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Disposal of human waste products is an indispensable condition for organizing comfortable living in private ownership. Therefore, a particularly important stage in the construction of the drainage system is the development of a sewerage scheme in a private house.
Gone are the days when a typical device for a private suburban household was an ordinary country toilet, which is a wooden booth and a cesspool. We suggest you read the article.
At present, the sewerage system in the house is its indispensable attribute.
Types of sewerage systems for a private house
Water in your house or in the country is necessary, there is no point in arguing with this statement. But its excess is even more harmful than its deficiency. An excessively watered area in the economic sense is even more useless than a dehydrated one. Therefore, special systems are created to remove excess moisture:
- Drainage sewer system designed to collect and remove liquid from moisture-saturated soil layers.
- A storm sewer system that performs the function of collecting rain and melt water, its sewage into special storage tanks and subsequent discharge into storm sewers or into devices for household use during a dry period.
- Fecal sewerage, responsible for the collection, treatment and disposal of domestic fecal effluents and human waste products. We suggest that you read the article about.
Any of these devices performs a specific function and has its own design differences in accordance with the purpose.
The nature of the effluents in each system involves the separate collection and sewerage of liquid from each type of these devices.
How to make a sewerage scheme in the house with your own hands
Such a document is a graphical action plan. The sewer project makes it possible to correctly calculate the need for materials for installing a sewer system for your home.
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The basis for drawing up drainage schemes is a building project, which clearly indicates the installation sites of plumbing fixtures and their names, which allows you to choose the right materials.Factors affecting the composition and arrangement of sewage in the house
To determine the size and placement of the main elements when installing a sewerage system in a private house, it is necessary to determine the level of water consumption. The calculation uses average consumption data.
As a first approximation, you can use the standard in the amount of 100 liters per person. When designing, one should adhere to the basic rule of placing the main outdoor sewerage equipment at a distance of no closer than 4 meters from the boundary of the site and no closer than 10 meters from a residential building.
At the same time, the distance to the nearest water intake (well or well) must be at least 35 meters.
If the neighbors complain about you, then the inspection authorities (sanitary and epidemiological service) will require that the distance is not less than the figure indicated above!
Below is an example project.
The purpose of the plan is to locate the main equipment of the drainage system, determine the cross-section of sewer outlets and select the appropriate fittings for the installation of a gravity drainage network.
Elements of the internal sewer system
These include the following details;
- Siphon and drain pipe of the kitchen sink.
- The same device for the washbasin in the bathroom.
- There is also a siphon and a drain pipe from the bath, and a ladder with a siphon from the shower.
- The drain pipe and the siphon from the bidet are in the toilet. There is also a siphon and a knee for connecting the toilet bowl to the fecal sewer riser.
All of the listed parts are connected to a horizontal outlet pipe. Since we are talking about a gravity drain system, the outlet channel during installation is installed with a slope of 2-5 millimeters in the direction of the drain and is connected to the riser of the drain system.
The size of the outlet pipe can vary within the nominal bore 32-50 mm. In practice, they usually prefer to get by with one, maximum diameter, which simplifies the selection of fittings. See the diagram below.
All data on the use of plumbing elements are summarized in an axonometric drawing, in accordance with which it is necessary to calculate the need for materials.
When laying sewer pipes in a country house, all connections must be made at an angle of 135 degrees, for which the corresponding fittings are produced.
How to make an internal sewerage scheme at home on your own
Such a graphic document provides for the display of all communications in the house, including the spillway scheme. This takes into account the following circumstances:
- All plumbing fixtures are installed on the floor along one wall, common to areas such as the kitchen, bathroom and toilet.
- The kitchen provides for the installation of a sink, dishwasher and washing machine.
- These units are connected to a common outlet pipe through siphons, which prevent the penetration of air from the sewer into the room with characteristic odors.
- The outlet pipe passes through a hole in the wall into the bathroom, where the following plumbing fixtures can be connected: washbasin, bathtub, washing machine - each device with its own siphon.
- The next hole in the wall leads to a toilet where a bidet and toilet can be placed.
- All connections are made to a branch pipe with a diameter of 40-50 millimeters using tees at an angle of 135 degrees. Connections must be made "in the socket", equipped with a sealing cuff for tightness.
The system for collecting and removing wastewater is non-pressure, therefore, a drainage sewer line. This rule must be observed very scrupulously.
Another revision is installed at the upper end of the riser in the house, to which the base of the fan pipe is attached. It is removed through the ceiling and roofing. The upper end should be at least half a meter higher than the roof ridge to reliably remove unpleasant sewer odors.
In addition, when the riser pipe is completely filled with drain water, the siphon may break.
A vacuum is created in the filled pipe of the riser, as a result of which the water locks in the siphons are sucked into the riser. Air, by no means flavored, penetrates through empty water seals into the living space of the house. The result is obvious.
Such an unsightly situation is completely resolved by installing a fan pipe through which air enters the system, equalizing the pressure.
The fan pipe must be protected by a head from clogging with debris and leaves. They are most often made in the form of a deflector that creates an upward flow of air for ventilation.
Thus, the riser plays a crucial role in the overall drainage system and all the features of its device must be taken into account when designing a sewer.
Features of the sewerage device in a two-story private house
The device of the upper floor in a country house also provides for the use of a drain system. There are fewer drain points on it, usually a shower and a toilet.
To save money, the second floor sewer wiring is carried out in parallel with a similar network on the first floor. This simplifies the design and installation of the system, since there is no need to install a second riser - the drain will be connected to the existing one.
Elements of the external sewer system
The external wastewater treatment and disposal system consists of a number of units, the action of which is aimed at the disinfection of wastewater.
The main ones are:
- Filter wells or septic tanks. The first are the easiest to manufacture and operate. They are a pit in the ground up to three meters deep. The transverse size can reach two meters, regardless of its shape. The walls of the pit are reinforced with concrete or brickwork. They can be solid or perforated with holes of 40-60 millimeters. At the bottom of the well, a filter up to 80 centimeters thick is arranged.
For it, you can use slag, gravel, broken bricks. The latter is laid in the upper layer of broken bricks, the size of the fraction is about 50 millimeters. For a gravel filter, material from 15 millimeters is used.
- Septic tanks. The container is divided by one or more partitions.
The drained liquid fills the first chamber. A protective plate must be installed at the place where the liquid jet falls, which will not allow it to wash away the silt layer. A cartridge with a bacterial culture should be placed in the chamber, which will become the basis of the aerobic filter.
In it, the biological mass decomposes pollution. Water overflows through the upper edge of the partition and enters the second chamber, where an aerator is installed and the water is blown with atomized air. In this case, the pollution is oxidized and further processed, this time by anaerobic bacteria in the presence of oxygen.
When using a septic tank, the degree of wastewater treatment reaches 75 - 90%, which indicates the need for additional post-treatment for complete disinfection.
- Soil field filtration
- Sewerage projects are carried out individually, depending on the actual conditions.
