Proverbs and sayings about May HORIZONTALLY: 2. May will deceive - in ... will leave.4 ....
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Agogo is a Brazilian folk percussion musical instrument, which consists of two sheep bells of different colors without tongues, connected by a metal curved handle. There are various variations of agogo. For example, with three bells; or agogo, made entirely of wood (also with two or three bells). The rhythmic pattern performed by agogo players is the basis of the polyrhythmic structure of the Brazilian carnival samba.
Basic information Asatayak is an ancient Kazakh and ancient Turkic percussion musical instrument. The shape resembles a wand or cane with a flat head, decorated with ornaments and metal rings, pendants. Asatayak had an open and sharp sound. To enhance the sound of the instrument, the bucks used konyrau - bells that were attached to the head of the asatayak. When shaking the instrument, konyrau complemented the sound with a metallic ringing. And asatayak,
Basic information Ashiko is a West African percussion instrument, a truncated cone drum. Ashiko is played with the hands. Origin Ashiko is considered to be the homeland of West Africa, presumably Nigeria, the Yoruba people. The name is most often translated as "freedom". Ashiko was used for healing, initiation rituals, military rituals, communication with ancestors, for transmitting signals over distances, etc. Drums
Bania (Bahia) is a Bengali percussion instrument, distributed in Northern India. It is a single-sided small-sized drum with a leather membrane and a bowl-shaped ceramic body. The sound is produced by the blows of the fingers and the hand. Used with tabla. Video: Bania on video + sound Video with this instrument will appear in the encyclopedia very soon! Sale: where to buy/order?
Basic information Banggu (danpigu) is a Chinese percussion musical instrument, a small one-sided drum. From the Chinese baths - a wooden plank, gu - a drum. There is a female bangu and a masculine bangu. It has a wooden case in the form of a bowl with massive walls, facing the convex side up. There is a small hole in the middle of the case. The leather membrane is stretched over the convex part of the case
Basic Information The bar chimes are a self-sounding percussion musical instrument related to traditional Asian wind chimes. The instrument was introduced to percussionists by American percussionist Mark Stevens, after whom it received the original name Mark Tree, which is widely used in the West. In Russia, the name Bar Chimes is more common. Metal tubes of different lengths that make up the instrument sound when they touch each other.
Basic information, device Drum - percussion musical instrument, membranophone. Common in most peoples. It consists of a hollow cylindrical wooden (or metal) body-resonator or frame, on which leather membranes are stretched on one or both sides (now plastic membranes are used). The relative pitch can be adjusted by tensioning the membranes. The sound is produced by striking the membrane with a wooden mallet with a soft tip, a stick,
The Boyran is an Irish percussion instrument resembling a tambourine about half a meter (usually 18 inches) in diameter. The Irish word bodhran (pronounced boron or boiron in Irish, bouran in English, boiran or boran in Russian) is translated as “thundering”, “stunning” (and also “annoying”, but this is only in some cases ). They hold the boyran vertically, playing it in a specific way with a wooden
Basic information The big drum (bass drum), sometimes also called the Turkish drum or "bass barrel" is a percussion musical instrument with an indefinite pitch, low register. It is a drum - a wide metal or wooden cylinder, covered with skins on both sides (sometimes only on one side). The sound is extracted by hitting a mallet with a massive head wrapped in dense material. If it is necessary to perform complex
Basic information Bonang is an Indonesian percussion instrument. It is a set of bronze gongs, with the help of cords, fixed in a horizontal position on a wooden stand. Each gong has a bulge (pencha) in the center. The sound is produced by hitting this bulge with a wooden stick wrapped at the end with cotton cloth or rope. Sometimes spherical resonators made of burnt clay are suspended under the gongs. Sound
Bongo (Spanish: bongo) is a Cuban percussion instrument. It is a small double drum of African origin, usually played while sitting, holding the bongo between the calves of the legs. In Cuba, the bongo first appeared in the province of Oriente around 1900. The drums that make up the bongos vary in size; the smaller of them is considered "male" (macho - Spanish macho, literally
Basic information A tambourine is a percussion musical instrument consisting of a leather membrane stretched over a wooden rim. Some varieties of tambourines have metal bells suspended from them, which begin to ring when the performer strikes the membrane of the tambourine, rubs it, or shakes the entire instrument. A tambourine is widespread among many peoples: Uzbek doira; Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tajik def; shaman tambourines with a long handle among the peoples
