Attach a closed porch. Porch for a summer residence - features of different types of structures

If you have erected a wooden house on your site, then an absolutely logical solution would be to build a porch to a wooden house with your own hands. Despite the seeming complexity, this task is by no means so impossible, and will be within the power of almost every master with a head and hands.

In addition to the aesthetic load, which makes a good porch especially remarkable, this element of the facade has specific functional purposes:

• Protection of the entrance to the house from precipitation in the form of rain, snow and hail;
• Creation of a canopy that creates a comfortable shade, and protects the canopy from heat and heat in the warm season;
• It is possible to create a recreation area, in the case of arranging a large porch in the form of a veranda.
• And the most important thing is a flight of stairs, along which we will climb to our cozy home.

Therefore, before picking up a hammer and a chisel, you need to think carefully about the above, and take into account all the nuances, making the necessary amendments to the construction plan.

Proportions and sizes

We think that it is not a secret for anyone that since the end of the centuries, people have built residential buildings, taking as a basis the dimensions of the human body and its psychological perception of the surrounding space. The porch, which must meet certain requirements of human physiology, is not an exception.

All dimensions given below are generally accepted, and are used in construction everywhere. You, if necessary, are free to change the main proportions, according to your preferences and requirements, but do not forget about the reliability of the structure.

Now let's take a closer look:

• To create a free approach to the door, you need to provide an open space that will allow the door to open without interfering with the standing person in front of it;
• If you focus on building codes, then the width of the porch in front of a single-leaf door should not be less than 1m 60 cm - this value is the minimum;
• For a two-leaf version of the door leaf - the norm regulates a distance of 2 meters;
• The distance from the doorway to the first step starts from a mark of 1 meter: this value should be adjusted, looking at the width of the doorway - the wider, the greater the distance;
• To protect the steps and the platform from direct sunlight and precipitation, the length of the canopy at the porch should go beyond the boundaries of these elements. Usually, a protrusion of 30 centimeters is left.

Now, with regard to human physiology. There are also certain laws, derived in specific formulas and meanings:

• The average step length for an adult is about 63 cm. Based on this, the optimal values ​​of the height and depth of the steps are derived. They are 16 -19 cm and 25-33 cm, respectively;
• If nature has endowed you with non-standard dimensions, then when designing a porch, you can use the formula shown in the picture above. Its essence lies in the fact that in the width of your step, two heights and one depth of the steps should proportionally fit. In this case, the height should be less than the depth one and a half to two times.
• The overhang of the step cover from the riser should not be more than five centimeters, otherwise when walking you will constantly stumble over them, risking injury, especially in winter, when the surface of the stairs is covered with a layer of ice or frost.

Advice! Of course, the best way to protect yourself from winter is to attach a closed porch to a wooden house, but this is not always doable. Therefore, take care of the anti-slip coating in advance, and clean the ice from the steps in time.

To ensure safe movement on stairs in the winter season and not only, it is required to equip the passage with handrails. The instruction regulates that any staircase with three or more steps should have this element.

Standard handrail heights range from 80 to 90 centimeters.

The next requirement is mandatory in the design, but it is far from always feasible in practice when erecting a porch with your own hands - a person moves in space so that when climbing a flight of stairs, he starts and ends it with one leg. Therefore, the correct staircase must consist of an odd number of steps (in apartment buildings with a floor height of 2.5 meters, the number of steps in the march is 9).

What else should you consider before starting the construction of the porch of a wooden house?

The level of the platform in front of the door should be 5 or even 10 centimeters below the border of the door leaf. Otherwise, you risk that as a result of seasonal fluctuations in the soil, the raised porch will block the door and prevent it from opening freely.

Foundation and place for it

Like any other construction, the construction of a porch begins with the foundation. All dimensions and heights must be verified at the design stage - ideally, you should have a complete drawing. If you do not have enough skill in carrying out such work, then we recommend attracting a third-party specialist who will cope with such an easy task for him in a very short time.

Advice! It is better to be an inexperienced builder, but with the right blueprint, than a jack of all trades who has little idea of ​​the final result.

The designer will indicate in the drawings the complete scheme of the porch along with the foundation. He will determine the type of soil and give the necessary recommendations for the structure to be reliable and serve as long as possible.

Among other data, the depth of soil freezing will also be indicated (this is extremely important information when constructing a foundation), below which you will need to dig trenches for the foundation, or drill wells. If you have refused the services of a professional, then you will have to look for these data in the "network", where the limit values ​​for each of the regions of our vast homeland are laid out.

The foundation for a wooden porch can be of three types:

• Wooden piles- the most common, inexpensive and simple solution for such purposes. This is what we will describe in this article.

• Metal piles- form a solid and even frame with horizontal bridges, sheathed with wood on the outside. The price of such a solution will be higher, and besides, you will need to hire a master who will reliably strengthen and weld the frame into a single structure. The disadvantages include the fact that the metal has a solid weight, and you need at least three people to work, sometimes with the involvement of lifting equipment.

It is better to use such a solution if you want to make a terrace made of synthetic composite materials, which are very demanding on the evenness of the base, and fit on special profiles, or, conversely, the size of the porch has small dimensions, and it consists only of steps that will contrast with the main one. facade of the building.

• Concrete or block- these are capital foundations under the porch, which require compliance with certain standards when adding to a wooden house. There are a great many types of concrete foundations, but the main requirement for their construction is that between it and the house, or rather its base, it is imperative to provide an expansion joint.

What is it for? During the time when seasonal movements of the soil occur, due to the difference in the loads that the structures experience, the foundations at their joints can crack.

Expansion joints are filled with elastic materials to keep moisture out. For these purposes, rubber gaskets, or mineral wool, are perfect, which are subsequently closed with a special cover strip.

This concludes our preparations and begins to disassemble the construction process.

We do it ourselves

As already mentioned, we are building a porch to a wooden house only from wood, so that it most harmoniously fits into the overall picture of the facade. Next, let's talk about everything in order.

Base under the porch

Well, now let's take a closer look at the construction of a foundation from a wooden beam. And we will start by marking the site with the help of twine and tape measure.

This is done approximately as shown in the photo above.

• The wall and doorway are the main landmarks from which you need to measure all the necessary distances, not forgetting to observe right angles at the intersection of the lines.
• To do this, check the lengths of the segments with millimeter accuracy. Drop both diagonals in the resulting rectangle, which should be equal to each other.
• If right angles are alien to you, and you have chosen a porch of an unusual shape, for example, a pentagram, then focus on the geometric features of the figure that you plan to build.
• Next, we determine the location of the piles - usually these are the corners of the terrace, including those adjacent to the house, and the corners of the first step. If the porch and flight of stairs have solid dimensions, then increase the number of piles at the rate of 2 piles for 1 - 1.2 meters of free span. This value can vary greatly depending on the thickness of the beams of the lower veranda trim, and reach 2.4 m with a section thereof of 100 * 150 mm.
• Now it is necessary to drill wells at these points, with a depth exceeding the depth of soil freezing by 15 - 30 centimeters.
• In order for moisture to better move away from wooden piles, it is necessary to make a drainage cushion of river sand of the middle fraction and gravel, which are poured into the holes alternately, in small layers.

