Fireproof ceilings of the second type. GOST and SNIP requirements for fire partitions

According to STB 11.0.03-95 "Passive fire protection. Terms and definitions" under a fire ceiling is understood - a fencing structure made of non-combustible materials with a standardized fire resistance limit, preventing the spread of fire in the vertical direction.

Fireproof ceilings are provided according to SNiP 2.01.02-85 * of three types: type 1 with a fire resistance limit of at least 2.5 hours, type 2 - at least 1 hour, type 3 - at least 0.75 hours and made of non-combustible materials. According to SNB 2.02.01-98 - four types: 1st type - REI 150, 2nd type - REI 60, 3rd type - REI 45, 4th type - REI 15.

They are designed to limit the spread of fire across the floors of a building for a time equal to the required fire resistance limit. Fireproof ceilings without gaps adjoin external walls made of non-combustible materials. In buildings with external walls that spread fire, or with glazing located at the floor level, they intersect these walls and glazing (clause 3.12 of SNiP 2.01.02-85 *).

Fireproof ceilings, as a rule, provide without openings. If necessary, the device of openings is protected by fire hatches and valves of the appropriate type.

The scope of fireproof ceilings is regulated by specialized and industry chapters of SNiP. The most widespread are fireproof ceilings of the 2nd and 3rd types for the isolation of basements, basements and attics, respectively, in buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance. Fireproof interfloor ceilings are also provided as horizontal enclosing structures of premises, partitions or walls of which are not less than 0.75 hours.

Interfloor ceilings of buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance are used as fire protection if their design meets the requirements of fire safety standards.

Fireproof ceilings of the 1st type are arranged in warehouse and industrial buildings above the first floor, when the area of ​​fire compartments in the first floor is taken according to the norm for one-story buildings. Considering that the fireproof ceilings and walls of the 1st type have the same required fire resistance limits, the structures of the firewalls can be installed directly on the elements of the frame of the 1st type fireproof ceiling.

Tambour locks and evacuation corridors must have fireproof ceilings with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.75 hours.

The technical floors are also a fire barrier limiting the vertical spread of the fire. The presence of two ceilings is a volumetric barrier and can be recommended in all cases when it becomes necessary to reliably divide the building into compartments vertically.

Fire-fighting structures are designed for passive protection against fire, prevent the growth of fire before the arrival of the fire brigade. Fireproof ceilings do not allow the flame to spread vertically, its passage from floor to floor, localize the combustion zone.

Used to isolate processes with increased explosion and fire hazard. Contribute to minimizing damage, prompt elimination of fire, the safest and fastest evacuation.

Main characteristics

They are made of fire-resistant materials, the ceilings have no openings and meet the established standards and regulations for fire resistance. If, according to the design plan, openings are provided in the fire ceiling, they are closed with hatches, valves in compliance with fire-resistant parameters.

They withstand the effects of fire during the period of time required by SNiP 2.01.02-85, the periods of resistance to fire are prescribed in the regulations for each type of fire resistance.

To increase the operational characteristics, additional suspended ceilings are mounted on the ceiling, which are made of fire-resistant materials. The ceiling shields the thermal effect, enhancing the fire resistance parameters.

Overlappings affect the ultimate fire resistance of the entire structure. For slabs, supports and tie nodes should not differ in type.

Their fire resistance limit is established depending on the time when one or more successive boundary states for the loss of resistance occur, depending on the functional of the structure.

Overlappings are divided into 3 types of fire resistance:

• 1st - fire resistance more than 2.5 hours.
• 2nd - fire protection for one hour.
• 3rd - the ultimate fire resistance is designed for 45 minutes.

Device and installation features

For the device of fireproof ceilings, frame-panel or piece elements are used, the fire hazard class is K0. The latter are produced both frame and frameless. The fire resistance of prefabricated fireproof ceilings is determined by the elements least resistant to fire.

