grandfather, Achichenyaku. His symbolic embodiment is the raven.

What events could underlie the myth of Adam and Eve

73.5 thousand years ago there was a powerful eruption of the Toba volcano on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. Huge clouds of volcanic ash covered the earth's surface from the sun's rays for a long time. And a new evolutionary revolution occurred - a cosmic winter, an era of glaciation, began for several hundred years. Many species of living beings have become extinct. The human population on the planet has decreased, according to some scientists, to 4,000 people. The ice caps at the poles absorbed huge amounts of water. In the remaining territory, the level of the world's seas dropped sharply, and the Pleistocene shelf was exposed. Thus, the people remaining on the planet received additional opportunities for migration, and the very plot of the development of humanity from a pair of progenitors was preserved in the mythologies of peoples around the world.

Adam and Eve

The ancestors of mankind - man and woman - were created "in the image and likeness of God" at the end of the sixth day of creation, and were given dominion over all the earth and living things.

Among the Garden of Eden were two special trees: the Tree of Life and the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil.

Eve conceived and gave birth to Cain. Then Eve conceived again and gave birth to a second son, Abel. Then she gave birth to her daughter Avan.

An asteroid discovered in 1876 is named after Eve.

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Days of creation of the world and living beings. For a very, very long time there was nothing, there was not even the Earth itself, but there was complete darkness, cold, emptiness - and only one almighty God. God began by creating the heavens and the earth. But they did not yet have a specific appearance, and, as the Bible says, only the Spirit of God hovered over the waters. Then God separated the light from the darkness and called the light day and the darkness night.

The first day of the creation of the world.
From Kedmonovskaya
manuscripts, ca. 1000 g

On the second day, God created a firmament that divided the water so that part of the water was above it, and part was below it. He called this firmament the sky [more accurate meaning of the Hebrew word translated as “firmament of the sky” is “gaseous layer”].

On the third day, God gathered the water that was under the sky into one place, and dry land appeared. He called it earth, and the waters seas. God liked what he created, and according to his desire, grass and trees grew on the earth. And God saw that it was good.

On the fourth day, God created the luminaries to give light to the earth and separate day from night. Days, months, and years could be counted by the luminaries. The big one shone during the day, the smaller one gave light at night, and the stars helped it.

On the fifth day, God took care of living beings. First, fish, aquatic animals and birds were created. God liked them all, and he wished that there would be as many of them as possible.

God creates a helper for himself. On the sixth day, God created creatures that were supposed to live on land: cattle, snakes, and wild animals. But He had many other things to do, and He created an assistant for Himself - a man. Outwardly, he had to resemble God himself. And just as God rules over the whole world, so man had to rule over the whole earth and all living creatures. God created a man from the dust of the earth and breathed life into him, and after a while he created a woman (we will find out exactly how later). And God blessed them, saying: “Fill the earth and subdue it, and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that walks and crawls on the earth.”

God looked at the heaven and earth he created, and he liked everything created. On the seventh day God rested from his labors. And He decided that from now on every seventh day would be a holiday.

Creation of the world.
From a manuscript of the late 13th century.

Adam in heaven. Eve.

Adam had to care for and protect the Garden of Eden. He could eat fruit from all the trees except one: God forbade him to touch the “tree of the knowledge of good and evil,” saying that Adam would die as soon as he ate fruit from this tree.

Adam was bored alone, and then God ordered all living creatures to come, fly, crawl, and swim to the man, and Adam gave them all names and found himself an assistant among them. Adam called all the animals, birds, fish and reptiles by their names, but there was no one among them who could help man in everything. Adam got bored again. God took pity on him, put him to sleep, and while Adam was sleeping, he took out one of his rib and created a woman from it. Then He brought her to the man and woke him up. Adam was very happy and decided that now this woman, a part of himself, would be his wife and helper.

And Seth - the first people born outside the Garden of Eden. Seduced by the serpent, she gave her husband Adam a taste of the forbidden fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil, which in Christian mythology became the cause of the fall of the first people.

Creation of Man

God created the first people, Adam and Eve, in his own image and likeness. It was assumed that the ancestors of mankind would rule over everything living on earth. God was the first to make Adam “from the dust of the earth” and breathe life into him through his nostrils. Then God put Adam to sleep and took his rib, and from this material he created Eve, the first woman.

Eve became Adam's wife. Both lived in the Garden of Eden, walked “naked and not ashamed.” The "canonical" story of Adam and Eve is found in the book of Genesis. However, there are also apocrypha, according to which Eve is not the second person created after Adam, but the third, because the second was Lilith, the first “unsuccessful” wife of Adam, whom God created before Eve. This is described in the book of Zohar.

Lilith can be called the first feminist in mythological history to vote in favor of equal rights for men and women. Lilith refused to submit to Adam, declaring that God created woman equal to him. Lilith flew away from Adam, uttering the secret name of God, and Adam went to God to complain.

Three angels were sent after the fugitive, who overtook Lilith at the Red Sea. The woman refused to return to her husband and was punished. Lilith turned into an evil demon who kills babies, and according to Kabbalah, into a she-devil who comes to young bachelors in their dreams and seduces them.

Created from a rib, Eve no longer considered herself equal to her husband, but also brought him trouble.

Original sin

When creating the Garden of Eden, God “included in the project” two special trees - the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil and the Tree of Life. The fruits from the second gave eternal life, but the Lord forbade the fruits from the first to be tasted. The punishment for those who violate the ban will be death. The rest of the flora in Eden was at the complete disposal of Adam and Eve.