• Further, piles are installed in the holes, the recessed ends of which are pretreated with a waterproofing material (bitumen), or are fired at the stake for the same purposes. Such processing will protect the tree from premature decay and damage.
• If the size of the terrace has impressive dimensions, or the piles will go up, forming the base for the porch canopy, then before installing them, asbestos-cement pipes are placed in the holes, inside which concrete is poured three quarters of the depth of the well. But first, they are set vertically, rammed around with rubble and soil, and a reinforcing belt is made inside.
• This design will more reliably fix the pile and protect the wood.

• Next, piles are installed (in pits or asbestos-cement pipes, after the concrete has hardened), which must be set strictly along the plane and vertical, and firmly fixed for a while. To do this, use a rough sheathing, guy wires and wedges, exposing the structure like a tent.
• After fixing, we fill the space around with concrete mixed with screenings and fine gravel - such concrete will be much stronger. Don't forget that we have to make a pretty impressive layer.
• Piles adjacent to the house are attached to the wall using long screws, anchors or nails.

All further work is carried out only after the concrete has completely solidified.

Installation of kosour

Steps on a flight of stairs can be attached in various ways, but most often craftsmen use designs on bowstrings. The bowstring is an inclined guide support that provides reliable fixation of the steps.

You can attach the step to the bowstring by inserting it into the groove, or using screws, nails, pins, dowels or special steel fasteners to fix it. But most often they use bowstrings that have cutouts for the steps that fit on top. Such bowstrings are called kosoura.

Making a kosour on your own is not so difficult. It is enough just to accurately mark the boards and make straight cuts along all the marks, for which a pre-prepared drawing of the stairs will be very useful to you.

From the tools you will need:

• A circular saw;
• Square and pencil;
• Meter;
• Hacksaw for wood.

The number of harvested stringers, first of all, determines the shape of the stairs and its width. Sometimes you can find options on one stringer, but such work is the privilege of qualified specialists. We will need at least two supports, the number of which will grow depending on the width of the passage.

Kosoura can be divided into two main types, differing not only in shape, but also in the complexity of manufacturing:

1. Stepped - we showed them in the photo above. They have triangular notches that are equally spaced along the entire length of the part. This design has one drawback - the beam, after cutting out the slots in its body, becomes thinner and greatly loses its strength.
2. Kosoura with "filly" - have smaller slots, and are equipped with additional elements, actually "filly", and dowels for their fixation. Only an experienced carpenter is capable of such a design, so we will not recommend it to beginners.

Kosoura are the most time consuming and complex parts of the porch being built. When marking and sawing boards, be especially careful, often double-checking and comparing the result with the parts already cut.

Advice! To make several stringers of the same shape, use a stencil that you previously saw out from plywood, thick cardboard or a piece of MDF.

• If the width of the tread in the stringer can be less than the actual step (laying with an outlet), then the height of the riser must exactly match the height of the sheathing part of the same name.
• Do not forget to take into account that the upper step of the kosour should be a continuation of the main porch platform. Take this into account at the stage of marking this element.
• In order for the supports to be strong and not bend under the weight of people walking on the porch, boards with an end section of at least 60 * 300 mm should be used as material. So you guarantee yourself the quality of your future product.
• For these purposes, use boards that do not have cracks and falling out knots. Beware of overdried wood, which has lost a lot of strength.
• Since our structure is external, the contact of the stairs with moisture and ultraviolet light is ensured. Of course, you can buy cheaper boards, made of softwoods (pine, spruce, etc.), and treat them with special impregnations, but it would be better to immediately take hardwoods, which are not only more resistant to the above troubles, but also have a good density that makes them resistant to mechanical stress.

The leaders among such species are oak, Siberian larch, beech or maple. The price of lumber will be higher, but such a porch will also last much longer.

Before you start assembling all the elements into a single structure, you need to treat the wood with antibacterial impregnations and fire retardants - substances that protect the wood from fire.

After the impregnation has completely dried, you can proceed with the installation:

• We install the lower strapping beams on the hardened piles - they are attached from the outside with nails or long self-tapping screws.
• Waterproofing can be laid around the pile at the attachment point.
• We cut out the grooves in the horizontal beam for laying the upper edge of the bowstrings or stringers in them.
• The lower part of the stringer is laid on a horizontal support plate in the form of a bar. At the same time, the wash can be done both in the beam and in the stringer. In the first case, it is better to tie the elements with steel corners, and in the second - with pins.

• Next, we install the lags, forming the basis of the future site. They are placed flush with the bottom rail and are fixed with special stainless steel brackets.

• The thickness of the lags should not be less than 5 centimeters, as it should withstand the weight of people walking on it without deflections.
• Lay them perpendicular to the direction of installation of the deck board, which will subsequently cover the floor. The laying distance is 50 cm.
• Next, the deck board is laid, which is placed with a verified gap for water drainage.
• Laying the steps begins from the bottom - first, the riser is placed, then the tread.
• Fastening is carried out with galvanized self-tapping screws with a wide head, which needs to be drowned a little. To do this, first drill a narrow hole for the self-tapping screw, and slightly expand its edge with a wider drill, creating a sweep.
• In the future, you will need to hide the holes with wood putty.
• To avoid this, you can purchase special staples and use wood glue.

This concludes our review, in which we disassembled the construction of a wooden porch to the house with our own hands. As you can see, the process is very exciting, and will be within the power of many of us. You can learn more about it from the video in this article, where an experienced wizard does a similar job.

03.09.2016 30981

The porch to the house is considered to be the logical completion of the building structure, it has steps, since the level of the first floor is above ground level. When building this element, it is worth considering the required area for comfortable accommodation of two people and the presence of a canopy.

Everyone can do it with their hands, the main thing is to know the nuances of construction, depending on the material for construction. The article discusses the main questions of how to build a porch to the house with your own hands.

• The construction work plan begins with the design. This includes the type of construction, design, material, step and handrail heights. When choosing these elements, it is taken into account what material the building is made of;

Important: when calculating the steps, it is worth considering that a person must finish a step with the leg with which he started, that is, an odd number.

• Before building steps with your own hands, you should know that a comfortable height is 15-20 cm, and a depth of 30 cm, with an increase in these indicators, it is inconvenient to walk;

• You will need to make a slight slope so that when precipitation falls, water does not accumulate on the surface;
• Railings and fences are required not only in the structure of more than 0.5 meters, the use serves as an additional decorative decoration. Railing height within 80-100 cm;
• If the area is sufficient, then you can equip a bench or a veranda;
• The design of the structure is selected based on the exterior of the building and the surrounding area;
• You can build a porch as a separate element from the building, and after the construction process, dock with the house, but it is recommended to make a single foundation. If you performed it as a separate monolithic structure, then you do not need to attach it to the foundation of the house, since cracks will appear during the shrinkage process, which will lead to destruction.

Stages of building a porch to a one-story house

Before creating a project, it is worth considering the proportions of the house and doors in order to end up with a beautiful porch, since the construction of a small structure with large doors looks inappropriate and vice versa. Consider construction above 1.5, taking into account the fact that a single foundation was not initially provided. The complex goal set will make it possible to simplify the task when building light systems.

Construction starts from the foundation, brick is used as the basis for this project.

Required tools and material:

1. Twine;
2. Cement for masonry and foundations;
3. Roofing material;
4. Trowel;
5. Capacity for mixing the mixture;
6. Building level;
7. Brick;
8. Armature;
9. Crushed stone;
10. Shovel;
11. Sand.

In order for the foundation with the building, you will need to go deeper below the freezing point of the soil. You also need to go down below the foundation of the building and you will need to break the integrity of the foundation of the house.