This method is used for post-treatment of wastewater as it passes through the soil. From the septic tank, the liquid enters the drainage pipe system, passing through a gravel pack and a double layer of geotextile.
At the same time, all fine particles are retained in them, and the degree of purification reaches 98%.
The limitation for the use of such a technique for additional wastewater treatment is the characteristics of soils. Fields are ineffective on soils with low permeability - dense loams and clays. Sandy gravel and sandy soils are most favorable, allowing high-quality filtration of wastewater.
- Infiltrators. On impermeable soils, infiltrates are established. These are box-shaped products made of plastic with side bars, closed at the top and open at the bottom. Depending on the volume of processing, up to 3-4 devices can be installed in series.
Any of the described objects can be used both together and in the configuration selected by the buyer. The objects are connected by laying plastic pipes with a diameter of 100-150 millimeters, less often - for large objects - pipes of 200 millimeters are used.
In addition, each external sewage facility is equipped with a ventilation system; inside the building, fan pipes are used for this purpose.
The use of septic tanks is most popular in areas with insufficient rainfall, while the purified liquid is actively used for reuse for household needs.
Design of external sewerage
These two components of a single task are completely opposite. If the internal sewerage scheme is designed to collect wastewater, then the external one is for their disinfection and disposal.
Therefore, the rules for its construction have only one similarity with internal requirements - the slope from the foundation of the house towards the drive should be 1-2 millimeters per meter for the same reasons (see above).
The factors of the first group include the absence of a special closed shaft for placing a fan pipe. We have already seen the need for it. In such a situation, it is installed with an output through the wall in the wall-mounted version, the fastening is made to the wall using brackets.
If the installation of a fan pipe in this embodiment is also undesirable, you can use an air valve to relieve pressure in the sewer drain.
Types of sewerage facilities and their functioning
For disinfection and purification of wastewater sewered in a private house, several methods are used:
- Accumulation of liquid in a special container. Here, the primary separation of the drain into solid liquid fractions takes place. It uses chemical and biological preparations that contribute to the liquefaction of the mass and its partial processing by active bacteria. Culture can be purchased at specialized stores or at the construction market.
The given cleaning scheme is used in industrial conditions, but most operations in one form or another are also carried out on home cleaning devices.
INFO HELP!!! So, in the storage tank, chemical and bacteriological treatment of wastewater is carried out. Further purification takes place in the filter well. The filter in this case consists of gravel and sand. Good results are obtained by using granulated slag and broken bricks, which are good adsorbents.
Piping and piping
As a result of the accumulated experience, certain rules have been formed for the installation of internal and external pipelines when laying sewers. They look like this:
- Regardless of the place and method of its placement, the type of pipes and other conditions, it is mandatory to observe a slope towards the drain when laying. In this case, one should be guided by the requirements of SNiPs, since a certain slope is required for each pipe size. Violation of the rules in its magnitude leads, as a rule, to the formation of blockage.
- The distances between sewerage objects should be optimal in length, if they exceed 4-5 meters, a revision tie-in is necessary. A revision well must be installed on 10-meter sections.
- When laying sewers in a country house (underground installation), the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85 and 2.04.01-85 must be followed in terms of observing the distances between individual objects of the sewer network.
- In Russian conditions, an important factor is the location of the pipeline below the zero freezing point of the soil. To ensure this factor, the trench must be deep enough, but you can go along the path of sewer insulation, up to the use of heating cables during installation.
- Laying of sewer pipes is carried out only on a pillow of sand and it also covers the top. This stage is very important for their integrity.
When using plastic pipes, care must be taken to compact the sand layer. The best results are given by plentiful shedding of shelter water. In this case, the most high-quality compaction occurs, after which it is possible to backfill with soil.
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Sewer pipe insulation
In sealed latrines, the contents are preserved for the entire time between pumpings. With a large family, such operations are performed quite often, because each person produces about 100 liters of wastewater per day.
The cesspool is located in a place convenient for the access of a sewage truck, no more than 6 meters from the border of the site.
The danger of cesspools lies in insufficient wastewater treatment. If in hermetic devices this issue is not considered at all, then in filtration systems the degree of purification is about 75%, which is clearly not enough and pollution gradually accumulates in soils.
Filter wells
Do-it-yourself installation of the sewerage of a private house is possible in other ways. So, the outer part is made in the form of filter wells. This becomes possible on marl or sandy soils with high permeability.
The composition of the filter in this case is heterogeneous:
- in the lower part, a layer of blast-furnace slag up to half a meter thick is poured;
- then comes a layer of gravel with a fraction of 15 millimeters;
- the top layer should be correctly poured from broken bricks, which exhibit strong adsorbing characteristics.
On the upper layers of such a filter, large components of the filtrate are deposited, then smaller ones. Filter wells are effective if biological wastewater treatment is used. Aerobic bacteria gradually develop in the filter, capable of processing organic matter contained in wastewater.
It is possible and often used to dispose of the filtered liquid through drainage ditches into the nearest body of water. Wastewater in the drainage channel undergoes additional purification, passing through a gravel-sand filter.
The degree of purification in the filter well, depending on the throughput characteristics of the soil, can reach 90-95%.
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In general, a filter well is a transitional stage from a cesspool to a septic tank. If you add another compartment with an aeration unit to the tank, you can get a full-fledged septic tank. Atomized air actively oxidizes the wastewater biomass, forming another silt bactericidal layer, in this case it is represented by anaerobic bacteria.
Calculation of the volume of filtering facilities for sewerage at home
It should be understood the responsibility of the residents of the house for the ecological state of the place of residence. And in many respects it depends on the purity of groundwater. Therefore, a number of documents regulating water consumption and water treatment have been developed:
- Building codes and regulations 2.04.03.85 regulating the external sewerage of private houses, as well as the arrangement of sanitary protection zones for small protective structures;
- SNiP 2.04.01.85 for internal networks and water supply in terms of determining the volume of effluents;
- manual on the procedure for designing engineering support systems MDS 40.2.200, which provides calculations for calculating the volume of effluents in private housing construction.
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The calculation of the volume of a septic tank can be performed both for a single-chamber scheme and a multi-chamber one. With a consumption volume per day of the order of one cubic meter, one chamber is enough for a complete biocenosis of the contents of the septic tank.With more drains, two or more containers should be used, which are installed in series. Septic tanks from two or more chambers are divided equally, but it is possible to use devices in which the first chamber occupies up to 75% of the volume. Important - it is forbidden to make cesspools according to sanitary standards!
The use of biochemical treatment of wastewater makes it possible to purify them to a degree of 98%, so such water can be used for watering a garden and at the same time receive an increase in yield. To fertilize the soil
The main difference between drain systems and other pipelines is the following features:
- Gravity when working under atmospheric pressure. The fluid flows through the tubular products under the influence of gravity along a predetermined slope.
- The flow rate is set by the angle of inclination of the pipeline towards the outflow. Moreover, its value should be strictly within 1-2 millimeters per meter. The reasons have already been mentioned above.
- Tightness. For a gravity pipeline, it is provided by a socket connection of the elements using a rubber cuff for sealing.
