Ph urine 8.0 in a child. Causes of an alkaline urine reaction in a patient and the dangers of this condition

Urinalysis (OAM) is a simple informative method of laboratory diagnostics. With the help of it, pathological processes in the kidneys and urinary tract and the state or diseases of the entire human body are judged. The acidity of urine or urine is the most important indicator of TAM.

In a healthy person, the pH of urine ranges from 5.0-7.0 and averages 6.0, that is, the reaction of urine is normally slightly acidic. In some cases, it can change briefly from 4.0 to 8.0. This is a borderline state between normal and pathological. It can be associated with an underlying disease, for example, inflammation, bronchial asthma, stomach diseases, vomiting, etc. Or with physical overload, starvation, dehydration, insufficient intake of salt or its excessive loss, for example, with sweat.

The acidity of urine changes during pregnancy, especially accompanied by toxicosis. The acidity of urine in newborns and children who are breastfed before complementary foods is neutral.

And here we cross out this picture below. Its nameless author is far from medicine and health physiology.

Why is urine slightly acidic?

In a healthy body with a balanced diet, urine should be subacid! At a urine pH of 6.0, the kidneys are most efficient at removing metabolic products of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. And at the same time, this level of acidity is the least favorable for the growth of pathogenic bacteria and for the formation of crystals and stones.

Mechanisms of regulation of acid-base balance

Breath

The most important regulatory mechanism! When the pH of the blood shifts to the acid side, breathing becomes more frequent and deeper, to the alkaline - breathing slows down and becomes superficial.

Urination

By increasing or decreasing the acidity of urine, the pH of the blood and the body as a whole is also regulated. But 1-2 liters of urine per day has only little effect on acid-base balance even with a sharp shift in the acidity of urine.

Blood buffer systems

Buffer systems of the blood dampen physiological fluctuations in acidity in the body. The inclusion of other pH regulators occurs with excessive acid or alkali formation.

Urine pH in vegetarians and meat eaters

Why is urine acidic with an excess of protein in the diet, slightly acidic with a normal diet, and alkaline with a protein-free (vegetarian) diet? Everything is simple! Plant foods contain almost no protein. And carbohydrates and vegetable fats are metabolized into carbon dioxide and water. Protein molecules contain a large amount of nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. To remove them from the body, an acidic environment is necessary, and the kidneys provide it by purifying the blood of phosphates, sulfates and nitrogen compounds. (That's why a vegetarian diet, when the urine is alkaline, and phosphate stones form!)

Thus, it is not plant food that alkalizes the urine, but the kidneys, in the absence of the need to remove protein metabolism products, do not release hydrogen ions H + into the urine, and the urine becomes alkaline.

And now attention, a question! If the kidneys do not secrete acids during a vegetarian diet, then where do they stay? Right! In organism. The conclusion is paradoxical: plant foods ACIDIFY the body as a whole!

What causes a shift in the acidity of urine to the acidic and alkaline sides?

conclusions

Attempts to get a rejuvenating apple, grossly violating the body's natural acid-base balance in anticipation, for example, of a miracle or lemons from candidiasis, are doomed to failure. And the thoughtless desire to increase the pH of the urine with diet or drugs is more likely to contribute to the formation of kidney stones and other pathological processes than to be beneficial.

Deciphering the result of a urinalysis and in particular the pH of the urine must necessarily be carried out taking into account the clinical picture (symptoms), data from instrumental and laboratory studies (clinical and biochemical blood tests, analysis of physical properties and the presence of low molecular weight substances in the urine, microscopy of the urinary sediment for leukocytes, erythrocytes, cylinders, bacteria), as well as the dynamics of changes in blood and urine parameters! And the appointment of an alkalizing or acidifying diet or drugs should be carried out according to indications, and not from general "healing" considerations.

Determining the reaction of urine refers to the list of mandatory indicators when conducting a urinalysis and is a study of the physical properties of urine. Urine reaction is an indicator of the balance of alkalis and acids. fluctuations urine pH largely depend on the food, the amount of fluid drunk, as well as on the state of the body.