Important: Many builders argue that it is possible to install a foundation on the surface of the soil without deepening, on the one hand, such a process is real, but it should be borne in mind that the material for such a system will need to be selected with high performance, which will lead to additional costs. This is due to the high loads that occur annually during the thawing of the soil after winter, when the soil is not stable. Using pads against heaving of the soil will also not help. The use of an unburied foundation is permissible in regions with a dry climate. And if you use an unburied foundation in this case, the porch will float.

Step-by-step algorithm:

• To build a reliable porch to a one-story house, brickwork occurs in a full brick, that is, the thickness will be from 30 cm;
• At this stage, according to the project, markings are made, the twine is pulled and pegs are installed;
• A trench is dug and filled with fine gravel or crushed stone and a thorough compaction takes place;
• We reinforce the resulting structure;
• The mixture for the construction is prepared as follows: one part of cement, 5 crushed stone and 3 sand is taken;

Recommendation: when preparing the mixture, the resulting mass should have a dense structure, since the plastic solution will begin to exfoliate and peel over time. While stirring, water is added in small portions.

• The foundation is poured and left alone for 20 days. During drying, the porch extension to the house is periodically moistened with water or pre-covered with a film for 7 days;
• If another material is used as a cladding, then when laying a brick, you should not worry about joining;
• At this stage, there is a waterproofing material - roofing felt, laying occurs over the entire area;
• The waterproofing process is done in 2 layers. The first ones are installed with overlap and in parallel;
• The masonry process takes place using a building level or pre-stretched twine;
• The internal space is filled with construction waste, for example, brick breakage, the remaining mortar or fine gravel and gravel 25-30 cm thick, the layers are sprinkled with sand. It is carefully compacted so that, as a result, the voids between the material are minimal;
• The porch for the house in the inner space is filled until 20-25 cm remains to the edge and covered with sand;
• After laying 10-15 cm with a layer of gravel or fine crushed stone, a screed is made;
• When performing this process, do not forget about, and what kind of fastening they have;
• The porch to the house is almost complete. On a pre-laid roofing material, a screed is poured from the total area. Going to the steps after, starting from the top.

Foundation, as a cladding, depending on the design, it is possible to lay tiles. There are dozens of design options, the porch floor is decorated with decorative stone and, but only frost-resistant material is required, for example, porcelain stoneware. The masonry is done so that there are no voids, they are detected by tapping, in this case the tiles are repositioned.

Building a porch with your own hands is not so difficult, the main thing is to adhere to the technology. The facade is finished with outdoor plaster, decorative stone, tiles and other materials suitable for outdoor use. The choice of facing material for finishing the structure remains at the discretion and taste of the owner, but, most importantly, in order to make a beautiful porch, you need to take into account the style of the building and the site.

Construction of a concrete porch

To make concrete, you should adhere to the algorithm. Key questions and recommendations:

• It is recommended to build a concrete structure at the stage of building a house to create a single foundation and waterproofing. Since properly installed waterproofing affects durability;
• If the building has already been built, then attach a porch, 5 cm lower from the front door. The number of steps depends on the height of the door;
• The material for construction is selected high quality, moisture resistant and for outdoor use.

We build a porch to the house in 3 stages:

1. A building material is selected, and preparatory work is carried out on the site;
2. The main stage will be the calculation and construction of the formwork;
3. Concrete paving.

Work order:

• At the first stage, a pit is dug with a depth of 20-30 cm, and is 2.5 cm wider than the area of ​​the site;
• Gravel or fine crushed stone is poured into 2.5 cm, and sand is laid on top to fill the voids;
• To correctly calculate the height of the steps, the height of the structure is taken and divided by their number;
• At this stage, formwork is erected with a height of at least 30 cm, relative to the structure itself;
• The steps are located at a right angle, and the platform itself has a slope of 0.6 cm, a drain of 30 cm. The steps also have a slope of 15 degrees;
• For the formwork, stiffeners will be required;
• occurs after the indentation from the wall surface;
• The stakes are driven into a depth of 25 cm and spacers are installed. The resulting base is filled up and carefully compacted;
• Pre-cut boards are nailed to the formwork according to the parameters of the steps, nails are used as fastening material.

To attach a porch to a brick house, use the same technology before pouring mortar. It should be borne in mind that the construction of a brick structure will cost more than the construction of a concrete base.

Construction of a porch to a wooden house

Wood is considered an environmentally friendly material, but do-it-yourself timber must meet certain requirements, since the structure will be exposed to atmospheric influences and mechanical stress all year round. At the first stage, preparatory work is carried out:

1. When creating a drawing, flights of stairs, construction and surface parameters and design are taken into account;
2. The foundation during the project phase should be thought out so that it is subject to minimal environmental influences;
3. The extension area must be of sufficient size for the simultaneous movement of several people;
4. There are no requirements and norms to build a porch from a bar;
5. Options and style are selected based on the type and design of the house;
6. The surface of the porch should be located 3-5 cm below the door leaf, otherwise, when precipitation falls, the door will deform, which will lead to creaks when opening and closing, and a complete structural failure is also possible.

We build - a step-by-step algorithm:

• You will need boards with parameters 15 cm by 5 cm;
• A support is made from the prepared material, fastening to each other occurs with self-tapping screws;
• A depression is made under the sole of the support in the ground;

• The support is created from improvised material, it can be flat stones or nickels, filled with cement mortar with gravel or fine gravel;
• Wooden supports are installed on these dimes. All elements made of wood are treated with an antibacterial primer against mold and rot 15 cm from the soil, but it is better to saturate the entire structure;
• If there is no primer available, drying oil or used car oil is used as an impregnation, bitumen is inappropriate to use here, since after application an airtight film forms and wood rotting will go from the inside;
• Self-tapping screws are used as a fastening material for the platform. The more firmly the staircase and the platform are connected, the more reliable and durable the structure will be;
• The staircase is built after the completion of the installation of the site. It is worth paying attention to the bowstring, since this element is considered the most difficult, because it is presented in the form of a carrier board. happens exactly on it.

Creating a canopy:

1. A common material for a canopy is polycarbonate, it has high performance, which allows you to increase the service life, as well as a low cost;
2. A frame of several consoles is made from an aluminum profile;
3. To mount the frame, metal clamps are required as fastening material. Rubber gaskets are used to seal the washer attachment points;
4. For the screws, holes are made several times more parts for installation, since polycarbonate tends to expand in the sun. It is impossible to use sharp material for fastening: self-tapping screws and screws, since there is a high probability that a chip will form, and subsequently a crack will go along the surface.

The article examined several types of porch construction from different materials. Also, after the construction, you can conduct electricity so that it is comfortable to move in the dark.

Probably everyone knows that a porch in any house must necessarily have functionality, as well as harmoniously fit into the very exterior of the building, because it is it that is considered a visiting card. There are many different options for how best to implement the construction of a porch for a private house. All this directly depends on your taste, the chosen material and the overall budget. With all this, we can easily say that building a strong and durable porch with your own hands is quite realistic.

The front porch itself consists of a completely open area, often together with a staircase, located in front of the entrance to the inside of the house. It can be absolutely any shape, optionally with a canopy or even without, as well as made of different materials.

In principle, the entire structure of the porch to the house can be divided into three types:

1. Affiliated;

2. Built-in;

3. Simple.

How are they different?