Basic information Bell (bell) - a percussion musical instrument, a small metal rattle (bell); is a hollow ball with a small solid ball (several balls) inside. It can be attached to a horse harness (“Three with bells”), clothes, shoes, headgear (jester's cap), a tambourine. Video: Bell on video + sound Video with this instrument will appear in the encyclopedia very soon! Sale: where
Basic information Bugai (berbenitsa) is an accompanying frictional percussion musical instrument that sounds like the roar of a bull. The bull is a wooden cylinder, the upper opening of which is covered with skin. A tuft of horse hair is attached to the skin in the center. Used as a bass instrument. The musician, with his hands moistened in kvass, pulls his hair. The pitch of the sound changes depending on the place of contact. Bugai is widespread
Basic information Vibraphone (English and French vibraphone, Italian vibrafono, German vibraphon) is a percussion musical instrument related to metal idiophones with a certain pitch. Invented in the USA in the late 1910s. The instrument has wide virtuoso capabilities and is used in jazz, on the stage and in percussion ensembles, less often in a symphony orchestra and as a solo instrument.
Basic information Gaval (daf) is an Azerbaijani folk percussion musical instrument. Very similar to tambourine and tambourine. One of those rare musical instruments that has retained its original form to this day. The Gaval device is a wooden rim with sturgeon skin stretched over it. In modern conditions, the gaval membrane is also made of plastic to prevent moisture. TO
Basic information, device, system Gambang is an Indonesian percussion musical instrument. It consists of wooden (gambang kayu) or metal (gambang gangza) plates, fixed in a horizontal position on a wooden stand, often richly decorated with paintings and carvings. The sound is extracted by blows of two wooden sticks with a flat puck-shaped winding at the ends. They are held loosely between the thumb and forefinger, the other fingers
Basic information Gender (gender) is an Indonesian percussion musical instrument. In gamelan, gender carries out a variational development of the main theme given by the gambang. The Gender device consists of 10-12 slightly convex metal plates, fixed in a horizontal position on a wooden stand with cords. Bamboo resonator tubes are suspended from the plates. Gender plates are selected in accordance with the 5-step slendro scale
Basic information Gong is an ancient percussion musical instrument of a symphony orchestra, which is a relatively large concave metal disk freely suspended on a support. Sometimes gong is mistakenly confused with tam-tam. Varieties of gongs There are a huge number of varieties of gongs. They differ in size, shape, character of sound and origin. The most famous in modern orchestral music are the Chinese and Javanese gongs. Chinese
Guiro is a Latin American percussion instrument, originally made from the fruit of the gourd tree, known in Cuba and Puerto Rico under the name "iguero", with serifs applied to the surface. The word "guiro" comes from the language of the Taino Indians who inhabited the Antilles before the Spanish invasion. Traditionally, merengue often uses metallic guiro, which has a sharper sound, and in salsa
Basic information Gusachok (goose) is an unusual old Russian folk noise percussion musical instrument. The origin of the gander is vague and ambiguous. It is possible that buffoons were still playing on it, however, in modern specimens, the clay jar (or “glechik”) is replaced by a papier-mâché model of the same shape. The gander has close relatives in different countries of the world. Let's face it, all relatives are very
Basic information Dangyr is an ancient Kazakh and ancient Turkic percussion musical instrument. It was a tambourine: a rim covered with leather on one side, inside of which metal chains, rings and plates were hung. Both dangyra and asatayak were attributes of shamanic rituals, which is why they were not widely used in the musical life of the people. Since the beginning of the 19th century, both
Basic information Darbuka (tarbuka, darabuka, dumbek) is an ancient percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch, a small drum, widespread in the Middle East, Egypt, the Maghreb countries, the Transcaucasus and the Balkans. Traditionally made of clay and goatskin, metal darbuks are also common now. It has two holes, one of which (wide) is covered with a membrane. According to the type of sound production refers to
Basic information A wooden box or wood block is a percussion musical instrument. One of the most common percussion musical instruments with an indefinite pitch. The sound of the instrument is a characteristic clattering sound. It is a rectangular bar of sonorous, well-dried wood. On one side, closer to the top of the bar, a deep slit about 1 cm wide is hollowed out. The instrument is played with wooden or