The reaction of urine should be determined only in fresh urine, since urine becomes alkaline with prolonged standing. In such urine, blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes) are quickly destroyed, due to which they may not be detected in the sediment, although they can be released in significant quantities.

The reaction of urine in an adult with mixed food is slightly acidic or neutral (pH in the range of 5.0-7.0, on average - 6.0). A pH of 7.0 is said to be neutral. The lower the pH, the more acidic the environment. An alkaline environment has a high pH. Depending on the nature of the food, the urine reaction ranges from 4.5 to 8.0. If you eat protein foods (meat, white bread) and fats, the acidity of urine will increase. Fruits, vegetables, black bread, milk contribute to the alkalization of urine.

In newborns, the urine reaction is acidic (pH 5.4-5.9), in premature babies it is even more acidic (pH 4.8-5.4). 2-4 days after the birth of a child, the pH value of the urine increases rapidly and reaches 6.9-7.8 with breastfeeding, and 5.4-6.9 with artificial feeding.

The reaction of urine affects the reproduction and activity of bacteria, as well as the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. For example, E. coli in an acidic environment reproduces better and becomes more pathogenic. The effectiveness of penicillin and its semi-synthetic analogues, aminoglycosides (gentamicin, kanamycin), erythromycin in an alkaline reaction increases, and tetracycline series, nitrofurans - in an acid reaction of urine.

A single determination of the reaction of urine is uninformative. For diagnostic purposes, the urine reaction should be measured 3 times a day for 3 days.

Urine pH is the ratio of acids and alkalis in the body of both a child and an adult. Normally, the reaction should be either neutral or alkaline, but not acidic. If expressed in numbers, then the value should remain between 5.0 and 7.0. Sometimes the values ​​fall in the range from 4.5 to 8.

Elevated ph in the urine of a child means that the environment is more alkaline. The lower the value, the more acidic the environment. The thing is that a number of substances with different properties are excreted along with urine. So they affect the composition of the urinary fluid.

A newborn baby has a pH of 5.5 to 6.0. If we talk about premature babies, then their acid-base balance is shifted and then the child has an acidic urine reaction. It ranges from 4.8 to 5.5. After a month, if the baby is fed exclusively with breast milk, the pH levels off and the urine reaction becomes either neutral or alkaline. Then in the test results form there will be values ​​​​from 7.0 to 7.8.

After the end of the breastfeeding period, the indicators of urine reaction become the same as in adults. Artificial feeding leads to the fact that the reaction of urine can be both acidic - 5.5, and neutral - 7.0. Often in healthy children and adults, the reaction ranges from 6.0 to 6.5.

If there are any pathologies, then the acid-base balance will be shifted to one of the sides - either acidic or alkaline. If the pH in the urine of a child is elevated, you need to remember how much urine was stored at room temperature. Usually in such cases, the urine becomes alkaline.

If the indicator deviates from the norm in a child, then this happens for the following reasons that can be corrected:

• diet;
• drinking regime;
• diseases.

An increased pH in the urine of a child is observed if he consumes a lot of:

• dairy products;
• vegetable food;
• alkaline mineral waters.

The following pathologies also change the reaction of urine, making it alkaline:

• high acidity of the stomach;
• loss of water and chlorine in case of poisoning or prolonged vomiting;
• pyelonephritis;
• cystitis;
• an increase in the level of potassium in the urinary fluid.

A child has acidic urine when he eats a lot of animal protein, and also in the case of:

• prolonged fasting due to illness;
• during a fever;
• with diabetes;
• in case of dehydration in case of diarrhea or violation of the drinking regimen.

If a child has urolithiasis or kidney failure, then the pH will be low, as in the case of a decrease in potassium and chlorine in the blood.

At home, you can determine the reaction of urine, but this information is not of particular value. This indicator is important only in conjunction with others, as well as with certain symptoms. It is very important to know the reaction of urine in the diagnosis of urolithiasis.

If the pH of the urine is elevated in a child, then phosphate deposits usually form, but not urate. Under these conditions, they dissolve. In an acidic environment, when the pH is less than 5.5, urates are found, but phosphates are dissolved in this case. For oxalates, a pH of 5.5 to 6.0 is favorable.