Simple - this is an ordinary platform with steps and always a canopy. During the assembly of this type of porch with your own hands, the most difficult thing is to fill the foundation, since it is necessary even for a simple construction of a wooden porch.

The do-it-yourself built-in porch is initially designed in conjunction with the house, therefore it is being built thoroughly.

The attached type does not externally have any differences from the built-in version, the only thing is that it is slightly modified and slightly rebuilt. The plus is that such a porch with your own hands can be easily attached by a minor alteration.

Remember! For any porch, a foundation is required, it is he who prevents the slightest deformation of the steps during seasonal temperature changes.

Foundation construction for all types of porch

The most important thing is that the main foundation of the porch to the house should be similar to the foundation of the house. If this is not the case, then during the sedimentation of the soil, winter frosts, your structure is simply not simply deformed. It is also possible that during the settling of the soil, your structure will move towards the house and then the porch foundation will suffer first, since it is less massive. To remedy this situation, minor repairs will not be enough and you will have to rebuild everything.

Since the glazed porch is not intended for living, and there is not any huge furniture, there is an opportunity to use an ordinary concrete pillow, which will be the foundation itself.

However, when choosing concrete, some kind of brick (white, red) or facing stone, the foundation must be reinforced. The fact is that this structure exerts a much greater load on the base itself than a wooden porch to a house.

To build the foundation for the porch with your own hands, you must start directly with the markup. To begin with, define a rectangular area of ​​the desired size, the main thing is not to forget that the porch itself must fit in here. Then piles should be driven into each corner of the rectangle and then, along the contour, begin to dig a pit. Its depth should be no less than the main foundation.

Advice! You don't need to lay the foundation very deeply. Of course, the load during the displacement of the foundation will become slightly less, but it is simply impossible to avoid them completely, with the slightest soil settlement or sudden changes in temperature.

If you decide to install a visor above the porch, then you will need to install supports, the very same rectangle for the pit should be increased from all sides by another 20-30 cm, and the piles can be driven in after the end of the porch construction.

To accomplish this, it will be necessary to leave small rectangles of un-dug area (approximately 20x20, possibly 30x30 cm) at the points where the support will be installed a little later. Then it is necessary to drill wells at each site, it is good to install the support, drive it in as much as possible and be sure to thoroughly fill it with concrete.

In this case, formwork is very suitable, although if the soil is rocky, then in principle it is possible without it. To make it, you can use absolutely everything - chipboard, wood-laminated board and ordinary boards, which turned out to be superfluous after construction. The main thing is to remember that plywood (wood-laminated board) and chipboard are quite hygroscopic, therefore, during rains, the rise of groundwater, they will begin to creep quickly, which is why, after the concrete has hardened, it is recommended to remove the formwork.

Do not throw away the remaining trims of boards, which are conifers, because the lumber of this tree has only positive features: after being completely saturated with water, they become much stronger and retain their elasticity.

Advice! If there is a strong deformation in the soil, for example, if your house is on a slope or on a mountain, then the coniferous formwork works as a damper.

The most important and most important element when building a porch foundation with your own hands is waterproofing. In order to equip it, you need to lay the bottom with roofing material in the pit, and then the entire surface inside the formwork. Reinforcement is carried out using high quality bricks, on which it is necessary to put a mesh and fix the lattice with pre-prepared pieces of reinforcement.

Similarly to this principle, the pit is filled with several layers, into which the bricks enter together with the mesh, and then this structure is completely poured with concrete. To avoid the formation of a void, after each poured layer, tamp it thoroughly with a shovel.

Advice! In order to compact concrete well, it is better to purchase an electric vibration compactor, if you do not have one, then rent it.

Due to the fact that the concrete dries for about a week, you will need to immediately level the surface of the foundation and be sure to cover it with roofing material with an overlap of about 50-60 cm from each edge, you can also take a regular construction film. They will help protect the surface layer from any rain, since a large amount of water can make it quite brittle in the future, and then your foundation will simply be damaged.

If the need arises, you can cut off the top in the finished timber, then the piles will be at the same level. But try to calculate the height of the supports taking into account the entrance door, so the height difference should be about 5 cm. The lags are attached using self-tapping screws or dowels - it depends on the material of your wall.

Do-it-yourself porch to the house. Projects. Photo

Often traditional materials are used for construction:

- wood;

- white, red brick;

- facing stone;

- metal;

- high quality concrete.

Do-it-yourself wooden porch

How to make a wooden porch with your own hands? Today it is the most common building material. This is due to the fact that the tree is quite simple to manufacture and therefore it is quite easy and quick to build a porch from it with your own hands. To do this, it is enough just to have a circular saw available (you can use the most common one, but it must be with the smallest teeth - this will help a lot in cutting exactly), a special construction square and skillful hands.

Larch has long been considered the ideal material, followed by spruce and other conifers. Each of them is very durable and easy to handle. The most interesting thing is that at the end of the impregnation, the material that is made from them is practically in no way inferior to oak or some other species, which are several times harder.

It is important to remember! To work with solid elements, you need good skill, the right tools and, most importantly, specific knowledge in this area. For example, the quality of drying oak material can only be determined by an experienced carpenter.

First of all, you need to make a kosougor (kosour). Since it is very impractical to make a porch to a wooden house with your own hands less than 120 cm wide, then you will need at least three beams. Best of all, if the distance between them is about half a meter, it will be much easier for you.

This approach will help to provide your porch with strength, and most importantly, the durability of a self-made structure, regardless of how often the stairs will be used and with what weight load.

You need to know this! The kosour is called the supporting beam, in which the teeth are sawn out, it is she who plays an important role inside the support. It is advisable to lay the steps only on the horizontal edges of these same teeth.

The bowstring (also called an inclined beam) must necessarily be several times thicker than the stringer itself. They are connected using cross beams. At the end, the required number of stringers is fixed between them.

You will definitely need a square to cut the edges and make even steps. The gap between the prongs, even if it is 5-6 mm, will quickly provide the steps with slight subsidence on one side and swelling on the other. Sudden changes in temperature will greatly increase the difference in the level of the steps.

It is customary to make the width of the steps to fit the size of an adult's foot, but it is better to take it with a margin, this is about 40 cm. The height between each step (riser) does not need to be more than 20 cm.

It should be remembered that the number of steps must necessarily be odd and for this one additional edge must be provided. With four steps or more, you will need to make a railing for the porch to the house.

With a glazed porch and a reliably covered staircase from moisture, you can do without the overhang of the steps. However, if the staircase is outside, then the overhang is simply necessary, since thanks to it, water will drip to the lower step, and not between them into the riser.

Advice! An already finished staircase should be installed according to a special principle so that the plane of the steps is slightly inclined (about 1-2 cm). This will help the water flow down instead of accumulating and forming ice.

The structure is installed directly on a previously prepared site, which is the foundation. To make your porch to the house as strong as possible, you should install the stairs exactly in the place in the foundation where the lower beam was previously laid along with the stringers. You can also use it to push a small depression if the concrete is not completely frozen. Thus, you will get a fairly strong stop.

For the flooring in the upper landing, you can take the material that was used for the stairs. In this case, there is only one requirement: it is recommended to use the widest and longest boards that are available, and make the joints as accurate as possible. When the boards are ground to each other as much as possible, you can not be afraid of deformation, even if the whole tree begins to dry out over time.