Djembe is a West African percussion musical instrument in the form of a goblet with an open narrow bottom and a wide top, on which a skin membrane is stretched - most often goat. Previously unknown to the West, since its "discovery" it has gained immense popularity. In terms of shape, the djembe belongs to the so-called goblet drums, in terms of sound production - to membranophones. Origin, history of Djembe
Basic information Dholak is a percussion musical instrument, a barrel-shaped wooden drum with two membranes of different diameters. They play the dholak with their hands or with a special stick; you can play sitting Turkish, putting it on your knees, or standing, using a belt. The tension force of the membranes is regulated by a system of rings and rope constrictions. Dholak is common in North India, Pakistan and Nepal; very popular
Basic information Carillon is a percussion musical instrument that, by means of a clock mechanism, makes a series of bells play a melody, just as a rotating shaft sets an organ in motion. Often used in churches, especially in the Netherlands, in China it was already known in ancient times. The carillon is played "manually" using a special keyboard. In total, there are 600-700 carillons in the world. Notable musicians
Basic information Castanets are a percussion musical instrument, which consists of two concave shell plates, connected by a cord in the upper parts. Plates have traditionally been made from hardwood, although more recently fiberglass has been used for this. Castanets are most widely used in Spain, southern Italy and Latin America. Similar simple musical instruments suitable for the rhythmic accompaniment of dance
Key information Cymbal is an ancient oriental percussion musical instrument, consisting of a metal plate (bowl), in the middle of which a belt or rope was attached to be worn on the right hand. The cymbal was struck against another cymbal worn on the left hand, which is why the name of this instrument is used in the plural: cymbals. When they hit each other, the cymbals make a sharp ringing sound. Jews
Basic information Clave (Spanish clave, literally - “key”) is the simplest Cuban folk percussion musical instrument. Idiophone of African origin. It consists of two sticks made of hard wood, with the help of which the main rhythm of the ensemble is set. A musician playing the clave (usually a singer) holds one of the sticks in his hand in such a way that the palm forms a kind of resonator, and the other
Basic information A bell is a metal percussion musical instrument (usually cast from the so-called bell bronze), a sound source that has a domed shape and, usually, a tongue that hits the walls from the inside. There are also known bells without a tongue, which are beaten with a hammer or a log from the outside. The bells are used for religious purposes (calling the faithful to prayer, expressing the solemn moments of Divine service) and in
Basic information Orchestral bells are a percussion musical instrument of a symphony orchestra (idiophone). It is a set of 12-18 cylindrical metal tubes with a diameter of 25-38 mm, suspended in a rack frame (about 2 m high). They are struck with a mallet, the head of which is covered with leather. The sound range is chromatic. Range 1-1.5 octaves (usually from F; notated an octave higher than it sounds). Modern bells are equipped with a damper. in the orchestra
Basic information Bells (Italian campanelli, French jeu de timbres, German Glockenspiel) are a percussion musical instrument with a certain pitch. The instrument has a light-ringing timbre in the piano, brilliant and bright - in the forte. Bells exist in two varieties: simple and keyboard. Simple bells are a set of metal plates tuned to chromatism, placed in two rows on a wooden
Basic information Congo is a Latin American percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch from the genus of membranophones. It is a barrel elongated in height, with a leather membrane stretched from one end. It is used in pairs - two drums of different diameters (one is tuned lower, the other is higher), often the congo is played simultaneously with the bongo (collected on the same percussion set). Congo height 70-80
Basic information Xylophone (from the Greek xylo - tree + background - sound) is a percussion musical instrument with a certain pitch. It is a series of wooden blocks of different sizes, tuned to certain notes. The bars are struck with sticks with spherical tips or special hammers that look like small spoons (in the jargon of musicians, these hammers are called "goat legs"). Xylophone tone
Basic information Kuika is a Brazilian percussion instrument from the group of friction drums, most commonly used in samba. It has a creaky, sharp timbre of a high register. Kuika is a cylindrical metal (originally wooden) body, with a diameter of 6-10 centimeters. The skin is stretched on one side of the case, the other side remains open. From the inside, to the center and perpendicular to the leather membrane is attached