It is important that the ability of microorganisms to multiply and survive depends on the acid-base balance. It also depends on how effective the antibiotics will be.

If there are no deviations, then the diet should be adjusted. Above, we wrote what the normal pH of urine in a child will be. With a properly composed diet, this figure will even out. When trying to shift the balance, you need to be more careful, because in an alkaline environment, the bacteria living in the genitourinary system begin their vigorous activity. This is especially important when taking medications.

The acidity of the environment, or rather its “pH”, is an indicator of the concentration and activity of hydrogen ions. Life is unthinkable without water. Water forms solutions in which all biochemical processes take place. Intracellular and extracellular environments contain hydrogen ions, which determine their acidity. Evolutionarily it was formed that the human body for normal existence requires a strictly limited range of blood pH - from 7.35 to 7.45. The acidity of urine fluctuates in a wider range: from 4.5 to 8. This is due to the fact that the kidneys are involved in the regulation of acid-base balance and, if necessary, remove hydrogen ions from the body.

So, let's consider what causes can affect the pH of urine and whether it is possible to change this indicator with the help of a diet.

Urine acidity rate

Depending on the function of the organ, the acidity in the human body varies greatly. For example, in the stomach, the pH is 1.3-3.5 (very acidic). Pancreatic juice, on the contrary, has an alkaline index of 8.8. The intracellular environment and blood are characterized by indicators close to neutral pH (7.4).

Urine acidity level, which is a product of the excretory system, can range from acidic (4.5) to alkaline (8.5) depending on the need to maintain pH balance in other organs. Most often, in a healthy person with a balanced diet, urine pH is within 6 units.

High acidity of urine may be due to:

• acidosis,
• dehydration,
• diabetic ketoacidosis,
• diarrhea
• fasting.

If the urine sample has a pH shift towards the alkaline side, this may be due to the following reasons:

• impaired secretion of gastric juice,
• kidney failure,
• tubular acidosis,
• pyloric obstruction,
• respiratory alkalosis,
• urinary tract infections.

How to determine the acidity of urine?

Severe nephrological diseases, such as urolithiasis and kidney failure, require strict control and regulation of the body's acid-base balance. In addition, this indicator is directly related to the state of the bone tissue, because with acidosis, calcium is drained from the bones.

For example, modern studies have established a strong correlation between the incidence of hip fracture in women and the amount of animal protein consumed, which is one of the main sources of endogenous acidity. In contrast, eating a meal alkalized with bicarbonate to neutralize acid improved and decreased osteoresorption and also increased the rate of bone formation in postmenopausal women.

In order to follow the instructions of a nutritionist and monitor the acid-base balance of the body, it is necessary to control urine pH.

How to determine the acidity of urine at home? There is a fairly simple way - to measure the pH using test strips. You can buy them in the pharmacy chain. For example, produced by Russian firms Bioscan and Biosensor. They are available in packs of 10, 25, 50, 100 pieces. The price ranges from 130 to 350 rubles.

pH test strips "Bioscan" and "Biosensor"

Urine acidity is determined as follows. You need to dip the strip in freshly collected urine for a few seconds (check the time in accordance with the instructions, because it may vary depending on the manufacturer). The color will change after a certain time, which is also indicated in the instructions. Compare the color you get with the one on the test strip box and write down the value.

Comparison of the resulting color of the test strip with the scale

Do not be alarmed immediately if the readings go beyond the average norm. Check your readings every day for a week. The acidity of urine can vary depending on the time of day and food consumed. In addition, some drugs (ascorbic acid, diuretics, tromethamine, laxatives, antacids, aspirin, tetracycline, cyclosporine) affect it. If there is a constant shift in pH towards alcaluria (7.0-9.0) or aciduria (4.5-5.0), then this is a reason to seek medical advice.

By the way, test strips quickly deteriorate during storage if they come into contact with air, so close the package tightly after removing them. Trust only those measurement results that are strictly maintained in accordance with the instructions. If the reaction time is increased (they forgot the test strip and looked at it only after half an hour), then this will give a deliberately false result. Do not use expired strips for analysis.