It will take about 3 to 7 days of work to equip a wooden porch with your own hands. It all depends on the size of your site, on the stairs and, of course, on the skills of working directly with a tree, but a beginner can handle it all. The most important thing is to divide the work into stages and do everything one by one, following the recommendations and instructions.

Metal porch

How to make a metal porch? The porch, which is made of metal, has a very big plus - it is assembled in about a few hours, if you know how to use electric welding in your work. In addition, the metal structure will cost several times less if you do not buy forged elements. However, there are also disadvantages - you will have to assemble a standard porch with your own hands, and therefore it will not look very beautiful and original, unlike others. If you want to make a beautiful porch with your own hands, then you can buy forged products, but they will need to wait up to 4 weeks (it all depends on the volume of your order).

Do not be upset if the budget is limited, because even a primitive metal staircase can be made very impressive and beautiful, the main thing for this is desire and imagination. For the lightest option, channels, corners and necessarily filling material are used. They can be: porcelain stoneware, wood or chipboard.

For an ordinary metal porch, you will definitely need two channels of the same length. They are attached parallel to each other at a distance that is equal to the size of the steps. After that, the corners are marked and cut to the same length as the steps, but at the same time adding a few centimeters around the edges to apply a weld.

In the same way, small pieces are cut from the corners and these two segments are welded with the letter "G" (the frame edge must be cut). The number of such details should be equal to the number of steps on your porch. Then they are closely welded to the channel, and as a result you get a high-quality metal skew. Similarly to this principle, another skew-angle is made using a second channel.

After all these actions, the resulting elements must be connected in pairs on the side where the corners are cut to fit the width of the future staircase. In this case, the contour of the steps is created, and the corner under the riser should turn over its head (thus creating a side).

Your ladder is almost complete. Now it all depends on your taste. The most beautiful will look like a wooden step, attached in any way to the resulting frame. Even if you do not have a lot of experience in working with welding, assembling such a porch with your own hands, in general, will take 2-3 hours.

Concrete porch

How to make a concrete porch? This option is considered a continuation of the laid foundation, but only with the reinforcement of all the steps. This is done so that after a couple of months, chips do not form due to constant heavy loads. Due to the fact that it is customary to cover a porch made of concrete with special facing tiles, gradually collapsing concrete immediately forms chips, and then cracks in the facing itself.

On a prefabricated foundation, you can assemble the formwork, which will be the bottom step. In this case, it should be borne in mind that the height of the step, due to the weight load, must necessarily be 2 cm more than that of the others. Next, a similar procedure is carried out as when building a reinforced foundation for a porch. The only difference is that in this case there is no need to spare the armature.

Advice! It is recommended to close the gap formed between the two foundations with mineral wool. This will create a good expansion joint.

The formwork for the steps can be prepared in advance - this will help save time. However, it is much safer and easier to pour concrete on each step in turn, and it is even better if, before pouring a new step, the solution of the previous one will have time to set.

At the end, it is necessary to align the already completely frozen structure, and then cover it with any tile intended for a metal porch or with a stone.

The time spent on work directly depends on the use of the full formwork, as well as on the formation of each step in turn or all at once. On average, you will need a week to work if you do everything at once, or a week for each step to completely cure the concrete.

Brick or stone porch

How to make a brick or stone porch? This is probably the most difficult porch option. This is because it is much easier to work with a brick foundation, where you do not need accuracy, than to lay out the stone as evenly as possible.

The brick should be laid only if there are several assistants who will thoroughly stir the concrete all this time. With a stone, everything is much more complicated, because the chipped edges cannot be perfectly matched to each other. In general, if there is at least some experience in this activity and at least two people for help, then this type of porch should be abandoned immediately, otherwise you will simply waste your time and all the material.

It will be much easier to make a concrete staircase, and then select a material for steps that will be of a similar size to it. After that, they should be put in one layer on a "frame" of concrete, which is pre-leveled. This method has a huge advantage, since, by making a mistake, you can easily knock off the cladding of the desired area and re-finish the finish.

Building a visor

The visor is, first of all, the protection of the site and steps from various natural precipitations, as well as the ability to independently arrange the porch with your own hands in the house or in the country, beautifully and in a short time. Often it is made from durable metal pipes, coniferous trees or, in extreme cases, metal are used for the frame itself, but any tree or plexiglass is taken for sheathing.

Visors made of wood will need to be tinted at least 2 times annually or treated with special agents instead, otherwise it will gradually begin to dry out and then split longitudinally. When using plexiglass, it is better to make spans of about 0.7 m2 between them. It is strongly not recommended to use glass, as it can easily crack in winter during snow or due to deformation of frames.

The total area of ​​the visor must necessarily be more than the porch itself by half a meter, otherwise it will not be able to perform its main function - protection.

The easiest and quickest option is to make something that looks like a metal ladder. Then the distance between each step can be made about 0.5 m.In this case, you will no longer need L-shaped elements and a channel, because the load on the visor itself will be several times less and only the corners in the outer frame will be enough. But filling with wood or porcelain stoneware can be easily replaced with any other material.

When pouring the foundation, during the formation of the base, piles are necessarily installed, it is on them that the visor should be laid. In addition, this will help in the future to completely glaze the veranda in just a couple of days, if you wish.

For covering, it is better to take a metal sheet together with a tile, but it will be much more spectacular and more beautiful if you use plexiglass and polycarbonate.

Advice! To avoid the appearance of rust on the worn out metal sheet, you can easily paint it with paint in several layers.

Be sure to make the visor sloped, and in the place where the lower rib will be, carefully weld a metal gutter with a slight slope. Attach an ordinary chain at the very end, which will reach the ground so that water will not splash during rain. Due to the fact that water has excellent viscosity and easy fluidity, it will begin to slowly flow down this chain. If you want to somehow get rid of the appearance of puddles near the porch, drain it.

How to glaze a porch yourself

The most common option is a closed porch. In this case, a concrete and stone foundation, along with a canopy and a staircase, is very popular, while always attached to the piles.

Using the corners, which must match the height of the piles in the visor, a frame is formed. They are welded well to the piles, and then double frames of wood with glass are inserted.

Advice! The glass sheet can be absolutely any height, but the width should not be more than 120 cm, because the windage of this glass is high and even a light wind can severely damage it.

If the void between the piles turns out to be more than one meter, then break them up with pseudo piles. To do this, a corner is welded at the top and bottom to the end of the piles with a step inward, and then between them - a double corner, which will form a pseudo-pile. Similarly, you need to divide the height, which forms a horizontal beam from several double corners. This will significantly reduce the load on the glass, and the structure itself will look light and beautiful.

The most common mistakes that are made during the construction of a porch

1. Build a porch with your own hands using low-quality concrete (below grade 200). This concrete itself is quite loose, which is why it will be difficult to perform the facing, since the strength of other mixtures is much higher after complete drying. In this case, due to temperature changes, the lining can be seriously damaged. The very foundation, which will subsequently remain open, will begin to collapse in the summer, and brick steps will collapse even faster.

2. Lack of good waterproofing. If waterproofing is not done in a timely manner in the porch to the house, then this will lead to a huge accumulation of moisture below, as a result of which, during frosts, the structure will gradually collapse. The steps will suffer the most, since they are the ones that get wet in the very first place.

3. Leveling of steps and plastering was done only a few days after the end of concreting. If there is a long break in time, then all layers will cease to hold without additional smears in the structure itself, or at best they will be, but very weakly. Do not forget that the place where the plaster adheres together with the screeds is considered the most vulnerable.