Timpani (Italian timpani, French timbales, German Pauken, English kettle drums) is a percussion musical instrument with a certain pitch. They are a system of two or more (up to five) metal boilers, the open side of which is covered with leather or plastic. At the bottom of each boiler is a resonator hole. Origin The timpani is an instrument of very ancient origin. In Europe, timpani, close
Basic information Spoons are the oldest Slavic percussion musical instrument. Musical spoons in appearance are not much different from ordinary table wooden spoons, only they are made from harder woods. In addition, musical spoons have elongated handles and a polished impact surface. Sometimes bells are hung along the handle. The game set of spoons can include 2, 3 or
Basic information, device The snare drum (also sometimes called a military drum or “working drum”) is a percussion musical instrument belonging to membranophones with an indefinite pitch. One of the main percussion instruments of the symphony orchestra, as well as jazz and other genres, where it is part of the drum kit (often in several copies of different sizes). The snare drum is metal, plastic or
Basic information Maraka (maracas) is the oldest shock-noise musical instrument of the native inhabitants of the Antilles - the Taino Indians, a kind of rattle that makes a characteristic rustling sound when shaken. Currently, maracas are popular throughout Latin America and are one of the symbols of Latin American music. As a rule, a maraca player uses a pair of rattles - one in each
Basic information Marimba is a keyboard percussion musical instrument, consisting of wooden blocks mounted on a frame, which are struck with beaters, a relative of the xylophone. The marimba differs from the xylophone in that the sound produced by each bar is amplified by a wooden or metal resonator, or a gourd suspended underneath. Marimba has a rich, soft and deep timbre that allows you to achieve expressive sound. The marimba originated in
Basic information Musical pendant (breeze) is a percussion musical instrument. It is a bunch of small objects that emit a pleasant chime when the wind blows, widely used in landscape design, especially when decorating porches, verandas, terraces, awnings, etc., adjacent to the house. It is also used as a musical instrument. Musical pendants are most widely used in the southern regions as an anti-stress agent and
Basic information Pkhachich is an Adyghe and Kabardian folk percussion instrument, a relative of the rattle. Represents 3, 5 or 7 plates of dried hardwood (boxwood, ash, chestnut, hornbeam, plane trees), loosely tied at one end to the same plate with a handle. The usual dimensions of the tool: length 150-165 mm, width 45-50 mm. Phachich is held by the handle, pulling the noose,
Basic information Sencerro (Campana) is a Latin American percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch from the ideophone family: a metal bell without a tongue, which is played with a wooden stick. Another name for it is Campana. Modern senserro have the form of a bell, somewhat flattened on both sides. The appearance of the senserro in Latin American music is associated with the ritual bells of the econ of the Congolese religious cults. It is believed that in
Basic Information Tabla is an Indian percussion instrument. The big drum is called bayna, the small one is called daina. One of the most famous musicians who glorified this instrument all over the world was the legendary tablist - Ravi Shankar. Origin The exact origin of tabla is unclear. But according to the existing tradition, the creation of this instrument (as well as many others whose origin is unknown) is attributed to Amir
Basic information Tala (or talan; Skt. Tala - clapping, rhythm, beat, dance) is a South Indian paired percussion musical instrument from the percussion category, a type of metal cymbal or cymbal. Behind each of them there is a silk or wooden handle. The sound of the tala is quite soft and pleasant. Video: Tala on video + sounding Video with this instrument very soon
Letter from the redneck family to their son. (Redneck is a resident of the southern states of the United States).
My favorite redneck son!
I write very slowly because I know you can't read fast. We no longer live where we lived before you left us. Your dad read in the paper that most accidents happen within 20 miles of home, so we moved further away.
And I can't send you my address because the last family from Arkansas who lived here before us took all the house numbers with them so they wouldn't change addresses.
Our house is good. There is even a washing machine. However, I'm not sure that it works properly: last week I put the laundry in the wash and pulled the chain. Since then, we have not seen any more linen.