When installing the sewer system, it is not allowed to connect pipes with a misalignment from a common axis. Otherwise, a gap is formed between the wall of the part and the cuff with leakage of the transported liquid.
Which pipe products to choose at home
For wastewater disposal systems, pipelines of various materials are used:
- For many decades, cast iron sewer pipes have been market leaders. This material is almost ideal for this application. The material of manufacture is resistant to corrosion in most environments and has sufficiently high strength characteristics. The accuracy of the socket connection is ensured by the production method - casting. In addition, the use of cast iron pipes allows the use of caulking during their installation to improve the tightness of the connection.
To facilitate the installation of cast iron pipelines, a wide range of fittings is produced.
- Asbestos pipes. Some positive characteristics of asbestos pipes do not negate the main negative point - such materials are prohibited for use in housing construction.
- Plastic sewer pipes today have practically replaced all other types. Simple delivery and unloading, manufacturability of the material during installation and durability have led to the fact that they have become the main materials for those who decide to make a sewer with their own hands. The main method of assembling pipelines is in a socket. For internal systems, the main dimensions are:
- For taps from plumbing fixtures - diameters of 40 or 50 millimeters;
- For a riser and a fan pipe - size 100 or 110 mm;
- For the outlet pipe from the house to the septic tank 100, 110 or 150.
Conducting a pipeline from the house to the tank
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Therefore, a rule has been established that determines the installation of a storage tank at a distance of at least 10 meters from a residential building. However, there are sources that regulate this value of 5 meters.
It should be understood that this is an accidental discrepancy, but it is better to stick to the first installation option. In this case, it will be impossible to file a claim. But, strictly speaking, the correct installation of the tank depends on the throughput and filtering capacity of the soils on the site.
It is mandatory to comply with the slope in the parameters mentioned above.
To lay a sewer outlet pipe, you will need to dig a trench of the required depth, determined by the level of soil freezing. Imagine the labor costs associated with the fulfillment of this requirement, because you also need to provide for the thickness of the drainage layer. If in the Moscow region the soil freezes up to 1.8 meters, then the depth of the trench will be more than 2.2. Therefore, many prefer shallow ditches, insulating pipes with a protective jacket and heating cable.
The order of work is as follows:
- The route is marked with a mark with pegs or a cord.
- Excavation to a connection depth of about 60 centimeters.
- Drainage backfill - at the bottom of about 20 centimeters of gravel and 10 centimeters of sand.
- Spilling drainage with water to seal.
- The marking of the slope is made using a cord and a building level. The upper end at the exit from the building should be 20 centimeters higher than the opposite end at a ten-meter distance.
- Pipes are laid section by section to a depth according to the laying scheme, the position is regulated by bricks placed under them and sanding.
- The heating cable is installed, fixed with adhesive tape.
- In the process of laying a heat-insulating casing is put on the pipe.
- The pipe with cable and insulation is covered with sand, then with previously excavated soil.
The use of plastic pipes for the external drainage system will ensure their integrity during seasonal soil movements, since they are elastic enough to withstand such loads. The sewerage device in your house made of this material ensures its performance for up to 50 years.
Do-it-yourself installation cost
Payment for the services of invited specialists costs a lot of money. But if we analyze the installation technology according to the wiring diagram of the sewer system, it becomes obvious that there is nothing in it that could not be done correctly.
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How to improve efficiency
Uninterrupted performance of the drain system, first of all, is ensured by high-quality installation.
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The only thing that can be advised to the user is to install a waste chopper under the sink in addition to the sewerage scheme, it will not be difficult to do it correctly. This action will largely protect the system from the formation of blockages.A cozy country house is the dream of every urban dweller, which can be overshadowed by the lack of practical, functional communications. Indeed, after all, private houses are residential buildings, and modern people are used to living in comfort. You perceive resources such as electricity and water supply not as a luxury, but as natural needs, which are quite normal and even natural to have in your private home. Needless to say, normal sewage is how important it is.
Appointment and choice of sewerage
Wastewater disposal has a certain universal name - sewerage. It can be centralized, that is, connected by pipes to the central sewerage networks (usually in the city), and autonomous.
The need for autonomous sewage is very strongly felt outside the city or in the private sector, consisting of individual houses and buildings. It can be not only residential, but also public, industrial buildings, the activity of which is associated with wastewater disposal.
As one of the most important utility systems, sewerage can be divided into two main parts:
In order to correctly and rationally choose the type of sewage for your private home, and not make mistakes, they are guided by the following parameters:
- The number of consumers (residents) in the house;
- The volume of water consumption per person, taking into account all plumbing fixtures in the house;
- The size of the adjacent area;
- Soil properties;
- The degree of occurrence of groundwater;
- Climate features.
In more detail, all the current rules for arranging sewerage are described in SNiP 2.04.03-85. "Sewerage. External networks and structures”.
Types of autonomous sewage for a private house
It is possible to arrange water disposal in a private house in different ways. Each of the methods listed below has its own advantages and disadvantages, weighing which is usually not difficult to make your best choice.
- Cesspool- the most ancient and simple way to dispose of wastewater, which not long ago had no analogues at all. The primitive device of such a sewage system is a shallow pit with unreinforced walls and without any bottom protection. After filling it, the pit is covered with earth, and a new one is made in another place. The device of a cesspool is more or less practical with a very small amount of wastewater, not exceeding 1 m 3. The modern version of the cesspool is arranged with reinforced concrete or brickwork with its inner part, and a gravel cushion (20 - 30 cm) for soil post-treatment of wastewater. The principle and scheme of operation are very simple: water from drains, falling to the bottom of the pit, seeps through the gravel base, dense fecal masses accumulate in the pit and are periodically pumped out by sewers. The addition of aerobic bacteria, which also help to fight unpleasant odors, speeds up the process of processing wastewater. The cesspool is designed for a small number of plumbing fixtures, and is practically not done in modern country houses. The main disadvantages are: low permeability, the bottom of the pit should be located at a distance of a meter from groundwater;
- 3 m from the fence;
- 5 m from a residential building;
- 10 m from the garden;
- 20 - 50 m from the source of drinking water.
- Storage tank or tank- a ready-made and inexpensive version of such a container is widely provided today on the market from HDPE plastic. It can also be equipped with your own hands, using concrete rings, metal tanks. The principle and scheme of work: drains enter the tank through the summed up pipes by gravity. Specialized plastic sewer tanks throughout the area are reinforced with stiffeners, which also make them as stable as possible during installation. Their body is quite strong. They are equipped with an inspection hatch for pumping wastewater, which should be insulated for the winter. The burial of such tanks does not require wastewater control, and does not require any special preparation. The only drawback is that it is often necessary to sanitize the container.
- septic tank- an autonomous sewer device that provides for wastewater treatment. There are single and multi-chamber septic tanks, with a passive or forced cleaning process. The simplest is a single-chamber septic tank. In fact, this is the same cesspool, the bottom of which is strewn with a sand and gravel cushion. It can be made with your own hands from a large container, reinforced concrete rings, or by reinforcing the pit with brickwork. The walls of such a septic tank are carefully waterproofed to avoid soil contamination. The disadvantage is the low permeability of wastewater, the periodic replacement of the silted sand and gravel cushion.