4. The foundation was erected without reinforcement at the base. If you do not have fittings, then the porch to the house will simply not be divided into two separate parts at the slightest subsidence. It will be impossible to repair this.

5. The porch was attached with our own hands to the foundation of the house itself without special expansion joints. You can securely attach the porch only if the house with the porch has a joint foundation. If this is not done, then a sedimentary crack will appear right at the border of the two foundations. To avoid this, the seam of the facing brick or tile must be stirred at one border, and the gaps must be filled with silicone sealant and in no case with grout.

So, you do not need any specific skills to build a porch with your own hands. Each operation is considered basic in construction and therefore everything is within the power of even a beginner with skillful hands.

Do-it-yourself porch to the house. Video

A porch made of wood is an integral feature of a city house or country estate. Every homeowner can assemble it with his own hands. To do this, it is enough to familiarize yourself with the construction technology and stock up on materials.

The wooden porch is a multifunctional structure and one of the most important parts of the exterior of the house. In winter, it reliably protects the front door from snow drifts and provides additional thermal insulation, and in summer, the porch with a canopy can be used as a gazebo.

Several varieties stand out:

1. Simplified - the simplest design, consisting of a small platform and several steps. The main advantages of such a porch are low cost, ease of construction and the ability to attach it to the house at any time.
2. Attached - a porch equipped with a handrail and a canopy. This option is the most common; a wooden extension can function properly for more than ten years.
3. Built-in - this design is the most complex and reliable. It is being built simultaneously with the main building and has a common roof with it. If the construction of a house is just planned, this option is considered ideal.

Recently, an original design that came from Western Europe - a patio - has come into vogue. It is a kind of attached porch that resembles an open terrace.

A standard wooden porch consists of several main parts: foundation, supports, steps, railings and canopy.

Such a carved porch is a real work of art

Before starting work, you must carefully plan all activities. When choosing a place for a future building, you should take into account the following nuances:

• Natural conditions. Depending on the soil, the ground can freeze in winter or swell during the rainy season. The first leads to the bulging of the pillars from the soil, and the second leads to damage to the porch foundation and the occurrence of cracks. To avoid these problems, the hole must be dug below the freezing level of the soil.
• A wooden porch should be attached to the house from the same material. Otherwise, there is a difference in pressure on the soil, which leads to the appearance of cracks and mowing.

It is very important to determine the level of soil freezing before starting work. This is necessary in order to calculate the depth of the foundation both under the porch and under any other structure. To do this, it is necessary to drill a well in the area where construction is planned in cold weather (about a month before the maximum frost). A soil sample is taken every 10-15 centimeters. This work is done by a professional geologist, but you can take a map of the standard freezing depth and check the readings with it.

There are two main mistakes made in the construction of a wooden porch: the structure is too close to the entrance and the foundation is not deep enough. Both shortcomings lead to the inability to open the door in winter due to the impact of the frozen soil on the stairs. The problem can be solved by installing the porch 7-10 centimeters below the front door or by equipping a small threshold directly in the doorway.

Calculation and design of the structure

When designing a wooden extension, it is necessary to take into account some important points:

1. The standard step is 15–20 cm high and 30 cm deep.
2. The steps are often at an incline of 2-3 degrees. Thanks to this, melted ice or rain puddles will not accumulate on the surface.
3. The railings make it much easier to climb up and down the stairs. Ergonomics experts say that the best height is in the 80-100 cm range.

1. Porch height - the distance from the front door to the ground.
2. General run - the distance from the first to the last step, taken in horizontal projection.

A standard step consists of a riser (vertical part) and a tread (horizontal element). To accurately determine the number of steps of the future porch, you need to divide its planned height by the size of the riser.

The standard width of a human step is in the range of 60–64 cm. There is a porch safety formula: 2a + b = 62, where a is the height of one step, b is the width. Marches are optimal for operation, where the step height is 15-18 cm, and the width is 25-32.

The canopy should not be made too narrow, otherwise it will not be able to provide protection from wind and precipitation. The optimal length is 80–85 cm, the width should be half a meter larger than the doorway. To prevent water from accumulating on the roof of the visor, it must be made slightly sloping.

Tools and materials

The optimal choice for building a porch - pine boards

There are no serious restrictions on the choice of wood for the porch. Budget annexes are built from birch or spruce. They are short-lived, because they quickly rot in conditions of high humidity. Cedar or oak in this regard is much more stable, but they are more expensive, therefore they are used in the construction of capital structures.

Pine beams and boards are ideal in terms of price-quality ratio. They are inexpensive, highly resistant to decay and external influences.

Before starting the construction of a wooden porch, you need to prepare the necessary materials:

1. Pine timber with a cross section of 100 * 200 mm, required for the construction of rafters and beams. For log houses, the beams can be replaced with logs up to 200 mm in diameter.
2. Edged pine boards for steps. Each is 40 mm thick and 300 mm wide.
3. Pine riser boards. Width - up to 200 mm, thickness - 20 mm.
4. Boards for bowstrings, railings, canopies, top flooring. Width - small, 150-200 mm is enough, thickness - 50 mm.
5. Small stones and sand required for the installation of supports.
6. Cement.
7. Bitumen, roofing material.
8. Varnish and antiseptic.

For the construction of the porch, only dry wood treated against decay should be used.

Also, in the process, you will need a set of tools. You can use both professional and amateur models (depending on the complexity and volume of work).

1. Hacksaw for wood.
2. Nail hammer.
3. Electric drill, screwdriver, screwdriver set.
4. Electric or manual planer.
5. A drill for digging holes in the ground for installing supports (can be replaced with a bayonet shovel).
6. Measuring instruments - building level, tape measure
7. Capacity for stirring the cement mortar.
8. A set of fasteners: nails, screws and so on.

Step-by-step instructions for building a porch with your own hands

Installation and fastening of supports

The first step for a wooden porch is to equip a high-quality foundation. The ideal option is an inexpensive and uncomplicated structure on piles. Such a foundation is erected independently within a short time.

Fine rubble is poured into the pit and cement mortar is poured

1. Bars or logs selected as supports are treated with antiseptic preparations.
2. Holes are dug for the installation of the racks. The minimum depth is 80 cm, this indicator depends on the characteristics of the soil, the type of porch and its size.
3. The prepared supports are immersed in the ground, covered with mortar and crushed stone, and compacted. For reliability, you can fill them with cement mortar. But in this case, the work cannot be continued until the foundation is dry.
4. After mounting the supports, they are leveled in height and, if necessary, trimmed to the optimum level.
5. For reliability, the rack extreme from the house can be attached to the wall with nails or self-tapping screws.

There is an opinion that a foundation is not needed for a wooden structure. This is not true: a solid foundation will protect the porch from premature deformation and destruction.

Bowstring installation

The bowstring and kosour are load-bearing boards to which the steps are attached. The main difference between these inclined beams is in the position of the steps: in the first case, they are hidden, in the second, they remain in sight. The number of stringers and bowstrings depends on the width of the ladder; for a standard 700 mm, four supporting beams are enough.

The ladder can also be attached directly to the foundation

1. The board is drawn according to a pattern cut out of cardboard. It is a right-angled triangle, the legs of which correspond to the dimensions of the riser and tread minus the width of the board-step.
2. The parts marked on the carrier board are cut with a jigsaw or a hacksaw.
3. Finished products are attached with the upper end to the supports and leveled. For a secure fit, you can use metal staples and strips.