How to lower the acidity of urine?

Increased acidity of urine is pH values ​​from 4.5 to 5.0. A permanent urine reaction within these limits is a predictor of stone formation. For example, urate and oxalate stones form at a pH of about 5.5 and below.

It is generally accepted that diet affects the acid-base balance of the body. If people are conditionally divided into “hunters” and “farmers”, then it is hunters who have a high tendency to acidic urine, since they eat more meat. To date, the clinic has even created a method for calculating potential acid load of the kidneys (PRAL), which includes an estimate of the amount of protein entering the body.

Thus, the first step in the direction of how to reduce the acidity of the urine is to reduce the intake of protein foods. For example, it is estimated that the PRAL of 100 g of pork, beef and poultry meat is in the range of 8.5 to 13 mEq.

If we evaluate products that increase the acidity of urine, according to the PRAL indicator, then cheeses, eggs and meat products will be at the top of the rating. Parmesan has the highest PRAL value, it is 34 mEq.

The second step is to increase your intake of foods that have a neutral or negative acid load. These include almost all vegetables and fruits, and the champion among them is raisin. Its PRAL is -21 mEq. By the way, despite the fact that nuts are representatives of the plant kingdom, they have a high PRAL (6-8 mEq) due to their high protein content.

We should not forget about alkaline mineral waters, especially those rich in potassium and magnesium ions. These substances are involved in the regulation of the acid-base balance of the body and are very effective in reducing the acidity of the urine. Therefore, the third step is to use such brands of mineral waters as Essentuki, Narzan, Borjomi.

Diet with high acidity of urine

So, a diet for acidic urine should include many foods with zero or negative acid formation. However, it is not necessary to completely abandon meat and cheese. A balanced diet can compensate for their consumption. Daily monitoring of urine pH using test strips will help you choose your diet individually.

For many foods, PRAL indices have been determined by nutritionists. The list of main products with zero PRAL is as follows:

• milk,
• butter,
• ice cream,
• vegetable oil,
• cucumber,
• beer,
• Coca Cola.

Products with a negative PRAL score:

• fruits (bananas, apricots, apples, black currants, oranges, pineapple, strawberries, kiwi, peaches, pears, watermelon),
• fruit juices (apple, grape, lemon, orange),
• vegetables (potatoes, zucchini, cabbage, tomatoes, radishes, peppers, onions, carrots, eggplant),
• greens (spinach, lettuce, celery),
• mushrooms,
• coffee,
• mineral water,
• red and white wines.

Products with negative PRAL

Legumes and grain products, flour and bread products have an acid-forming capacity ranging from 3 to 12 mEq. Therefore, those who love breakfast of oatmeal (PRAL=10.7) can balance it with the addition of dried fruits.

Table of some vegetables and fruits with a negative PRAL index

Product	PRAL Index
Carrot	-4,9
Potato	-4
Tomatoes	-3,1
Spinach	-14
Celery	-5,2
Eggplant	-3,4
Cucumber	-0,8
Onion	-1,5
Spinach	-14
Fruit
Apples	-2,2
Pears	-2,9
oranges	-2,7
apricots	-4,8
Kiwi	-4,1
Bananas	-5,5
Berries
Cherries	-3,6
Strawberry	-2,2
Watermelon	-1,9
Black currant	-6,5
Raisin	-21

It must be said that the division of products into "acidic" and "alkaline" is very arbitrary, since there are also individual characteristics of the body regarding the digestion, assimilation and tolerance of certain products. In addition, the ability of a healthy body to maintain an acid-base balance within the physiological framework is quite large due to the compensatory mechanisms of metabolism. It is hard to imagine that one steak will be the culprit of a strong shift in the pH of intra- and extracellular environments.

So, although the possibility of regulating urine acidity through diet exists, the range of change will be small. For example, clinical studies have shown that people who have consumed foods with PRAL=0 mEq for some time have a 24-hour urine reaction of 6.0. On a diet with a low acid-forming load (potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, butter), even with the consumption of turkey meat and bread (total diet index PRAL = 10 mEq), the level of urine acidity in the subjects was 6.6. However, on a diet with a total PRAL index 6 times higher, which included bread, butter, cheese, meat, spaghetti, and cucumbers, patients also had normal urine acidity (5,9).