The weather here is nothing. It only rained twice last week; the first time he walked for three days, and the second for four.
Yes, about that coat you wanted me to send you: your uncle Billy Bob said that with buttons it would be very heavy to mail, so we ripped off the buttons and put them in the pockets of the coat.
Bubba locked his keys in the car yesterday; we were very worried because it took him two hours to get me and dad out of the car.
Your sister gave birth this morning, but I still don't know who she is, so I can't tell you if you're an uncle or an aunt now.
Uncle Bobby Ray fell into a barrel of whiskey last week. The men tried to pull him out, but he fought them off and drowned. We cremated him: he burned for three days.
Three of your friends fell off the bridge in their truck. Butch was driving. He opened the window and swam out. The other two were in the back. They drowned because they were unable to lower the tailgate to get out.
There is nothing more to write about. Nothing special, as you can see, we did not happen.
Your beloved aunt, Mom.
Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.
Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.
A list of all letters is just an alphabet
Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:
Russian alphabet:
In total, the Russian alphabet uses:
You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].
We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.
For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:
The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).
Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and word parsing with online examples, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowels and consonants.
The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:
This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.
Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.
Sound characteristic of letters:
I [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired hard, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.
Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.
What are the sounds?
All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.
How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?
The correct answer is 42.
Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?
All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:
And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.
Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.
The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.
How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?
Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.
The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.
In Russian, only one phoneme “U” retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.
Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels
The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].
An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.
It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):
V unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:
Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.
The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:
Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:
Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].
(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)
Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."
The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is outside the curriculum): study [uch'i´ts: a], numb [atsyp'in'e´t '], hope [nad'e´zhda]. In a letter analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in a final open syllable (= at the absolute end of a word) will appear very slightly:
Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.
◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:
As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotized sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.
◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:
Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.
Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].
Important:
The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with "im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.
According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:
There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.
How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?
In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.
In our language, consonants are:
A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.
You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.
Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.
Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.
Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.
The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.
In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:
In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.
When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].
According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: y ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of the two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′h'k'y], soft [m'a′h' k'iy].
In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.
Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.
To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.
The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].
During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.
In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:
Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.
If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. The literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959
References:
Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of a school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.
That the more you eat, the more you have left? Show answer>>
What is clean when it is black and dirty when it is white? Show answer>>
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Wags its tail back and forth - And it's gone, And there's no trace.
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One woman had been in a coma for several months.
And once the nurses bathed her. One of them was washing a woman's private parts and suddenly noticed that there was a slight improvement on the monitor. She again touched the intimate parts of the woman and again there was some animation on the screen. Then she called her husband
women and said, “It may sound strange, but I think a little oral sex could bring your wife out of a coma.” The husband reacted very skeptically, but he was promised to close it with curtains for greater intimacy. Finally he agreed and went to his wife's room. A few minutes later the monitors went blank, no pulse, no heartbeat. The nurses ran into the ward and began to find out what had happened. The husband replied: "I'm not sure, I think she choked."
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component of heat-resistant alloys
Alternative descriptions
Chemical element, metal (component of chemically resistant and heat resistant steels)
Name of a chemical element
Nb, chemical element, (41), light gray refractory metal
In the periodic table, he is under No. 41
In the table, he is in front of molybdenum
In the table, he is after zirconium
Followed by zirconium in the table
Following behind zirconium in the table
It was this chemical element that was named so because of its extreme resemblance to another chemical element, tantalum.
Stainless steel component
Between zirconium and molybdenum
Mendeleev appointed him forty-first in the table
Mendeleev identified him forty-first in a row
Metal in honor of the daughter of Tantalus
metal number forty one
A grayish-white metal, one of the very rare elements.
Metal #41
Metal, Nb
Metal named after Tantalus' daughter
Metal descendant of Tantalum
Metal descendant of the mythological Tantalum
One of the metals discovered by chemists
Before molybdenum table
Zirconia Follower Table
Forerunner of molybdenum table
Table zirconium successor
rare metal
Light gray metal
Following zirconium in the table
The forty-first chemical element
Forty-first according to Mendeleev
forty-first element
Chemical element by “surname” Nb
Chemical element with atomic mass 93
Chemical element codenamed Nb
Chemical element, Nb
Chemical element, metal
What is the chemical element Nb
Chemical element by "surname" Nb
41st according to Mendeleev
What is the chemical element Nb?