Sometimes the required width of the bowstring significantly exceeds the size of the edged board. In this case, you can use one of the following methods:

1. Use an unedged board. It allows you to make a bowstring from 400 mm.
2. Attach several outer planks to the supporting structure. They will widen, hide and strengthen the bowstring.

Site making

Installation of the upper platform takes place in several stages:

1. Pine boards are cut. The exact size and quantity depends on the dimensions of the porch.
2. The boards are laid in place. On the one hand, they are attached to the stringers, on the other, to the wall or to the crossbeam. For fixation, a thorn-groove connection is used; it is not recommended to use nails.
3. Planks are laid close to each other. In the future, this will allow avoiding problems associated with wood drying and the formation of large gaps in the coating. In the process of work, the surface is leveled.

Boards should be tightly adjacent to each other

When installing a site, especially a closed one or with a railing, you need to ensure that there is enough free space for the unhindered opening and closing of the front door. Therefore, it is necessary that the upper part of the porch is one and a half times wider than the front door.

Laying stair treads

Installation of steps on a bowstring is simple and is carried out in several steps:

1. The lower riser is laid, which is attached to the string with a thorn-groove connection or with self-tapping screws.
2. The lower tread is attached to the riser and bowstring in the same way.
3. Similarly, other risers and treads are fixed to the very top.

The steps are installed after the risers

If a kosour is installed as the basis for the stairs, the steps are laid from bottom to top (as in the photo). When using a bowstring, the boards are laid from top to bottom.

During the fastening of the steps, it is necessary to ensure that the individual boards fit snugly together: the gaps increase as a result of the drying out of the wood, so the structural elements can loosen, and the porch will have to be repaired or rebuilt. If necessary, it is recommended to use special glue. If the planned step width allows, one wide plank can be installed.

Installation of balusters and railings

With the help of the railing, you can give the porch a harmonious and finished look. Their installation is required if there are more than two steps in the staircase.

1. A baluster is cut from a wooden block. This is the main vertical support to which the railing boards will be attached.
2. A small hole with a diameter of about 10–12 mm is drilled in the lower end of the support.
3. A metal pin coated with glue is inserted into the drilled hole. Its second end should protrude 70 mm from the board.
4. A hole with a diameter of 14 mm is drilled in the bottom step (at a distance of 7–8 cm from the edge).
5. The rest of the baluster stud is coated with PVA glue and installed in the hole. The support is leveled. First, the extreme balusters are attached, then the intermediate ones. Places of installations are preliminarily marked on the bowstring.
6. Before installation, the upper ends of the balusters are sawn off at an angle to install the railing.

Balusters are attached to metal inserts or wooden dowels

Canopy fixing

The canopy (regardless of shape and material) includes two parts: a frame and a roof.

By the type of installation, the canopies located above the porch can be suspended and supporting. The first ones are small in size and are attached to the outer wall of the building. Support type canopies require preliminary installation of supports.

The long canopy provides the best protection for the porch area. However, in the wintertime, a large amount of snow accumulates on it. Before making a choice in favor of a long or wide canopy, it is necessary to clarify the average annual rainfall in the region.

Work on the manufacture of a canopy begins with the assembly of the frame:

1. Supporting racks are installed. They are attached to the porch platform with special anchors and fasteners. Before installation, all wooden parts are treated with antiseptics and protective agents.
2. With a long canopy length, additional supports are installed along the edges of the canopy. If they go beyond the site and fall on open ground, the base must be concreted. This will ensure the strength of the structure.
3. The guides are attached to the bearing racks. They are located perpendicular to the posts and are fixed with anchors.
4. The boards of the visor crate are nailed to the guides.
5. The finished frame is painted, the quality of the work performed is checked.

Finally, a cladding material is hung, for example, a corrugated sheet or roofing felt.

Video: How to make a wooden porch with a canopy on your own

Protection of a porch made of wood from damage

To exclude premature destruction of the material, you need to treat the wood with special impregnations that protect the surface from fire, moisture and other external influences.

There are two groups of impregnations to protect wood from moisture:

1. Penetrating. The mortar penetrates the wood structure and minimizes the effects of high humidity. It is enough to process the surface once (during the construction of the porch).
2. Film-forming. Such impregnation does not affect the structure, it creates a film on the surface of the wood. In the future, periodic processing with the same composition is required.

To protect the porch from rotting, it is recommended to use antiseptic preparations in the form of diluted solutions or paste. There are specially designed fire-resistant impregnations that can protect wood from fire. When ignited, the composition forms a refractory film capable of resisting flame for a certain time.

To protect against insects, insecticidal solutions can be used. They scare off beetles and prevent the appearance of new ones. Many homeowners use folk remedies to soak their porch - tar dissolved in turpentine, chlorophos or paraffin.

Any happy owner of a suburban area rejoices at the opportunity to take a break from the bustle of the city in nature. To create comfortable living conditions, you need a beautiful, warm, spacious house, a bathhouse, and outbuildings.

Without the construction of a structure, you will not be able to do it. The appearance of the building largely depends on how the entrance group is designed. Let's consider what the porches of houses can be, from what they can be built, and also we will figure out how to make a porch in the country with our own hands.

Finished building

For almost all buildings, the entrance door to which rises above the surface of the earth, the porch in front of it is a mandatory attribute. It should perform two functions: decorative ̶ to decorate the facade and practical ̶ to provide comfortable and safe movement, as well as protect the entrance group from the influence of adverse external factors.

Components:

1. Ladder. This is the main element of the porch structure.

Requirements for stairs and their components are spelled out in SNiP 31-02-2001 "Single-family residential houses", GOST 8717-2016 "Concrete and reinforced concrete steps", SNiP II-25-80 "Wooden structures", GOST 23120-2016 "Marching stairs steel platforms and fences ”.

In individual buildings, it is allowed to deviate from the current standards. When using them, the owners can be guided by their own taste and ease of use for family members and guests.

The parameters of the staircase elements that allow you to move comfortably on it are as follows:

• Staircase width: at least 90 cm.
• Depth of steps: 25-33 cm.
• Riser height: 15-20 cm.
• The angle of inclination of the ladder should not exceed 45 degrees.

1. Area.

The platform should be 5 cm below the edge of the entrance door. Its dimensions for easy door opening: at least 1 m long, ̶ one and a half door leaf width wide.

1. Canopy or roof.

The canopy must withstand wind and snow loads, protect people and the entrance group from precipitation and the scorching rays of the sun.

1. Walling.

Fences must be continuous, equipped with handrails at a height of at least 0.9 m, withstand loads of 0.3 kN / m. When installing baluster racks, it is recommended to leave a distance of no more than 20 cm between them, and in the presence of small children, no more than 15 cm.

There are many manufacturing options, but a staircase, even if it consists of two or three steps, and a small platform should be present.

The main elements of the porch structure are shown in the photo:

Components

Views

Let's look at the various options.

Structures can be classified according to the following criteria:

Example of construction

1. On the construction of the foundation. The building can be built on a common foundation with the structure, or be an extension on a separate one.

Building on a separate foundation

1. By the shape of the structure.

There are a huge variety of types: from simple, rectangular or semicircular, to the most complex, sometimes even bizarre shapes.

1. By operating time... The structure can be built temporarily, for the convenience of lifting into a building under construction, or as a durable structure.

Temporary structure

1. By organizing the entrance structures into the building can be made with one or two lateral lifts.

But the most popular options are with a front entrance to the house.