Photo: cesspool of concrete rings without a bottom Important!
Arrangement of a cesspool, regulated by the rules of SNiP. To prevent contamination of soil and groundwater, its location should be at least:
Important!
The location of such a tank on the site of a private house must be foreseen in advance, since it should be convenient for subsequent cleaning using a sewer machine.
Photo: single-chamber septic tank with a sand and gravel cushion A two-chamber septic tank is a more advanced design, but its scheme is simple. It provides several compartments: a sump and a filtration well. Such a septic tank is made from HDPE or fiberglass ready-made, providing for technological hydraulic seals that allow drains to pass only in one direction. There are also inspection hatches and additional chambers for preserving oxygen with vents. This is done so that natural aerobic bacteria can be used in the first chamber of this septic tank to help the cleaning process and eliminate unpleasant odors. Oxygen is essential for them, since this process is accompanied by fermentation and decomposition into elementary components of the main biomass of wastewater.
Photo: diagram of a two-chamber septic tank This simple structure is often made with their own hands, monolithic or prefabricated from reinforced concrete rings. Its inner part is reliably waterproofed. The material is relatively comfortable, but extremely durable with sufficient waterproofing measures. A monolithic septic tank can be made quite roomy. Its production is more labor-intensive than prefabricated, since for pouring concrete it is necessary to set up the formwork and the connecting reinforcing cage, which strengthens the structural elements. The pouring process itself is associated with filling, tamping and subsequent drying of the resulting structure. Such work should be done only in the warm season. A prefabricated concrete septic tank is assembled from separate concrete rings, welding them “on mortgages” to each other, and lubricating the joints with mortar and bitumen. The resulting well is divided into two halves by a partition in which a small pipe outlet or blocker is placed. Plastic two-chamber septic tanks sometimes provide for soil purification in the form of an additional chamber with water diffusers into the soil through pipes. At the outlet of a two-chamber septic tank, purified water is obtained for technical needs. The septic tank itself needs periodic cleaning from the flotation crust, sludge accumulations with the help of a sewage machine.
Photo: monolithic concrete septic tank A septic tank with biofiltration is a design of several separate or coupled chambers in one housing, the filtration process in which proceeds in a passive mode. Operating principle: multi-stage filtration using various bacteria. The best solution would be to use anaerobic bacteria in the first stage of purification, which do not need oxygen. In the interior of its last chamber, saturated with oxygen from the aeration tank, a biofilter is placed. It is a grid with a colony of aerobic bacteria placed on it, and a backfill of expanded clay or granular polymer. This chamber creates ideal conditions for the vital activity of bacteria. The water here is purified up to 95%, which makes it quite suitable for technical needs.
Photo: scheme of a septic tank with biofiltration Three- and four-chamber septic tanks are the most advanced septic tank designs for a private house at the moment. They are produced by companies producing specialized equipment for autonomous closed-type sewers. This means that they do not need any soil post-treatment. Such devices are so advanced that the usual rules for setback from residential buildings, penetration into the soil, control of groundwater and climatic differences do not apply to them. All chambers are united by one durable plastic case and connected by blocking pipes, the cleaning process is controlled by an electronic sensor system, and the movement of drains through its inner part is provided by one or two powerful pumps that can easily cope with volley water discharges. For the life support of aerobic bacteria, oxygen is also forced into the chambers of the septic tank. Such a septic tank needs to be cleaned every 3-6 months (depending on the volume of drains). And it’s not even difficult to do it yourself without the help of specialists. All that is needed for its operation is a small pit a little larger than the septic tank itself, piping and power supply. They are also called deep biological wastewater treatment plants. The only downside is that it's not cheap. However, wastewater treatment with such systems is possible up to 98%!
Photo: autonomous sewerage scheme of a private house
Deciding to properly conduct sewage in your private house, you need to pay attention to the following features:
- Before starting all work, it is necessary to make a draft of the entire sewer system, which will display its entire scheme, pipes with all elements, a septic tank, as well as calculations for its patency;
- External sewer pipes are best insulated so that the water in it does not freeze in frost. The recommended diameter of the pipes is 100-110 mm, the minimum angle of inclination of the gravity sewer is 5 °;
- Sewer pipe connections must be reliable and tight, any leaks are excluded.
Arranging a private house with autonomous sewerage is a very important and not so difficult job. Guided by the rules of SNiPs and SanPin, you can assemble it yourself, equip it reliably and correctly, providing yourself and your loved ones with exceptional comfort for many years.
The information from this article is useful not only for the independent performance of all work. With its help, you can find out what a modern sewerage system is for a private house, how to shop for components and design routes. This knowledge will help to competently control the actions of the construction team, prevent errors, and make adjustments to the project documentation.
Read in the article:
Basic definitions
The purpose of the project needs to be clarified. We will leave the issues of storm (5) and drainage (4) sewerage outside the scope of the article. The effluents in these systems are not too dirty, so there are no significant problems with their disposal.
It is more difficult to solve problems with household waste. They are discussed below. The figure shows the internal (1) and external (2) part of the autonomous sewage system for a private house. In this example, a septic tank (3) with a drainage field is shown, but other solutions are used in practice. To choose the best option, you should familiarize yourself with them in more detail.
- must remove domestic wastewater with sufficient capacity.
- The lack of unnecessary difficulties in the process of their disposal will come in handy.
- The absence of blockages and complex routine procedures will simplify operation.
- The durability of system components will increase the intervals between overhauls.
Note! For a correct assessment, consider all important factors in a complex. You supplement the purchase price of individual components with data on the service life, maintenance, and other obligatory costs during use.
Principle of operation, sewerage device in a private house
In domestic systems, a gravity drain system is used. Drains move under the influence of gravity, so a sufficient slope is needed in all horizontal sections of the sewer system in a private house.
Sinks, showers, and other plumbing are connected through (5, 8). These simple devices create a hydraulic seal that prevents the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewer. The fan pipe (7) is needed not only for. It prevents vacuum in the upper part of the riser during a volley discharge of drains that block the working opening.
If the external part of the system is properly equipped, the liquid will be cleaned to a safe level.
Where to place the sewer on the site
Note! When choosing a suitable place for placing a cesspool, it is referred to 15 m or more from the foundation of a private house. The distance can be reduced to three meters if you install a modern biological treatment station.
Related article:
From our materials you will learn the device, the principle of operation, location requirements, the secrets of self-equipping treatment facilities for a private house, as well as advice and recommendations from specialists.
The distance to the well is increased (30-50 m). On a relief site, a lowland is chosen for installation of a septic tank, away from residential premises. The distance to the borders of the neighboring area in order to avoid problems should be more than three meters.