Chemical element with the call sign Nb
41st element of Mendeleev
scanwordhelper.com
A word of 6 letters, the first letter is “N”, the second letter is “I”, the third letter is “X”, the fourth letter is “R”, the fifth letter is “O”, the sixth letter is “M”, the word for the letter "H", the last "M". If you do not know a word from a crossword puzzle or a crossword puzzle, then our site will help you find the most difficult and unfamiliar words.
He paved the bridge, He did not ask for the Ax. He scored pillars, did not take nails. He forged the rivers at night, Covered them with blue ice. He painted the windows in the house, dressed the Christmas trees in hoarfrost. Show answer>>
He stands in the sun And moves his mustache. You will knead it in the palm of your hand - It is stuffed with golden grain. Show answer>>
He is not a hedgehog and not a Christmas tree, He has one needle, Not a dancer, but dancing And drawing circles. Show answer>>
The king called me, The sovereign called For dinner, for dinner: - I'm not such a person, I walk on the earth, I don't look at the sky, I don't count the stars, I don't know people.
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An Estonian is walking... He sees someone’s cut off leg:
- Ltd! Etta nohha looks like nohha mohho sosetta Pettere...
- Ltd! Etta rucca looks like rucca moeho sosetta Pettere...
- Ltd! Etta nohha is similar to the second nohha mohho sosetta Pettere...
- LTD! Etta Hollovva looks like Mohho Sossetta Pettere's Hollovva...
– Oddly enough, I’m starting to get restless… But didn’t the chehho happen to my sossette Pettere?!!
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scanword.org
30.04.2010
Plates are made from 4 main alloys, each of them is based on copper, - bell bronze (bell bronze), malleable bronze (malleable bronze) , brass (brass) and nickel silver (nickel silver , an alloy of copper, zinc and nickel).
Also known as bell metal, it is an alloy traditionally used to make high quality cymbals, gongs, and, as the name implies, bells. As a rule, it is indicated that the alloy consists of one part of tin to four parts of copper, that is, a 20% component of tin, and this is the most common formula. But there have always been deviations. Bells of various sizes are cast with varying amounts of tin, and some bell, gong, and cymbal makers use small but significantly changing alloy elements, namely silver, gold, and phosphorus. This alloy belongs to the so-called two-phase - it means that a certain part of the tin did not dissolve in the "grains" of copper, but was located between them. This way the metal becomes hard but more brittle than single phase alloys, this also affects how the metal reacts to forging. (hammering) and turning (lathing) metal. Thus, the use of mechanized production methods is very limited.
Issued from the general row in this group is a branded alloy paysti (Paiste Signature Alloy) , formerly known as sonic alloy (Sound Alloy) and patented in many countries. The US patent is particularly interesting as it discusses the comparative advantages of bell bronze and malleable bronze (see below) and indicates that Paiste has a secret technology that allows cymbals to be made from sheet metal. Large orchestras tend to use bell-bronze cymbals, which have a greater dynamic range than any other.
Examples: Anatolian, Bosphorous, Istanbul, Masterwork, Meinl Byzance, Paiste Signature and Traditionals, Paiste 602 and some Exotic Percussion, Paiste Sound Creation and Sound Formula, Sabian HH and HHX, Sabian AA and AAX, most of Sabian Signature, Saluda Mist, Saluda Voodoo and Saluda Voodoo EX, Spizzichino, Ufip, Wuhan, Zildjian A and A Custom, Zildjian K and K Custom, Zildjian Z Custom.