Direct lift option

1. By the degree of protection of the site in front of the door... Buildings can be equipped with sheds, fences, have completely blank or only partially closed walls.

Fully enclosed type

The choice of design is often determined by the material capabilities of the owners, the requirements for the porch structure (to provide protection from falls, bad weather, prying eyes).

Open with a canopy

The site can be used not only to enter the building, but also to create additional recreation areas. If the size allows, the building can be turned into a cozy terrace or veranda for organizing gatherings with family or friends.

Terrace option

Equipping the terrace with wicker furniture, decorating with decorative elements: curtains, flowers, lanterns - you can completely transform the appearance of the building.

1. By the look of the stairs. It can be monolithic or arranged on guides (stringers and bowstrings).

These elements can be replaced by a frame or a cast structure made of reinforced concrete.

1. According to the material from which the structure is made.

The construction of the building must be in harmony with the architectural style of the entire building. You can immediately select the right materials and not use the cladding, or you can first make the base structure, which is then finished in accordance with the overall design of the facade.

Porch materials

Here are the most commonly used staircase materials for builders:

• Wood. This material is still one of the most popular for summer cottages. Its great advantage is accessibility, aesthetics and the ability to make a porch yourself.

Wood type

A wooden structure is the best fit for a building also built of wood.

Important! Particular attention should be paid to careful processing of wood from fire, moisture and insect damage.

• Metal. The construction of this material has many significant advantages. Structures made of it are strong, durable, but do not forget about periodic treatment against corrosion.

This type can be ordered from the manufacturer, however, if there is an idea of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe operation of the welding machine, then it is quite possible to build a simple structure with your own hands. Metal does not look very attractive without finishing.

For cladding, wood, WPC, tiles of various types are often used. Forged elements give a special charm.

Metal application

• Brick... Another type of material, the use of which will ensure the durability of the extension to the house. If you have ideas about brickwork, it is quite easy to build a beautiful brick structure with your own hands in the country house.

Application of bricks

The brick structure will look perfect on the facade of a building faced with bricks or blocks. An option with a departure from straight lines in the form of steps will be very interesting.

• Blocks... Blocks of various types are less often used in the construction of porches, but this option also has a right to exist.

block application

The porch, built of blocks (like the whole house), needs to be finished due to its not very attractive appearance.

• Concrete. A concrete structure made using technology will last a long time. It is durable, safe, not susceptible to weather disasters. The appearance of such structures, of course, leaves much to be desired, however, when using facing materials, you can get a real work of art.

Concrete type

Cladding materials

The cladding material serves to give the extension an attractive appearance and also ensures its durability. It must be durable, weatherproof, safe (non-slip).

As finishing materials, you can use: siding, WPC, wood, brick, tiles of various types, panels, natural and artificial stone.

Materials for fences and canopies

• Railing. Fencing for the porch structure has a protective and decorative function. They keep people from falling and add attractiveness.

Fences can be screen and lattice. Materials for their device can be: glass, WPC, PVC, metal, polycarbonate, wood, stone.

• Roofs and awnings. To ensure a comfortable stay of people in any weather, as well as to protect the entrance group from precipitation and sunlight, visors or roofs are installed over the structure.

The canopies are mounted either directly to the facade or supported by vertical supports. The type of fastening depends on the area and weight of the structure itself and the condition of the building wall (ability to withstand loads).

The frame of awnings is usually made of wood or metal, and the canopies themselves can be made of glass, polycarbonate, metal, metal, slate, soft roofing materials.

When arranging a canopy, a drainage system should be provided to protect against excess moisture and provide comfort to people.

Having familiarized ourselves with the possible designs of the porches and the materials for their manufacture, we will consider options for how to make a structure in the country.

Construction

For a more complete acquaintance with how to make yourself an extension of this type to a country house, a video is offered in this article:

So:

1. Preparatory work. You should start with preparation, which includes: the choice of design (including the type of foundation), taking measurements, selection of materials, making a drawing, clearing the territory.

Sketch example

1. Purchase of materials.
2. Foundation device. The foundation can be piled, slab, tape and columnar. When choosing the type and depth, the type of soil, the level of groundwater, the massiveness of the structure must be taken into account. It should be noted that for concrete structures and brick porches, the foundation must be solid. On top of the finished foundation, you must not forget to lay the waterproofing.

Strip foundation

Important! The foundation must not be in contact with the foundation of the house. For insulation, a special layer is used, for example, made of mineral wool.

1. We are building. Let's consider the most popular options.

Porch made of wood

Manufacturing instruction:

• For work you will need: bars for supports (100x150 mm), logs (their thickness is determined by the size of the platform and the load on it), boards for kosour (50x300 mm) and steps (35-40 mm in thickness), material for flooring the platform, balusters, handrails, fasteners. All wooden parts must be impregnated with fire retardants and antiseptics.
• The frame of the site is being mounted. For this, vertical supports are installed, as shown in the photo. When the supports are immersed in the ground, a cushion of sand and rubble is arranged in the dug holes (at least 50 cm deep), then flat stones are laid. The beams are level. After that, the remaining space is filled with cement mortar.

Important! The solution must be completely solidified.

The height of the vertical beams is leveled. Logs are laid on the supports using a spike / groove connection or special stainless steel brackets.

• A staircase is being installed in the country. Kosoura are fastened (with pre-cut grooves for treads and risers). The upper end of the stringers are fixed to the beam, the lower end is best attached to the foundation.

Design

• Risers and treads are fixed on the kosoura with self-tapping screws (in addition, you can grease the joints with glue).

• With the help of self-tapping screws, the platform flooring is laid.
• Railings are being installed. For this, support pillars are mounted in the corners. A bar is stretched between them, to which the racks are attached, which are fixed from above with handrails.

• A canopy is installed if required.

Wooden view

Concrete type

Building a concrete porch takes a lot of time, so you have to be patient.

For its manufacture, you can use a ready-made solution or prepare the mixture yourself. The problem of how to make a solution for pouring with your own hands is not difficult to solve: you need a concrete mixer, cement of a brand not lower than M400, river sand, crushed stone and water. The mixture is diluted with water, starting from the ratio: cement (part), sand (2 parts), crushed stone (2 parts).

• Formwork installation. This is ̶ the most important point in the manufacture of a concrete extension. Planks, plywood, chipboard, sheet metal or plastic are used (if you want to make rounded shapes). The formwork elements must be firmly fixed. It is recommended to cover wooden elements with linseed oil to facilitate dismantling.

Formwork

• Reinforcement. For this, reinforcement rods with a diameter of 10 mm are used, which are connected to each other at a distance of 10-15 cm, or a metal mesh. In order for the reinforcement to be in the "body" of the concrete structure, it should be laid on supports, the role of which can be played by broken brick. Broken stones and bricks can also be put inside, they will increase strength and save mortar. If the railings are subsequently installed, you can install the embedded elements.

• Pouring with concrete. The prepared concrete is poured into the formwork. To compact the mixture, it is worth processing with a deep vibrator. The surface is aligned with the rule.

After that, the structure should be covered with foil. The formwork material can be dismantled a week after pouring, all other work must be left until the structure is completely dry (one month).

Concrete view

For finishing the concrete structure, the materials described above are used. If planned by the project, railings and a roof are installed.

The article considered possible options for the device of porches to summer cottages, and also gave advice on how to build a porch in the country with your own hands.