At first, people observed the Lord’s prohibition, until the serpent, who was “more cunning than all the beasts of the field,” turned to Eve. The serpent began to persuade Eve to taste the forbidden fruit. At first, Eve refused to obey the serpent and said that God had forbidden anyone to approach that tree and try the fruits from it under threat of death.

The serpent convinced Eve that they were not threatened with death; on the contrary, by eating the fruit, people themselves would become like gods. Fascinated by the speeches of the devilish reptile, Eve tried the fruit, which in popular culture is considered to be an apple. In fact, the type of fruit in the Bible is not specified, and there are different opinions about what exactly Eve ate - from a fig or a fig in the version of the Jews to a peach in the version of the Armenians.

Having tasted the fruit, Eve fed it to her husband. After tasting the forbidden fruit, Adam and Eve suddenly noticed that they were both naked, became embarrassed and tried to hide from God. The Lord punished each participant in the events. He cursed the snake to always crawl on its belly and eat dust. And he expelled Adam and Eve, who committed the original sin, from Eden.

Outside the Garden of Eden, a man had to work hard all his life and cultivate the land, and Eve was doomed to obey her husband and “bear children in illness.” People lost the immortality that was characteristic of them in the Garden of Eden, and after death they were doomed to return to dust - to the earth. To prevent people from sneaking back into Eden and tasting the fruits of the Tree of Life, which give immortality, the Lord placed a cherub at the entrance - a many-winged angel with a fiery sword.

After being expelled from paradise, people began to be fruitful and multiply. Eve gave birth to her first son, Cain, followed by her second, Abel. The third son, Seth, was born to Eve when she was already 130 years old. From the family of this Seth came Noah, the Old Testament patriarch who was saved in the ark during the Flood along with a small group of chosen righteous people. The descendants of Eve's other sons - Cain and Abel - died during the flood. Thus, Seth is considered the ancestor of modern humanity.

Film adaptations

In the 11th episode of the first season of the series “The X-Files”, the name of Eve is given to women and girls-clones artificially created during a genetic experiment. These lab-enhanced babies were supposed to become super soldiers. But something went wrong, and Eve's test subjects began to go crazy in their teens, turning into psychopathic killers.

In 2014, the biblical epic film “Noah” was released, where the actress Ariane Rinehart embodied the image of Eve.

In the Supernatural series, Eve is the mother of monsters, a powerful being who appeared long before angels and humans. She lived in Purgatory until she escaped from there to Earth, where, in the guise of a mortal woman, she gathers her own army to confront angels, demons and everyone in general.

In 2013, Jim Jarmusch's film "Only Lovers Left Alive" was released, which is about a couple of vampires - an underground musician (), who lives in half-abandoned Detroit and is thinking about suicide, and his stylish wife (), who loves poetry and chatting in the evenings with contemporary English poet Christopher Marlowe in the warm Moroccan city of Tangier. Both vampires are named after the biblical ancestors - Adam and Eve.

The images of Adam and Eve have been played out many times in art. The images of the ancestors of mankind on the diptych of the German artist Albrecht Dürer and on the doors of the Ghent Altarpiece by the van Eyck brothers are famous throughout the world. Hieronymus Bosch depicted Adam and Eve on the left wing of the famous triptych “The Garden of Earthly Delights”, which shows the last three days of the creation of the world.

Molecular biologists have dubbed "mitochondrial Eve" the woman who became the last common maternal ancestor of all living people and lived about two hundred thousand years ago. The mitochondrial DNA of this hypothetically existing lady is shared by all human women, but this does not mean that she was the only “foremother” of humanity, like the biblical Eve. Other women lived at the same time as the so-called “mitochondrial Eve” and also made their own contribution to the gene pool of humanity. This discovery is the subject of a two-part Discovery film, “The Real Eve.”

In Peterhof there are paired fountains “Adam” and “Eve”, sculpted by the Italian Giovanni Bonazza commissioned by the Russian diplomat Raguzinsky during the times. Over the three centuries of existence, the fountains have not changed and have retained their original appearance.
In Abrahamic religious traditions, it is believed that Old Testament characters have very real burial places. The ancestress Eve, according to Judaism, is buried in the Cave of the Patriarchs, also known as the Cave of Machpelah, in the ancient part of the city of Hebron on the banks of the Jordan River. Along with Eve, Sarah, the wife of Abraham, Rebekah, the wife of Isaac, and Leah, the wife of Jacob, rest there. And according to the Islamic version, Eve’s grave is located in the city of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia, where there is a place called Hawwa’s Tomb, or Mukbarat umna Hawwah.

In the Muslim tradition, Eve is called Havva. The Koran says nothing about Adam’s wife, she is only mentioned, without details. But the details are present in hadiths, or legends that tell about life. In this version, the Lord sent Adam and Havva to different parts of the world: the man, after the Fall, ended up in India, and the woman in the Arabian Peninsula. It is believed that Havva gave birth not three times, but twenty, and each time - twins. The last thing Havva gave birth to was one son. In total, according to the Islamic version, Havva had 39 children.
Asteroid 164, discovered in 1876, is named after Eve.

Quotes

“And Adam called his wife’s name Eve, for she became the mother of all living.” - Gen.3:20

“And the serpent said to the woman, Has God truly said, You shall not eat of any tree in the garden? And the woman said to the serpent: We can eat fruit from the trees, only from the fruit of the tree that is in the middle of the garden, God said, do not eat it or touch it, lest you die. And the serpent said to the woman: No, you will not die, but God knows that on the day that you eat of them, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like gods, knowing good and evil. And the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes and desirable because it gave knowledge; and she took of its fruit and ate; And she gave it also to her husband, and he ate.” - Gen.3:1-6