The joints between the panels, the places of their contact with the inner walls, partitions are sealed with mineral fiber gaskets. Covered with a cement solution, the layer thickness is made 20 mm. This allows you to fill voids in the structure, to prevent the ingress of combustion products to other floors (levels).

The connection to the outer wall is performed without gaps if the fire resistance class of the wall is K0. The overlap crosses the outer wall (partition) when its fire safety class is K1 - K3 or it is made in the form of glazing.

In ceilings of the 1st type of fire resistance, hatches, openings are filled only with vestibules, which serve to limit the spread of fire along the vertical, have three types of fire resistance.

Divide the building into compartments, ensure reliable operation. Installation of fire protection structures is carried out before the start of finishing during the completion of the main construction work.

1st type of devices

Fireproof ceilings of the 1st type have the highest fire resistance class. Used to insulate basements, basements. Installed in industrial buildings, warehouses.

Partitions of exclusively 1st type of fire resistance are installed on the frame and elements of fireproof ceilings.

The outer wall is divided by a fire-proof ceiling, the projection of the ceiling should be 30 cm.It is not done if:

It is forbidden to cross overlappings of this type by mines serving for the transportation of flammable liquids, gas, dust-air mixtures.

Channels, pipelines intended for the transfer of combustible substances, materials.

2nd and 3rd device type

Ceilings of the 2nd and 3rd type are used in buildings with I and II fire resistance classes. They divide the vertical space into floors.

Ceilings of the 2nd and 3rd types are most in demand for the installation of fire protection structures in buildings. They are also used to equip transformer or battery substations.

Sometimes they are mounted as a horizontal fence of some structures. They must meet the requirements and standards of fire safety of structures.

Attic floors, attic rooms are isolated from the lower floors with type 2 ceilings.

In lobbies, elevator shafts, in the manufacture of channels and niches for laying electrical communications, type 3 fire ceilings are used. They serve as a barrier to the capture of a larger area by fire.

Through mines for various purposes, the fastest spread of fire occurs throughout the building. This limits access to the fire for its complete elimination, makes it difficult to quickly evacuate people from the building.

Application area

Fireproof ceilings are widely used in civil, industrial, military construction. They are multifunctional, have high durability, which allows limiting the spread of fire, prevents the flow of explosive mixtures from the upper level (floor) to the lower one. Good insulation and sealing of fireproof ceilings additionally fulfills sanitary and technological functions.

They are used as part of structures for insulating flammable premises, technological processes with high risk factors (fire, explosion).

Good gas tightness of ceilings prevents the outbreak of fire, or localizes it, prevents the spread of explosive dust-air mixtures and gases outside the ceilings. They are used to equip rooms for storing substances, valuables that have a certain degree of fire hazard.

They are installed together with electrical equipment for household and industrial purposes, mounted in electrical control rooms.

Overlappings are used for the manufacture of sectional structures in basements, warehouses, and various industries. Rooms with flammable liquids, materials, winches with fire curtains, ventilation chambers, and refuse chute systems are separated from the main space.

They are used for the production of reserve storage facilities, compartments for storing bulky flammable materials (decorations, mannequins). Used to create corridors for rapid evacuation in emergencies.

Requirements and standards

Requirements for norms, scope, standards for the manufacture of fireproof ceilings are clearly spelled out in SNiP and in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 123-FZ of July 22, 2008, which regulates the requirements for fire safety.

table 2

Fire protection barriers

3.3 Checking the compliance of evacuation routes

Evacuation is understood as the process of organized independent movement of people out of the premises, in which there is a possibility of exposure to hazardous factors of fire. Evacuation should also be considered the non-autonomous movement of people belonging to low-mobility groups of the population, carried out by service personnel. Evacuation is carried out along the evacuation routes through evacuation exits.

The tasks are to ensure the timely and unimpeded evacuation of people from the premises before the onset of a critical value for at least one of the types of RP.