Functional sewerage for a private house: how to make the right calculation
During the construction of housing, an autonomous sewage system is designed together with architectural components and other engineering structures. For accurate calculations, specialized specialists take data on the drain of individual points (plumbing, other equipment). They calculate the percentage of filling of the working channel, the speed of movement of the liquid, the slope and diameter of the pipes in different sections.
The following information will help you draw the right conclusions yourself:
- At the stage of preparing a general construction project, install the connection points for appliances and equipment as close as possible to the riser.
- In multi-storey buildings, bathrooms are installed one above the other.
- To prevent blockages, track turns are made at angles less than 90°. An exception is the vertical sections of the sewerage of a private house.
- Special couplings are used for a smooth transition between different diameters.
- On turns and long sections, an element with a removable side cover (“revision”) is installed to simplify inspection and remove blockages.
For laying sewers in a private house with your own hands, you can use the following standard sizes:
Expert opinion
Water supply and sewerage design engineer, LLC "ASP North-West"
Ask a specialist“The distance to the riser should not be increased by more than 5 m. The toilet bowl is recommended by specialized experts to be mounted no further than 1.5-2 m. If these rules are violated, the height difference for draining by gravity will increase significantly.”
With an increase in the distance to the vertical section of the fan pipe, it may not be enough to compensate for the vacuum. To solve the problem, special valves are installed in the right places of the sewer for a private house. They let air out of the room, but prevent the penetration of odors from the drain system without a hydraulic seal.
The current building regulations set the maximum height difference. For a horizontal sewerage section for a private house 100 cm long, it should not exceed 15 cm. Otherwise, the liquid flow moves too quickly, does not have time to wash off the pollution.
This table shows the optimal values for different diameters of the drain system while maintaining the normalized angles of inclination:
The choice of components for the sewerage drain system in a private house
To ensure good compatibility of all track components, it is recommended to use products from the same manufacturer. As a rule, specialized companies offer a varied catalog of PVC sewer pipes. It is not difficult to clarify the sizes and prices of current offers using the Internet. Such products have significant advantages over analogues:
- Reasonable cost implies low costs even when equipping large properties.
- Light weight simplifies transport and work operations. Plastic sewerage systems for summer cottages do not create an extra load. Therefore, it is not necessary to strengthen the power frame of the structure.
- The standard connection system (with socket and integrated O-ring) speeds up installation work.
- Such pipes are not subject to the destructive effects of corrosion, aggressive components of detergents.
Polyvinyl chloride is used most often when creating sewers for a private house. This material is used to create durable pipes that can be installed in a multilayer design at a depth of up to 8 meters (SN8 modifications). They maintain their integrity over a wide temperature range (from -10°C to +65°C).
Polyethylene pipelines are more plastic, designed for low temperatures, but they can be damaged by UV radiation. They are designed to transport cold water only. Polypropylene pipes cost 2-3 times more than PVC pipes. They are able to withstand short-term movement of liquids heated up to +95°C. But it is unlikely that such properties will be needed at a great distance from plumbing fixtures.
Non-pressure gravity sewerage for a private house is not subjected to heavy loads from the inside. But even in this case, to maintain the integrity of the structure, you should choose gray PVC pipes with a wall thickness of at least 1.8 mm. For outdoor work, more durable products are purchased. To simplify identification, they are specially painted in orange.
When designing an external sewerage route for a private house, the following verification data can be used. They determine the permissible wall thickness for pipes with a diameter of 200 m:
Note! The connection of the home and the outer part of the sewerage of a private house can be done using corrugations to prevent violation of the integrity of the system during ground movements. Elements corresponding in diameter (two-layer) with smooth inner walls are selected.
In sandwich constructions, ribs increase rigidity. The inside is made smooth for the smooth passage of drains.
Execution of installation work without errors: pipe connection, correct slope and other nuances
How to properly make a sewer in a private house (connect individual parts into a single system) is described in the following description:
- After marking the dimensions from the plan, the pipe is cut at an angle of 90 °. To accurately perform this operation, use such a device (1). Use a hacksaw with a blade for metal, or a special tool.
- A file (2) chamfers the end part at an angle of 15 °, removes small defects at the cut site. The burrs are removed with a knife.
- To simplify the connection, a small area (3) is covered with a special lubricant (soap solution). Do not use silicone sealant. It blocks the mobility of the connection, which must be preserved in this node.
- A rubber ring (4) is inserted into the recess. As a rule, such products are supplied assembled with a sealing element.
- At the next stage, insert one part into the other until it stops. The visible color of the marker put a mark (5) of the corresponding position.
- Next, the parts of the structure (6) are moved apart by about 1 cm.
This technology ensures reliable fastening and tightness of the connection. The created gap will prevent deformation of the route during the thermal expansion of plastic pipes during the operation of the sewer for a private house.
A working drawing can be created manually, without the obligatory compliance with the scale and exact drawings of individual products. But when compiling a package of design documentation for the sewerage of a private house, the following facts must be taken into account:
- A sufficient slope is observed in all areas, the permissible maximum distance to the riser.
- The route is laid without right angles, without creating obstacles to the drain.
- Do not forget about installing revisions in difficult places and on long sections.
A similar drawing can be used as a basis for preparing a list of necessary sewerage components for a private house.
Related article:
In this material, we will consider in detail how its devices are mounted, we will also study it, and along the way we will find out the cost of such work when performed by specialists.
If the sewer pipes of a private house are installed in a concrete screed, reliable protection from external influences is provided, but repairs are difficult. The track can be mounted behind the wall panels, inside the frame structure of the floor. In these cases, access is easier, but the noise level increases. To create comfort and at the same time maintain the integrity of the walls, the risers are fixed through damping pads. In some situations, it is necessary to install special insulation that delays the sounds of the drain. The corresponding layers are made of polyurethane foam and other moisture-resistant materials.
The official instructions indicate the features of the use of their products. The following figures show examples with manufacturer's explanations:
The external part of the autonomous sewer for giving
For year-round living, you need a continuously functioning sewerage system for a country house. What to choose for the insulation of individual sections, the owner himself will decide. But this design must be strong enough, resistant to moisture.
An attentive person will notice that the picture shows the exit from the house, located above the ground. However, many houses are made with a basement (basement). In such buildings, it is easy to make the track below the level of soil freezing for a certain region.
But do not rush to draw conclusions. It is necessary to take into account the gradual slope and distance of the treatment facilities for a private house. It is possible that they will have to be installed at too great a depth. Additional protection against groundwater penetration will be required. The cost of supplying fluid to the drainage field will increase.
After determining the depth, check the passage of the route through the site. Under roadways, parking lots, other additional loads, protection from reinforced concrete slabs or other structures is installed. Pipes are laid on a pillow of sand, cleaned of stones and other large fractions. Separate parts of the structure are assembled according to the manufacturer's instructions. The necessary sections of sewerage for a private house are insulated.
As well as inside buildings, sharp turns are not used here to prevent the movement of drains. On long stretches of sewerage for a private house, revision wells are installed. Connection nodes with such elements and septic tanks are made movable. This will prevent damage from ground displacement during use.