If you feel well, then urine pH slightly above or below normal should not be a cause for concern. However, with recurring nephrological symptoms, you need to contact a specialist who will prescribe a more complete analysis and the necessary treatment.

In the urine of a healthy person, there are always components that determine not only its composition, but also biochemical properties that can be used to judge the functioning of the body. Urine pH (acidity) is an indicator of the content of hydrogen ions in urine, thanks to which its acid-base balance is assessed, which plays an important role in diagnosing a number of pathological conditions.

The indicator of urine acidity is quite variable, because it can be influenced by various factors, such as the age of the patient, the nature of his diet, the level of physical activity, the amount of liquid drunk during the day, and others.

Evaluation of urine acidity is a mandatory step in any primary diagnosis of a patient, along with determining the content of erythrocytes, leukocytes, protein and other components in it.

What is urine acidity?

It is important to understand that in medicine the terms "urine acidity" and "urine pH" are synonymous, that is, they mean the same thing. This indicator reflects the activity of hydrogen ions in urine, and in place with this, the acid-base balance of the body, the work of the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys, etc.

Urinary sediment is formed as a result of the processes of filtration and reabsorption, which are carried out in both kidneys. Every second they “drive” blood through themselves, filtering it, and removing from it all toxic metabolic products formed as a result of biochemical reactions of the transformation of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, etc.

Norm indicators

As mentioned above, the normal pH of urine depends on many physiological factors, such as age, weight, the nature of the patient's diet, and also at what time the analysis was taken (in the morning or in the evening).

In an adult, normal urine acidity should not go beyond the range of at least 5, but not higher than 7. The average level of acidity in the morning is 6.0-6.4. In the evening, the average pH is 6.4-7.0. It is these data that mean that the human body is working normally.

In children, these indicators differ from those in adults. For a child who is breastfeeding, no more than 6.9, no less than 7.8 is considered the norm. If the baby is on an artificial type of feeding, then the urine reaction should correspond to the following values ​​​​5.4-6.9.

During pregnancy, changes in pH are observed much more often, because a woman's body undergoes serious changes not only physiologically, but also at the hormonal and physico-biochemical levels. This means that fluctuations in pH during gestation are quite characteristic, however, normal acidity is considered to be in the range of 5.3-6.5.

Why is the deviation of urine acidity from the norm dangerous?

When a pH shift to the acidic or alkaline side is observed in urine tests for a long time, there is a threat of stone formation. Calculi can be of a different nature, it depends on what reaction of the urinary sediment is observed in the patient.

There are the following types of stones:

• oxalate stones (they are formed from salts of oxalic acid in acid-base urine, the reaction of which is 5-6);
• urate stones (formed from uric acid, the reaction of which is below 5);
• phosphate stones (formed from phosphate-containing compounds in an alkaline environment, the pH of which exceeds 7).

This threatens with a number of serious complications, such as:

• violation of metabolic processes, leading to a slowdown in biochemical reactions, and the accumulation of toxic metabolic products and toxins in the patient's body;
• activation and reproduction of infectious agents (representatives of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora), which can cause prolonged inflammation in the kidneys or bladder;
• changes in blood viscosity, towards increased thrombus formation, worsening of diseases of the cardiovascular system, etc.

Possible changes in urine reaction

Alkaline is the urine in which there is an increase in pH (more than 7). Acidic urine, on the contrary, is characterized by a low pH (less than 5).