The task is solved by standardized, constructive and space-planning solutions aimed at isolating sources of smoke, creating conditions for the unimpeded movement of people during evacuation, limiting the use of combustible finishing materials on evacuation routes.

The main indicator of the effectiveness of a solution that ensures the safety of people is the time it takes for people in the event of a fire to be able to leave the premises or the building as a whole without harm to health ( t nb, min.) The safety condition for people is considered fulfilled if :

where t R- actual time of evacuation of people, min., t nb- required evacuation time, min.

Compliance with this condition is checked ("Calculation of the time of evacuation") of the course project using the calculation.

In addition, during the examination of escape routes, compliance with the following safety conditions in the project is checked:

where
- respectively, the actual and required number of emergency exits.

where
- actual and required width of evacuation exits.

where
- respectively, the actual and required total width of the evacuation exits.

- respectively, the actual and required length of evacuation routes.

Evacuation routes within the premises - routes ensuring the safe evacuation of people through evacuation exits from this premises without taking into account the fire extinguishing and smoke protection equipment used in it.

Table 3

Evacuation routes

Fires in homes, industrial and other buildings pose a terrible threat to human life and often cause great material damage. To protect people from irreparable consequences, the state has developed a number of fire codes and regulations (SNiP), which must meet any premises.

Fire partitions are one of the important safety details of every building. They are always in demand in large office buildings, shops and factories, as they prevent the spread of fire and smoke during a fire, providing people with the opportunity to evacuate in a timely manner.

Today, many companies are engaged in their installation, but not every of their production meets the established standards. The AB-Profi company offers its customers the installation of fire partitions in accordance with all the requirements and norms of SNiP and GOST.

What is a firewall?

This is a barrier that prevents fire from spreading from one room to other rooms. Such barriers are divided into several types, depending on the indicators of fire resistance.

Types of fireproof partitions in accordance with GOST:

• Type 1 firewall - must have a fire resistance rating of El 45;

• Type 2 firewall - must have a fire resistance rating of El15.

These figures mean that each of these partitions can hold back fire for 45 or 15 minutes. The letters E and l are important: E is the norm for the integrity of the partition, l means the ability of the structure to isolate heat during the specified time.

You can also find additional indicators EIW30 or EIW60, where, in addition to the designations E and l, another letter W is indicated. It shows the limit of the heat flux density on the unheated side.

In addition to compliance with fire resistance standards according to GOST, there are several more rules established by law (SNiP).

Rules governing the production of firewalls:

• Compliance with fire resistance indicators according to GOST.

• Any partition that prevents fire must be made of materials that are resistant to fire (clause 3.2 of SNiP 2.01.02 - 85).

• Refractory gypsum board (GKL) with a frame made of refractory materials such as steel or aluminum (GOST 6266-89). In this case, the mating angles must have a fire resistance index of at least 1.25 for the first type and 0.75 for the second;

• Refractory plastic;

• Fire-resistant glass - with a frame made of non-combustible materials or cast, transmitting light, or made using a special technology - a multilayer method;

• Glass blocks are used in premises to which particularly high fire safety requirements are applied. They do not melt, do not crack, completely prevent the penetration of fire and the spread of heat;

Each of the materials has its own advantages and disadvantages, brick and partitions, as well as plastic and GKL sheets with a frame, are especially popular due to their strength due to their low cost.

Glass fireproof partitions or their analogs from glass blocks are no less durable than brick, they are distinguished by their beautiful appearance, but their prices are much higher than those of analogues made of other materials.

• The fire-resisting partition must provide free space above the suspended ceilings ( P. 3.10 SNiP 2.01.02 - 85).

• Any room located in the basement should be separated from the others by a firewall.

Fireproof partitions have two design options:

• Stationary - these are partitions made of hollow bricks, at least 10 cm thick.

• Mobile - fire-prevention barriers made of refractory material with a metal frame, they can be easily dismantled and rearranged to other places.