Cesspool: low cost and big problems
How to choose an autonomous sewer in a private house will become clear after studying all the options. You should start with traditional designs, well-proven by centuries of operation.
The authenticity of the origin of the last picture is questionable. However, such structures were indeed used many centuries ago. Today they continue to fulfill their functional purpose.
However, the use of such projects for the sewerage of a private house is contrary to the norms of modern legislation. Oddly enough, but it is much easier to fulfill the requirements of SanPin with the help of a classic “dream house”, located at a sufficient distance from the main building and other objects. Its depth is limited to 3 meters. This parameter is adjusted taking into account the actual level of groundwater. Structures without a bottom are allowed to be used with a total number of drains not more than 1 cubic meter. in 24 hours.
The permissible minimum distance to the well is determined by the geological characteristics of the site:
- clay - 20 m;
- loam - 30 m;
- sand - 50 m.
Note! When carefully studying the issue, it is necessary to take into account the distances to the relevant objects in the neighboring areas.
If you want to comply with SanPin standards at no extra cost, use this drawing of an autonomous structure (pit latrine) as a basis Closed tank: a simple solution, operating features
The figure shows important details:
- Hatch (1) for inspection and removal of accumulated drains.
- High neck (2), which allows the installation of the main part below the freezing level of the soil.
- Large ribs (3) that increase the rigidity of the structure.
- Pipe for removal of explosive gases (4). According to current building codes, its height above the ground is made less than 60 cm. The hole must be 10 cm or more in diameter.
The volume of sewage capacity for a private house is selected taking into account real needs. The main disadvantage is the rather frequent calls of the sewage machine. The depth is not made more than 2.5-3 m, so as not to complicate the removal of household waste using the typical length of hoses and the power of pumping equipment.
It is not difficult to figure out how to make a sewer in a private house (storage tank) of brick, reinforced concrete rings.
Metal tanks are rarely used due to low resistance to corrosion processes.
Septic tanks: an overview of technical solutions with professional recommendations
How to properly make a sewer in a private house will be easier to decide after a detailed acquaintance with the basics of technology. Through the transport system, wastewater enters the first tank. Here, large heavy fractions settle to the bottom, the processes of biological decomposition begin.
Through a special pipe, the partially purified liquid enters the second tank. Similar processes take place here, but with a noticeably smaller amount of mechanical impurities.
At the third stage, the smallest impurities are retained by a layer of granular backfill. The last container has no bottom. The liquid penetrates the soil and is additionally purified in a natural way. With the correct setting of all components, the system prevents environmental pollution.
Note! A clear advantage of the technology is the reduction in calls to the services of vacuum trucks.
The number of processing steps determines the degree of sewer cleaning for a private house. Therefore, for full reproduction, it is recommended to use at least two containers.
A closed third tank is installed here. After it, the liquid is discharged to a special aeration field. This part is formed from drainage (perforated) pipes. They are laid in rows with an interval of 40-60 cm on crushed stone bedding. Ventilation shafts are installed at all ends. Such structures provide effective cleaning without the use of additional biological and technical means.
In this sewer option for a private house, you will need an appropriate free area on the land to accommodate the drainage field. With a high level of groundwater, it has to be raised to artificial embankments. Here you will have to install additional pumping equipment and control automation. The exact costs can be calculated taking into account the terrain, the number of users, and other features.
To simplify the sewerage project for a private house, they purchase ready-made equipment kits. Manufacturers offer ready-made solutions in a wide range, designed for different conditions and needs.
How to prevent environmental pollution with an artificial treatment plant
Automated sewage treatment plant for a private house. The price of such kits is the highest in the corresponding category of equipment. However, the significant initial investment is offset by several benefits:
- relatively small size;
- high-quality wastewater treatment;
- minimal hassle during operation.
In this model, the separation of contaminants is improved with the help of a productive aeration unit. Active air saturation of the sewer cleaning system for a private house accelerates not only biological, but also chemical reactions. Dissolved salts, iron and other impurities are converted into a solid precipitate. A well-purified liquid comes out.
When contacting specialists, the sewerage of a private house will be calculated professionally. The profile company will carry out delivery, installation and adjustment work, issue official warranty obligations. Comparing the costs of independently performing similar actions, one must take into account the cost of auxiliary procedures, the purchase of tools and consumables.
The above information will simplify the formulation of requirements for an individual project. They will help to implement it without errors and unnecessary costs. Specify the sewerage parameters for a private house using the comments to the article. Communicate with experienced craftsmen, express your own opinion about the products of different manufacturers. On this specialized information platform, valuable knowledge can be obtained completely free of charge.
Video, professional installation of plastic sewer pipes
If it is not possible to connect the house to the central sewer system, the only option is an autonomous sewer in a private house - it is not too difficult to do it yourself, but if necessary, you can attract specialists and special equipment to perform some work. The cost of the project as a whole and the time of its implementation depend on individual characteristics.
Waste disposal is one of the defining issues when choosing an autonomous sewer scheme. The comfort of living largely depends on the correct choice and efficiency of the treatment or storage facility.
In order to make it easier to compare the possible options, we briefly list the features, advantages and disadvantages of each of them.
DIY structures
Sealed cesspool, on the one hand, is a classic, on the other hand, this classic is increasingly giving way to more advanced and economical designs due to its main drawback - the need to periodically call a sewage machine to pump out the contents. The services of vacuum trucks are not only troubles, but also inevitable expenses. At the same time, during the construction phase, a cesspool is the cheapest option.
Self-built septic tanks depending on the design, they can significantly increase the time intervals between pumping out wastewater or allow you to do without sewers altogether, limiting yourself to cleaning the structure once a year or even less often. Undoubtedly, you will have to buy materials for the construction of septic tanks with your own hands, however, from an economic point of view, there are certain advantages:
- you can use used materials,
- the cost of materials is lower than the finished structure,
- there is no need to spend money on work (with the rare exception of the necessary use of lifting equipment).
Materials for the manufacture of tanks for self-construction can serve as:
- concrete rings,
- concrete (for flood construction),
- brick,
- plastic large containers (eurocubes).
Ready solutions
Ready-made septic tanks can be volatile or autonomous. Requiring and not requiring pumping.
Among the options available on the market for the disposal of sewage, two main categories can be distinguished.
1. Non-volatile factory septic tanks differ in their operational capabilities and, accordingly, in cost. The more efficient the septic tank works (capacity, degree of cleaning), the more it costs, however, the higher the level of comfort and less effort required for maintenance.
The photo shows an autonomous sewage system based on a non-volatile septic tank with post-treatment of wastewater in the filtration fields 2. Local treatment stations (VOCs) are quite expensive, but more efficient facilities with the ability to treat wastewater with the removal of up to 98-99% of impurities and obtain water suitable for irrigation. Balanced systems and bioremediation methods used make VOCs safe and easy to use. The main disadvantage of VOC is the high cost of equipment and the need for electricity consumption.
The most popular models of finished treatment structures are:
- Tank,
- Unilos,
- Tver,
- Topas.