Causes of increased acidity of the urinary sediment (its "acidification")

The following factors can increase the acidity of the urinary sediment:

• eating behavior, eating foods that contain a lot of protein or fat (for example, cottage cheese and other high-fat dairy products, sausages, convenience foods, eggs, etc.);
• prolonged starvation, lack of carbohydrate food, while starting the process of splitting fat and protein reserves in the body (to provide a person with the necessary energy); intense physical activity and sports, leading to dehydration of the body and its stay in a state of constant overload;
• finding a person in hot climatic conditions, in stuffy rooms or working in hot shops;
• inflammatory processes in the organs of the urinary system caused by the causative agent of tuberculosis or E. coli (pyelonephritis, cystitis, kidney tuberculosis and others);
• general septic condition of the body (severe intoxication);
• uncontrolled (elevated) sugar levels in diabetes;
• long-term use of alcoholic beverages and their surrogates;
• taking medications that increase normal acidity (for example, ascorbic acid, calcium chloride, and others);
• pathological processes in the gastrointestinal tract (for example, a fistulous tract from the pancreas);
• prolonged or profuse diarrhea and others.

Reasons for reducing the acidity of urine (its "alkalinization")

The following factors can lower the pH of urine:

• eating protein exclusively of plant origin;
• a large amount of alkaline mineral water drunk during the day;
• insufficient intake of chlorine ions into the body, or its excessive loss during severe vomiting (including the patient losing fluid);
• violation of the thyroid gland (its hyperfunction) or the adrenal cortex (hypoaldosteronism);
• high level of gastric acidity (with hyperacid gastritis);
• active reproduction of infectious agents in the walls of the urinary organs (with the exception of pathological processes caused by Escherichia coli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis);
• chronic renal failure and others.

Methods for determining the acidity of urine

There are several methods by which the pH of the urinary sediment can be determined. They are used both in the laboratory and at home, which allows the patient to independently control the reaction of urine (this is especially convenient for patients with diabetes, oxaluria, uraturia, etc.).

The most common are the following studies.

The use of litmus paper, which is impregnated with a special reagent that can react and change its color. At the same time, two strips of blue and red are lowered into the urine, based on how their color has changed, they judge the acidity of the urine:

• if both indicators have not changed color, then they speak of a neutral reaction;
• if both indicators change color, then they speak of an amphoteric type reaction (the presence of acidic and alkaline compounds in urine);
• if the red indicator turns blue, then this indicates an alkaline reaction;
• if the blue indicator turns red, then this indicates an acid reaction of urine.

Magarshak method (allows you to estimate the approximate pH value). For its implementation, a special solution (methylene blue and neutral red) is used, which is added to the test urine.

• if the urine becomes bright purple, then the pH is close to 6.2;
• if the urine becomes light purple, then the pH is close to 6.6;
• if the urine becomes gray, then the pH is close to 7.2;
• if the urine turns green, then the pH is close to or greater than 7.8.

Test strips are the simplest and most reliable way to determine the acidity of urine in men and women of different ages, as well as in children. Such strips are widely used in most laboratories and institutions of medical and preventive type.

The use of strips does not require special skills and abilities, for this you only need to lower their indicator part into a freshly collected portion of urine.

Conclusion

In order to normalize the acidity of urine, timely diagnosis and treatment of those conditions that formed the basis for the shift of the reaction to the acidic or alkaline side is necessary.

Each patient requires qualified medical care, so do not postpone your visit to a specialist. After all, the doctor will be able not only to establish the cause of the acid-base imbalance, but also to prescribe adequate therapy, and thereby reduce the risk of possible complications or completely prevent them.

What urine tests do children with cystitis take?

Cystitis is a bacteriological or viral inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder and ureter. The dual nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose and identify the dominant pathological strain of microorganisms. Diagnostic statistics indicate that women and children are most susceptible to the disease. The male population, due to the anatomical structure of the genital organs, is more protected from infection of the urinary tract.

To diagnose the disease in babies, experts use a urine test for cystitis in a child. This is the simplest primary test that gives direction to the selection of medicines and the appointment of a treatment system.

If there are suspicions of the presence of cystitis, then the following studies are prescribed by a specialist to clarify the diagnosis:

• KLA - complete blood count;
• OAM - urinalysis;
• analysis according to Nechiporenko;
• analysis according to Addis-Kakovsky;
• tank-sowing - bacteriological culture of urine.

Oam

A general urine test is necessary to consider the trace element composition and assess the physico-chemical characteristics of the following items:

1. Transparency - the norm is transparency, without a specific smell, shade - from light yellow, pale straw, to dark pear, without the presence of foreign particles.
2. Density - normally ranges from 1.015 to 1.050 g / ml.
3. The ph level is 7.