Construction device

Each firewall has a different device depending on the type of construction. Stationary partitions are brickwork, it is distinguished from the wall by the technology of masonry - the brick is laid with an edge.

Mobile partitions are based on a metal frame, which is filled with a heat-insulating base, and the surface is decorated with any fire-resistant material.

All internal joints and seams are sealed with special compounds, which swell when strongly heated, completely fill the smallest cavities and block not only fire, but also smoke.

What is a fire barrier? A fire barrier is a building structure that separates different parts of a building from each other. The barrier serves to prevent the flame from spreading to other rooms.

The main types of fire barriers:

• Partition (vertical enclosing structure),
• Overlap (floor, ceiling),
• Wall,
• Tambour locks (space with two doors), etc.

As a rule, a fire barrier is designed for a certain time during which it can contain the flame. According to SNiP, fire walls resist the spread of flame for at least 2.5 and 0.75 hours, partitions - 0.75 and 0.25 hours, ceilings - 2.5, 1 and 0.75 hours, vestibules - 0.75 hours.

Fireproof walls of the 1st type are equipped with fireproof doors, as well as windows and gates of the 1st type, in the walls of the 2nd type of filling (doors, windows and gates) must be of the 2nd type. Partitions of the 1st type are equipped with fire-resistant doors and windows of the 2nd type, partitions of the 2nd type - doors and windows of the 3rd type. The floor and ceiling of the 1st type have hatches and valves of the 1st type, hatches and valves of the 3rd type are installed in the ceilings of the 2nd and 3rd types.

Barriers are made of refractory materials. This can be, for example, reinforced concrete or metal. For the manufacture of fire hatches and doors of the 1st and 2nd types, that is, with a fire resistance limit of 60 minutes and 30 minutes, you can use wood with a thickness of 4 mm or processed with special substances to a state of incombustibility.

Models of fire doors from STROYSTALINVEST

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• Types of fire barriers

  

  Type 1 firewalls are partitions, floors, walls of the first type, respectively, type 2 firewalls are type 2 structures. For example, type 1 fire walls are fireproof within 150 minutes after the start of a fire. Type 2 walls have EI-45. Partitions of the 1st type - EI-45, 2nd - EI-15. Glazed partitions - EI-45 (first type) and EI-15 (second type). Overlaps are of the first, second, third, fourth type, which means a fire resistance limit of 150, 60, 45 and 15 minutes.

  How to determine the type of fire barrier

  Each fire barrier has its own design features. Thus, a wall is a vertical barrier that separates different parts of the building at its entire height. What lies between the walls are the compartments. Partitions, in turn, separate one zone from another within the same floor. Everything between the partitions is sections. Partitions can have glazing, which is made of refractory materials. Overlappings separate parts of the building horizontally, that is, it is the floor and ceiling.

  In the same way, each fire door, hatch, gate has its own fire resistance limit (120, 90, 60, 30, 15 minutes). To understand which fireproof door or hatch needs to be mounted in a particular wall, partition or ceiling, you need to look at tables No. 23 and No. 24 of the technical regulation on fire safety requirements (Federal Law No. 123). Each type of fire-resistant barrier has its own type of filling of openings.

  

  For example, a wall of the first type. It is designed for 150 minutes. It can be fitted with doors and windows of the first type, that is, with EI-60. The wall of the second type with a fire resistance of 45 minutes is equipped with doors and windows, including fire doors with glass, with EI-30. Further: partitions of the first type (EI-45) - doors of the second type (EI-30), partitions of the second type (EI-15) - doors of the third type (EI-15).

  Partitions with glazing of the first type (EI-45) and the second (EI-15) - doors of the second and third types (EI-30 and EI-15). Overlaps are of the first, second, third, fourth types, which corresponds to the fire resistance limits of 150, 60, 45 and 15 minutes. Hatches of the first, second and third types are installed in them (60, 30, 15 minutes). During the construction of buildings and structures, compliance with these requirements is mandatory.