For an independent treatment plant, it may be useful to you if you decide to choose this material.
And there is about the construction of a brick septic tank.
How to install a septic tank Tank, as well as about its device, we told on this page
System design
An autonomous sewage system in a private house will work flawlessly only if all the nuances of operation are taken into account during its construction, including:
- average daily volume of water consumption (the volume of the reservoir must be at least three daily norms),
- number of drain points,
- terrain (it is better to place a treatment or storage facility at the lowest point),
- groundwater level (the design of the tank and its operation must exclude the possibility of contamination),
- location of key facilities on the site (there are sanitary standards that determine the minimum allowable distances to sources of drinking water, windows and doors of a residential building, fruit trees and a vegetable garden, a highway, etc.).
When an autonomous sewerage system is being designed with your own hands, the scheme includes:
- external communications and treatment plant,
- internal pipelines and equipment,
- ventilation system.
In order for the developed system to fully comply with the operating conditions and not experience overloads, the following items are included in the project:
- the number of residents (including the separately calculated number of possible relatives visiting the house seasonally),
- the possible number of guests visiting the house for a short time,
- the number of water intake points and their type (equipping them with one or another equipment),
- site layout (optimally, if a diagram is attached indicating the linear dimensions, area, location of the house, outbuildings, sources of drinking water).
Sewer system installation
In order to understand how to make an autonomous sewage system in a private house, you can consider the whole range of work, dividing it into separate blocks.
External communications
The external pipeline is a highway from a residential building to a place for collecting or treating wastewater. The ideal option would be a straight line from one point to another, made with the necessary slope, however, it is far from always possible to lay the highway in this way.
In addition, it is possible to insert additional outlets into this line (drainage from showers, baths, etc.). All bends and tie-ins are a potential blockage hazard, as solids can be trapped on the pipe walls when the flow rate changes.
Concerning certain rules must be observed:
- To avoid sudden changes in the direction of flow of drains, which can cause blockages, oblique crosses and tees, as well as bends with angles of 15, 30 and 45 degrees, are used for installation.
- All places of change of direction and tie-ins are supplemented with revision wells.
Another important point is selection of pipes for outdoor system. It is possible to use products from:
- plastic,
- cast iron.
PVC plastic pipes for external sewage should be orange, and for internal - gray When choosing, not only the cost is taken into account, but also the characteristics of the pipes.
- If drain from dishwashers and washing machines is brought into the sewer, it is better not to use polymeric materials that are sensitive to high temperatures, at least at the beginning of the line, where the drains have not yet cooled down.
- In areas laid under paths, sidewalks and, moreover, under the road, only the most durable cast-iron pipes are used to drive cars into the area.
There are other nuances that should be considered when deciding how to make an autonomous sewer in a private house.
- Too high as well as too low a flow rate can cause blockages, so it is important to ensure throughout the entire pipeline stable slope 2%(2 cm of level reduction per meter of length).
- External communications are laid in trenches, the depth of which should be greater than the depth of soil freezing in this region).
- Communications need mandatory thermal insulation if it is not possible to lay them below the freezing level of the soil. When laying in a frost-resistant layer, additional protection can be dispensed with
- For the durability of the system, all pipes except plastic must also be protected from moisture.
- In addition to revision wells in difficult places of the system, similar structures are installed along the entire length at the rate of 1 well per 10-15 meters of the main.
internal system
Do-it-yourself internal autonomous sewerage in a private house is made of polypropylene or PVC pipes. In this case, the temperature of the effluents and the susceptibility of the material must also be taken into account.
The diameter of the pipes is selected depending on the volume and type of drains at each point. For washbasins, bends with a diameter of 50 mm are sufficient, and for toilet bowls and common collectors - 110 mm. The amount of slope required for the flow of drains without delay and the formation of traffic jams depends on the diameter of the line: for pipes with a diameter of 50 mm it is 3% (3 cm per meter of length), and for pipes with a diameter of 110 mm - 2% (2 cm).
To prevent reverse current in the event of a blockage it is recommended to install non-return valves(for each outlet separately or common to the collector pipeline). When installing internal sewer systems, also water seals are used or, capable of preventing the entry of unpleasant odors from the sewer into the room.
The most important element of the sewer system is the junction point of its internal and external components, the so-called outlet from the house, which is the transition of the intra-house collector with the main that transports wastewater to the septic tank.
- If the sewerage is arranged in an already built house, it is possible to install the outlet above the ground. In this case, high-quality thermal insulation will be required to prevent freezing.
- Exit through the foundation below the freezing level of the soil reduces the risk and is preferred. The possibility of drilling a hole for laying a pipe after the construction of the building is determined individually. It is best to arrange such an exit at the construction stage.
- The exhaust pipe through the wall must pass with the installation of the sleeve, which protects the exhaust pipe from damage and deformation. As a rule, a segment of a pipe of a larger diameter (by 10-15 cm) acts as a sleeve, which allows the installation of an exhaust pipe into it and protrudes 10 cm beyond the foundation on both sides.
- When drilling a hole and installing a sleeve, it is important to take into account the need for a slope of communications towards the septic tank. The position of the sleeve is able to determine the magnitude of this slope.
Ventilation of the sewer system
How autonomous sewerage of a private house works largely depends on efficiency. The latter is designed to normalize the pressure in the pipelines, which changes when the water is drained, and also to remove gases from the system. The presence of ventilation also allows you to extend the durability of the system, eliminating the possibility.
In addition, the timely flow of air into the rarefaction zone that occurs when the water is drained eliminates the possibility of its capture from the siphons, which is usually accompanied by unpleasant sounds. The classic solution is to bring its free end to the roof.
During construction, certain requirements and features should be taken into account.
- The fan pipe should be located on the roof above the rest (smoke, ventilation of the house).
- The horizontal distance from the vent pipe to the nearest window or balcony must be at least 4 m.
- The optimal diameter of the fan pipe is 110 mm (the same as the diameter of the internal riser). On the one hand, it provides the necessary traction, on the other hand, with such a value, the partial narrowing of the passage due to the formation of ice in frosty weather is not critical for the system.
The device of autonomous sewerage in a private house is increasingly complemented that can replace or work with general ventilation. Diaphragm or rod designs respond to pressure changes. Depending on the model, the valves can work only for intake or for air intake and exhaust. You can install valves on a common pipeline or on the outlets of individual plumbing structures. Often it is advisable to install such a device only on the outlet of the washing machine, since it is she who drains the water with a certain pressure, thereby dramatically changing the pressure in the pipeline.
The phrase “conveniences on the street” can be heard less and less in the private sectors. This is not surprising - after all, everyone strives for comfort. However, it is out of the question if on a frosty night, waking up, you have to dress and run through the snow to a booth, standing 15 m from the dwelling. So home craftsmen equip latrines directly in the house. But in order for them to function normally, it is necessary to properly mount the sewage disposal system in a septic tank located on the street. Today we will consider how the sewerage system is installed in a private house with our own hands. We will also consider the scheme of its device, and along the way we will find out the cost of such work when performed by specialists.