In the presence of a urinary tract infection, the indicators of leukocytes, erythrocytes, protein and ESR are overestimated, the smell is specific, there are impurities and turbidity of the liquid.

Seeding for sterility

Produced to detect bacteria that indicate the presence of an infectious process and inflammation. Normally, the blood does not contain microorganisms, the purity is maintained by the immune system.

The average portion of morning urine is taken for analysis.

According to Nechiporenko

Soviet urologist A.Z. Nechiporenko developed a method for determining diseases of the urinary system by studying the composition of urine. The peculiarity of the analysis is the counting of the elements of biological objects per unit of urine, but not in the field of view of the microscope.

The analysis is assigned if OAM showed overestimated parameters. The calculation is carried out according to the following positions:

• leukocytes (normal 2000/ml);
• erythrocytes (norm 1000/ml);
• traces of blood;
• protein;
• keratin and urea.

According to Addis Kakovsky

The Kakovsky-Addis test is a quantitative method for studying urine. The collected urine is studied using a counting chamber after a run in a centrifuge. In sediment per 1 mm of liquid, the following elements are counted:

• leukocytes;
• erythrocytes;
• proteins;
• keratin.

The analysis uses daily urine collected within 10-12 hours (from evening to morning). Each urination time is noted.

Additional research methods

Additional methods for the study and diagnosis of cystitis include:

1. Collection of information - history and clinical picture (for example, complaints of pain during urination, burning and cramps in the urinary passage, a feeling of constant urge, blood in the fluid).
2. Leukocyturia - an analysis aimed only at counting leukocytes.
3. Hematuria - if the blood is in the fluid, then the analysis counts the red blood cells and their origin.
4. UAC is assigned (according to statistics, it does not show changes).
5. In private clinics, rapid tests (strips) are used to determine the number of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and proteins.

How to pass

It is recommended to collect urine for analysis in a special sterile tube or container. It can be purchased in advance at a pharmacy or clinic (laboratory). If the children are very young, small Velcro bags are used to receive urine (sterile urinals, sold at a pharmacy). For boys and girls, they are comfortable and easy to use.

When collecting, observe the following rules:

1. Adults need to wash their hands.
2. Thoroughly wash the child without soap with warm water, boys are advised to pull the foreskin (while covering the genital area and perineum). The procedure is carried out over the bath, a clean basin.
3. The day before the collection of urine, sports activities and training are canceled.
4. You can not use mineral water, beets and carrots, berries.
5. Be sure to tell the doctor if the child is taking a course and drinking antibiotics (specify which pills) and multivitamins (provide the name and composition). The collected liquid for analysis is stored for no more than 3 hours.

Training

Preparation of urine collection consists of the following steps:

• getting up in the morning, before eating;
• washing the child, washing the hands of an adult;
• it is forbidden to use the pot - either take a urinal, or hold the child over the bathtub and substitute the container at the necessary moment;
• stick a urinal on the genitals of the child (before that, give a drink of plain water, which will speed up the process of urination);
• pour urine into a container.

Deciphering the results

Diagnosis of the infectious disease cystitis is aimed at counting the number of biological elements. Their deviation from the norm indicates the presence of an inflammatory process. The indicators are based on 1 mm of liquid. Deviation in a big direction indicates the presence of acute cystitis.

The increased protein content is due to the vital activity of bacteria that cause inflammation of the mucous membrane. The norm is considered to be up to 0.033 g / l.

Indicators for the following parameters:

• erythrocytes - 1000;
• leukocytes - the norm is 2000;
• cylinders - 20.

With cystitis, the bacterium E. Coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Proteus, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma are found.

Conclusion

Various methods of testing urine will help to accurately determine the dominant strain of bacteria and prescribe antibiotics. Studies also show the degree of the disease - an early, chronic or acute form of cystitis.

Urine tests are universal, they help identify urinary tract infections, show the condition of the kidneys and their work.

After a course of antibiotic treatment, all indicators return to normal, pain and unpleasant symptoms disappear.