It is an alloy of tin and copper containing no more than 8% tin. This is a single-phase alloy and can be cold rolled into a sheet shape, which is not possible in the case of bell bronze (with the exception of new generation mid-range cymbals). Sabian XS20 ; they are made by sheet rolling of B20 alloy, which significantly reduces the cost of production, without significant loss of sound qualities of cast B20 cymbals). This alloy is available in finished form as sheet metal in various grades and thickness levels. Most training series cymbals are made from malleable bronze, which is a suitable material. Good quality wrought bronze cymbals can be mass produced, are a bargain and, because they are less sensitive than bell bronze, are more suitable for beginning players. Beginning in the mid-20th century, attempts were made to create top quality cymbals from malleable bronze, initially as a cost-saving measure. As the already mentioned Paiste patent says: “Less than three decades ago, for the sake of economy, experiments were carried out with ordinary bronze sheets or plates that contain 8 parts by weight of tin. As a result, the “old bronze rule” was confirmed and recognized as correct. It must be understood that by careful treatment of the plate, significant results can be achieved in terms of quality using a bronze sheet or plate that contains 8 parts by weight of tin, but these results cannot even come close to what has been achieved with traditionally made cymbals that contain 20 weight parts of tin. Not everyone will agree with this disappointing statement, written after a considerable amount of time has passed since the creation of a very successful series. Paiste 2002 . In particular, premium quality wrought bronze cymbals have proven to be particularly suitable for loud music. The best of them are now approaching, and some claim to have achieved results equal in quality to the finest bell bronze cymbals.
Examples: Harpy H, Meinl One of a Kind, Meinl Custom and Amun, Meinl Lightning and Raker, Meinl Classics and separate Generation X, Meinl Trooper and Cadet, Meinl Meteor and Marathon B18, Orion Solo Pro and Solo Pro Master, Orion Viziuss, Paiste 2002 and Giant Beat, Paiste 802 and Alpha, Paiste 502 and selected Exotic Percussion, Pearl Pro, Sabian B8 and B8 Pro, Sabian Pro Sonix, Saluda Glory, Zildjian ZXT and ZBT.
Some of the best traditional gongs and cymbals China are made of brass, but this alloy is mostly used for making beginner cymbals and toys, as well as for the "demonstration" cymbals that some drum kit makers provide for display in shop windows. Ordinary cymbal brass is about 38% zinc in copper, an alloy that is easy to machine, readily available on the market in sheet form, and the cheapest cymbal raw material that is commonly used. The timbre is warm, but dull compared to any bronze, and very few drummers use such cymbals.
Examples: Harpy B, Meinl Marathon M38, Orion Twister, Paiste 302 and some Exotic Percussion, Pearl, Royal.
It is an alloy of copper and nickel (usually free of silver), and some types of student cymbals use about 12% nickel. Very few high-end specialized cymbals are also made from this alloy, as are gongs, which take on a more modern and exotic sound.
Nickel silver is malleable and available in sheet form, has a bright sound but lacks the shimmer and sensitivity of bronze-tin alloys. In the first half of the 20th century, nickel alloy cymbals were produced and used on a much larger scale than they are now, and most older recordings were most likely made using cymbals that contained significant amounts of nickel.
Examples: Some Foremost, Meinl Streamer and Marathon N12, Paiste 402 and some Exotic Percussion, Sabian Signature Glennies Garbage, Saluda SSX, some Zilco.
Cymbals are also made of bronze with the addition of silicon and aluminum, but these alloys are not widely used.
The German company MEINL is the only cymbal manufacturer in the world that uses four (!) different bronzes. These alloys are B20 (80% copper, 20% tin, trace silver), B12 (88% copper, 12% tin, trace silver), B10 (90% copper, 10% tin, trace silver), B8 (92% copper, 8% tin, traces of silver).
Meinl FX9 is an alloy of copper, manganese, tin and aluminum, which is used in the production of a new series Meinl Generation X, released in 2003. Previous models in this series were made of forged bronze. The manufacturing company describes the FX9 as non-bronze, which must mean that the base is not copper. Along with this, there is an opinion that the word "bronze" should be used in relation to two-phase alloys, which are used in these situations.
Alloys Saluda GH is a series of four different alloys, each based on copper and consisting of a total of eleven elements. All of them are already out of production. Saluda describes them as "flexible bronze" (flex bronze).
Unlike cymbals, some gongs are made from multiple metals fused together. Many different metals are used. Parts of some traditional gongs, such as the best "nipple" gongs, are made from iron-based alloys.
In the past, the alloys used by some craftsmen were closely guarded secrets. Modern chemical analysis has made such an approach impossible, but nevertheless, some sources still make such claims. The manufacture of cymbals contains many secrets, but the composition of the alloy is not one of them.
According to Wikipedia