Read in the article:
How to draw up a diagram of a sewerage device in a private house with your own hands
Starting to draw up a sewerage scheme for a private house, you need to decide on the number of drain points. It should be understood that if there are two floors in a residential building, the scheme of each is mounted, as planned, separately, with subsequent output to a common riser overlooking the septic tank.
The presence of only one riser is unacceptable only in the case of installing a pool or sauna - for them it will be necessary to mount a separate drain.
Important! From the completeness and correctness of the compiled sewerage scheme for a private house with your own hands, its performance and ease of installation will depend. The plan must indicate the length of all pipes - this will help to correctly calculate the amount of material.
Problems that may be encountered in design
The main difficulty in drawing up a project can be the introduction of a sewer pipe into the house. To do this, you will have to break through the foundation or install special pumps. Their installation will also be necessary when installing a bathroom in the basement or basement. At the same time, a special installation capable of grinding organic matter will not interfere. The sewage pump, together with the assembled knives, is called a multi-lift.
Expert opinion
Water supply and sewerage design engineer, LLC "ASP North-West"
Ask a specialist“If the house is under construction, then regardless of whether the toilet is planned inside the house or not, it is worth building a sewer pipe into the foundation. For starters, you can just turn it off. If you need to install a sewer, it will be very useful.”
When designing, the number of residents must be taken into account. This indicator will directly affect both the volume of the septic tank and the diameter of the sewer pipes that will be used during the installation of the system. Do not forget about the depth of soil freezing - the system must be in the ground below this mark.
What types of sewers exist
The main types can be called:
- Dry closets. This format is not very common in private homes. It is more suitable for giving, where there is no need for a constantly functioning sewer.
- Cesspool- the easiest to install and cost-effective option. Its inconvenience is that it requires periodic pumping using special equipment, and this is not a cheap pleasure.
- septic tank- the most common type of sewerage system. Waste products are processed using live bacteria and microorganisms, or by adding chemicals to the container that decompose organic waste.
The septic tank device cannot be called cheap, but it allows you to do without pumping for a long time. The main task is to add the necessary substances in time. As for the sewerage system itself for a private house, it will be the same for both the cesspool and the septic tank.
Do-it-yourself sewerage in a private house: a diagram and its main components
When drawing up a project for laying sewers in a private house, it should be noted on the diagram the location of plumbing devices, such as a sink or. All pipes are also taken into account (their length and diameter are prescribed in the plan), connections, corners and branches. Data are entered on the location of the riser and its output to the septic tank.
If you describe in detail all the parameters, you can mount the entire system much faster and better. The plan, after the installation of the sewer, must be saved. It can help with blockages or other emergency situations.
When drawing up a sewerage scheme for a private one-story house (as well as buildings with several floors), it is important to consider the installation sites for cleaning - special branches with plugs that will help get rid of blockages. Do not forget about the calculation of the slope of the highway. With a weak slope, the drain will be ineffective, and if it is excessive, grease and dirt will settle on the walls, which will eventually lead to an emergency. Let's try to figure out how to properly draw up a diagram of the sewer system.
Drawing up a scheme of the sewer system
The first thing to do is to draw a floor plan of all the premises of the building. It is more convenient if such schemes are available - quite often such schemes are drawn up during construction. In this case, it can be copied, and sewerage routes can already be “laid” along it. Having indicated the installation points of plumbing devices, we begin measurements. Every millimeter can play a role here.
Important! When installing thinner pipes (for example, from a sink), if they are longer than necessary, there is a danger of their curvature. In this case, the water will stagnate, which will lead to a build-up of grease and dirt and blockage.
If possible, all plumbing fixtures should be located in the immediate vicinity of the riser - this will allow sewerage to be performed with the greatest efficiency. All tie-ins in the riser are indicated. A prerequisite is the connection of the toilet drain directly to the main pipe, without additional connections. The drain of the bathroom and the sink can be combined - this will save material and get rid of extra pipes and tie-ins to the main riser.
What diameter should the pipes be
The diameter of the pipe is selected based on the number of residents and the planned intensity of use of the system. However, there are also generally accepted norms. So the diameter of the main riser directly to the septic tank is usually 100-110 mm. The same diameter as the toilet drain. But from the sinks and the bathroom there are thinner pipes. Most often, for such purposes, a diameter of 50 mm is used. This thickness will be enough.
All connections and tie-ins must be made at an angle of 450. If the angle of the sewer pipe is even, it is this point that will periodically become clogged.
When installing a sewer system, it should be understood that the riser must go to the roof, from where air will be supplied. Consider what happens if there is no air access, and the upper part of the riser is muffled, using the example of a two-story house. Everyone knows that the toilet has a hydraulic lock that prevents the smell from the system from entering the room. In the absence of free access to air, flush the water in the toilet on the first floor. Due to the rarefaction, water is “drawn out” from the plumbing device on the second floor. The hydraulic lock is open, all the smell from the sewer system rushes into the living quarters.
How can sewer efficiency be improved?
It is possible to improve the quality of autonomous sewerage both by installing additional equipment and purely by installation parameters. To do this, you just need to correctly distribute the slope of the highways. The most effective is a slope of 3 cm / m. But for greater efficiency of the sewer system, this parameter can be increased to 4-5 cm / m. This will be quite enough for the efficient operation of the system and not enough for the rapid formation of grease or dirt deposits on the inner walls of the pipes.
Modern tools are very effective in fighting deposits on the walls. But do not expect a miracle from them when a thorough blockage occurs. Advertisements may claim that the tool can easily cope with any of them, but this is not entirely true. In fact, such funds are good for periodic prevention. If the pipe is already thoroughly clogged, then there is nothing better than the good old cable.
Speaking of additional equipment, one cannot fail to note the benefit in preventing blockages of such equipment as a household waste shredder under the sink. It does not allow large cleanings and other debris to enter the sewer pipe. Everything that is sent to the drain after grinding, in consistency resembles a liquid porridge that is not capable of clogging the line.
How to make a sewer in a private house: stages of work
All work on the arrangement of the sewer system of a private house is carried out in several stages. There is no need to perform them without interruption, which means that installation can be carried out in your free time for a long time. However, according to professionals, such work is rarely delayed - as soon as the arrangement has begun, the home master tries to complete everything as soon as possible. Consider step by step the steps that need to be performed. The algorithm of actions should be like this:
- calculate the required volume of the septic tank;
- install and equip the tank;
- we lay the highway from the septic tank to the house;
- we make internal wiring of sewer pipes and connect them to the system;
- connect plumbing fixtures.
By following this procedure and simple rules for the production of work, you can be sure that the system will work flawlessly. Let's analyze each step in more detail.
How to calculate the required volume of a septic tank for a private house
The calculation can be made empirically: for this you need to sum up the entire water consumption of the family living in the house. However, if the sewerage system is installed at the stage of construction of the dwelling, this method is unacceptable. Then you can take the average values recommended by SanPiN. However, it is much easier to use the specially designed calculator below:
